what is article 370 essay in english

Talk to our experts

1800-120-456-456

Article 370 Essay

Essay on Article 370

Through this essay on Article 370, one will learn how Article 370 of the Indian Constitution gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir, which is located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. This state has been administered by India since 1954.

The Article is drafted in part XXI of the Constitution which is titled as "Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions". The Article 370 essay in English will give a clear overview of what actually Article 370 is?

A Long Essay on Article 370 in English

The Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir after being established, has been given the power to recommend which Articles of the Indian Constitution can be applied in the state and also to cancel the 370 altogether. After being advised by the State Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir, a Presidential order was issued in 1954 that specified the Articles which will be applied to the state. Through this Article 370 essay, one will learn how the Constituent Assembly didn't recommend cancellation of Article 370 before it got dissolved. As a result, the Article was deemed to become a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution.

Different Laws And Rights

The Article 370 in English essay explains how Article 370 was incorporated to keep the residents of Jammu and Kashmir under a Law that is different from the rest of the Country. The different Laws include those relating to citizenship Rights, ownership of property Rights, and different fundamental Rights. Due to these separate Laws, Indians from other states were forbidden to buy any land or property in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

While the Indian Government was planning out the Constitution of India, they requested the advice of each and every state on the number of constitutions to be incorporated. All the states agreed to have one Constitution in spite of having one for each state except the state assembly of Jammu and Kashmir. The state assembly of Jammu and Kashmir requested that only those Articles of the Constitution will be applied in the state that corresponds to the original instrument to accession and other rules will be incorporated by the state assembly after being formed. But the state assembly got dissolved, and the Article was considered as a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution. This was confirmed by various rulings of India such as the Supreme Court and High Court.

The essay on Article 370 can help one understand the four Provisions of Article 370:

The state was exempted from the complete applicability of the Constitution of India. The state has the power to form its own Constitution.

The power of the central government in this state is limited to three subjects: defense, foreign affairs, and communications.

Some central government’s constitutional power can be extended to the state only with the concurrence of the state government.

The State Government's power to give concurrence is only active until the State Constituent Assembly was convened. After the scheme of powers is dispersed by the State Constituent Assembly, no further extension of powers is possible.

As studied in the Article 370 essay, it is clear that the state of Jammu and Kashmir has a special status and can incorporate its own Constitution, no other states in the Country have these powers.

Impact On Abolition Of Article 370

With the elimination of Article 370 in 2019, people of J&K will no longer have dual citizenship and would be treated similarly to other Indian citizens. Because the citizenship clause is no longer in force, all of the additional benefits and grounds for discrimination associated with the title are effectively gone.

One of the most significant advantages was that non-J&K residents were unable to purchase land within the state. As a result, persons living in J&K have plenty of resources that they haven't put to good use in order to have a safe place to live. Women were the worst victims of this equation, as they lost their land Rights if they married someone from outside the state. Furthermore, neither she nor her children were eligible to inherit the land. A Kashmiri man, on the other hand, was free to marry any lady from any state and preserve his property Rights. A non-resident of J&K was not permitted to vote in state legislature elections or to run for office. Non-J&K residents were unable to enrol in postgraduate professional courses since state universities in Jammu and Kashmir require a Permanent Resident Certificate (PRC). Furthermore, they were not eligible for any government help or scholarships to utilize while working for the government since permanent residence is necessary, which was not attainable at the time but is today.

The state was not automatically rendered subject to any Laws passed by Parliament. As a result, disadvantaged populations in the state, such as SCs and STs, were denied the benefits that the Indian Constitution ordinarily provides. Even within the state, Rights such as the Right to education and the Right to information apply. More than that, the middle did not have the authority to declare a financial emergency within the state, but that is no longer the case; Kashmir now follows the same rules and regulations as the rest of the nation.

Short Essay on Article 370

150 words paragraph on article 370.

In this Article 370 short essay, one will gain some basic knowledge of Article 370. Article 370 was incorporated, especially for the state of Jammu and Kashmir. This Article was formed along with Article 35a. The Article vested some important powers in the hands of the State Constituent Assembly. It restricted the Central Government from interfering with the matters of Jammu and Kashmir. One can gain a lot of knowledge from this essay on Article 370.

Article 370 gave the authority to the State Constituent Assembly to incorporate its own Constitution that will give the state several different Laws. Such separate Laws include citizenship Rights, ownership of land Rights, and many others. People from other states are restricted from buying land in this state.

In this short speech on Article 370 in English, it is clear that the state of Jammu and Kashmir is an important state of India and experiences a special status among all the other states.

The 370 Article essay in English will educate a person on how the instrument of accession affected the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Clause 7 of the Instrument of Accession signed by the Maharaja Hari Singh says that the state of Jammu and Kashmir is not compelled to accept any future Articles of the Constitution of India. The state assembly has the power to incorporate its own Constitution. The state assembly will also decide how much power should be vested in the hands of the Central Government. The state of Jammu and Kashmir was experiencing a special status because of the conflict that was prevailing on the land.The Article 370 paragraph in English explains the special status of the Jammu and Kashmir experiences.

FAQs on Article 370 Essay

1. What powers are vested by Article 370?

From the knowledge we have gained from the Article 370 essay, it is clear that the State Constituent Assembly has the power to make its own rules for the state without getting interfered with by the Central Government. The state government has the power to make separate laws in terms of citizenship, ownership of land, etc.

2. In what subjects the Central Government has power over Jammu and Kashmir?

The central Government has power on a total of three subjects that are defense, foreign affairs and communication according to an essay on Article 370. In spite of these three subjects, the central government is restricted to interfere because of the special status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. If the state government extents some powers then the centre can interfere.

3. What is the background of Article 370?

When India was about to gain independence and the British were departing, they gave all of India's rulers the Right to reside anywhere they wanted. Internally, this resulted in the development of hundreds of provinces. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel's efforts resulted in all of those regions agreeing to merge to establish a country. However, one province, Jammu & Kashmir, governed by the then-king Hari Singh, was unwilling to join the union. They didn't want to be combined, and they wanted to keep their identity as a separate province. In October 1947, Pakistan attempted to capture Kashmir by invading it with its army. Hari Singh requested India's assistance in combating the Pakistani troops. India assisted on the condition that Kashmir joins India. Under Article 370 of the Indian constitution, India promised to provide it with special status.

4. What are the benefits and drawbacks of Article 370?

People in Jammu and Kashmir held dual citizenship, meaning they were citizens of both Jammu and Kashmir and India. They had a different flag than we had. In J & K, elections were held every six years. In J&K, criticising the Indian flag was not a crime. The Supreme Court of India's regulations were not applicable to J&K. A Kashmiri girl loses her Kashmiri citizenship if she marries a guy from outside the state. And if she married a Pakistani, he was automatically granted citizenship in J&K. The Right to Information Act did not apply to J&K. In J&K, there were no reservations for minorities. Outside of J&K, no one could acquire land there. J&K was exempt from financial emergencies. Kashmir has never had an issue with overcrowding or overpopulation since no one from outside the state may enter and reside there. Because employment possibilities were few in J&K, many young people turned to terrorism. There was a low GDP and a high level of corruption. China had acquired 10% of Kashmir after independence, whereas Pakistan had grabbed 30% of Kashmir. Only 60% of Kashmir is still in India's possession. Article 370 was enacted as a temporary measure, which allowed India to repeal it and eventually unite J&K with the rest of the states.

5. What is the end result of Article 370?

Article 370's revocation will have a favourable influence. It has the potential to help both the people of J&K and the rest of India. People in J&K will suddenly have a plethora of job options. A number of business opportunities will arise. Girls from J&K can now marry anyone in India. Their gross domestic product will rise. People from other states can now invest in J&K. They can establish manufacturing units, resulting in more work prospects for individuals in J&K. Foreign investors were also looking forward to the repeal of Article 370, therefore we should see an increase in FDI in J&K. Let us all wish for a strong, united, and prosperous India.

Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution provided special rights to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It gave most of the power to the government of this state. Centre was left with limited power over J&K.

Article 370 has recently been scrapped making it a historic event which is expected to change the face of the state for good. This move has received mixed reactions from political parties and general public though it has largely been appreciated.

Long and Short Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution in English

Here are long and short essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution of varying lengths to help you with the topic in your exams. These Article 370 essay are written in simple English language to easily convey the information, yet it does so effectively. These Article 370 essays will let you have a deeper understanding of article 370, its removal and repercussions.

After going through the following essays you will know about Article 370 and its provisions; history of Article 370; advantages and disadvantages of Article 370; how was it revoked; what will be the consequences of scrapping Article 370; what bills were passed for its revokal, etc.

Short Essay on Article 370 – (200 Words)

Article 370 that came into effect in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir in the year 1949 was supposed to be a temporary provision; however, it continued for decades even though many political leaders and other prominent people in the county demanded its revocation from time to time.

The article exempted J&K from the Indian Constitution. The state attained the right to make its own laws related to any matter except foreign affairs, communications and defence.

The state government thus went on to draft a separate constitution. It also came up with a separate flag. The Fundamental Duties mentioned in the Indian Constitution were not applicable in J&K. It had its own set of rights and duties.

The condition of the state hasn’t been very good ever since the enforcement of Article 370. Life of people in the Kashmir region has especially been miserable. The place is prone to terrorist attacks.

Article 370 has been seen as a hindrance in the development of the state. It is also known to be a cause of growing corruption and terrorism in the state.

As per the constitutional order passed by Indian President Ram Nath Kovind on 5 th August 2019, Article 370 stands ineffective. The decision has been taken to improve the condition of J&K and its citizens.

Essay on Article 370: Enforcement – (300 Words)

Introduction

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution was drafted in Part XXI of the Constitution: Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions. However, soon after it came to be known as a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution. It has remained in effect in J&K for decades.

The Origin of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Article 370 was drafted by Sheikh Abdullah in the year 1947. Abdullah had been appointed as the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir by Pundit Jawahar Lal Nehru and Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir.

Abdullah wanted complete autonomy for J&K and demanded that Article 370 must not remain a temporary provision. However, the Centre deemed this demand unreasonable and did not approve of it.

Special Status Given to Jammu and Kashmir

As Article 370 came into being, the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir gained special power wherein it got the right to recommend the articles of the constitution that should be enforced on the state. It even got the power to annul Article 370 altogether.

Article 35 A and Article 370 together stated that a different set of laws apply for the residents of the state of J&K. The Indian Parliament could only exercise laws related to finance, defence, communications and foreign affairs in the state.

It required the approval of state government for applying all the other laws. The residents of J&K enjoyed completely different laws when it came to ownership of property, laws related to citizenship and fundamental rights.

As per the laws enforced by the state, the Indian citizens from other parts of the country were denied the right to purchase property in Jammu and Kashmir.

The residents of J&K fear that the scrapping of Article 370 may hamper their local business and thus be a threat to their livelihood. Adapting to the changes that are likely to follow this big decision also seems to be a cause of concern for the residents of J&K. Their concerns are genuine. We hope the condition of the place improves henceforth.

Essay on Article 370: Advantages and Disadvantages – (400 words)

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution that gave special power to the state of Jammu and Kashmir was annulled on 5 th August 2019. The decision taken by the Centre has been appreciated by several political parties, leaders, celebrities and majority of general public. However, many others have criticized it outright. Article 370 had few advantages and several disadvantages.

Advantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Here is a look at the advantages of Article 370:

1) Article 370 is advantageous for the citizens of J&K. The state gives priority to the interest of its local citizens. There is less competition in the state and greater opportunities for its citizens.

2) J&K boasts of its local handicraft items. The government of this state has kept its culture and local businesses alive. It has always encouraged local businesses over foreign brands.

This is the reason why several local brands are running in the state. This means more work, greater growth opportunities and good income for the locals.

Disadvantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Here is a look at the disadvantages of Article 370:

1) The state of J&K hasn’t developed as much as the other parts of the country. This is particularly true when we look at the medical facilities here. The condition of the hospitals and healthcare centres in the state are not that good.

2) The law and order in J&K is weak because the centre is not allowed to intervene. This has given rise to terrorism in the state. Terrorism is a major concern here and nothing much is being done to fight it.

3) Corruption in the state is high due to its alienation from the centre. There is no check on the government of J&K. It makes its own laws and works as per its convenience.

4) Article 370 prevented the implementation of Right to Education in the state. This is why students were forced to move to other states.

5) Outsiders cannot establish business in J&K. Professionals and industrialists are not allowed to settle here. This is a major hindrance in the growth and development of the state.

6) This provision is anti- women in nature. It has led to extreme gender bias in the state.

The disadvantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution clearly outweigh its advantages. The atmosphere of tension in the state is a clear evidence of the same. Scrapping of Article 370 seems like a ray of hope for the state that has been gripped by terrorism since long. We hope it sees better times ahead.

Long Essay on Article 370 – (500 words)

Article 370 is a temporary provision in the Constitution of India. It provides special autonomous status to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The provisions of the Indian Constitution that are applicable to other states of India are not applicable to J&K.

The article was adopted in November 1956 and was enforced in the state in January 1957 by Sheikh Abdullah.

Special Provisions in Jammu and Kashmir as per Article 370

Some special provisions were made in Jammu and Kashmir as Article 370 came into force in the state. These include:

J&K acquired different national flag.
Insulting the national flag and national symbols is considered a crime in India. It is a punishable offence. But this rule did not apply in J&K.
The highest court orders in India did not apply in J&K.
Jammu and Kashmir citizens enjoyed dual citizenship.
Women in Kashmir had to abide by the Sharia law.
The tenure of the Assembly of J&K was 6 years unlike other Indian states in which the Assembly tenure is 5 years.
RTI, RTE and CAG were not applicable in Kashmir.
The J&K citizenship of a woman who married a person from another Indian state ended. On the other hand, if a woman from the state married someone from Pakistan, he acquired J&K citizenship.
If a Pakistani married a Kashmiri girl, he acquired Indian citizenship.
Article 370 did not allow people from other states to purchase property in J&K.
The minority group in Kashmir that consists of Hindus and Sikhs did not get 16% reservation.

Changes after the Revocation of Article 370

Now that Article 370 has been revoked, Jammu and Kashmir will no longer enjoy the autonomous status. All the special powers that came with this article have been annulled. Here are some of the other changes that are being brought about:

All the residents of J&K shall be entitled to single citizenship only.
Article 360 that is enforced during financial emergency is now applicable in J&K.
People from other states shall be able to purchase property in J&K.
Duration of Legislative Assembly has been changed to 5 years.
RTI will be applicable in J&K.
Minorities will be eligible for 16% reservation.
Children will benefit from the Right to Education.
Directive Principle of State Policy shall be applicable.
J&K will not have a separate flag.

The Atmosphere in J&K as Article 370 Revoked

J&K’s prominent leaders, Omar Abdullah, Sajjad Lone and Mehbooba Mufti were under house arrest as the bill for abolition of Article 370 was passed in the Rajya Sabha.

Internet and mobile services in Kashmir’s Srinagar district were suspended and a ban imposed on all public gatherings.

With so many changes underway after the revocation of Article 370, it seems like J&K will finally experience peace and prosperity. This is just the first step towards the betterment of the state.

There are miles to go! Whether the decision taken by Centre is right or wrong is still being debated. We hope it proves to be beneficial for the state as well as the country as a whole.

Long Essay on Article 370: Revocation – (600 words)

Article 370 was enforced by Sheikh Abdullah on 26 th January 1957. The article gave special power to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. This was a temporary provision.

However, it remained in force for decades. Even though many political leaders and other prominent people in the country suggested its revocation from time to time, it remained intact; however, it has finally been annulled.

Indian President, Ram Nath Kovind issued constitutional order to revoke Article 370 and apply all the rules and provisions of the Indian constitution to Jammu and Kashmir. This historic move was made on 5 th August 2019.

Bill to Revoke Provisions of Article 370

Union Home Minister, Amit Shah, moved a resolution in Rajya Sabha to introduce a bill scrapping all the provisions of Article 370. This was approved by President Ram Nath Kovind.

Shah also introduced bills seeking bifurcation of the State into Jammu and Kashmir as a Union Territory with an Assembly and Ladakh as a Union Territory without a legislature.

The opposition benches protested against this resolution; however, the decision has been made. Revoking Article 370 of the Indian Constitution had been a major part of BJP’s agenda. Shah’s announcement was thus received with elation by the BJP leaders.

Mixed Reactions on Revocation of Article 370

While many political parties opposed the decision to scrap Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, several others extended their support to the BJP government.

Parties that Supported the Decision

Among those that showed support to this decision were the Aam Aadmi Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, Shiv Sena, AIADMK, Shiromani Akali Dal, YSR Congress, Telugu Desam Party, Biju Janata Dal, BPF and AGP. All these parties backed the Centre’s decision.

Many of them mentioned that they awaited this move since long and welcome the decision wholeheartedly. They now look forward to peace and development in J&K. The decision of scrapping Article 370 has been termed as bold and courageous.

BSP member, Satish Chandra Misra was among the first ones in the Rajya Sabha to support this move. Mayawati also extended support to the bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir.

AIADMK mentioned that their leader, Jayalalithaa had always wanted this. Shiv Sena members expressed their joy and support by celebrating outside their party head office.

BJD members said that with this decision, Jammu and Kashmir has become an integral part of the country and they are glad about it.

Parties that Opposed the Decision

The parties those opposed the Centre’s decision to revoke Article 370 include Congress, Trinamool Congress, Nationalist Congress Party, Janata Dal (United), Rashtriya Janta Dal, Left, National Conference, DMK and People’s Democratic Party. All these parties condemned and criticised the resolution.

Congress members mentioned that this was a “catastrophic step” and it should be seen as a “black day” in the constitutional history of our country. It further said that this decision is a publicity stunt by BJP to fetch more votes. Likewise, Left mentioned that it is an attack on the Indian Constitution.

Members of People’s Democratic Party expressed their anger over the decision by shouting slogans and tearing copies of Indian Constitution. National Conference called the decision shocking and unilateral. Trinamool Congress also expressed its objection against the Centre’s decision.

DMK went on to say that this was simply the murder of democracy. It said that BJP is forcing its agenda and that it has no respect for the sentiments of the Jammu and Kashmir residents.

Revocation of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution is indeed a big decision. A major change in J&K is likely underway now. We hope things change for good for this beautiful state which has long struggled for peace and justice. The Centre must make special efforts to resurrect J&K and make it a better and safer place to live.

Related Information:

Essay on Article 35A of Indian Constitution

Speech on Article 370 of Constitution of India

Essay on Article 15 of Indian Constitution

Speech on Constitution of India

Speech on National Constitution Day

Essay on National Constitution Day

Essay on Constitution of India

Essay on Section 377 of Indian Penal Code

Find More Information about Indian Independence Day:

Money essay, music essay, importance of education essay, education essay, newspaper essay, my hobby essay.

Home > Analysis > Understanding the Abrogation of Article 370: Origin and Impact

Understanding the Abrogation of Article 370: Origin and Impact

R. Sai Spandana | 29th Jul 2023

The Supreme Court will decide the extent of the Union’s powers to make laws for Jammu and Kashmir and abrogate Article 370.

After almost four years of repose, the Supreme Court is set to hear the challenge to the abrogation of Article 370 next week. The Court’s decision will have practical ramifications on the extent of Jammu and Kashmir’s autonomy and the Union’s powers to alter it.

Art. 370 granted ‘temporary’ special status to Jammu and Kashmir. From August 2, 2023, five senior most judges of the top Court— Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud , S.K. Kaul , Sanjiv Khanna , B.R. Gavai and Surya Kant will hear a batch of petitions challenging the Union’s 2019 Orders which effectively abrogated this special status given to the State.

The Origins of Jammu and Kashmir’s Unique Status

In 1947, following the India-Pakistan partition, Jammu and Kashmir, a princely state—with a Muslim majority and a Hindu ruler—that shared a long border with the two countries, witnessed high tensions with both India and Pakistan coveting it. The erstwhile ruler of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh was in a dilemma . He neither wanted to join the newly democratic India nor was he inclined to side with the Muslim-majoritarian Pakistan. He wanted Kashmir to remain an independent State.

On October 24, 1947, Singh appealed to India for military protection against threats and attacks from Pakistan. In return, he would cede Jammu and Kashmir to India. The result was the signing of the ‘ Instrument of Accession ’ (IoA) by which Singh, on October 27th, 1947, acceded Jammu and Kashmir to India. However, terms and conditions applied. India would not be given complete control over the State.

As per this instrument, India’s Parliament could enact laws only on three subject matters—defence, external affairs and communications. Everything else was left to the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Further, the State was not bound by the Constitution of India (which was being drafted at that time). The IoA also stated that it could not be amended by the Indian government unless a supplement to the IoA allowed it.

Contents of Article. 370

The constituent assembly introduced Article 370 (Draft Art. 306A) to give effect to the IoA. This Article is titled ‘Temporary provisions concerning the State of Jammu and Kashmir’ . Its purpose was to enable Jammu and Kashmir to transition from an independent princely state to a democratic State of India.

In essence, this Article did three things:

It limited the power of the Indian Parliament to make laws for Jammu and Kashmir to the three subjects mentioned in the IoA—defence, external affairs and communications.
It stated that except for Article 1 , the Constitution of India did not apply to Jammu and Kashmir. Article 1 states that India is a Union of States.
It stated that this Article could only be amended by the President with the consent of the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir. Even though Jammu and Kashmir’s Constituent Assembly would cease to exist once the State’s Constitution came into being, the power to amend Article 370 was given only to the Constituent Assembly and not to its legislative assembly. Therefore, arguably , this Constituent Assembly was meant to decide the fate of Article 370 once and for all.

The Establishment and Dissolution of Jammu and Kashmir’s Constituent Assembly

On October 31, 1951, Jammu and Kashmir’s Constituent Assembly was established . In 1956, this Assembly created the Constitution for Jammu and Kashmir which declared that ‘Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India’.

This Assembly abolished the Maharaja system and established an Officer named ‘ Sadar-i-Riyasat’ as Head of the State. It said nothing about the abrogation or modification of Article 370.

After drafting the State’s Constitution, the Constituent Assembly was permanently dissolved on January 26, 1957. In theory, this meant that the President of India could no longer modify or repeal Article 370 unless a new Constituent Assembly was created. How then did the Union government abrogate this Article in 2019?

The Abrogation Process

The election manifesto of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for the 2009 , 2014 and 2019 General Elections affirmed its intention to abrogate Article 370. After winning the election, the BJP government dissolved Article 370 with two Presidential Orders— CO 272 and CO 273 on August 5 and August 6, 2019, respectively.

The first Order issued on August 5, 2019, amended Article 367 which dealt with the interpretation of the Constitution. The Order stated that the phrase ‘Constituent Assembly’ under Article 370 shall be read as ‘Legislative Assembly’ of the State.

At the time, Jammu and Kashmir was under President’s Rule, by which its Legislative Assembly and Governor were replaced with the Union Parliament and the President. Therefore, the ‘Legislative Assembly’ of the State was the Union Parliament. In other words, the President could modify or abrogate Article 370 at the request of the BJP-led Parliament.

Immediately after this Order, a Statutory Resolution was passed by both Houses of Parliament recommending that Article 370 be dissolved.

The next day, on August 6, 2023, the President issued the second Order which held that Article 370 ceased to operate and that Jammu and Kashmir was a part of the Union of India.

Reorganisation of the State

Following the abrogation of Article 370, on August 9, 2019, Parliament passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act , 2019. This Act bifurcated the State into two Union Territories —Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. The former had a legislative Assembly and the latter did not.

Practical Implications: No More Special Status

The abrogation removes the special status granted to Jammu and Kashmir by the Constitution. This means that the Indian Parliament’s power to make laws for the newly formed Union Territories is no longer restricted to three subjects. The Constitution and other territorial laws of India apply to these two territories as they would to any other State and Union Territory in the Country. The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir is redundant and the region no longer has a separate flag.

Further, the exclusive benefits granted to ‘ permanent citizens ’ of Jammu and Kashmir to own and acquire property within the region stands dissolved.

Reactions and Responses

The constitutional status of an area plagued with decades of unrest changed overnight.

Former Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Mehbooba Mufti said that the decision to abrogate Article 370 was a ‘ sinister one’ taken to alter the demographics of a Muslim-majoritarian State. She said the abrogation removed the autonomy granted to the State in 1947.

Senior Congress Party member P. Chidambaram criticised the move stating that a State had never been reduced to a Union Territory before. Earlier in 2023, Congress leader Jairam Ramesh said his party is demanding the restoration of Jammu and Kashmir’s statehood.

Internationally, Pakistan and China opposed the abrogation stating India had breached their territorial sovereignty. The BJP government maintained that this issue concerned only India and no international borders were breached.

The Challenge at the Supreme Court

Immediately after the abrogation, several individuals and organisations around the Country moved the Supreme Court challenging its constitutionality. Their arguments are two-fold.

First, the abrogation breached the constitutional special status granted to Jammu and Kashmir. By modifying the meaning of ‘constituent assembly’ to abrogate the Article, the Union indirectly did what it directly could not.

Second, they argue that the reorganisation of the State is a violation of Article 3 of the Constitution. Article 3 of the Constitution does not give the Parliament powers to downgrade federal democratic States into a less representative form such as a Union Territory.

Initially a 3-Judge Bench led by former CJI Rajan Gogoi referred the case to a 5-Judge Constitution Bench in . From October 1, 2019, Justice N.V. Ramana’s 5-Judge Bench heard arguments that the case must be referred to a larger bench. Ultimately, the Bench refused the plea for reference. This was in March 2020. The case saw no further movement till 2023.

On July 11, 2023, the Supreme Court scheduled to hear the batch of petitions challenging the abrogation on August 2nd, 2023.

Why Does this Matter?

The implications of the top Court’s decision in the case will be complex. The Court will decide if the Union’s abrogation of Article 370 and the way it was effectuated (by altering Article 367 of the Constitution through a Presidential Order) is valid.

By this, the Court will clarify the extent of powers of the President and Parliament to make laws for Jammu and Kashmir and also state what the proper way to do so is. The Court’s decision will influence the nature of Union-State relations, the contours of Article 3, and the limits of federalism.

If the abrogation is found to be unconstitutional, will the Supreme Court reverse the reorganisation of the State? Can it reinstate Jammu and Kashmir’s constitutionally granted special status? In any case, the Court will have to consider the ground impact of the four years that it has taken for the top Court to hear the case. The Court’s decision will have far-reaching implications on all political, legal and regional developments that have occurred in the State these few years. It will also have a ripple effect on the geo-political relations in the subcontinent.

Article 370 of the Constitution: A Timeline

SCO tracks the evolution of Article 370 from 1947.

Supreme Court to Hear Challenges to the Abrogation of Article 370 after 4-year Delay

As the Supreme Court answers large constitutional questions, the will of the people of Jammu and Kashmir hangs in the balance.

Gauri Kashyap

What’s Article 370? What to know about India top court verdict on Kashmir

The Supreme Court backs Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s removal of Indian-administered Kashmir’s semi-autonomy.

An Indian policeman stands guard near a cutout portrait of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi displayed at the main market in Srinagar, Indian controlled Kashmir.

In a major setback to Kashmiri political groups, India’s Supreme Court has upheld a 2019 decision by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government to revoke special status for Indian-administered Kashmir, which gave it a degree of autonomy.

The disputed Himalayan region is claimed in full although ruled in part by both India and Pakistan since their independence from Britain in 1947. The nuclear-armed neighbours have fought three of their four wars over it since then.

Keep reading

Activists slam india’s first ever gps tracker for kashmiri suspect, at least 30 killed, dozens injured in kashmir bus accident, kashmiri journalist fahad shah walks out of jail after 600 days, kashmir students accused of terror for ‘celebrating’ india world cup loss.

The court hearings began in August on a petition filed by Kashmiri individuals and groups.

The verdict is a big boost for the governing Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ahead of general elections due in May. The 2019 decision by the BJP was a campaign promise to end Article 370, which granted special status to the disputed Himalayan region.

Here is all you need to know about the issue:

What does Monday’s verdict say?

In its ruling, the Supreme Court said Jammu and Kashmir should be restored to the same statehood as any other Indian state – with no separate autonomy rights – “at the earliest and as soon as possible”.

The five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court ruled the region’s special status had been a “temporary provision” and removing it in 2019 was constitutionally valid.

“Article 370 was an interim arrangement due to war conditions in the state,” Chief Justice DY Chandrachud said, referring to the provision in the Indian Constitution that provided the special status after Muslim-majority Kashmir’s Hindu ruler signed an agreement in 1947 to join India.

As part of the Instrument of Accession, India allowed Kashmir to retain its own constitution, flag and criminal code. Kashmir had its own prime minister and president until 1953 when New Delhi jailed its prime minister, Sheikh Abdullah, and abolished the post in what it said were efforts to integrate the Muslim-majority region with the rest of India.

Kashmir has been at the heart of more than 75 years of animosity between India and Pakistan.

Pakistan claims Kashmir as its own territory, saying the Muslim-majority area should have been part of the new state of Pakistan, created in 1947 when British colonial rule ended in the partition of the Indian subcontinent.

The First Kashmiri War broke out soon after partition and ended in 1949 with a United Nations-mediated ceasefire that divided Kashmir into Pakistani- and Indian-administered regions.

What is Article 370?

Article 370 , which came into effect in October 1949, granted Kashmir autonomy of internal administration, allowing it to make its own laws in all matters except finance, defence, foreign affairs and communications.

The Indian-administered region established a separate constitution and a separate flag and denied property rights in the region to outsiders.

Article 35A, a further provision added to Article 370 in 1954, empowered state lawmakers to ensure special rights and privileges for permanent residents of the state.

With the repeal of Article 370, Article 35A was also scrapped, allowing non-Kashmiris to buy property in the region and raising fears that India is trying to engineer a “demographic shift” in the Muslim-majority region.

In 2019, Modi’s government also bifurcated Kashmir into two regions – Jammu and Kashmir in the west and Ladakh in the east – to be ruled directly from New Delhi. Kashmir lost its flag, criminal code and constitution enshrined in Article 370.

No regional elections have been conducted in the two regions since then, but the Supreme Court ordered Indian-administered Kashmir to hold local legislative elections by September 30 next year.

What are the reactions to this verdict?

Modi called the judgement “a beacon of hope, a promise of a brighter future and a testament to our collective resolve to build a stronger, more united India”.

“The court, in its profound wisdom, has fortified the very essence of unity that we, as Indians, hold dear and cherish above all else,” he said in a post on X.

Challengers of his government’s 2019 decision maintained that only the Constituent Assembly of Indian-administered Kashmir could decide on the special status of the region and contested whether the Indian Parliament had the power to revoke it.

“Disappointed but not disheartened,” Omar Abdullah, a former chief minister and vice president of the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference party, posted on X. “The struggle will continue. It took the BJP decades to reach here. We are also prepared for the long haul.”

Disappointed but not disheartened. The struggle will continue. It took the BJP decades to reach here. We are also prepared for the long haul. #WeShallOvercome #Article370 — Omar Abdullah (@OmarAbdullah) December 11, 2023

Mehbooba Mufti, another former chief minister and president of the Jammu and Kashmir People’s Democratic Party, echoed those views. “The people of J&K are not going to lose hope or give up. Our fight for honour and dignity will continue regardless. This isn’t the end of the road for us,” she posted on X.

The people of J&K are not going to lose hope or give up. Our fight for honour and dignity will continue regardless. This isn’t the end of the road for us. pic.twitter.com/liRgzK7AT7 — Mehbooba Mufti (@MehboobaMufti) December 11, 2023

Many Kashmiris view the 2019 decision as an annexation, saying new laws were designed to change the region’s demographics. Members of minority Buddhist communities initially welcomed the move, but many of them later expressed fear of losing land and jobs in the Himalayan area.

Essay on Article 370

In this Article 370 essay, we will learn about article 370 Kashmir, who drafted article 370 & when was article 370 removed.

On 5 August 2019, the President of India issued the Constitution (Application for Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019 in the exercise of the powers conferred by clause (1) of Article 370 of the Constitution.

By this, the Government of India has amended Article 370 itself (not revoked it).

With this, the Indian government has dramatically revised relations between the state of Jammu and Kashmir and the Indian Union.

Taking a historic decision, the central government proposed to remove Article 370 of the Constitution from the state of Jammu and Kashmir and divide the state into two union territories: Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.

Article 370 Essay:

Article 370 became a part of the Constitution of India on 17 October 1949 and was added as a ‘provisional provision’ that gave exemption to Jammu and Kashmir, in order that it may draft its constitution and the Indian Parliament within the state Prohibit legislative powers.

It was introduced by N. Gopalaswamy Iyenga within the draft constitution.

Under Article 370, the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir was empowered to recommend which articles of the Indian Constitution should apply within the state.

The Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly was dissolved after drafting the state structure.

Article 3 of Article 370 provides the President of India the facility to amend its provisions and scope.

Article 35A stalks from Article 370 and was applied through an order of the President in 1954 on the advice of the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly.

In this essay, we additionally talk about Article 35A empowers the Jammu and Kashmir legislature to define permanent residents of the state and their privileges.

Why was Need for Change in Article 370?

Article 370 was added to the Indian Constitution to provide sovereignty to Jammu and Kashmir, but it failed to do upright to Kashmiris.

Because of this Kashmir has been suffering from radicalism and violence for a long time.

It has served to widen the gap between Kashmir and other nations.

Due to this, India’s security challenges from neighbors like Pakistan and China were becoming more complicated.

Current Decision of Center on Article 370:

Now only clause 1 of article 370 will continue, the remaining clauses have been eliminated.
Section-1 was also implemented by the President and it can also be removed by the President.
Jammu and Kashmir are not privileged.
Single citizenship.
One nation one flag.
Article 360 (Financial Emergency) is now in force.
People from other states can buy land in Jammu and Kashmir.
Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir have separate union territories.
Tenure of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly – 5 years.
RTI and human rights rules apply.

Constitutional Challenges:

The President’s order which seeks to abolish the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, according to Article 370 (3), the President will require the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir for such a change.
However, in the order of the President of 2019, a sub-clause has been added to Article 367, which replaces the conditions:
“Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir” means “Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir”.
“Government of Jammu and Kashmir” means “to act on the advice of the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir and the Council of Ministers”.
The government wanted to amend the Constitution to reduce autonomy under Article 370, which would require a two-thirds majority in Parliament.
This provision is currently challenged in the Supreme Court on the ground that it added Article 35A to the Indian Constitution only through an order of the President.
Transforming Jammu and Kashmir into a Union Territory is a violation of Article 3, as the Bill was not sent to the President by the State Assembly.
In the reorganization of the state, the President’s order also requires the consent of the state’s government.
Although, Jammu and Kashmir is currently under the Governor, the Governor’s consent is considered to be the Government’s consent.

Potential Consequences:

Increase in terrorism- Article 370 has been marked by Kashmiris as their separate identity and autonomy.
There is a possibility of widespread protests and violence as a reaction to the weakening of Article 370.
Terrorist elements of Pakistan can easily use Kashmir to spread terrorism in India.
Unrest in Kashmir can affect its democratic progress.

Way Forward:

For the upliftment of Kashmir, a strategy of about 10 years should be implemented for education and employment.

To solve the crisis of legitimacy in Kashmir, a Gandhian path of non-violence and peace should be adopted.

The government can reduce the challenges posed by the removal of Article 370 by launching a comprehensive outreach program for all Kashmiris.

In this situation, to solve Kashmir problem, Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s design of Kashmiriyat, Insaniyat, Jamhooriyat (inclusive culture of Kashmir, Humanism and democracy) should be made the foundation for reconciliation in the state.

RELATED ESSAY:

INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM ESSAY | ESSAY ON GST | MAKE IN INDIA ESSAY

Conclusion for Article 370 Essay:

There are strong arguments against and supporting retraction of Article 370.

While one clause argues that Article 370 is the only constitutional link between the state and the rest of India, others feel that it is a 70 year old offense that prevents India from becoming an integral part.

But the truth is that since the creation of India and Article 370, Kashmiri people have been suffering from this issue.

• Section Under Essays

Gupshups is the place to find the most inspirational & motivation quotes, essay, speechs & lot more.

What Is Article 370; How Its Abrogation Changed Jammu And Kashmir | Explained

Supreme Court On Article 370: The top court on Monday upheld the validity of the Union Government's 2019 decision to repeal the special status of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Constitution.

By Radha Basnet
Updated: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 12:42 PM (IST)
Source: JND
Google News

what-is-article-370-jammu-and-kashmir-statehood-supreme-court-verdict-on-abrogation-explained

Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution in English for Children

Table of Contents

Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution:

Fill Out the Form for Expert Academic Guidance!

Please indicate your interest Live Classes Books Test Series Self Learning

Verify OTP Code (required)

I agree to the terms and conditions and privacy policy .

Fill complete details

Target Exam ---

Long and Short Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution in English

After going through the following essays you will know about Article 370 and its provisions; history of Article 370; advantages and disadvantages of Article 370; how it revoked; what will be the consequences of scrapping Article 370; what bills passed for its revokal, etc.

Short Essay on Article 370 – (200 Words)

The article exempted J&K from the Indian Constitution. The state attained the right to make its own laws related to any matter except foreign affairs, communications and defence.

Article 370 has been seen as a hindrance in the development of the state. It is also known to be a cause of growing corruption and terrorism in the state.

Essay on Article 370: Enforcement – (300 Words)

Introduction.

The Origin of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Article 370 was drafted by Sheikh Abdullah in the year 1947. Abdullah had been appointed as the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir by Pundit Jawahar Lal Nehru and Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir.

Abdullah wanted complete autonomy for J&K and demanded that Article 370 must not remain a temporary provision. However, the Centre deemed this demand unreasonable and did not approve of it.

Special Status Given to Jammu and Kashmir

As per the laws enforced by the state, the Indian citizens from other parts of the country were denied the right to purchase property in Jammu and Kashmir.

Essay on Article 370: Advantages and Disadvantages – (400 words)

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution that gave special power to the state of Jammu and Kashmir was annulled on 5 th August 2019. The decision taken by the Centre has appreciated by several political parties, leaders, celebrities and majority of general public. However, many others have criticized it outright. Article 370 had few advantages and several disadvantages.

Advantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Here is a look at the advantages of Article 370:

2) J&K boasts of its local handicraft items. The government of this state has kept its culture and local businesses alive. It has always encouraged local businesses over foreign brands.

This is the reason why several local brands are running in the state. This means more work, greater growth opportunities and good income for the locals.

Disadvantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Here is a look at the disadvantages of Article 370:

2) The law and order in J&K is weak because the centre is not allowed to intervene. This has given rise to terrorism in the state. Terrorism is a major concern here and nothing much done to fight it.

3) Corruption in the state is high due to its alienation from the centre. There is no check on the government of J&K. It makes its own laws and works as per its convenience.

4) Article 370 prevented the implementation of Right to Education in the state. This is why students forced to move to other states.

5) Outsiders cannot establish business in J&K. Professionals and industrialists not allowed to settle here. This is a major hindrance in the growth and development of the state.

6) This provision is anti- women in nature. It has led to extreme gender bias in the state.

The disadvantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution clearly outweigh its advantages. The atmosphere of tension in the state is a clear evidence of the same. Scrapping of Article 370 seems like a ray of hope for the state that has gripped by terrorism since long. We hope it sees better times ahead.

Long Essay on Article 370 – (500 words)

Article 370 is a temporary provision in the Constitution of India. It provides special autonomous status to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The provisions of the Indian Constitution that are applicable to other states of India are not applicable to J&K.

The article adopted in November 1956 and was enforced in the state in January 1957 by Sheikh Abdullah.

Special Provisions in Jammu and Kashmir as per Article 370

Some special provisions made in Jammu and Kashmir as Article 370 came into force in the state. These include:

J&K acquired different national flag.
Insulting the national flag and national symbols considered a crime in India. It is a punishable offence. But this rule did not apply in J&K.
The highest court orders in India did not apply in J&K.
Jammu and Kashmir citizens enjoyed dual citizenship.
Women in Kashmir had to abide by the Sharia law.
The tenure of the Assembly of J&K was 6 years unlike other Indian states in which the Assembly tenure is 5 years.
RTI, RTE and CAG were not applicable in Kashmir.
The J&K citizenship of a woman who married a person from another Indian state ended. On the other hand, if a woman from the state married someone from Pakistan, he acquired J&K citizenship.
If a Pakistani married a Kashmiri girl, he acquired Indian citizenship.
Article 370 did not allow people from other states to purchase property in J&K.
The minority group in Kashmir that consists of Hindus and Sikhs did not get 16% reservation.

Changes after the Revocation of Article 370

Now that Article 370 has revoked, Jammu and Kashmir will no longer enjoy the autonomous status. All the special powers that came with this article have annulled. Here are some of the other changes that brought about:

All the residents of J&K shall be entitled to single citizenship only.
Article 360 that is enforced during financial emergency is now applicable in J&K.
People from other states shall be able to purchase property in J&K.
Duration of Legislative Assembly has changed to 5 years.
RTI will be applicable in J&K.
Minorities will be eligible for 16% reservation.
Children will benefit from the Right to Education.
Directive Principle of State Policy shall be applicable.
J&K will not have a separate flag.

The Atmosphere in J&K as Article 370 Revoked

J&K’s prominent leaders, Omar Abdullah, Sajjad Lone and Mehbooba Mufti were under house arrest as the bill for abolition of Article 370 was passed in the Rajya Sabha.

Internet and mobile services in Kashmir’s Srinagar district suspended and a ban imposed on all public gatherings.

With so many changes underway after the revocation of Article 370, it seems like J&K will finally experience peace and prosperity. This is just the first step towards the betterment of the state.

There are miles to go! Whether the decision taken by Centre is right or wrong still debated. We hope it proves to be beneficial for the state as well as the country as a whole.

Long Essay on Article 370: Revocation – (600 words)

Article 370 enforced by Sheikh Abdullah on 26 th January 1957. The article gave special power to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. This was a temporary provision.

Bill to Revoke Provisions of Article 370

Union Home Minister, Amit Shah, moved a resolution in Rajya Sabha to introduce a bill scrapping all the provisions of Article 370. This approved by President Ram Nath Kovind.

Shah also introduced bills seeking bifurcation of the State into Jammu and Kashmir as a Union Territory with an Assembly and Ladakh as a Union Territory without a legislature.

The opposition benches protested against this resolution; however, the decision has made. Revoking Article 370 of the Indian Constitution had a major part of BJP’s agenda. Shah’s announcement thus received with elation by the BJP leaders.

Mixed Reactions on Revocation of Article 370

While many political parties opposed the decision to scrap Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, several others extended their support to the BJP government.

Parties that Supported the Decision

BSP member, Satish Chandra Misra was among the first ones in the Rajya Sabha to support this move. Mayawati also extended support to the bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir.

AIADMK mentioned that their leader, Jayalalithaa had always wanted this. Shiv Sena members expressed their joy and support by celebrating outside their party head office.

BJD members said that with this decision, Jammu and Kashmir has become an integral part of the country and they are glad about it.

Parties that Opposed the Decision

Congress members mentioned that this was a “catastrophic step” and it should seen as a “black day” in the constitutional history of our country. It further said that this decision is a publicity stunt by BJP to fetch more votes. Likewise, Left mentioned that it is an attack on the Indian Constitution.

DMK went on to say that this was simply the murder of democracy. It said that BJP is forcing its agenda and that it has no respect for the sentiments of the Jammu and Kashmir residents.

Find More Information about Indian Independence Day:

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay | Article 370 Essay for Students and Children in English

Article 370 Essay: One of the highly controversial topics in the country from last year was the abrogation of article 370. Given the depth of the impact it will have on the Indian subcontinent as well as on the people of Kashmir, lots of debates have happened over this particular article in the Indian constitution. It has created a political and legal storm in the county.

In this particular article 370 of the Indian constitution essay, we shall be talking about what the article is, a brief history of the law, and what will be the future of Kashmir and India with respect the abrogation of the law. A comprehensive article 370 of the Indian constitution essay can be used by students aspiring for IAS or IPS (UPSC Civil services) examination in the country.

You can read more Essay Writing about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution for Students and Kids in English

If you are searching for a detailed, informative and comprehensive essay on article 370 of the Indian constitution, then we have provided two different essays, each with good content in it. A 600-word article 370 of the Indian constitution essay is helpful for students of classes 7,8,9 and 10, and a 200-word essay on article 370 of the Indian constitution is provided below for students of class 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. This model essay can also be used by UPSC civil services aspirants as well.

Long Essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay 600 Words in English

When India obtained its independence from British rule in the year 1947, many states such as the Deccan, Mysore region and Madras presidency joined the Indian union. Some were forced to join and others were given a choice of sorts. Kashmir, given the population of Muslims in the region, was reluctant to join either of the forces on their side i.e, India or Pakistan. In the year 1949, October article 370 was added to the Indian constitution on a temporary basis under Maharaja Hari Singh and congress leader Sheikh Abdulla. And ever since that day, article 370 has been a part of Jammu and Kashmir rule until 2019 when it was abrogated.

What is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution?

Article 370 of the Indian constitution is a special provision in the Indian constitution which allows the state of Jammu and Kashmir to draft its own constitution and put curbs on the power of the Indian Union over the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Basically, it granted a high amount of autonomous powers to the Jammu and Kashmir legislature.

Except for defence, communication, foreign affairs and financier, the Jammu and Kashmir leaders had enormous power over the states without the impending influence of the Indian central government. Leaders have used the powers of article 370 to form their own laws and put in place restrictions for the people of Jammu and Kashmir. This special status will empower the state with a separate constitution, flag and national anthem. Also, the people of Jammu and Kashmir will be eligible for dual citizenship. The assembly of the state can make its laws for land and properties, and they have banned people outside Jammu and Kashmir to buy land in the state.

All this came to a sudden halt when article 370 was abrogated in 2019. As this article 370 of the Indian constitution essay in being written, a curfew is imposed all over the state of Jammu and Kashmir, for over a year now, to prevent unrest and violence in the state as a result of the abrogation of article 370.

Now that the special powers are taken away from the government of Jammu and Kashmir, two new union territories in India is formed, which are a union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union territory of Ladakh, Leh and Kargil. The whole region is under the control of the Indian central government and AFSPA (Armed Forces Special Powers Act), which gives powers to the Indian army to detain anyone suspicious without any kind of accountability and trial, is put in place in certain sensitive regions of the state.

Some say the abrogation was unconstitutional and authoritarian in nature. But the fact of the matter is that abrogation has caused enormous amounts of unrest in the state with curfews being imposed for over a year now and an unspeakable amount of humanitarian crisis looming over the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Why was article 370 abrogated?

There are plenty of reasons that the central government has given to the people asking the reason for the abrogation of the article. Some of the reasons are:

To prevent terrorist operation across the border
To prevent human rights violations happening in the state
To maintain law and order properly
To develop a sense of inclusion for the people of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union of India
To develop the state economically and make it socially stable

These were a few of the reasons that the central government gave in defence of the abrogation of article 370.

Irrespective of what the future holds of Kashmiris, they’ve been under humanitarian crisis and turmoil for more than 6 decades now. With or without article 370, an entire generation of Kashmiris has been bearing the brunt of military power, both from the Indian army as well as the Pakistani army. Kashmir should not be a guinea pig for a bigger diplomatic war between India and Pakistan.

Thousands of people (both civilians and soldiers) have been killed and thousands of crores of money has been spent on military resources in the state. Kashmir is one of the most militarized zones in the country. A proper and long-lasting solution has to be found out for the people of Jammu and Kashmir so that they prosper and grow in the future.

Short Essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay 200 Words in English

Find below a 200-word essay on article 370 of the Indian constitution essay for students of classes 1,2,3,4,5 and 6, and also for UPSC civil services aspirants

Article 370, which was introduced to the Indian constitution first in the year 1949, has been in place for more than 6 decades now. The instrument of accession was signed by the then Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. This helped the state of Jammu and Kashmir to accede to the Indian union. And ever since 1949, article 370, which was supposed to be a temporary provision in the Indian constitution, has been in place for more than 6 decades now. Article 370 empowers the state of Jammu and Kashmir to have its own constitution and laws which fall under both concurrent and union list, except for the matter of finance, communication, defence and foreign affairs. This article has given the leaders of Jammu and Kashmir region enormous powers and autonomy from the Indian union. While some say this article was misused by leaders to collaborate with Pakistan and increase terror operation in India, some argue that autonomy has helped the people of Kashmir.

In 2019, article 370 was abrogated by the Central government and turned the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories namely, a union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union territory of Ladakh, Leh and Kargil.

10 Lines on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay

Article 370 gives special powers and status to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Article 370 of the Indian constitution was formed in the year 1949, 17th of October.
It empowers the state to form its own constitution other than the Indian constitution.
It empowers the Jammu and Kashmir legislature to take decisions independently on all fronts except in the matters of communication, defence, foreign affairs and finance.
Article 370 of the Indian constitution was abrogated in 2019 by the Indian government.
Kashmir problem, where both India and Pakistan exercises its right over the territory, is the reason why article 370 was formed.
The autonomous power that is given to Jammu and Kashmir resulted in increased terrorist operations across the borders.
State of Jammu and Kashmir was removed and two new union territories were formed which are a union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union territory of Ladakh, Leh and Kargil.
Kashmir is one of the most militarized zones in the whole world.
Kashmir has been in curfew for a year now, since the abrogation of article 370.

FAQ’s on Article 370 Essay

Question 1. What happens if article 370 is removed?

Answer: Special powers will be taken away from the government of Jammu and Kashmir and the state will be obligated to abide by all the clauses in the Indian constitution

Question 2. What are the advantages of removing article 370?

Answer: Ownership of land, decrease in terror operations and increased control by the Indian government over cross border infiltration are some the advantages of removing article 370

Question 3. Why does Pakistan want Kashmir?

Answer: Kashmir is a diplomatically and strategically apt location for both counties to establish their power. Also, Kashmir is rich in natural resources, which is why Pakistan wants Kashmir to be part of their country

Question 4. Why is Kashmir the most militarized zone in the world?

Answer: To prevent civil unrest and cross border terrorism, the Indian Army has deployed soldiers in high numbers in sensitive regions of Kashmir

Speech on Article 370 for Students and Children

Speech on article 370.

Hello All. I am here to deliver a speech on article 370. This has been the most discussed topic in recent times. Since Independence, It gave special status to J & K. We all Indians use to subconsciously think about it, majority of us had apprehensions about it, we wanted it to be scrapped, we wanted it to get removed as it used to create discrimination between natives of J & K with rest of the Indians. Finally, it happened on 05.Aug.2019. The government of India revoked it. Now all the Indians including J & K people are equal, all are now covered under the constitution of India. All of us now have a single nationality, single flag, and common laws.

Source: en.wikipedia.org

Background of Article 370

In 1947, when India was about to get freedom and when the British were leaving India, they give the freedom to all the kings in India to live wherever they wish to. This caused the formation of hundreds of provinces internally.

By the efforts of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, all those provinces agreed to unite to form a nation. But one province i.e. Jammu & Kashmir, which was ruled by the then king Hari Singh, was not ready to get united.

They did not want to get merged & wanted to maintain their identity as an independent province. Pakistan tried to acquire Kashmir forcefully by invading its forces in it in October 1947. Hari Singh asked India for help in fighting with the Pakistani army.

India did help under once condition that Kashmir needs to come with India. India did promise to give it a special status under Article 370 of the constitution of India.

Get the Huge list of 100+ Speech Topics here

Benefits and Drawbacks of Article 370

People in Jammu and Kashmir had dual citizenship, which is the citizenship of J & K as well as India. They had a different flag. The elections were conducted every 6 years in J & K. Criticising the Indian flag was not a crime in J & K. The rules of the Supreme court of India were not applicable to J&K.

If a Kashmiri girl married any man outside J&K, she lost her J&K citizenship. And if she married any Pakistani, then that man used to get J&K citizenship. The RTI act was not applicable to J&K. No reservations for minorities were there in J&K. No one outside J&K could buy land over there. Financial emergencies were not applicable to J&K.

Kashmir never faced the problem of over crowing or overpopulation, as no one from outside can get and settle into J&K. Employment opportunities were very low in J&K, and hence a lot of youth were heading towards terrorism.

Low GDP was there and corruption was very high. After independence, China had acquired 10% of Kashmir & Pakistan had acquired 30% of Kashmir. India has only 60% of Kashmir left with it. Article 370 was implemented as a temporary provision, that’s why India could scrap it, and hence could finally unify J&K with all the states.

Revocation of article 370 will have a positive impact. It can have many benefits, both to J&K people as well as to the rest of the Indians. J&K people will now have ample career opportunities. The business opportunities will increase. J&K girls can now freely marry to anyone in India. Their GDP will increase.

Other states people can now invest in J&K. They can set up manufacturing units, hence increasing job opportunities to J&K people. Foreign investors were also eyeing on the scrapping of article 370, hence we can expect the increase in FDI in J&K. Let us all wish our India to be strongly unified & flourish.

Thank you for your precious time.

Read Essays for Students and Children here !

Customize your course in 30 seconds

Which class are you in.

Speech for Students

Speech on India for Students and Children
Speech on Mother for Students and Children
Speech on Air Pollution for Students and Children
Speech about Life for Students and Children
Speech on Disaster Management for Students and Children
Speech on Internet for Students and Children
Speech on Generation Gap for Students and Children
Speech on Indian Culture for Students and Children
Speech on Sports for Students and Children
Speech on Water for Students and Children

16 responses to “Speech on Water for Students and Children”

this was very helpful it saved my life i got this at the correct time very nice and helpful

This Helped Me With My Speech!!!

I can give it 100 stars for the speech it is amazing i love it.

Its amazing!!

Great !!!! It is an advanced definition and detail about Pollution. The word limit is also sufficient. It helped me a lot.

This is very good

Very helpful in my speech

Oh my god, this saved my life. You can just copy and paste it and change a few words. I would give this 4 out of 5 stars, because I had to research a few words. But my teacher didn’t know about this website, so amazing.

Tomorrow is my exam . This is Very helpfull

It’s really very helpful

yah it’s is very cool and helpful for me… a lot of 👍👍👍

Very much helpful and its well crafted and expressed. Thumb’s up!!!

wow so amazing it helped me that one of environment infact i was given a certificate

check it out travel and tourism voucher

thank you very much

Download the App

Share full article

Supported by

Letter of Recommendation

What I’ve Learned From My Students’ College Essays

The genre is often maligned for being formulaic and melodramatic, but it’s more important than you think.

An illustration of a high school student with blue hair, dreaming of what to write in their college essay.

By Nell Freudenberger

Most high school seniors approach the college essay with dread. Either their upbringing hasn’t supplied them with several hundred words of adversity, or worse, they’re afraid that packaging the genuine trauma they’ve experienced is the only way to secure their future. The college counselor at the Brooklyn high school where I’m a writing tutor advises against trauma porn. “Keep it brief , ” she says, “and show how you rose above it.”

I started volunteering in New York City schools in my 20s, before I had kids of my own. At the time, I liked hanging out with teenagers, whom I sometimes had more interesting conversations with than I did my peers. Often I worked with students who spoke English as a second language or who used slang in their writing, and at first I was hung up on grammar. Should I correct any deviation from “standard English” to appeal to some Wizard of Oz behind the curtains of a college admissions office? Or should I encourage students to write the way they speak, in pursuit of an authentic voice, that most elusive of literary qualities?

In fact, I was missing the point. One of many lessons the students have taught me is to let the story dictate the voice of the essay. A few years ago, I worked with a boy who claimed to have nothing to write about. His life had been ordinary, he said; nothing had happened to him. I asked if he wanted to try writing about a family member, his favorite school subject, a summer job? He glanced at his phone, his posture and expression suggesting that he’d rather be anywhere but in front of a computer with me. “Hobbies?” I suggested, without much hope. He gave me a shy glance. “I like to box,” he said.

I’ve had this experience with reluctant writers again and again — when a topic clicks with a student, an essay can unfurl spontaneously. Of course the primary goal of a college essay is to help its author get an education that leads to a career. Changes in testing policies and financial aid have made applying to college more confusing than ever, but essays have remained basically the same. I would argue that they’re much more than an onerous task or rote exercise, and that unlike standardized tests they are infinitely variable and sometimes beautiful. College essays also provide an opportunity to learn precision, clarity and the process of working toward the truth through multiple revisions.

When a topic clicks with a student, an essay can unfurl spontaneously.

Even if writing doesn’t end up being fundamental to their future professions, students learn to choose language carefully and to be suspicious of the first words that come to mind. Especially now, as college students shoulder so much of the country’s ethical responsibility for war with their protest movement, essay writing teaches prospective students an increasingly urgent lesson: that choosing their own words over ready-made phrases is the only reliable way to ensure they’re thinking for themselves.

Teenagers are ideal writers for several reasons. They’re usually free of preconceptions about writing, and they tend not to use self-consciously ‘‘literary’’ language. They’re allergic to hypocrisy and are generally unfiltered: They overshare, ask personal questions and call you out for microaggressions as well as less egregious (but still mortifying) verbal errors, such as referring to weed as ‘‘pot.’’ Most important, they have yet to put down their best stories in a finished form.

I can imagine an essay taking a risk and distinguishing itself formally — a poem or a one-act play — but most kids use a more straightforward model: a hook followed by a narrative built around “small moments” that lead to a concluding lesson or aspiration for the future. I never get tired of working with students on these essays because each one is different, and the short, rigid form sometimes makes an emotional story even more powerful. Before I read Javier Zamora’s wrenching “Solito,” I worked with a student who had been transported by a coyote into the U.S. and was reunited with his mother in the parking lot of a big-box store. I don’t remember whether this essay focused on specific skills or coping mechanisms that he gained from his ordeal. I remember only the bliss of the parent-and-child reunion in that uninspiring setting. If I were making a case to an admissions officer, I would suggest that simply being able to convey that experience demonstrates the kind of resilience that any college should admire.

The essays that have stayed with me over the years don’t follow a pattern. There are some narratives on very predictable topics — living up to the expectations of immigrant parents, or suffering from depression in 2020 — that are moving because of the attention with which the student describes the experience. One girl determined to become an engineer while watching her father build furniture from scraps after work; a boy, grieving for his mother during lockdown, began taking pictures of the sky.

If, as Lorrie Moore said, “a short story is a love affair; a novel is a marriage,” what is a college essay? Every once in a while I sit down next to a student and start reading, and I have to suppress my excitement, because there on the Google Doc in front of me is a real writer’s voice. One of the first students I ever worked with wrote about falling in love with another girl in dance class, the absolute magic of watching her move and the terror in the conflict between her feelings and the instruction of her religious middle school. She made me think that college essays are less like love than limerence: one-sided, obsessive, idiosyncratic but profound, the first draft of the most personal story their writers will ever tell.

Nell Freudenberger’s novel “The Limits” was published by Knopf last month. She volunteers through the PEN America Writers in the Schools program.

COMMENTS

Article 370 Essay for Students in English
The essay on Article 370 can help one understand the four Provisions of Article 370: The state was exempted from the complete applicability of the Constitution of India. The state has the power to form its own Constitution. The power of the central government in this state is limited to three subjects: defense, foreign affairs, and communications.
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay
You can read more Essay Writing about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more. Long and Short Essays on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution for Students and Kids in English. If you are searching for a detailed, informative and comprehensive essay on article 370 of the Indian constitution, then we have provided two different essays, each with good content in it.
Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution
Article 370 has recently been scrapped making it a historic event which is expected to change the face of the state for good. This move has received mixed reactions from political parties and general public though it has largely been appreciated. Long and Short Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution in English
What Is Article 370, and Why Does It Matter in Kashmir?
What is Article 370? Article 370 was added to the Indian constitution shortly after the partition of British India to give autonomy to the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir until a ...
Article 370
Under Article 370: The Constituent Assembly of Jammu & Kashmir was empowered to recommend which articles of the Indian Constitution should apply to the state, The J&K Constituent Assembly was dissolved after it drafted the state's constitution. Clause 3 of the article 370 gives the President of India the power to amend its provisions and scope.
Article 370 of the Constitution of India
Article 370 of the Indian constitution [a] gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir, a region located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent and part of the larger region of Kashmir which has been the subject of a dispute between India, Pakistan and China since 1947. [4] [5] Jammu and Kashmir was administered by India as a state from ...
Article 370
Article 370 - Introduction. The key feature of Article 370 was that the Central laws passed by the Parliament did not automatically apply to the erstwhile State of J&K, and it was the right of the State Legislature to approve them by passing a parallel act. Article 370 is a constitutional provision that gave Jammu and Kashmir its special status.
Understanding the Abrogation of Article 370: Origin and Impact
After almost four years of repose, the Supreme Court is set to hear the challenge to the abrogation of Article 370 next week. The Court's decision will have practical ramifications on the extent of Jammu and Kashmir's autonomy and the Union's powers to alter it. Art. 370 granted 'temporary' special status to Jammu and Kashmir.
What's Article 370? What to know about India top court verdict on
What is Article 370? Article 370, which came into effect in October 1949, granted Kashmir autonomy of internal administration, allowing it to make its own laws in all matters except finance ...
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution
The purpose of Article 370 was to give Jammu and Kashmir a temporary and transitional arrangement. This was until the state's constituent assembly determined the extent to which the Indian Constitution would apply to it. The state assembly had the authority to recommend the abrogation of Article 370. However, it dissolved itself without doing so.
Article 370: Decoding the Supreme Court Verdict
On 11 th December 2023, the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India delivered a historic judgment on the abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A.Through its judgment, the Court has upheld the sovereignty and integrity of India, something that every Indian cherishes.The Supreme Court observed that the decision taken on 5 th August 2019 to abrogate Article 370 which ended the special status of the erstwhile ...
Essay on Article 370 of indian constitution
Conclusion for Article 370 Essay: There are strong arguments against and supporting retraction of Article 370. While one clause argues that Article 370 is the only constitutional link between the state and the rest of India, others feel that it is a 70 year old offense that prevents India from becoming an integral part.
What Is Article 370; How Its Abrogation Changed Jammu ...
Article 30 Verdict: The Supreme Court on Monday upheld the Central government's decision to repeal Article 370, which gave special status to the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir. The top court ...
Speech On Article 370
Speech On Article 370: Indian Constitution's Article 370 involves giving special status to Jammu and Kashmir (a region located in the northern part of the country), which was administered by India from 1954 and was the reason of dispute between India, Pakistan and China for a long time. Article 370 along with Article 35A provided special treatment to the residents of the state of J&K, under ...
PDF Article 370
Article 370 is a constitutional provision that gave Jammu and Kashmir its special status. The provision was incorporated in Part XXI of the Constitution: Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions. As evident from the title of the Part, it was supposed to be a temporary provision and its applicability was projected to last till the ...
Article 370 and 35(A) Revoked
Article 370 is the bedrock of the constitutional relationship between Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of India. It has been described as a tunnel through which the Constitution is applied to J&K. India has used Article 370 at least 45 times to extend provisions of the Indian Constitution to J&K. This is the only way through which, by mere ...
Article 370
Under Article 370, the Centre has no power to declare financial emergency under Article 360 in the state. It can declare emergency in the state only in case of war or external aggression. The Union government can therefore not declare emergency on grounds of internal disturbance or imminent danger unless it is made at the request or with the ...
Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir
Article 370 of the Indian constitution gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir — a state in India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, and a part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan and China. The Article conferred power on Jammu and Kashmir to have a separate constitution, a state flag and autonomy over the ...
Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution in English for Children
Long and Short Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution in English. Here are long and short essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution of varying lengths to help you with the topic in your exams. These Article 370 essay are written in simple English language to easily convey the information, yet it does so effectively.
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay
Long Essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay 600 Words in English. When India obtained its independence from British rule in the year 1947, many states such as the Deccan, Mysore region and Madras presidency joined the Indian union. Some were forced to join and others were given a choice of sorts.
PDF Abrogation of Article 370: Its Constitutionality and reorganisation
to reorganize the state into two union territories. This article will be evaluating the constitutionality of the order, act and the executive changes made to the region. The article also focuses on the aftermaths and the impacts of the suspension of article 370 in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The article will discuss the
Speech on Article 370 for Students and Children
Speech on Article 370. Hello All. I am here to deliver a speech on article 370. This has been the most discussed topic in recent times. Since Independence, It gave special status to J & K. We all Indians use to subconsciously think about it, majority of us had apprehensions about it, we wanted it to be scrapped, we wanted it to get removed as ...
What I've Learned From My Students' College Essays
May 14, 2024. Most high school seniors approach the college essay with dread. Either their upbringing hasn't supplied them with several hundred words of adversity, or worse, they're afraid ...

Essay on Article 370

A Long Essay on Article 370 in English

Different Laws And Rights

Impact On Abolition Of Article 370

Short Essay on Article 370

FAQs on Article 370 Essay

Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution

Long and Short Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution in English

Short Essay on Article 370 – (200 Words)

Essay on Article 370: Enforcement – (300 Words)

Essay on Article 370: Advantages and Disadvantages – (400 words)

Long Essay on Article 370 – (500 words)

Long Essay on Article 370: Revocation – (600 words)

Related Posts

Understanding the Abrogation of Article 370: Origin and Impact

The Origins of Jammu and Kashmir’s Unique Status

Contents of Article. 370

The Establishment and Dissolution of Jammu and Kashmir’s Constituent Assembly

The Abrogation Process

Reorganisation of the State

Practical Implications: No More Special Status

Reactions and Responses

The Challenge at the Supreme Court

Why Does this Matter?

Related articles

Article 370 of the Constitution: A Timeline

Supreme Court to Hear Challenges to the Abrogation of Article 370 after 4-year Delay

What’s Article 370? What to know about India top court verdict on Kashmir

Keep reading

What does Monday’s verdict say?

What is Article 370?

What are the reactions to this verdict?

Essay on Article 370

Article 370 Essay:

Why was Need for Change in Article 370?

Current Decision of Center on Article 370:

Constitutional Challenges:

Potential Consequences:

Way Forward:

Conclusion for Article 370 Essay:

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

What Is Article 370; How Its Abrogation Changed Jammu And Kashmir | Explained

More In News

Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution in English for Children

Long and Short Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution in English

Short Essay on Article 370 – (200 Words)

Essay on Article 370: Enforcement – (300 Words)

The Origin of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Special Status Given to Jammu and Kashmir

Essay on Article 370: Advantages and Disadvantages – (400 words)

Advantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Disadvantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Long Essay on Article 370 – (500 words)

Special Provisions in Jammu and Kashmir as per Article 370

Changes after the Revocation of Article 370

The Atmosphere in J&K as Article 370 Revoked

Long Essay on Article 370: Revocation – (600 words)

Bill to Revoke Provisions of Article 370

Mixed Reactions on Revocation of Article 370

Parties that Supported the Decision

Parties that Opposed the Decision

Find More Information about Indian Independence Day:

Related content

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay | Article 370 Essay for Students and Children in English

Long and Short Essays on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution for Students and Kids in English

Long Essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay 600 Words in English

Short Essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay 200 Words in English

10 Lines on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay

FAQ’s on Article 370 Essay

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Speech on Article 370 for Students and Children

Background of Article 370

Benefits and Drawbacks of Article 370

Customize your course in 30 seconds

Speech for Students

16 responses to “Speech on Water for Students and Children”

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Download the App

What I’ve Learned From My Students’ College Essays

COMMENTS