agriculture essay in sanskrit

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VEDIC AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM-THE BASE OF MODERN AGRONOMY *

To keep pace with the basic need of fasi changeable world modern science of soil management and crop production is also progressing. But it is very interesting to note that the Vedic agricultural system was very enriched as supported by the numerous references to different stage of cultivation-ploughing, sowing, harvesting, threshing and presentation of agricultural production, etc. Different types of farmers-cornfield, granaries, agricultural implements of Vedic literature give us a clear idea of developed agronomy. Two Vedic terms of farmers karsivana and Kinasa the linguistic basis of later world Kisana, remind us the motto of Indian agricultural society ‘jay jawan jay kisan’.

As food is the basic need of human being and for which a developed agricultural system is most essential. Vedic seers have also gives gop priority of Agronomy. Three types of cornfields urvara (fertile), irina and sasypa, corn from cultivable land (krstipacya) and uncultivable land, irrigation, different type of food production brihi (rice), yava, masa, lifa, mudga, khalva, priyangu, anu (fine rice), syamaka, nivara, godhuma and masura, use of different fertilizers, various agricultural implements, etc. give us an idea of developed agronomy.

An attempt has been made in this paper to study a systematic investigation on the Vedic agricultural system to prove is as the base of modern agronomy.

Since the primary requirement of any being is food (anna), man started to think for its production, because without production consumption is impossible. India is basically an agricultural country and it is well-known that about 67% of its total population earns its livelihood from agriculture. It is the base of Indian agronomy or rural economy and the proper management of land is most essential for the same. India has sufficient fertile land (urvasā kṣetra), well irrigated by rivers to provide the food of each and every living being of this country. To keep pace with this basic need of fast changeable world, modern progressive thoughts in this area with a scientific approach on soil management and crop production, may be an important subject of modern research for the development of India and its people. But at the same time the researcher should peep into the origin of Indian agricultural system.

A food is the basic need of human being (jīvanti svadhayā annena martyāḥ ) and for which a developed agricultural system is most essential, Vedic seers have also given top priority on the same (annaṃ vai krisih ). The Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa gives a clear description of four important stages of agricultural crop-production: (i) act of tilling or ploughing a land (karṣaṇa), (ii) sowing of seeds (vapana), (iii)reaping or harvesting a ripen crop (lavana) and , (vi) threshing (mardana) of corns for getting the grains (kṛṣanto ha smaiva pūrve vapanto yanti lunanto ‘pare mṛṇantaḥ śaśvaddhaibhyo’ kṛṣṭapacyā evauṣadhayaḥ pecire ). Different type of farmers, cultivation, agricultural land, ploughing with bulls, sowing the seeds of best qualigy, irrigation, fertilizer or manure, agricultural implements and preservation of scops in granaries etc. give us the basic idea of Vedic agricultural system. An attempt has been made here to give a systematic representation on these fundamental ideas of Vedic agricultural system to prove it as the base of rural economy.

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The term agricultural is actually a combination of two Latin world ager ‘field’ and cultura ‘cultivatiom’, closely related with two Sanskrit terms ‘kṣetra’ or bhūmi and karṣaṇa or kṛṣṭi (a synonym of manuṣya ), to denote people associated with cultivation. kṛṣi is reflected in several vedic mantras. Two entire vedic hymns on agriculture (Ṛgveda IV.57 and Atharvaveda III.17) and more thatn two hundred vedic references on lad farming, different agricultural implements, irrigation, farmers, fertilizers, crops, etc are sufficient to get a clear idea on the vedic agricultural system.

The Ṛgveda (X.34.13) advises for land-farming as the best means of gaining wealth ‘kṛṣimit kṛṣasva vitte remasva bahumanyamānaḥ. According to the Atharvaveda (VII.10.24) the king Pṛthu Vainya, a scion of Vaivasvata Manu invented cultivation and produced crops. People used to take these crope as the means of living and cultivation was accepted as the best rural profession (tāṃ pṛthīm vainyo dhok tāṃ kṛṣiṃ ca sasyaṃ cādhok, te kṛṣiṃ ca sasyaṃ ca manuṣyā upajivanti, kṛṣṭarādhirupajīvanīyo bhavan). Aśvins are also treated as cultivator with the sowing of barley grain in the tilled fields by means of a plough (yavaṃ vṛkeṇāśvinā vapanteśam ; yavaṃ vṛkeṇa karṣathaḥ ).

According to the Yajurveda, land or agricultural field is the primary need for cultivation and it is the best place for sowing seed (kiṃ vāvapanaṃ mahat, bhūmir āvapanaṃ mahar) and one should produce good crops (susasyāḥ kṛṣiskṛdhī). In the vedic period the duty of a king was also to look after the progress of agriculture (kṛṣyai tvākṣemāya tvā rayyai tvā poṣāya tvā). The Taittiriya Saṃhitā also records the importance of cultivation and suggests to cultivate properly for yielding good crops (kṛṣyai tvā susasyāyai : annaṃ kṛṣir vṛṣṭir vaṣaṭ svāhā). The Atharvaveda (III.17) gives importance on kṛṣi and for producing good harvest it records a prayer to king Bhaga to let the ploughing to deep (bhago no rājā ni kṛṣiṃ tanotu). The Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā also prescribes deep ploughing for the rich production of paddy and barley (adho dūraṃ khaned adho vā asyā (pṛthivyāḥ) vīryam, viryasyābhikirptyai tasmāt sukṛṣṭe vrīhiyavā pacyante… tadimā prajā upajīvanti). But according to modern agriculturists deep ploughing is not at all necessary for producing good crops like paddy, etc. in India. The same text also suggests to produce rich crops from agriculture (kṛṣiṃ susasyām utkṛdhi ).

Since rain is most essential for agriculture. Cloud is praised as personified deity (tak kṛṣiḥ parjanyo devatā ). A griculture depends not only on water but also on all the five primal elements. For production of crops all these pañcamahābhūtas are most essential in different forms. Earth or land or soil is the primary need for sowing seeds. Water supplies the essential sap for growing the plants, in the form of reinfall or irrigation from river etc. Without heat (tejas) growth is impossible. Air (Vāyu) is essential for fertility. Maruts are praised as grinder of soil (pipiṣvatī ). Without space crops cannot take shape. So agriculture depends on all the natural phenomenon. Hence the Śatpatha Brāmaṇa says: sarvade vatyā vai kṛṣiḥ.

To denote the agricultural field or cornfield the term kṣetra is mostly used in the vedic literature. The lord of field ‘Kṣetrasya pati’ is actually the presiding deity of field, praised in the Vedas for good crops. Different types of agricultural lands are mentioned in the Vedas: cornfield full of ripened corns (pakvam kṣetrāt kāmadughā ma eṣā ), barren land, pastureless land (agavyūti kṣetram , khila or khilyā i.e. waste land (khile gā viṣṭhitā iva , urvarā or fertile land (apnavatīṣu urvarāsn iṣṭanī , etc. Indra is treated as the possessor of thousands of fertile lands (taṃ naḥ sahasrabharam urvarāsānī ). The Ṛgveda also records that due to the blazing of fire the fertile or productive land are changed in waster or uncultivable land (uta khilyā urvarāṇāṃ bhavantī ).

Different types of farmers are recorded in the Vedas and they are named according to their works. Viz. kārṣīvana ‘cultivator’, kināśa ‘farmer’, sīrapati ‘ploughmen’, vapa ‘sower’, dhānyakṛt ‘sower of paddy seeds’ and iḍavā ‘carrier of ripen corns or grains to a granary’. The vedi terms kāṣivana and kīnāśa, the linguistic basis of later word kiṣāṇa, remind us the motto of Indian agricultural society – ‘jay jawān jai kisān’. The Atharvaveda records that the gods ploughed a cornfield to produce this barley, where the ploughman is Indra and the Maruts are the cultivators who give rich gifts (devā imaṃ madhunā saṃyutaṃ yavaṃ sarasvatyāmadhi maṇan avacarkṛṣub, indra āsīt sīrapatiḥ śatakratuḥ, kīnāśa āsan marutaḥ sudānavaḥ. Kārṣīvana or cultivators are also known as annavid (nikhananto agre kārṣīvanā unnavido ). Farmers are used to toil the land with ox for the production or sweet beverage (śrameṇa anaḍvān kīlālaṃ kināśascābhi gacchataḥ ). For refreshment a ploughman is most essential (irāyai kīnāśanī ). The expert sower of paddy seeds are known as dhānyakṛt (vapanto bṛjamiva dhānyākṛtaḥ ). According to the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa Gandharvas were also competent cultivators possessing winnow and barley (gandharvaā āsuḥ śūrpaṃ yavamān kṛṣir advālavān dhānāntarvān ).

In the Vedas ploughing is recorded as an auspicious mark of happiness indicating prosperity. Śuna (prosperity or happiness) and sīra (plough) are two deified objects related with agriculture (śunāsīrāvimāṃ vācaṃ juṣethām ). Following two mantras depict a real picture of tilling a land with the bullocks, happily by a farmer:

śunaṃ vāhāḥ śunaṃ kṛṣatu lāṅalam

śunaṃ varatrā badhyantāṃ śunaṃ aṣṭrāmudiṅgayaḥ.

All the agricultural objects like plough, ox, ploughman, the binding rope, the goad, etc. are the mark of prosperity. Again, as a symbol of prosperity, śuna and sŚra are conjointly praised:

śunaṃ naḥ phāla vi kṛṣantu bhūmiṃ

śunaṃ kīnāśā abhi yantu vāhaiḥ

śunaṃ parjanyo madhunā payobhiḥ

śunāśīrā asmāsu dhattem.

Here we find that the ploughman is tilling the land happily with the sharpened ploughshares and praying to cloud for sufficient rain. The Atharvaveda records a beautiful mantra describing a wellshaped, lance-pointed and sharpened plough with a handle (lāṅgalaṃ pavīravai suśīmaṃ somasatsaru ).

Mainly two agricultural seasons are noticed in the Vedas-Kharif (July to October) and Ravi (November to March/April) as two principle seasonal crops (dviḥ saṃvatsarasya sasyaṃ pacate ). Generally, most of the agricultural crops take three months time for complete production and hence at least four seasonal harvests are mentioned in the Taittiriya Saṃhitā (yavaṃ grīṣmāya auṣadhīr varṣābhyo vrīhiñcharade māṣatilau hemantaśiśirābhyām ). These are the time of ripen crops like barely for summer, medicinal herbs for the rainy season, paddy in autumn, and beans and sesamum in winter. According to the Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa, after one day of caitra amāvasyā (i.e. caitra śukla pratipadā), the winter crops are ready for harvesting (chaitrasyāmāvasyāyā ekāha upriṣṭād dikṣerannāgataṃ sasyaṃ bhavatr ).

In this context agricultural implements may be discussed in brief. Though we cannot compare the agricultural implements of vedic period with the modern advanced and scientific implements of agriculture but old and rough implements like wooden plough with a sharpened ploughshare for tilling the agriculture land with bullocks is still the base of rural economy. To indicate a plough following terms are used in the Vedas : lāṅgala, sīra. Phāla and stega denote ploushare which actually tills the soil; tilled by a ploughshare. The term iśa means the plough-stilt or the long wooden stich connected with the plough; yuga means a yoke and varatrā denotes a rope for binding the bulls with the yoke and plough. Handle of a plough is known as traru in the Vedas. For controlling the yoked oxen two implements are used – aṣṭrā and tottra to denote a goad. Sṛni and dātra ‘sickle’ (cf. dātāram in Santali language) are used for reaping the harvest (lavana). Khanitra (shovel) is also used in the Vedas for digging the soil. The Vedas record the use of śūrpa for winnowing the ocrns like paddy, barley, etc. and titau for clearing the flour made of barley (saktumiva titaunā punantaḥ . The two terms sīra and laya are used conjointly for two functions furrowing and harrowing a field respectively (sīrañca me layaśca me .

A brief idia is now given here on irrigation, fertilizers, prevention from natural calamities etc. as revealed in the Vedas. Though the agriculture mainly depends on adequate reinfall (kṛṣiśca me vṛṣṭiśca me ) but as a substitute the vedic farmers take the help of man-made irrigation system for watering the cornfield. The Ṛgveda (VII.49.2) describes four types of irrigated water (1) rain (divyāḥ), (2) from well (khanirtimā), natural (svayaṃjāḥ) and (4) from those rives which are mixed with sea (samudrārthāḥ). Artificial irrigation could be guessed from the vedic terms ‘khanitrimā āpaḥ’ from irrigation from well and hardaṃ kuly for irrigation from canal.

For growing the yielding capacity, manures or fertilizers are also used in the agricultural field. Mostly cowdung is used as manure and it is known to the vedic seers as karīṣa, śakan, śakṛt, etc. They know that the use of adequate cowdung in an agricultural field results to a rich harvest (karīṣinīṃ phalavatīṃ svadhām, nityapuṣṭāṃ karīṣiṇīm ).

Vedic seers are also conscious about the controlling method of natural calamities. The Atharvaveda records that the evils like moles, rats, birds, insects, excessive rain and draught could damage the crops. The same could be prevented by some spells (hataṃ tardaṃ samaṅkam ākhum aśvinā chintam… tarda hai, pataṅga hai jabhya hā upakvasa… ).

In crop production, harvesting is an important work as if the farmer is not able to collect the ripen corns in time surely he has to face a severe loss. The farmers plough the fields, scatter the good seed on fertile land which is fed and watered by natural phenomena but the ripen corn is cut or reaped by farmers with cutters like sickle etc. as cleared in the following mantra of Ṛgveda:

Yunaktu sīra vi yuga tanudhvam kṛta yonau

Vapateha bījam, girā ca śruṣṭiḥ sabharā asanno

Nedīya itsṇyaḥ pakvameyāt.

After reaping the ripen corn, they bound into bundles and beaten out or threshed onto the floor of granary (khale na parṣān prati hanmi ).

In agriculture a farmer really gets happiness when he finds the production from three types of cornfields – urvarā (fertile), iriṇa (barren land) and śaspya (marshy land), corn from cultivable land (kṛṣṭapacye aśane dhānye ). The Yajurveda records twelve types of food-grains in the following mantra:

Brīhayaśca me, yayāśca me, māṣśc ame, tilāśca

Me, mudgāśca me, khalvāśca me, priyaṅgavaśca

Me, aṇavaśca me, śyāmākāśca me, nīvārāśca me,

Godhūnāśca me, yajñena kalpantām.

These twelve corns are: vrīhi (paddy), yava (barley), māsa (a kind of bean, Phaseolus rediatus), tila (sesamum), mudga (a kind of bean, Phaseolus mungo), Khalva (chick-pea or pulses, canake), priyaṅgu (panic seed, Panicum italicum), aṇu) (millet, Panicum niliaceum), śyāmāka (a kind of millet, Panicum frumentaceum), nīvāra (wild rice), godhūma (wheat), and masūra (a kind of lentil, Ervum hirsutum). It is very interesting to note that most of these cultivated grains are known as dhānya in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad as all these grains are most essential for sustaining life. According to this Upaniṣad there are ten cultivated grains: rice, barley, sesamum, beans, millet, panic seeds, wheat, lentils, pulses and vetches ‘Doliches biflorus linn’ (daśa grāmyāṇi dhānyāni bhavanti, vrīhiyavāstilamāṣā aṇupriyaṅgavo godhūmāśca masūrāśca khalvāśca khalakulāśca ).

In the Vedic period, preservation of food-grains in granary was known to the people. The term khala is used in the Vedas for ‘threshing floor’ and khalapā is a granary made of bamboo mats. The terms – ūrdara, sthivi and kṛdara are used in the Vedas in the sense of granary or treasure house e.g. ‘tām ūudaraṃ na pṛṇatā yavena ‘as a granary filled with barley’, ‘nirgā ūpe yavarn iva sthivibhyaḥ’ as men bring barley from granaries:, ‘samiddho añjan kṛdaraṃ matīnām‘ decking the treasure house or prayers’, etc.

In fine, it may be said that the above study gives a clear picture of vedic agricultural system and it is the base of rural economy because the rural people could maintain their livelihood by engaging themselves in different types of agricultural work. Advancement of any field work depends on the long experience and hence the vedic agricultural system is the pioneer of modern agricultural system in India to provide adequate food to each and every people of this country.

References: 1. Atharvaveda XII.1.22 2. Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa 3. Ibid. I.6.13 4. Nigheṇṭu 5. Ṛgveda I.117.21 6. Ibid. VII.22.6 7. Yajurveda XXIII.45-46 8. Ibid. IV.10 9. Ibid IX.22l also cf. Taittirīya Saṃhitā VII.1.11.1 10. Taittirīya Saṃhitā I.2.2.3; VI.1.3.7 11. Ibid. VII.3.12.1 12. Atharvaveda III.12.4 13. Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā XXV.4 14. Ibid. II.3 15. Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā II.13.14 16. Ṛgveda I.168.7 17. Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa VII.2.2.12 18. Ṛgveda IV.57.1-3; also cf. Atharvaveda II.8.5; XX.143.8; Taittrīyā Saṃhitā II.2.1.5 19. Atharvaveda XI.1.28 20. Ṛgveda VI.47.20 21. Atharvaveda VII.115.4 22. Ṛgveda I.127.6 23. Ibid. VI.20.1 24. Ibid X.142.3 25. Atharvaveda VI.30.1 26. Ibid. VI.116.1 27. Ibid. IV.11.10 28. Yajurveda XXX.11 29. Ṛgveda X.94.13 30. Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa XI.2.3.9 31. Ṛgveda IV.57.5; also cf. Atharvaveda III.17.7 32. Ibid IV.57.4 also cf. Atharvaveda III.17.6 33. Ibid IV.57.8; also cf. Atharvaveda III.17.5 34. Atharvaveda III.17.3 35. Taittrīyā Saṃhitā V.1.7.3 36. Ibid. VII.2.10.2 37. Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa XIX.3 38. Ṛgveda IV.57.4-8 39. Ibid. X.71.2 40. Yajurveda XVIII.7 41. Ibid. XVIII.9 42. Ṛgveda VII.49.2 43. Ibid. III.45.3 44. Atharvaveda XIX.31.3 45. Ṛgveda Khilasūkta II.6.9 46. Atharvaveda VI.50.1-3 47. Ṛgveda X.101.3 48. Ibid X.48.7 49. Atharvaveda V.29.7 50. Yajurveda XVIII.12; also cf. Taittirīya Saṃhitā IV.7.4.2 51. Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad VI.3.13 52. Ṛgveda II.14.11 53. Ibid X.68.3 54. Yajurveda XXIX.1

*   Sukumar Chattopadhyay  Department of Sanskrit, BHU, Varanasi

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Essays in History of Sciences in India: Agriculture, Medicine, Alchemical and Chemical Practices by Mira Roy, Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar, 38, Bidhan Sarani, Kolkata, 2019, xxvii + 830 pp, Price–Rs. 2500/-

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• Published: 04 March 2022
• Volume 57 , pages 60–62, ( 2022 )

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Goswami, B. Essays in History of Sciences in India: Agriculture, Medicine, Alchemical and Chemical Practices by Mira Roy, Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar, 38, Bidhan Sarani, Kolkata, 2019, xxvii + 830 pp, Price–Rs. 2500/-. Indian J Hist. Sci. 57 , 60–62 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43539-022-00035-3

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Sanskritduniya

“भारतस्य प्रतिष्ठे द्वे संस्कृतं संस्कृतिस्तथा”

संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-21 | कृषि सम्बन्धि शब्द संस्कृत में | Learn Sanskrit Lesson-21 | Agriculture related words in Sanskrit

By संस्कृत Duniya

कृषि सम्बन्धि शब्द संस्कृत में   :-   संस्कृत  भाषा हमारे देश का गौरव ही नहीं अपितु ज्ञान-विज्ञान की जननी भी है। यह भाषा विश्व की सबसे प्राचीनतम भाषा है। संस्कृत भाषा को पढ़ने, समझने और जानने की रुचि भारत में ही नहीं विदेशों में भी बढ़ रही है। 

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उपदेशात्मक संस्कृत श्लोक

मूर्खस्य पञ्च चिह्नानि गर्वो दुर्वचनं तथा। क्रोधश्च दृढवादश्च परवाक्येष्वनादरः।। अर्थात् मुर्ख के पांच लक्षण होते है घमण्ड, दुष्ट वार्तालाप, क्रोध, जिद्दी तर्क और अन्य लोगों का अनादर करना।

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• संस्कृत सीखें | पाठ- 02
• संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-03

वर्तमान में  संस्कृत  भाषा के प्रति लोगों की रूचि धीरे-धीरे बढ़ रही है। आज हम संस्कृत भाषा सीखने हेतु  21सवाँ पाठ  प्रारंभ कर रहे हैं जिसमें आज  कृषि सम्बन्धि शब्द संस्कृत में  जानेंगे। जिनका हम नित्य व्यवहार में प्रयोग कर सकते हैं। 

• संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-04 | रंगो के नाम संस्कृत में
• संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-05 | सब्जियों के नाम संस्कृत में
• संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-06 | शरीर के अंगों के नाम संस्कृत में 
• संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-07 | संस्कृत में सर्वनाम शब्द

यह संस्कृत सीखने का  21सवाँ पाठ  है। इसका अभ्यास अधिक से अधिक करें। जितना अधिक अभ्यास रहेगा उतने ही शीघ्र संस्कृत सीख सकेगें। 

यह भी पढ़े- 

• संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-08 | संस्कृत में सम्बन्ध सूचक शब्द
• संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-09 | संस्कृत में वस्त्रों के नाम 
• संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-10 | संस्कृत में व्यवहारिक शब्द
• संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-11 | व्यवहारिक शब्दों का प्रयोग संस्कृत में 
• संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-12 | पशुओं के नाम संस्कृत में
• संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-19 | फलों के नाम संस्कृत में 

संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-15 | सब्जियों और मसालों के नाम संस्कृत में

संस्कृत सीखें पाठ-18 | विद्यालय शिक्षा संबंधी शब्द संस्कृत में

। ।  जयतु संस्कृतं जयतु भारतम् ।।

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संस्कृत प्रार्थना | सरस्वती वन्दना | sanskrit prathna| saraswati vandana, संस्कृत सप्ताह शुभकामना सन्देश | sanskrit week greetings, वर्तमाने संस्कृतस्य उपादेयता | वर्तमान में संस्कृत की उपादेयता | presently the usefulness of sanskrit, leave a reply cancel reply.

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भारतीय ज्ञान परम्परा में आर्यभट्ट | Aryabhatta in the Indian knowledge Tradition

ब्रह्मगुप्त- महान भारतीय गणितज्ञ | brahmagupta- great indian mathematician, वराहमिहिर-महान भारतीय खगोल शास्त्री | varahamihira – the great indian astronomer.

Sanskrit Essays संस्कृतभाषायां निबन्धाः

Learn about many different Sanskrit essays with translation in Hindi and English. हिंदी और अंग्रेजी में अनुवाद के साथ कई अलग-अलग संस्कृत निबंधों के बारे में जानें। Essays in Sanskrit are called as “संस्कृतभाषायां निबन्धाः”. 

An essay is a piece of content which is written from the perception of the writer. Essays can be of different types, long or short, formal or informal, biography or autobiography etc. 

These are useful for Sanskrit students and others interested in learning Sanskrit.

Savitribai Phule

Sanskrit Essay on Savitribai Phule, with translation in English, and Hindi. | सावित्रीबाई फुले पर संस्कृत में निबंध। | सावित्रीबाईफुलेमहोदया इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः।

Essay on Internet in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi. | इंटरनेट पर संस्कृत निबंध | अन्तर्जालम् इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

Importance of Machines

Essay on Importance of Machines in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi. | यंत्रों का महत्व पर संस्कृत निबंध | यन्त्राणां महत्त्वम् इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

Importance of Art

Essay on Importance of Art in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi. | कला का महत्व पर संस्कृत निबंध | कलानां महत्त्वम् इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

Republic Day of India

Essay on Republic Day of India in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi translation. | गणतंत्र दिवस पर संस्कृत निबंध | गणतन्त्रदिनम् इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

Examination

Essay on Examination in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi with transliteration. | परीक्षा पर संस्कृत निबंध | परीक्षा इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

Pandita Ramabai

Essay On Pandita Ramabai in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi with transliteration. | पंडिता रमाबाई पर निबंध | पण्डिता रमाबाईमहोदया इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

Essay on Cricket in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi translation. | क्रिकेट पर संस्कृत निबंध | क्रिकेटक्रीडा इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

Teachers Day

Essay On Teachers Day in Sanskrit, English, and Hindi with transliteration. | शिक्षक दिवस पर निबंध | शिक्षकदिनम् इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः

• Sanskrit Proverbs
• Short Essays
• Intermediate
• Sanskrit Vocabulary

Other Interesting topics

Apart from the short Sanskrit essays listed in this section, you can also read Sanskrit Axioms, Sanskrit Proverbs, Sanskrit Vocabulary etc. from the links below:

Essay on Agriculture for Students and Children

500+ words essay on agriculture.

Agriculture is one of the major sectors of the Indian economy. It is present in the country for thousands of years. Over the years it has developed and the use of new technologies and equipment replaced almost all the traditional methods of farming. Besides, in India, there are still some small farmers that use the old traditional methods of agriculture because they lack the resources to use modern methods. Furthermore, this is the only sector that contributed to the growth of not only itself but also of the other sector of the country.

Growth and Development of the Agriculture Sector

India largely depends on the agriculture sector. Besides, agriculture is not just a mean of livelihood but a way of living life in India. Moreover, the government is continuously making efforts to develop this sector as the whole nation depends on it for food.

For thousands of years, we are practicing agriculture but still, it remained underdeveloped for a long time. Moreover, after independence, we use to import food grains from other countries to fulfill our demand. But, after the green revolution, we become self-sufficient and started exporting our surplus to other countries.

Besides, these earlier we use to depend completely on monsoon for the cultivation of food grains but now we have constructed dams, canals, tube-wells, and pump-sets. Also, we now have a better variety of fertilizers, pesticides, and seeds, which help us to grow more food in comparison to what we produce during old times.

With the advancement of technology, advanced equipment, better irrigation facility and the specialized knowledge of agriculture started improving.

Furthermore, our agriculture sector has grown stronger than many countries and we are the largest exporter of many food grains.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Significance of Agriculture

It is not wrong to say that the food we eat is the gift of agriculture activities and Indian farmers who work their sweat to provide us this food.

In addition, the agricultural sector is one of the major contributors to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and national income of the country.

Also, it requires a large labor force and employees around 80% of the total employed people. The agriculture sector not only employees directly but also indirectly.

Moreover, agriculture forms around 70% of our total exports. The main export items are tea, cotton, textiles, tobacco, sugar, jute products, spices, rice, and many other items.

Negative Impacts of Agriculture

Although agriculture is very beneficial for the economy and the people there are some negative impacts too. These impacts are harmful to both environments as the people involved in this sector.

Deforestation is the first negative impact of agriculture as many forests have been cut downed to turn them into agricultural land. Also, the use of river water for irrigation causes many small rivers and ponds to dry off which disturb the natural habitat.

Moreover, most of the chemical fertilizers and pesticides contaminate the land as well as water bodies nearby. Ultimately it leads to topsoil depletion and contamination of groundwater.

In conclusion, Agriculture has given so much to society. But it has its own pros and cons that we can’t overlook. Furthermore, the government is doing his every bit to help in the growth and development of agriculture; still, it needs to do something for the negative impacts of agriculture. To save the environment and the people involved in it.

FAQs about Essay on Agriculture

Q.1 Name the four types of agriculture? A.1 The four types of agriculture are nomadic herding, shifting cultivation, commercial plantation, and intensive subsistence farming.

Q.2 What are the components of the agriculture revolution? A.2 The agriculture revolution has five components namely, machinery, land under cultivation, fertilizers, and pesticides, irrigation, and high-yielding variety of seeds.

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Translation of "agriculture" into Sanskrit

कृषि, कृषिः are the top translations of "agriculture" into Sanskrit. Sample translated sentence: agriculture and irrigation pattern needs change ↔ agriculture and irrigation apttern needs change

The art or science of cultivating the ground, including the harvesting of crops, and the rearing and management of livestock; tillage; husbandry; farming. [..]

English-Sanskrit dictionary

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Automatic translations of " agriculture " into Sanskrit

Translations with alternative spelling

Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department [..]

"Agriculture" in English - Sanskrit dictionary

Currently we have no translations for Agriculture in the dictionary, maybe you can add one? Make sure to check automatic translation, translation memory or indirect translations.

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Translations of "agriculture" into sanskrit in sentences, translation memory.

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AGRICULTURE AND ITS VARIOUS ASPECTS AS DEPICTED IN SANSKRIT TEXTS.pdf

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Dhananjay Vasudeo Dwivedi

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Irrigation has always played a vital role in the agricultural industry of India from ancient times. In effect, the origin and evolution of agriculture and feeling need of irrigation are not separate processes. They are closely connected with the general course of history of plant growing with the invention of tools and irrigation techniques. Water is essential for the growth of crops. It is one of the primary requisites of agriculture for increasing the fertility of land, growth of crops etc.-1 Our ancient texts have taken care of watering of plants at the micro level such as watering after transplanting the plant and after their growth individually and collectively; and at macro level of water supply on a larger scale with irrigational facilities. According to Śatapatha Brāhmaa, water and trees depend upon each other and enrich each other and together they enrich mankind. It is an interesting fact that waters have been preserved to rear the plants and trees who in their turn are being planted on bank of reservoirs and rivers to preserve the waters. Water is available from four sources as seen from hymns in gveda. The Yajurveda refers to a complete list of water resources namely rivers,

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The future of farming: ai innovations that are transforming agriculture.

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AI-assisted Agriculture

Agriculture is a cornerstone of human civilization, a testament to our ability to harness nature for sustenance. Yet, this age-old industry faces many challenges that hamper productivity, impact livelihoods, and threaten global food security.

By 2050, we must produce 60 percent more food to feed a world population of 9.3 billion, reports the Food and Agriculture Organization. Given the current industry challenges, doing that with a farming-as-usual approach could be tricky. Moreover, this would extend the heavy toll we already place on our natural resources.

This is where Artificial Intelligence can come to our rescue. The AI in Agriculture Market is projected to grow from $1.7 billion in 2023 to $4.7 billion by 2028, highlighting the pivotal role of advanced technologies in this sector. This article explores three significant issues agriculture faces today and shows how AI is helping tackle them using real-world examples.

Three key challenges farmers face

Amongst the many issues hurting farmers, three stand out due to their global presence and financial impact:

1. Pests : Pests devour approximately 40% of global agricultural productivity annually, costing at least $70 billion. From locust swarms decimating fields in Africa to fruit flies affecting orchards, the impact is global, and financial repercussions are colossal.

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2. Soil Quality and Irrigation : Soil degradation affects nearly 33% of the Earth's soil, diminishing its ability to grow crops, leading to a loss of about $400 billion. Water scarcity and inefficient irrigation further dent agricultural output. Agriculture uses 70% of the world's accessible freshwater, but 60% of it is wasted due to leaky irrigation systems.

3. Weeds : Despite advancements in agricultural practices, weeds cause significant declines in crop yield and quality. Around 1800 weed species reduce plant production by about 31.5%, leading to economic losses of about $32 billion annually.

How AI is transforming Agriculture

Smart Farming

Artificial Intelligence is often used as a catchall phrase. Here, it refers to the systematic collection of data, pertinent use of analytics ranging from simple descriptive summaries to deep learning algorithms, and advanced technologies such as computer vision, the internet of things, and geospatial analytics. Let’s look at how AI helps address each of the above challenges:

1. Pest identification and control : Accurate, early identification and control of pests is essential to minimize crop damage and reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides. Data such as weather reports, historical pest activity, and high-resolution images captured by drones or satellites are readily available today. Machine learning models and computer vision can help predict pest invasions and identify pests in the field.

For example, Trapview has built a device that traps pests and identifies them. It uses pheromones to attract pests, which are photographed by a camera in the device. By leveraging Trapview’s database, AI identifies over 60 pest species, such as the codling moth, which afflicts apples, and the cotton bollworm, which can damage lettuce and tomatoes.

Once identified, the system uses location and weather data to map out the likely impact of the insects and pushes the findings as an app notification to farmers. These AI-driven insights enable timely and targeted interventions, significantly reducing crop losses and chemical usage. Trapview reports that its customers have seen a 5% increase in yield and quality, and overall savings of 118 million euro in growers’ costs.

2. Soil health monitoring : Continuous monitoring and analysis of soil health are essential to ensuring optimal growing conditions and sustainable farming practices. Optimizing water use is crucial to ensuring crops receive precisely what they need, reducing waste and enhancing productivity.

Data from in-ground sensors, farm machinery, drones, and satellites are used to analyze soil conditions, including moisture content, nutrient levels, and the presence of pathogens. Such soil health analysis helps predict water needs and automate irrigation systems.

For example, CropX has built a platform specializing in soil health monitoring by leveraging real-time data to help users review and compare vital parameters alongside crop performance. Farmers gain insights into soil type and vegetation indices like NDVI - normalized difference vegetation index, SAVI - soil adjusted vegetation index, and soil moisture index to optimize crop management strategies. CropX reports that its solutions have led to a 57% reduction in water usage, a 15% reduction in fertilizer usage, and up to 70% yield increase.

3. Weed Detection and Management : Precise identification and elimination of weeds is critical to preventing them from competing for precious resources with crops and minimizing herbicide use. Thanks to computer vision, drones and robots can now identify weeds amongst crops with high precision. This allows for targeted weed control, either mechanically or through precise herbicide application.

For instance, the startup Carbon Robotics leverages deep learning algorithms in its computer vision solution. It identifies weeds by analyzing data from over 42 high-resolution cameras that scan the fields in real-time. Then, it employs robotics and lasers to deliver high-precision weed control.

The LaserWeeder claims to weed up to two acres per hour and eliminate up to 5,000 weeds per minute at 99% accuracy. Its growers report reducing weed control costs by up to 80% with a potential return on investment in one to three years.

Tackling the risks of automation

Opportunities and risks of AI in agriculture

AI has numerous benefits for agriculture but isn’t without inherent risks , such as job displacement, ownership concentration, and ethical concerns. When AI automates tasks traditionally done by humans in large numbers, it could lead to job losses across both manual and cognitive roles. Moreover, it could exacerbate ownership concentration, benefiting large enterprises or wealthy individuals at the expense of smaller farms.

When farmland turns into a hotbed for data collection – underground, at the crop level, and from the sky, this could lead to data privacy issues. These challenges underscore the need for careful consideration and governance to balance AI's advantages against its potential downsides. This is unique not just to the agricultural sector but to all industries where AI is being applied.

Ushering in a transformative future

Integrating AI in agriculture is not just reshaping current practices but also paving the way for a sustainable and resilient future. AI could become a master gardener, perpetually monitoring and fine-tuning every growth stage in the farm, from seed selection to harvest and beyond. It can help adjust farming practices in real time to climatic shifts, ensuring optimal crop health and yield.

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