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Earthquakes shake the ground surface, can cause buildings to collapse, disrupt transport and services, and can cause fires. They can trigger landslides and tsunami.

Earthquakes occur mainly as a result of plate tectonics, which involves blocks of the Earth moving about the Earth's surface. The blocks of rock move past each other along a fault. Smaller earthquakes, called foreshocks, may precede the main earthquake, and aftershocks may occur after the main earthquake. Earthquakes are mainly confined to specific areas of the Earth known as seismic zones, which coincide mainly with ocean trenches, mid-ocean ridges, and mountain ranges.

The point of origin of an earthquake is called the focus. The epicentre is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus. Most earthquake foci are within a few tens of kilometres of the Earth's surface. Earthquakes less than 70 km deep are classified as shallow-focus. Intermediate-focus earthquakes are 70-300 km deep, and deep-focus earthquakes more than 300 km deep. Shallow-focus earthquakes occur in all of the Earth's seismic zones, but intermediate- and deep-focus earthquakes are almost exclusively associated with seismic zones near ocean trenches.

The destructiveness of an earthquake depends on the size, the depth (shallow ones are more destructive) and the location. Earthquake size can be stated in terms of the damage caused (the intensity) or the amount of ground motion and the energy released by the earthquake (related to the Richter magnitude).

Earthquake Essay for Students and Children

500+ Words Essay on Earthquake

Simply speaking, Earthquake means the shaking of the Earth’s surface. It is a sudden trembling of the surface of the Earth. Earthquakes certainly are a terrible natural disaster. Furthermore, Earthquakes can cause huge damage to life and property. Some Earthquakes are weak in nature and probably go unnoticed. In contrast, some Earthquakes are major and violent. The major Earthquakes are almost always devastating in nature. Most noteworthy, the occurrence of an Earthquake is quite unpredictable. This is what makes them so dangerous.

Types of Earthquake

Tectonic Earthquake: The Earth’s crust comprises of the slab of rocks of uneven shapes. These slab of rocks are tectonic plates. Furthermore, there is energy stored here. This energy causes tectonic plates to push away from each other or towards each other. As time passes, the energy and movement build up pressure between two plates.

Therefore, this enormous pressure causes the fault line to form. Also, the center point of this disturbance is the focus of the Earthquake. Consequently, waves of energy travel from focus to the surface. This results in shaking of the surface.

Volcanic Earthquake: This Earthquake is related to volcanic activity. Above all, the magnitude of such Earthquakes is weak. These Earthquakes are of two types. The first type is Volcano-tectonic earthquake. Here tremors occur due to injection or withdrawal of Magma. In contrast, the second type is Long-period earthquake. Here Earthquake occurs due to the pressure changes among the Earth’s layers.

Collapse Earthquake: These Earthquakes occur in the caverns and mines. Furthermore, these Earthquakes are of weak magnitude. Undergrounds blasts are probably the cause of collapsing of mines. Above all, this collapsing of mines causes seismic waves. Consequently, these seismic waves cause an Earthquake.

Explosive Earthquake: These Earthquakes almost always occur due to the testing of nuclear weapons. When a nuclear weapon detonates, a big blast occurs. This results in the release of a huge amount of energy. This probably results in Earthquakes.

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Effects of Earthquakes

First of all, the shaking of the ground is the most notable effect of the Earthquake. Furthermore, ground rupture also occurs along with shaking. This results in severe damage to infrastructure facilities. The severity of the Earthquake depends upon the magnitude and distance from the epicenter. Also, the local geographical conditions play a role in determining the severity. Ground rupture refers to the visible breaking of the Earth’s surface.

Another significant effect of Earthquake is landslides. Landslides occur due to slope instability. This slope instability happens because of Earthquake.

Earthquakes can cause soil liquefaction. This happens when water-saturated granular material loses its strength. Therefore, it transforms from solid to a liquid. Consequently, rigid structures sink into the liquefied deposits.

Earthquakes can result in fires. This happens because Earthquake damages the electric power and gas lines. Above all, it becomes extremely difficult to stop a fire once it begins.

Earthquakes can also create the infamous Tsunamis. Tsunamis are long-wavelength sea waves. These sea waves are caused by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water. This is because of an Earthquake in the ocean. Above all, Tsunamis can travel at a speed of 600-800 kilometers per hour. These tsunamis can cause massive destruction when they hit the sea coast.

In conclusion, an Earthquake is a great and terrifying phenomenon of Earth. It shows the frailty of humans against nature. It is a tremendous occurrence that certainly shocks everyone. Above all, Earthquake lasts only for a few seconds but can cause unimaginable damage.

FAQs on Earthquake

Q1 Why does an explosive Earthquake occurs?

A1 An explosive Earthquake occurs due to the testing of nuclear weapons.

Q2 Why do landslides occur because of Earthquake?

A2 Landslides happen due to slope instability. Most noteworthy, this slope instability is caused by an Earthquake.

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Earthquake Essay

Essay on Earthquake - An earthquake is a natural disaster that occurs when two tectonic plates collide. The force of the collision creates seismic waves that travel through the earth's crust, causing the ground to shake and buildings to collapse. Here are some sample essays on earthquakes.

100 Words Essay on Earthquake

Earthquakes can happen anywhere in the world, and although their occurrence is not predictable, there are some things you can do to make yourself more prepared in case one does strike. This includes having an earthquake kit ready to go, knowing how to drop, cover and hold on, and staying informed about any potential risks in your area. Make sure you have an emergency kit stocked with food, water, and other supplies, and know what to do when an earthquake hits. If you're not sure what to do, it's best to stay away from windows and other objects that could fall on you, and head to a safe place.

200 Words Essay on Earthquake

500 words essay on earthquake.

Earthquakes are a natural disaster that come with a lot of dangers. The shaking and movement of the earth can cause buildings to fall down, trapping people inside. The shaking caused by such a sudden change is usually very minor, but large earthquakes sometimes cause very large shaking of the land. The shaking waves spread from the spot at which rock begins breaking for the first time; this spot is called the center, or hypocenter, of an earthquake.

If you're inside when an earthquake starts, drop to the ground and cover your head. The earthquake's magnitude is related to the amount of earthquake energy released in a seismic event.

Different Types of Earthquakes

There are three types of earthquakes:

Shallow | A shallow earthquake is when the earthquake's focus is close to the surface of the Earth. These earthquakes are usually less powerful than the other two types, but can still cause a lot of damage.

Intermediate | Intermediate earthquakes have a focus that's located between the surface and the Earth's mantle, and are usually more powerful than shallow earthquakes.

Deep | Deep earthquakes have a focus that's located in the mantle, which is the layer of the Earth below the crust. They're the most powerful type of earthquake, and can even cause damage on the surface.

An earthquake can cause damage to buildings and bridges; interrupt gas, electrical, and telephone services; and occasionally trigger landslides, avalanches, flash flooding, wildfires, and massive, destructive waves of water over oceans (tsunamis).

The Dangers Associated With Earthquakes

The shaking of the ground can cause objects to fall off shelves and injure people. If you're outside when an earthquake starts, move away from tall buildings, streetlights and power lines.

An earthquake can also cause a tsunami, or a large wave, to form and crash onto the shore. Tsunamis can be very dangerous and can reach heights of over 100 feet.

How to Prepare for an Earthquake

When an earthquake is imminent, your first step should be to find a safe spot. The most ideal spots are under sturdy furniture or inside door frames. It is best to stay away from windows and anything that can fall over.

Once you've found the safest place, it's time to prepare for the shaking. Grab some blankets, pillows and helmets if possible – all of which can provide extra cushioning against falling objects.

Additionally, you should always keep an eye out for debris that could cause injuries, such as broken glass and sharp objects.

Finally, stay calm until the shaking stops, and monitor local news reports for additional information on how best to handle the situation.

What to do During an Earthquake

The moment an earthquake hits, it is important to stay as calm and collected as possible. Safety is the first priority so you must stay away from windows and furniture that can fall on you, and protect your head with your arms if needed.

If an earthquake occurs while you are indoors, stay away from anything that could fall or break such as windows, mirrors, or furniture. Do not run outdoors as shaking can cause glass and other materials to fall from the building structure. Instead, seek shelter under sturdy tables or desks. If there is no furniture available, move to a corner of the room and crouch down protectively with your arms over your head and neck.

It's also important to take note of any gas lines that could be affected during an earthquake and shut them off if necessary in order to prevent fires from breaking out due to exposed pipes.

After the Earthquake: Recovery and Assistance

When the shaking stops, there will be a period of recovery.

Don't enter any building if it has visible damage due to the earthquake - it's better to be safe than sorry.

You should contact local aid organisations like the Red Cross for additional help with sheltering, water, food and other essentials.

Stay in touch with local officials about any services provided for those affected by the earthquake.

Make sure you also have a plan for what to do if you're stuck in an earthquake, and know how to get in touch with loved ones in case of an emergency.

By being prepared and knowing what to do, you can help ensure that you and your loved ones are safe in the event of an earthquake.

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Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

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Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story.

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication) , B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media) , or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.

Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.

Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack

ITSM Manager

Automation test engineer.

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process.

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Essay on Earthquake in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Essay on Earthquake: The earthquake is one of the most terrible natural disasters. Its source can be traced to the early days of earth formation. It is responsible for a great loss of life and property. It is, therefore, a great problem for mankind. The word earthquake is derived from the Greek words, ‘earth’ meaning ground and ‘quake’ meaning shaking or trembling. An earthquake, therefore, is a shaking or trembling of the earth.

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Earthquake occurs due to disturbance in the tectonic plates that lie under the surface of Earth. Earthquakes may be brief and mild or big and destructive. Our planet has suffered several severe and mild earthquakes since centuries. Earthquakes are mostly brief but can cause mass destruction within seconds. People around the world have suffered immensely due to earthquakes in the past.

Long and Short Essay on Earthquake in English

Here are essay on Earthquake of varying lengths to help you with the topic in your exam. You can select any Earthquake essay as per you need:

Short Essay on Earthquake in 200 words

Earthquakes occur suddenly, usually without any warning signs, and can cause huge destruction. Though there is a separate branch of science referred to as seismology that study about earthquakes and tries to predicts their occurrence however, it doesn’t help in determining the exact time or date of this natural calamity.

Scientists around the world constantly try to predict the occurrence of earthquakes. While seismology department does warn against Earthquake in certain areas in future however it is unable to find out as to when exactly it would occur.

As it is said, little knowledge is dangerous hence lame predictions about earthquakes do more harm to the people than good. People begin to live in constant fear of earthquake. Panic among people living in such areas can be seen clearly as they can hardly do much about safeguarding themselves from the possible destruction caused due to this natural calamity.

However, earthquakes aren’t always severe and destructive. At times, these are small and mild. Sometimes, these are so mild that people do not even get to know that these have occurred. However, even at the slightest of tremors, it is suggested to evacuate the buildings and come out in an open area to ensure safety.

Essay on Earthquake in 300 words

Earthquakes and volcanoes are two natural calamities that occur due to the changes in the surface of Earth. Man has little or just no role in bringing about these natural disasters. Earthquakes and volcanoes are said to be interrelated. It has been observed that volcanic regions are more prone to earthquakes that often serve as a warning sign of an impending volcano.

Earthquake is basically the shaking of the Earth. Earthquakes either occur due to the movement of tectonic plates under the Earth’s surface or because of the movement of magma in volcanoes. The ones caused due to magma movements may be followed by volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes can be weak as well as violent. While the weak volcanoes are hardly felt, the violent ones can result in the devastation of big buildings and huge loss of life. Numerous earthquakes have occurred in different parts of the world causing severe destructions.

Volcano is the eruption of hot lava from the surface of Earth. It occurs when the Earth’s crust ruptures. Hot lava, poisonous gases and volcanic ash come out by way of volcanic eruptions and can cause vast destruction. Different types of volcanoes include super volcanoes, sub-glacial volcanoes, underwater volcanoes and mud volcanoes.

What is Volcanic Earthquake?

Volcanic earthquake also known as volcano tectonic earthquake is caused due to the movement of magma. This movement exerts pressure and causes changes in the rock around the magma and this eventually leads to volcanic earthquake. These earthquakes are known to cause major destruction that may include ground deformation, uprooting of buildings and ground cracks.

Both earthquakes and volcanoes may result in severe loss for the mankind. While scientists try their best to predict both of these, they haven’t been successful in determining the time and date for these natural disasters. People living in earthquake and volcano prone areas must stay vigilant and be prepared to face these and should act calmly and wisely if such a problem occurs.

Essay on Earthquake in 400 words

Earthquakes are caused due to the movement of magnum or tectonic plates under the Earth’s surface. They may vary in severity, time and other factors. Earthquakes have been classified into various categories. The effect they cause varies based on their type.

Types of Earthquake

There are different types of earthquakes that have been experienced on our planet. Here is a look at the main types of earthquakes:

Tectonic Earthquake

A tectonic earthquake is an outcome of the breakage of Earth’s crust because of exertion of pressure on rocks and tectonic plates.

This is often a mild earthquake that takes place in the same area that has been hit by a severe earthquake few hours, days or weeks before.

A small earthquake that takes place before a severe earthquake is referred to as a foreshock.

Explosion Earthquake

This type of earthquake occurs because of explosion of a chemical and nuclear device.

Volcanic Earthquake

It is an earthquake that occurs due to the combination of tectonic forces and volcanic activities.

Collapse Earthquake

This type of earthquake is caused due to the explosion of rocks. These are generally mild earthquakes that occur due to mining activities.

Submarine Earthquake

It is an earthquake that takes place underwater particularly at the bottom of an ocean. It is commonly referred to as Tsunami.

Causes of Earthquake

An earthquake basically is an outcome of the movements of tectonic plates beneath the Earth’s surface. However, these are also caused due to certain other reasons. These are mostly natural reasons however sometimes these can even be man-made. Given below are the various causes of earthquakes:

Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanic eruptions are a common cause of earthquake. Areas that are faced with frequent volcanic activities are more prone to earthquakes.

Geological Fault

It occurs because of the displacement of plates from their original position. As the rocks move alongside these planes, it brings about tectonic earthquakes.

Human Activities

Man is known to influence various natural activities and earthquakes are no exception. Nuclear bombing, building of dams and mining are few such human activities that can cause earthquake.

Effects of Earthquake

Mild earthquakes are harmless however the violent ones can cause mass destruction. Numerous lives are lost, several people are injured and many houses and other buildings are devastated during this natural calamity.

Earthquake is a dangerous natural calamity that has caused huge damage in various parts of the world. It cannot be avoided as the scientists are not able to predict its occurrence accurately.

Also Read: Speech on Earthquake in simple and easy words

Essay on Earthquake in 500 words

Earthquake is a natural calamity which is capable of causing vast destruction and there is no way to stop it from occurring. Our planet has been hit by a number of strong earthquakes of different magnitudes that have led to the loss of many innocent lives and heavy damage to the property. A need for disaster management for earthquake was felt owing to the huge and frequent damage they had been causing around the world.

Earthquake Management

The seismic department studies earthquakes. The department monitors the environment and the activities that occurs under the Earth’s surface in an attempt to predict earthquakes and their severity. However, it has largely failed in predicting the exact date and time of occurrence of the earthquake.

Since it is almost impossible to forecast and avoid the occurrence of earthquakes, we must prepare ourselves to lower the losses caused by these. Japan for instance is highly prone to earthquakes. However, their preparedness to handle this natural calamity ensures little or no damage to property and life in the country.

The recent earthquakes that jolted India have shown how under-prepared we are to handle this natural calamity. A need to build an environment which is earthquake resistant has been felt. Though, this cannot be full proof however efforts in this direction can certainly help bring down the magnitude of losses.

Extensive research is going on in this direction. Builders are being encouraged to build earthquake resistant structures. Special degree in Earthquake Engineering is being imparted to prepare our future generations to tackle this natural disaster smartly. Structural Earthquake Engineering, Geo-technical Earthquake Engineering, Remote Sensing and Seismology are the fields that are being explored and taught.

Do not Panic during an Earthquake

It is but natural to panic during any difficult situation however doing so only worsens the problem. We must thus not panic during earthquake. We should rather act wisely. Here are few things you can do to lower the possibility of disaster:

Come out of your house/ office/ shop and gather in an open place.
Do not use elevator. Take the stairs to go down.
Make sure you are at a safe place as you come out and not somewhere where there is a possibility of falling objects or collapsing building.
Get under a table or bed if you cannot move out.
Stay calm and don’t indulge in negative talks.
Help those caught inside or in need if you can.

Earthquake: Precautions to be taken

People living in earthquake prone areas must stay alert and prepared to handle this natural disaster at all times. Here are certain things that they must keep handy:

Necessary medicines
Canned packaged food
Camp stoves that can be installed outdoors
Enough drinking water
Sanitation stock
Cash/ Debit card/ Credit Card
Important Certificates/ documents

It is a good idea to prepare a bag that can be carried easily in case of emergency.

The government must take measures to ensure the destruction caused by this natural calamity is lowered. In case of a severe earthquake, the government must take measures to help people who lose their houses and other important belongings. The government must be prepared to handle such an emergency situation efficiently so that people do not suffer further.

Essay on Earthquake in 600 words

Earthquakes occur when the tectonic plates shift and climb over one another. This leads to mountain building referred to as orogeny which is the cause of severe earthquakes. Thus, the tectonic plates that lie under the surface of Earth are responsible for this natural calamity. Just like many other parts of the world, India has also experienced numerous earthquakes in different areas. While some of these have caused serious destruction others have largely gone unnoticed.

Major Earthquakes in India

Our country has suffered from some major earthquakes in the past that have led to severe damage and immense panic among people. Some of the major earthquakes experienced in India are as follows:

The Hindu Kush Earthquake (26 October 2015) : This was a magnitude 7.5 earthquake that caused vast destruction in South Asia. Jammu and Kashmir in India was jolted by this quake and tremors were felt in many other parts of Northern India. With its epicentre in Afghanistan, the quake caused tremendous destruction in the country as well as in its neighbouring country Pakistan. Statistics reveal that 399 people lost their lives and as many as 2539 were injured during this earthquake.

The May 2015 Nepal Earthquake : Yet another severe earthquake in Nepal that led to havoc in India too as strong tremors were felt in various parts of our country including Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Delhi. With its epicentre in Dolakha and Sindhupal Chowk, Nepal it was a 7.3 magnitude earthquake. Considered to be an aftermath of the April 2015 earthquake, it took away 218 lives and injured more than 3200 people.

The April 2015 Nepal Earthquake : This is said to be one of the major earthquakes that has ever occurred in the recent times. It was a 7.8 magnitude earthquake. The epicentre of this earthquake was Gorkha District in Nepal however strong tremors were felt in various parts of India too. It led to the devastation of many buildings and took as many as 9,000 lives. 22,000 people were injured during the event.

Bhuj Earthquake (26 January 2001): This was one of the most devastating natural calamities that ever hit our country. The earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 lasted for more than 2 minutes and wrecked havoc on the beautiful Indian state of Gujarat. Numerous buildings were devastated as a result of this earthquake. It killed around 20,000 people and injured as many as 167,000 people.

The Latur Earthquake (30 September 1993): The Latur earthquake hit the Indian state of Maharashtra. This 6.2 magnitude earthquake mainly affected the districts of Latur and Osmanabad. It demolished as many as 52 villages in Maharashtra and killed around 10,000 people. As many as 30,000 people were injured during the event.

Uttarkashi Earthquake (2 nd October 1991): The earthquake with a 6.8 magnitude hit Gharwal and Uttarkashi in Uttrakhand. Strong tremors were felt in these two regions and various other parts of Uttar Pradesh. It caused mass destruction. Numerous buildings were wrecked during the event. More than 700 people lost their lives and numerous others became homeless.

Earthquake Prone Areas in India

Almost every part of India has been hit by earthquake at some point or the other. While some areas in the country are highly prone to earthquakes others stand a low chance of being hit by them. Some of the earthquake prone areas in the country include Srinagar, Mumbai, Delhi, Guwahati, Pune, Kolkata, Chennai, Patna, Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram. All these regions have felt strong tremors of earthquake in the past and stand a high chance of experiencing the same in future as well.

India has seen major destruction due to earthquakes. Many buildings have been damaged and several people have lost their lives due to this natural calamity. We wish and pray to God that such strong tremors don’t occur in future.

Essay on Earthquake in 800 words

An earthquake is a tremor that is produced when two surfaces of earth, underneath the surface, slip against each other and release seismic waves. Thus, an earthquake implies a sudden release of energy from within the earth, which takes the form of tremors, generally called earthquake. World over, around fifty thousand earthquakes occur annually, but only about hundred of them are potentially dangerous. Little was understood about them until the 20 th century, when Seismology was introduced as a study of earthquakes. In the following essay we will go through the causes, effects and facts about earthquakes.

Causes of Earthquakes

Earthquakes are caused by the movement or breaking of rocks underneath the surface of earth. Under earth’s surface layers of rocks stay connected to each other. The rocks or plates push each other continuously, but doesn’t move as the forces balance each other.

However, if the rocks break or layers move against each other, seismic waves are produced which reach the surface in form of tremors known as earthquake. Hence earthquake is felt as long as the rocks are rubbing against each other and ceases as soon as the rocks get stuck again. In seismic language, the point immediately below where the rocks break is called the focus and the point immediately above is called the epicenter.

Measurement

The severity of an earthquake is measured in Richter scale. A strong earthquake has a high value on Richter scale while a low earthquake has a lower value.

An earthquake which measures 6 to 7 on Richter scale is potentially damaging to life and property, while the effects of earthquake measuring 4 to 5 on Richter scale could result only in mild tremors or a little structural damage.

There are many effects of earthquake and may include the following; though, they are not limited to the effects mentioned here below-

1) Tremors or Shaking

Shaking of ground is the first effect of earthquake and is also the most damaging one. The severity of shaking; however, depends on the magnitude of earthquake and the distance of the place from the epicenter. An earthquake measuring around 6 or above on Richter scale has an ability to destroy even the most strongest of buildings, depending on their proximity to the epicenter.

2) Ground Rupture

Sometimes, an earthquake measuring high on Richter scale could cause visible rupture in the ground along the fault line. Sometimes, when the earthquake is potentially high on Richter scale, a ground rupture measuring several meters deep and several kilometers long, may result. Such ground ruptures are considerably harmful to significant structures like dams, nuclear power stations and bridges.

Earthquakes can cause forest fires, as tremors force the trees to rub each other, thereby generating heat and sparks. There have been forest fires recorded after earthquakes. Moreover, an earthquake can cause fire in urban areas also, by rupturing electrical lines and damaging electrical protection systems.

4) Landslides

Landslides are the most common aftereffects of earthquake in hilly areas. Shaking of earth displaces the soil on sloppy hills, resulting in a landslide. The landslides sometimes could be potentially more dangerous than the earthquake itself, as they contain debris like trees and rocks, and have a high potential to damage life and property.

Tsunami is the most severe and frightening aftereffect of earthquake. Tsunami is caused when the epicenter of an earthquake lies under the ocean surface. An earthquake in the sea bed results in waves those are not more than a ripple over the epicenter, but as they travel towards the shore, they get bigger, faster and stronger. A wave only measuring 1 meter above the epicenter could measure 100 meters at the shores, resulting in huge loss of life and tremendous damage to the property.

What to do in an Earthquake?

Though the science of studying earthquake has developed significantly, and today it’s possible to forecast an earthquake, even then it might not be possible in every place and situation. Below given are some of the safety precautions you could take when caught in a situation, to save yourself and family from harm.

Situation 1 – Outdoors

If you are outdoors and sense an earthquake, move away from buildings, poles, trees as fast as you can. The greatest danger is immediately outside of a building and near boundaries. When caught outside in an earthquake it’s wise to stand still on a clear ground, away from any structure that could fall upon you.

Situation 2 – Indoors

If you are caught in an earthquake inside a building, the best option for you would be to find some sturdy and strong table or bed and lie down below it, ducking your head under your arms. Stay put in this position until the tremor ceases or help arrives.

Situation 3 – Driving a Vehicle

If you are driving and sense an earthquake, then move as fast as possible from buildings and other high structures and stay inside the vehicle. Even after earthquake, proceed cautiously and avoid bridges if possible, as the tremors might have damaged them.

Earthquakes are a natural phenomenon and despite our knowledge on them, we cannot stop them from occurring; nevertheless, we can always act wisely when caught in the situation, saving our life as well as life of others.

Essay on Earthquake FAQs

What is called an earthquake.

An earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by sudden movements in Earth's crust.

What makes an earthquake?

Earthquakes happen when the Earth's plates suddenly move or slide past each other, releasing energy that causes the ground to shake.

What is the topic of an earthquake?

The topic of an earthquake revolves around the shaking and vibrations in the Earth's surface caused by geological movements.

What is the meaning of earthquake in English?

Earthquake in English refers to the shaking or trembling of the ground due to geological forces.

What is the introduction of an earthquake?

An earthquake introduction would cover the basics: how it occurs due to tectonic plate movements, causing shaking or trembling of the ground.

How do you write an earthquake essay?

To write an earthquake essay, start with an introduction explaining what an earthquake is, discuss its causes, effects, and safety measures, and conclude with preventive measures.

What is an earthquake in 150 words?

An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the Earth's surface caused by movements in the Earth's crust. These movements release energy, creating seismic waves that make the ground shake, potentially causing damage to structures and landscapes. Safety measures and preparedness are crucial to mitigate the impact of earthquakes.

Essay on Earthquake Preparedness

Students are often asked to write an essay on Earthquake Preparedness in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Earthquake Preparedness

Understanding earthquakes.

An earthquake is when the ground shakes because of energy released from the earth’s crust. This can damage buildings and cause injuries. Knowing what to do before, during, and after an earthquake is important to stay safe.

Before an Earthquake

Prepare by making an emergency kit with food, water, and first aid supplies. Secure heavy furniture to walls and learn where to take cover. Talk with your family about a meeting place outside your home.

During an Earthquake

If indoors, drop to the ground, take cover under something strong, like a table, and hold on. Stay away from windows to avoid breaking glass.

After an Earthquake

When shaking stops, carefully leave the building. Avoid roads and bridges that might be damaged. Check for injuries and use your emergency supplies if needed. Remember, aftershocks may follow, so stay alert.

250 Words Essay on Earthquake Preparedness

An earthquake is when the ground shakes because of energy released from the earth’s crust. This can happen without warning, so it’s important to be ready at all times.

Make a Plan

First, talk with your family about what to do during an earthquake. Pick a safe place in every room, like under a sturdy table or against an inside wall. Agree on a meeting spot outside your home where everyone will go after the shaking stops.

Emergency Kit

Put together a bag with important things like water, food that won’t go bad, a flashlight, a first-aid kit, and extra batteries. Keep this bag in an easy-to-grab place.

Home Safety

Make your home safer. Secure heavy furniture to the walls and put heavy items on lower shelves. This helps stop things from falling and hurting someone.

Practice Drills

Practice makes perfect. Have earthquake drills with your family. Drop, cover, and hold on! Get under a sturdy table and hold on until the shaking stops.

Learn and Share

Learn more about earthquakes at school or from books. Share what you learn with friends and family so they can be prepared too.

Remember, being ready for an earthquake means knowing what to do before, during, and after it happens. Stay calm and be smart to stay safe.

500 Words Essay on Earthquake Preparedness

An earthquake is what happens when the ground shakes because of energy released from the earth’s crust. This can make buildings fall, roads crack, and cause a lot of harm to people and places. Since we cannot stop earthquakes from happening, it is very important for us to be ready for them.

Why Prepare for Earthquakes

Being prepared for an earthquake can save lives. It means knowing what to do before, during, and after the shaking starts. This can help people stay calm and reduce the chances of getting hurt.

Getting ready before an earthquake means making a plan and having supplies. Families should talk about what to do if an earthquake happens. This includes picking a safe place in every room, like under a strong table, to hide during the shaking. It is also good to practice “Drop, Cover, and Hold On” drills.

People should also have emergency kits with food, water, a flashlight, a first aid kit, and other important things to last for at least three days. It is smart to keep these kits at home, work, and in the car.

Making homes safer is another part of being ready. This means fixing heavy furniture to walls and putting heavy items on lower shelves so they do not fall during an earthquake.

When the ground starts shaking, it is important to “Drop, Cover, and Hold On.” This means getting down on the ground, taking cover under something sturdy, like a table, and holding on until the shaking stops. Staying away from windows and outside doors is also a good idea because they can break.

If someone is outside when an earthquake starts, they should move to an open area away from buildings, trees, and power lines. If in a car, it is best to pull over and stay inside the car until the shaking stops.

After the shaking stops, it is important to be careful because there can be aftershocks, which are smaller earthquakes that happen after the big one. Checking for injuries and making sure it is safe before leaving the safe spot is important. People should also be ready to leave their homes if it is not safe to stay.

Listening to the radio or checking the internet for information from officials can help people know what to do next. If someone smells gas or sees a broken wire, they should tell an adult or call for help but never touch it.

Learning and Sharing Knowledge

It is good for students to learn about earthquake preparedness at school and share what they learn with their families. Teachers can help by talking about earthquakes and doing drills with their students.

In conclusion, being ready for an earthquake is about making plans, having supplies, and knowing what to do when the ground shakes. By preparing, people can feel safer and be able to help others during and after an earthquake. Remember, we cannot control when an earthquake will happen, but we can control how ready we are.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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Mitigation of Earthquake Hazards Essay

Introduction.

Mitigation is a complex term that is differently understood by different professionals. Most of them put mitigation as the reduction/ lessening of a threat thus making it less serious. It may not necessarily mean to do away completely with the threat.

In overcoming any threat like climate change, different personnel have to play part effectively so as to bring forth the desired results. Earthquakes have become a serious cause of rampant deaths and other destructions that are not pleasing. The community is trying to mitigate earthquakes to reduce the alarming deaths and destructions they cause.

Different personnel are to play part in this mitigation phase. The general way of eliminating any hazards is through education and so the school board has to play part in mitigation of earthquakes. Other personnel who are ought to take part in this mitigation are psychologists, geologists, construction engineers, architects and politicians. All theses parties found in the community and they work together with the school playing the biggest role to mitigate earthquakes (Godschalk, 1999).

The different personnel involved in mitigation of earthquakes have various roles they ought to play. To begin with we look at geologists. These are professionals who carry scientific study of the earth’s interior and the reactions and changes that take place in earth’s interior.

Geologists are in a position to know when an earthquake will occur and how strong it shall be. They can also identify the areas where earthquakes are frequent. The school board is a program that was set in the United States. It mainly deals with disaster preparedness, its mitigation and also how it can be managed.

The school board makes students in public schools to be aware of the hazards in the local community. Architects are personnel who design and control construction. They play an important role that is supposed to be done perfectly to avoid collapsing of buildings during earthquakes. Psychologists are scientist who study the minds of human beings and animals and also guide in control of problems related to the mind.

Psychologists play a big role in mitigating earthquakes by making people to be psychologically prepared to face the hazards. The construction engineers are professionals who budget and run the construction activities and also locate where the buildings shall be constructed. Politicians are people elected by the people to represent them in the government and also to lead those under their power (Ayothiraman & Hazarika, 2008).

All the above personnel can work systematically to mitigate earthquakes. The geologists after discovering how the hazard will be strong, they should let the psychologists know. This is in case of immediate earthquakes. The psychologists are then ought to prepare people’s brains to face the hazard.

The geologists should also inform the architects on the areas where earthquakes are likely to occur and how strong they will be able. This will enable the architects to design buildings that can withstand the strong shaking of the earth. The architects should also advice the construction engineers on where to use very strong materials to get strong buildings. The politicians in most cases play their roles after the catastrophes have hit.

The politicians should sympathize with the victims to make them be at peace. The politicians should also arrange for migration of people from areas where the earthquakes are going to hit strongly. Lastly, the school board plays a good role and they should work hand in hand to bring awareness to the public about earthquakes. The school board is ought to explain to the public on what to do after the calamity has hit (Godschalk, 1999).

The geologists, politicians, architects, construction engineers, psychologists and the school have a common role. This role is directed towards mitigating earthquakes. If each of the latter parties plays its role perfectly, then definitely earthquake hazards will be mitigated and thus save many lives that are been lost like it happened in Japan a few months ago. The community has to be educated on this just as the school board is doing.

Ayothiraman. R. & Hazarika. H. (2008). Earthquake hazards and mitigation . London: I. K. International Pvt Ltd.

Godschalk, D. R. (1999). Natural hazard mitigation: Recasting disaster policy and planning . New Jersey, NJ: Island Press.

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IvyPanda. (2023, October 31). Mitigation of Earthquake Hazards. https://ivypanda.com/essays/mitigation-of-earthquake-hazards/

"Mitigation of Earthquake Hazards." IvyPanda , 31 Oct. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/mitigation-of-earthquake-hazards/.

IvyPanda . (2023) 'Mitigation of Earthquake Hazards'. 31 October.

IvyPanda . 2023. "Mitigation of Earthquake Hazards." October 31, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/mitigation-of-earthquake-hazards/.

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Emergency response, intervention, and societal recovery in Greece and Turkey after the 30th October 2020, M W = 7.0, Samos (Aegean Sea) earthquake

S. mavroulis.

1 Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

M. Tunçağ

3 Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, Izmir, Turkey

4 Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization, Athens, Greece

S. Püskülcü

5 Turkish Earthquake Foundation, Ankara, Turkey

6 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

M. Mavrouli

7 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

M. Manousaki

N. karveleas.

On 30 October 2020, an M w = 7.0 earthquake struck the Eastern Aegean Sea with considerable impact on Samos Island in Greece and the area of Izmir in Turkey. It was the most lethal seismic event in 2020 worldwide, and the largest and most destructive in the Aegean Sea since the 1955 earthquake that also affected both countries. The Civil Protection authorities in Greece and Turkey were effectively mobilized responding to the earthquake emergency. The main response actions comprised initial announcements of the earthquake and first assessment of the impact, provision of civil protection guidelines through emergency communication services, search and rescue operations,medical care, set up of emergency shelters and provisions of essential supplies, psychological support, as well as education, training activities and financial support to the affected population. From the comparison of the Civil Protection framework and the implemented response actions, it is seen that actions at both sides of the eastern Aegean Sea, followed a single-hazard approach in disaster management with similar response activities coordinated by a main Civil Protection agency, which was in close cooperation with the respective authorities at a national, regional and local level. Based on the presented information, it is concluded that the post-earthquake response and emergency management were satisfactory in both countries, with valuable lessons learnt ahead of the next major earthquake. To this end, many aspects can be further addressed to enhance community resilience and introduce a multi-hazard approach in (natural and man-made) disaster management.

Introduction

The efforts focusing on Disaster Management and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) have become increasingly important worldwide. Scientific knowledge about the sources of earthquake ground motion as well as of the safety of the built infrastructure to seismic excitations requires in-depth study of the observations made in-situ. Among the pioneers in disaster management, Japan holds a leading position, having experienced several devastating disasters throughout its history that have resulted in accumulated experience from major disasters, ongoing Disaster Management practices, and applied DRR policies. These disasters challenged authorities and individuals to cope with important issues in managing the adverse disaster effects that had no precedent in Japanese history. The collectively acquired experience contributed to the development of an effective disaster management plan that included detailed schemes for preparedness (planning, investment, and risk education), early warning and response (emergency warning, evacuation support, and emergency rescue activities), as well as recovery and reconstruction (rehabilitation).

Another country which has experienced similarly impactful disasters in its recent history sharing an equivalent level of seismic risk with Japan is the United States of America (USA) (Hayashi 2004 ; Greer 2012 ). In Japan, the national government undertakes the mitigation of the adverse disaster effects and partially the recovery actions allowing the prefectural and municipal governments to take over the other activities (Tanaka 2008 ; Greer 2012 ). In the US on the other hand, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is engaged in supporting population when an emergency occurs and relies on staff from federal, state, tribal and local government partners, as well as the private sector and the non-governmental entities such as faith-based and volunteer groups along with the wider public to effectively deal with the adverse effects of disasters (FEMA 2010 ). Since its foundation in 1979, FEMA has constantly incorporated new missions and organizations and still transfers responsibilities gradually becoming an essential component of the Department of Homeland Security from 2003 to present (FEMA 2010 ).

Notably, the aforementioned DRR strategies differ in terms of the number of hazards considered. The US system adopts a multi-hazard or “all-hazard” approach, in which possible types of interactions and interdependencies between different hazards are taken into account. In contradiction, Japan follows a single-hazard approach, mainly dealing with earthquake disaster management.

Another difference from an earthquake preparedness and response perspective is the existence of a body responsible for coordinating the disaster response and supporting prefectural and local authorities. The FEMA in USA plays the aforementioned role in preparing for, responding to, recovering from, and mitigating disasters along with the contribution of several Federal departments. In Japan, the national government does not have such an agency. This sometimes leads to a lack of coordination as well as overlapping or duplication of the effort needed in time and/or in space (Britton 2007 ; Greer 2012 ).

Similar to the aforementioned countries, in Greece and Turkey, earthquake safety forms an integral part of their infrastructure management and community culture. Due to their geotectonic location in the Eastern Mediterranean region and the exposure to high seismic risk, both countries often suffer devastating earthquakes with extensive environmental impact, building damage, and heavy loss of life and property (e.g. Papazachos and Papazachos 2003 ; Kappos et al. 2010 ). In Turkey, AFAD is the responsible organization for coordinating the disaster response based on an integrated, single-hazard framework that is adaptive to various hazards (e.g. earthquakes, flood, desertification, landslides, etc.). Consistent with the high levels of seismic hazard in Turkey, historically the Seismic Design Codes have been continuously revised (TBEC 1968 , 1975 , 1998 , 2007 , 2018 ) to reduce seismically‐induced damage and losses on residential structures. Additionally, seismic design codes were also put in effect specific to critical infrastructure including ports, harbors, highways and railways (Ministry of Transportation 2007, 2008, 2020). Similarly in Greece, seismic codes have been introduced in 1959 and been revised in 1985, 1995 and 2000, notably after major earthquake events.

The response planning for the earthquake emergency, which is practiced by means of drills and exercises, is also tested under real conditions and at a large scale in both countries. Recently, the mechanisms of earthquake disaster management have been tested by the 30 October 2020, M w = 7.0, Samos island (Eastern Aegean Sea) earthquake (Fig. 1 ).

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The eastern part of the Aegean Sea with the largest earthquakes generated in the last 66 years mentioned in the introduction

This earthquake induced primary and secondary effects on the natural environment of the island of Samos in Greece and the metropolitan area of Izmir in Turkey. In Samos, the primary effects included permanent surface deformation (uplift and subsidence) and co-seismic surface ruptures (Lekkas et al. 2020a , b ; Mavroulis et al. 2021 ). Primary effects of tectonic origin were not detected in Izmir (Cetin et al. 2021 ). The secondary earthquake environmental effects included a subsequent tsunami that caused damage mainly to coastal residential and commercial buildings of Samos and Izmir province (Triantafyllou et al. 2021 ; Dogan et al. 2021 ), slope movements, liquefaction phenomena, ground cracks, and hydrological anomalies in several sites of both affected areas (Lekkas et al. 2020a , b ; Cetin et al. 2021 ; Mavroulis et al. 2021 ).

Considerable structural damage was also observed in Samos island, however, the impact was much higher on the densely populated province of Izmir including several collapses that buildings suffered despite the relatively lower peak ground accelerations locally recorded (Cetin et al. 2021 ). The 2020 Samos (Aegean Sea) earthquake was the most lethal seismic event worldwide due to the resulted fatalities. Based on official reports of the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD in Turkish) in Turkey and the General Secretariat of Civil Protection (GSCP) in Greece, the earthquake claimed 119 lives (117 in Turkey and 2 in Greece) mainly due to partial or total collapse of residential buildings.

Taking into account the recent seismicity, it is concluded that the 2020 earthquake is also the largest earthquake in the Eastern Aegean Sea since the M w = 7.1 event on 19 February 1968, located in the North Aegean region, that severely affected the Ayios Efstratios Island (North Aegean Sea, Greece) (Fig. 1 ). That event resulted in 175 collapsed buildings, 2348 damaged buildings, 20 fatalities, and 39 people injured. It is recalled that during the first hours of the emergency response after the 1968 Ayios Efstratios earthquake, the limited resources of the island were not enough, and hence, the authorities of the island were unable to manage the disaster effects on their own.

Another earthquake in the Eastern Aegean Sea region that caused fatalities and severe structural damage is that of the 6 July 1955, M w = 6.9 again in Samos (Fig. 1 ). It significantly affected both countries resulting in more than 500 damaged buildings and 23 fatalities (e.g. AFAD 1956 ; Papazachos and Papazachou 2003; KOERI 2020 , KOERI 2021a ).

Many decades have passed since then and as mentioned already, the progress in disaster management and DRR worldwide is noteworthy. In this context, the particular study aims to present and critically assess the disaster management measures in Turkey and Greece through the discussion on the preparedness, response, and recovery actions that were conducted by the Civil Protection authorities after the aforementioned 30 October 2020 Samos (Aegean Sea) M w = 7.0 earthquake. A brief overview of the Civil Protection framework in Turkey and Greece is also presented along with the authorities that were involved in disaster management and DRR in both countries in order to detect and discuss similarities and differences in the DRR strategies of both countries.

Civil protection framework in Greece and Turkey for earthquake emergencies

In 1995, a subdivision of the Greek Ministry of the Interior, namely, the General Secretariat for Civil Protection (GSCP) was established. It plans and organizes coordinated actions to prevent, mitigate and respond to disasters and emergencies induced by natural and man-made hazards, to observe and check the progress of the above actions, to inform the public with objective and balanced information and to supervise the Civil Protection Volunteerism System.

The resources of Civil Protection in Greece comprises specialized Civil Protection officials at multiple levels, all state services, public services of local administration, organizations, and public utilities responsible at the operational level for civil protection actions, the Civil Protection organizations including non-governmental organizations, the voluntary teams, and the specialized Civil Protection volunteers as well as citizens with special expertise (Fig. 2 ). The services involved in providing disaster relief in Greece comprise the Hellenic Fire Service, the Hellenic Police Force, the Hellenic Coast Guard, the Armed Forces, and the National Centre for Emergency Care (Fig. 2 ). The organizations and institutes assisting the GSCP comprise the Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization (EPPO/OASP in Greek), the General Directorate of Natural Disaster Recovery (GDNDR/DAEFK in Greek), the Engineering Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Institute (ESEEI/ITSAK in Greek) and the Geodynamic Institute of the National Observatory of Athens (GINOA/EAA in Greek) (Fig. 2 ).

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The National Crisis and Hazard Management Mechanism of Greece and the National Disaster Response Organization in Turkey

As regards the emergency response and immediate/short-term management of earthquake effects, the GSCP applies the general plan entitled “Enceladus” (named by the ancient god of earthquakes in Greek mythology) with a range of applications both the local population and the natural and built environments. This plan aims to coordinate all entities involved at local, regional, and national levels for an effective response to earthquake emergencies.

Similarly, in Turkey, the necessity of reviewing and reforming the subject of disaster management in the country was highlighted by the 1999 Izmit (Kocaeli) earthquake (AFAD 2021a ; Sextos et al. 2008 ). The Turkish Government established the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD in Turkish) in 2009 AFAD is in close cooperation with local municipalities, provincial disaster and emergency directorates, disaster and emergency SAR union directorates, public institutions and organizations, universities, and local administrations. Figure 2 also presents the national disaster response organization in Turkey. The Red Crescent Association, Fire Service Departments, the Police Force, the Armed Forces, the National Medical Rescue Team, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, and international organizations also assist AFAD.

AFAD plays a significant role in DRR. It is working for reducing disaster impact, planning and coordinating the immediate response to disasters, promoting cooperation among various government agencies, and producing policies in this field (AFAD 2021b ). Disaster and Emergency Advisory Board has been established by AFAD to provide recommendations on activities and determine policies and priorities for disaster management. The board is represented by members of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Interior, the Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, the Mining General Directorate of Research and Exploration, the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, and the Head of Department from the Turkish Red Crescent Society. A new model for crisis and risk management was recently introduced by AFAD and is well known as the Integrated Disaster Management System. So far, AFAD comprises 81 provincial branches and 11 SARS units throughout Turkey.

In addition to AFAD, the AKUT SAR Association is a non-governmental organization that serves voluntarily in search and rescue operations and provides assistance to those affected by disasters including earthquakes. AKUT supports a rapid response to variable emergencies and comprises branches in 32 Turkish cities.

More specifically, the roles and responsibilities for every involved party in disaster and emergency response situations are outlined in the Turkey National Disaster Response Plan (TAMP in Turkish), which determines the basic principles of response plan in pre-, co-, and post-disaster periods and emergencies.

There are 26 service groups under TAMP, which consist of representatives from different state ministries and the Turkish Red Crescent. All groups work in full communication with each other under the coordination of AFAD and are responsible for providing a swift response and flow of information.

Response and recovery in Turkey and Greece after the 2020 Samos earthquake

During the 2020 Samos island (Aegean Sea) earthquake all response actions were timely implemented according to the Enceladus plan in Greece and TAMP in Turkey. They were classified into the following categories: (a) initial earthquake notification, (b) first assessment of the impact and mobilization of authorities, (c) Civil Protection guidelines through emergency communications services, (d) search and rescue (SAR) operations, first-aid administration and medical care (mainly in Turkey), (e) set up of emergency shelters, (f) provision of emergency supplies and donations, (g) psychological support for the affected population, (h) raising awareness and education for protective measures to successfully deal with the continuous aftershock sequence, (i) post-earthquake hazard mitigation and building inspections and (j) immediate financial relief measures.

Initial notification of the earthquake, alerts, and announcements

In Greece, the local police and fire departments formally notified the GSCP of the earthquake occurrence. Senior administration police officials and the decentralized Civil Protection Agencies were also contacted. The staff of the local Civil Protection agency collected data from local police departments and fire agencies in accordance with pre-determined contingency plans. Since the infrastructure and services related to the information and communication technology were operational following the earthquake, the above actions were made feasible. The GINOA was in charge of making the earthquake declaration as well as notifying the GSCP and the EPPO.

In Turkey, the initial notification, alerts, and announcements were coordinated by AFAD immediately after the earthquake event. The Ministry and Provincial Disaster and Emergency Management Centers were on alert. Local provincial AFAD directorates were sent to the region, and AFAD provincial and union directorates were informed and alerted. It is important to note the key role of the mass and social media in the initial notification of the earthquake, which is an aspect worth exploring further given the increasing role of crowd sourcing in DRR. Earthquake effects on the natural environment including earthquake-triggered landslides and the subsequent tsunami, as well as building damage, were posted on social media by civilians and were broadcast live from national and local mass media.

First assessment of the impact: Mobilization and response of the state authorities

In both countries, social life was severely disrupted by the earthquake. In addition to casualties and injuries, damage to buildings, facilities, and infrastructure networks initial estimates of financial losses were also recorded. Response actions for saving and safeguarding life and wellbeing, as well as protecting the natural environment and private properties, were implemented in both nations shortly after the earthquake, in accordance with the aforementioned national disaster management policies. The disaster management authorities, along with the competent organizations, institutions, and voluntary teams were mobilized to quickly assess the impact of the earthquake. The initial assessment of the impact on the local population and the natural and built environment was important for implementing actions dealing with the adverse effects of the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami.

SAR teams with their equipment and SAR dogs rushed to the earthquake-affected areas reflecting the high readiness level of the Turkish and Greek disaster management units that are the result of the equally high exposure to earthquake risk. Notably, these units offered their services not only within their borders but also in the neighboring country when and where necessary (as it was for instance the case after the Athens and Izmit (Kocaeli) earthquakes in 1999). The European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as well as the European Council expressed their willingness and readiness to offer assistance in the earthquake-affected areas of both countries. Moreover, the European Emergency Coordination Center had close communication with the authorities of the civil protection to assist.

Shortly after the earthquake, coordination meetings were held to improve the emergency response and public announcements were made to inform the public regarding the impact of the earthquake on locals. Immediately after the event, emergency shelters were set for the accommodation of the affected people.

In Turkey, “coordination trucks” provided by AFAD were directed to the region, while airborne scanning activities were carried out by the Turkish Armed Forces. AFAD SAR teams, National Medical Rescue Team (UMKE), and 112 Emergency Aid teams were transferred to the affected area. In addition, SAR teams of Gendarmerie SAR Battalion Command (JAK) and non-governmental organizations were dispatched to the region. AKUT Izmir, Kuşadası, and Manisa teams arrived in the region of Izmir shortly after the earthquake to initiate SAR activities. Local and provincial AKUT teams were also mobilized to the region immediately after the earthquake. Similarly, the Turkish Red Crescent contributed to the response. Personnel were assigned from the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization to work in damage assessment and debris removal activities. Psycho-social support teams were transferred to the region to provide support to the people affected by the earthquake. Personnel, SAR dogs, and vehicles from AFAD, JAK, Civil Protection Organizations, and municipalities were assigned for the ongoing intervention activities in the region. Izmir metropolitan municipality participated in SAR efforts and in setting up emergency shelters. Campaigns were also launched and announced immediately after the event under the leadership of government agencies and İzmir Metropolitan Municipality (IMM) to solve the housing needs of earthquake victims. Personnel and vehicles were transported with cargo aircraft belonging to the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK). Coast Guard Command participates in SAR activities with guard boats, helicopters, and diving teams. The aforementioned information on the mobilization and response of the state authorities is retrieved from AFAD official reports, news, and announcements on 30 and 31 October and on 2, 4, and 6 November 2020 from AFAD official webpage ( https://www.afad.gov.tr/ ).

Guidelines to the affected population through emergency communications services

The first and most important step taken by Civil Protection officials was to provide inhabitants with quick information about the evolving hazards and their consequences. In Greece, the GSCP sent two SMS messages to residents of the North Aegean Region's affected islands (Ikaria, Kos, and Chios) via the unified European emergency number "112," advising them to adopt self-protection measures and keeping away from coasts to avoid the negative effects of a possible earthquake-induced tsunami, as well as staying away from severely damaged ready-to-collapse buildings to avoid debris falling down in case of aftershocks (Fig. 3 a). The second warning was issued explicitly to residents of the island of Samos, who were instructed to keep away from buildings and to seek shelter in safe outdoor areas (Fig. 3 b). Unfortunately, this warning did not prevent fatalities due to a post-earthquake collapse of an old structure as discussed below.

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a The first message was sent to the inhabitants of all Greek islands located within the triangle Ikaria—Kos—Chios after the 2020 Samos (Aegean Sea) earthquake. It included guidelines in Greek and English language and advice for staying away from coasts in order to avoid the adverse effects of possible tsunami generation. b The second message was exclusively sent to the Samos residents urging them to stay away from buildings, remain in safe outdoor sites and not to use telephone unless to seek help. Both messages contained links to sites of the General Secretariat of Civil Protection with protection measures during the aftershock period. c , d Residents in the earthquake-affected area of Izmir in Turkey were alerted to download the mobile application “IamSafe aka Güvendeyim” ( c ) and notify themselves as “I am safe”. d The updated version of the application is also available in English

Eastern and western Samos municipalities posted similar information and updates on their websites, including self-protection measures and emergency shelters ready to accommodate the affected population. Avoiding coastal sites and exposed electrical lines, as well as keeping away from abandoned and old masonry buildings, unstable slopes, streams and bridges were among the recommendations. Samos residents were also advised to refrain from sleeping indoors and instead seek cover in safe outdoor areas, emergency shelters, or their cars.

Residents of earthquake-affected regions in Turkey were informed to adopt self-protection measures by AFAD through the media. Brief messages were also sent to citizens’ mobile phones. They were alerted to download the mobile application “IamSafe” by AKUT to announce and notify themselves as “I am safe” (Fig. 3 c, d). The purpose of this application is to enable communication between people, who are affected by the disaster and their relatives, without unnecessary usage of mobile phone lines. Information and updates were also posted on the AFAD and Izmir Municipality web pages. Furthermore, articles presenting recommendations appeared in the national and local media. Recommendations to residents comprised (a) avoiding entering into damaged buildings, (b) avoiding using transportation lines to help SAR and UMKE teams arrive in the region rapidly, (c) remaining silent around collapsed buildings during rescue operations so that people in need to be rescued under the rubble can be heard, (d) avoiding unnecessary mobile phone usage so as not to burden the network, (e) avoiding to be close to exposed power lines and (f) availability of temporary emergency shelters.

SAR operations, first‐aid treatment, and medical care

Because there were no collapses of inhabited residential buildings in the earthquake-affected Samos, the necessity for SAR operations led by the Hellenic Fire Service’s 1st Disaster Management Special Unit (1st EMAK in Greek) was minimum. However, shortly after the earthquake, the Samos Fire Service received a call for help in Vathy town, located in the northeastern part of Samos. Two young people were fatally trapped when part of an old and abandoned building's stonework collapsed during the earthquake (Fig. 4 a). Given that such loss could have been avoided, the incident clearly underlines the necessity for tighter safeguards and more frequent warnings following an earthquake. Another 19 cases of injury were also reported. Air transport from Samos to Athens was required for a severely injured 14-year-old girl and a 63-year-old woman.

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a SAR operations in Vathy town conducted by the Disaster Management Special Units (EMAK in Greek) of the Hellenic Fire Service supported by staff of the Hellenic Fire Service, the National Center for Emergency Care, the Hellenic Police and Civil Protection volunteers (source: video captured by a resident). b – d SAR operations in Izmir province by AFAD and AKUT SAR units (sources: b from https://www.karamanhabercisi.com/akut-eskisehir-ekibi-deprem-bolgesinde-gorevini-tamamladi-21883h.htm , c from , d from ), e A 3-year-old girl was rescued alive from the rubble days after the 2020 Samos earthquake ( https://www.dailysabah.com/gallery/search-and-rescue-missions-continue-after-devastating-izmir-earthquake/images?gallery_image=24847#big ). f SAR operations in progress in a pancake collapsed building in Izmir province by Turkish SAR units (source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/01/world/europe/turkey-earthquake-rescue.html )

AFAD SAR teams were deployed in severely affected sites shortly after the event (Fig. 4 b–f). Their efforts continued uninterruptedly for 6 days, until November 4, 2020, mostly focusinmg on the 17 collapsed to heavily damaged buildings. It is noted that 12 of the buildings suffered an immediate collapse (Yakut et al. 2021a , b ) and SAR teams successfully recovered 107 alive residents (Fig. 4 b–f) as officially announced by AFAD. Rescue operations were carried out by a total of 2151 AFAD SAR personnel. UMKE, Fire Brigades from 41 cities around the country, and qualified SAR personnel from ministries and non-governmental organizations (e.g. AKUT volunteers) rushed to the city to assist AFAD teams (AFAD 2020 ). A total of 8712 personnel and 25 SAR dogs operated under the direction of AFAD, while AFAD staff have also reached out to 11,000 people in need of assistance. The last alive resident was recovered from the rubble after 91 h of SAR operations. Based on the official reports of AFAD shared between relevant ministries, the press, and the public, 117 fatalities and 1035 injured were recorded. Alive animals were also rescued under rubbles by the rescue teams.

As of 20 November 2020, it was reported by Yakut et al. ( 2021a , b ), 8037 buildings suffered different levels of damage (from minor to severe) in İzmir. More precisely, 666 of them were reported to be severely damaged, collapsed, or classified as to be urgently demolished which corresponds to nearly 1.2% of the buildings in İzmir. Bayraklı district was the most heavily affected area where 166 buildings experienced severe or higher damage.

Psychological support for the affected population

In addition to casualties, injuries, and property loss, an earthquake-induced disaster may have a negative impact on the affected population's mental health. Feelings of grief, loss, despair, helplessness, disappointment, and sorrow might emerge days, weeks, or months following the earthquake’s occurrence. As a result, the psychological support of communities and individuals affected by the 2020 Samos earthquake has been considered an important aid to deal with the post-disaster experiences. The mental health professionals including psychologists, psychiatrists, and clinical social workers from public health services as well as volunteers with similar specialized knowledge and expertise conducted counseling sessions helping people address emotional reactions to disaster and make a plan for moving forward. Furthermore, many residents with a wide range of symptoms related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, emotional distress, and sleep disorders seek mental health professionals for effective support and advice.

In the earthquake-affected Samos island, such psychological assistance was provided by the psychological service of the Municipalities' Social Welfare Department, which anyone experiencing substantial psychological stress could contact. In collaboration with the local authorities, voluntary organizations active in Samos, such as the Regional Department of the Hellenic Red Cross and the Samos Department of the Hellenic Rescue Team, provided psychological support.

In the earthquake-affected area in Turkey, social workers and psychologists of the Ministry of Family, Labor, and Social Services (MoFLSS), the Turkish Red Crescent (TRC) Psychosocial Support Services (PSS) teams, and the IMM offered psychological assistance. 453 employees worked in the field in Izmir, according to the Turkey National Disaster Response Plan (TAMP), to psychologically support the afflicted people, lessen their anxiety, and assist them in overcoming the trauma they had endured (AFAD 2020 ). Also, 50 IMM experts and social professionals were sent on-site to provide psychological support. Furthermore, several non-governmental organizations in the disaster field offered psychosocial support, especially for children. Monitoring or supervision regarding these activities is mandatory in order to avoid child protection risks. It is critical to emphasize the cumulative psychological impact of a major earthquake during a pandemic, which causes increased stress in both the affected communities and the individuals.

Raising awareness and education for protective measures due to the continuous aftershock sequence

Raising awareness and educating targeted population groups about post-earthquake protective measures were crucial because they assisted the local community in mitigating earthquake effects, and gave people a sense of normalcy. Furthermore, these activities allowed participants to debate the lessons acquired from the management of the earthquake and the following tsunami, to become acquainted with the concept of copying with multiple disasters, and to continue to apply protocols in the face of their adverse effects.

Shortly after the earthquake, EPPO staff visited Samos Island and conducted meetings and talks with members of the Eastern and Western Samos Municipalities organized seminars for directors of primary and secondary schools in Vathy and Karlovasi towns, and a session for the employees of Eastern Samos Municipality child care institutions (Fig. 5 ). Additionally, they distributed educational material per targeted population group. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic implications and the associated social restriction measures, these post-earthquake raising awareness and education actions were successfully implemented.

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Post-earthquake educational activities including workshops were conducted by the staff and the President of the Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization of Greece in Samos island. The workshops were implemented in Vathy town ( a ), located at northeastern Samos, and in Karlovassi town located at northwestern Samos ( b – d ) for providing guidelines to school teachers and child care centers’ personnel for protection during the aftershock period

Similar educational pre-earthquake activities took place during the planning and preparedness phases, before the October 2020 event in both countries. In Samos regional unit, EPPO staff implemented training seminars for teachers and personnel of municipal childcare centers in Samos regional unit. Teachers were taught how to follow particular documented readiness and evacuation procedures in case of an earthquake, as well as how to educate students basic safety principles, such as exercises and drills.

It is noted that table-top and field exercises had been carried out in Samos island in April 2015 and in March 2017 to prepare regional and local authorities along with the armed forces and volunteers (Panoutsopoulou et al. 2017 ). In the frame of these pre-earthquake exercises, several exercise episodes were implemented including building inspections and evacuation, SAR operations, triage, coordinating and decision-making meetings, dealing with communication problems, emergency shelter management, and emergency supplies’ distribution (Panoutsopoulou et al. 2017 ).

Pre-earthquake training programs to raise awareness and prepare citizens for earthquakes were conducted in Turkey by AFAD, AKUT, Boğaziçi Kandilli Observatory, and Izmir Municipality along with non-governmental organizations and voluntary teams. These programs comprised seminars for the education of several targeted population groups ranging from pre-school children (Fig. 6 ) to elderly people. In the frame of planning and preparedness, AFAD organizes on-site and online seminars to help the community be prepared for earthquakes and also offers seminars for trainers. Disaster Awareness Trainer Training by AFAD is planned to educate people and students as “Disaster Awareness Trainers” who will be involved in bringing the correct behavior before and after disasters, especially for earthquakes. AFAD also provided online education seminars from the website https://www.hazirol.gov.tr/ , which reached out to 11.385.982 participants. Civil protection agencies and personnel were able to better detect, organize, and correct gaps in response planning as a result of the aforementioned training and exercises.

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Raising awareness for students and educational and training activities organized by AFAD (source: Cetin et al. 2021 )

Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute's Disaster Preparedness Training Unit provides general information regarding earthquakes and related building damage and precautions to be taken before, during, and after an earthquake. As part of the training, earthquake shaking simulations were provided to the general public (including children and young people) through shaking tables (KOERI 2021b ).

The IMM has completed several major earthquake research and mitigation projects in the last 25 years. Between 1996 and 1999, the IMM developed the “Izmir Earthquake Master Plan” in collaboration with the Boaziçi University, the Kandilli Observatory, and the Izmir Branch of the Chamber of Civil Engineers, as part of the UN's RADIUS (Risk Assessment Tools for Diagnosis of Urban Areas against Seismic Disasters) initiative.

Participation of volunteer teams

During the emergency response's first vital hours and days, volunteers from various regions of the impacted countries supported local authorities in managing the earthquake and tsunami effects. Volunteers assisted with SAR operations, building inspection teams for damage assessment, and the planned evacuation of severely affected areas during the aftershock period, among other things. Moreover, they helped set up emergency shelters with military-style tents in safe outdoor locations, as well as daily activities such as the provision and distribution of humanitarian aid such as equipment for the homeless, long-term food supplies, meals, and personal hygiene items to the affected population. They also visited affected persons staying in hotels and tourist facilities on a regular basis to assess health needs, give pharmaceutical and medical supplies, and train employees and guests on prevention measures during the aftershock period.

Donations and provision of essential emergency supplies

Following the earthquake in both countries, a nationwide mobilization resulted in donations and provision of necessary emergency supplies. Those in need received relief supplies such as food, water bottles, blankets, clothing, and mattresses, for as long as required until these needs were fully met. Several locations on the earthquake-affected island of Samos were transformed into concentration, packaging, and distribution centers for relief supplies provided by the government and donated by individuals, non-governmental organizations, volunteer teams, charitable organizations, large supply chains, and shipping companies.

At the same time in the affected area in Turkey, AFAD and the TRC had also distributed equipment (thousands of blankets, beds, sleeping bags, kitchens, and heaters) to people accommodated in temporary emergency shelters and provided relief supplies. As of 6 November, food comprising 187,575 packaged food products has been served to 464,395 people, while hot and cold drinks including 161,879 water bottles have been provided to 135,034 people (AFAD 2020 ). The Social Services Department of Izmir Municipality distributed appliances (washing machines, refrigerators, etc.) to affected households. A warehouse with a capacity of 11,500 m 2 was also set up at Izmir Culture Park for the concentration and the deposition of essential emergency supplies for those in need after the disaster.

The wave of donations from organizations, companies, teams, and thousands of individuals after the 2020 Samos (Aegean Sea) earthquake and tsunami in both countries ensureda continuous flow of the emergency supplies. Due to the large number of disasters historically, induced by geological and hydrometeorological hazards, that often hit both countries this community-driven approach during emergencies is now an inherent part of the local culture comprising strong messages of humanity, solidarity, and hope to the affected population. It's also worth noting that, as was the case after another catastrophic experience in 1999, when two earthquakes struck in Izmit (Kocaeli) and Athens, solidarity and cross-border goodwill interactions overshadowed political tensions between the two nations.

Hazard mitigation in post‐disaster recovery

During the first days of the clean-up activities following the earthquake and the subsequent disasters, the most common hazards that the local population and workers faced in the earthquake-affected areas include partially collapsed or unstable buildings, exposed electrical wiring, breaks on the water supply network, natural gas leaks, exposure to hazardous materials and airborne dust, falling debris and sharp glass objects as well as health and safety exposure risks (Lekkas et al. 2020b ).

Immediate actions were designed and implemented by qualified safety professionals and response workers prior to the public approaching or moving in several response areas in the earthquake-affected Samos and Izmir. They cleared regional, municipal, and community roadways by removing debris left behind by landslides and rockfalls, as well as debris from partial and total building collapses. They also identified hazards linked with partially collapsed and unstable structures and placed warning signs and safety barriers in their vicinity (Fig. 7 ). After the owners' final approval, several seriously damaged structures on the verge of collapse and abandoned buildings were demolished (Fig. 7 ).

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Actions for the mitigation of hazards in the aftermath of the earthquake in Samos island: a supporting of buildings, b demolition of unstable buildings dangerous for cars and passersby, c , d placement of markings and protective barriers around severely affected buildings in order to avoid approaching

During the post-earthquake period, the systematic evacuation of residents from heavily affected areas of Samos and Izmir was a critical action for hazard mitigation. The evacuation was designed and carried out by a joint team of Hellenic Police and Fire Service personnel, members of the Hellenic Fire Service's Disaster Management Special Units, the Municipality Departments of Civil Protection in Samos, and volunteers in Greece and by AFAD SAR personnel, UMKE, Fire Brigade, SAR personnel from ministries and non-governmental organization (e.g. AKUT) in Turkey. This decision was considered necessary to protect citizens from potential future geo-hazards, primarily slope failures and widespread building collapse during the aftershock period.

Provision of temporary emergency shelters

Immediately after the earthquake occurrence, citizens abandoned their residences due to fear of aftershocks or building collapse and stayed in assembly points or safe outdoor sites. During the early hours of the emergency, local authorities in Samos gathered data on the number of citizens who had evacuated their homes and remained outside. In collaboration with the Hellenic Armed Forces and voluntary teams, they participated in setting up emergency shelters in safe outdoor sites for the urgent sheltering of the temporarily homeless. Because the earthquake occurred in the middle of autumn, the afflicted people were also subjected to adverse weather conditions, such as strong winds and cold temperatures, particularly at night.

The Eastern Samos Municipality established temporary emergency shelters in Kokkari, Vathy, and Chora, while the Western Samos Municipality in Karlovasi (Fig. 8 a, b). Temporary emergency shelters comprised military, emergency rapid deployment tents as well as sanitary and hygiene facilities. Tents, sleeping bags, blankets, and beds have been provided by the Ministry of Migration and Asylum, and tents have been transported to the island by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Hotel rooms were reserved for vulnerable and homeless people. Furthermore, the affected municipalities set up semi-permanent container-type structures to be utilized as classrooms due to damage on school buildings, or as temporary housing for the homeless.

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Emergency shelters with military-type tents in safe outdoor sites in the earthquake-affected Samos island ( a , b ) and in the stadium of Bornova town ( c , d )

As of 4 November 2020, AFAD and IMM in Turkey established and maintained 17 large camps in safe outdoor sites for the temporary accommodation (Fig. 8 c, d) of the earthquake-affected population comprising Bornova Stadium, Aşık Veysel Recreational Park, the Aegean University Campus among others as shown in Fig. 8 . On these sites, as of 6 November, about 2910 tents were set up. Based on the Ministry of Interior and the reports of AFAD, the occupancy rate in the tents was 65% on 2 November and 73% on 4 November, while 19,068 blankets, 11,050 beds, 11,548 sleeping bags, 2657 kitchens, and 1023 heaters have been distributed by the AFAD and the TRC to people who are currently residing in camps (AFAD 2020 ).

In addition to the open-air camps, rooms in dormitories, public guest houses, and hotels were provided for the affected population. Additionally, smaller camping grounds have been consolidated with larger ones to improve the dwelling conditions.

Informal and smaller camps were also organized in several neighborhoods (Mevlana, Bayraklı, and Manavkuyu) (STL 2020a , b ). The smaller camps in Bayraklı and Manavkuyu districts were organized by IMM and the observed needs in emergency non-food and food supplies were met by AFAD, TRC, and IMM.

According to the AFAD’s Izmir Turkey Earthquake Report as of November 6, 2020, 1000 container-type structures would be available soon for 7000 individuals, who were accommodating in the tent camps. The construction of new buildings was planned to begin in a month and the affected residents are planned to move to their new building in a year from the generation of the destructive earthquake (AFAD 2020 ).

Financial relief measures

Financial measures for dealing with the adverse earthquake effects referred to strengthening and reinforcement of structures, services, and systems.

In Greece, the Ministry of Finance in collaboration with the competent Ministries and the Independent Authority for Public Revenue announced interventions to help and support earthquake-affected legal entities and individuals. The financial relief measures comprised suspension of tax liabilities, insurance contributions, auctions and seizures on properties and employment contracts of part or all of their employees, compensating affected companies, providing housing assistance in the form of free state aid and interest free loan for building repair/reconstruction, exemptions from single real estate property tax for property owners in the earthquake-affected area and extensions for submitting tax declarations. Following the earthquake in Izmir, as an immediate reaction, AFAD provided 13 million Turkish Lira (TL), the MoFLSS 10 million TL, and the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization 6 million TL in assistance funds (AFAD 2020 ). A total of 30 thousand TL (approximately 3000 euros) was also given per household to people whose furniture and belongings were damaged or destroyed by the earthquake. Homeowners and tenants, who lost their homes by the earthquake, were also financially supported. The Izmir Municipality and Governorship also gave financial assistance to the earthquake-affected population. Moreover, the TRC and Izmir municipality have launched a nationwide campaign for donations and provision of aid and food items by individuals and companies.

Earthquake insurance practices

The 30 October 2020 Samos earthquake has once again highlighted the need for insurance coverage of houses against disasters induced by natural hazards. According to data from the Insurance Agencies Union, only 10–15% of residential housing stock in Greece had earthquake insurance, mostly due to mortgage requirements. The earthquake insurance covers all loss or damage caused to the building and its contents generated by the earthquake ground motion. The building damage comprises damage on structural and non-structural elements comprising the load-bearing frame, the infill and shear walls, the roof, and other installations, while the latter comprise damage on the building’s equipment, machinery, and items, which have been included in the insurance contract.

In the frame of the investigation of the 2020 earthquake impact on the economy of the affected population, the Hellenic Association of Insurance Companies (HAIC) conducted the first analysis on damage and losses induced by the Samos earthquake (HAIC 2020 ). The study focused on the first assessment of the losses (in number and amount) of property and car insurance, which had been announced to the Insurance Companies – members, due to Samos earthquake.

A total of 180 losses on property insurance were declared with a first assessment amount for compensation of € 3,462,790. The average declared loss (before exemptions) is estimated at €19,238. For these losses, the estimate of the compensation after the exemptions (where existed) was € 2,220,032. It is pointed out that the exemption is an international practice that reduces by a certain amount the insured risk (hence the compensation), which is offset in the long run by a corresponding relief of the insurance premiums, depending on the terms of the insurance contract.

Following the disastrous İzmit Earthquake in August 1999, Turkey's National Catastrophe Insurance Pool (DASK/TCIP) was founded in September 2000 as an official compulsory earthquake insurance entity. In Izmir, it has a penetration rate of 62.9%, whereas the national average is 59%. Almost 30,000 indemnity applications were filed in the aftermath of the 2020 earthquake. Following the inquiry phase, DASK paid out around 401 million Turkish Lira (as reported by DASK coordinator) to policyholders. Citizens submitted their claim notification after the earthquake and loss adjusters conducted loss assessment procedures for fully or partially damaged structures and the indemnity is determined for small to big losses. DASK provides online ( https://www.dask.gov.tr/tcip/ ) and in-person (call center 125) resources to assist citizens in reporting damages and establishing their insurance entity.

Lessons learned and conclusions

The Samos island (Aegean Sea) earthquake had a significant impact on the local population and the natural and built environment of the Izmir province and Samos Island. This impact triggered the mobilization of Civil Protection authorities in both countries in order to deal with the adverse effects of the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami.

From the presentation of the Civil Protection framework and the related legislation, it is concluded that both countries followed similar approaches in the response to an earthquake emergency. They both have a national-level authority responsible for emergency management and response (the GSCP in Greece and the AFAD in Turkey).

Both countries followed a single-hazard approach in Disaster Management and Disaster Risk Reduction DRR. In Greece, GSCP has recently published general plans for emergency response and immediate/short-term management of disaster effects related to natural and man-made hazards comprising the “Enceladus” plan for earthquakes, the “Dardanos” plan for floods, the “Iolaos” plan for forest fires, the “Talos” plan for volcanic activity, the “Voreas” plan for extreme meteorological events and the “Heraclitus” plan for large-scale technological accidents. In Turkey, the National Disaster Response Plan (TAMP) has been released by AFAD in 2013 and the purpose of TAMP is to plan rules and principles before, during, and after a disaster (AFAD 2013 ). However, a comprehensive, multi-hazard approach for Disaster Risk Reduction has not yet been formally adopted. This is one of the emerging priorities to be addressed in a rapidly changing climate and public health environment.

Overall, both countries implemented similar response actions. The main difference in the implementation of these actions was their scale. Izmir is the third most populated city in Turkey after Istanbul and Ankara. It is also the second most populated area in the vicinity of Samos after Athens city in Greece. More specifically, the earthquake-affected Izmir city has a population of almost 4.5 million people based on the 2019 population report of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜIK 2019 ). In contradiction, the total registered population of Samos island is 32,977 people according to the population census conducted by the Hellenic Statistical Authority in 2011.

Another major difference is that the earthquake caused heavy structural damage comprising collapse in 17 residential buildings in Izmir as being a large metropolitan, while in Samos no inhabitable residential building collapsed. Thus, the number of people affected by the earthquake was larger in Turkey. This fact resulted in a greater need for SAR operations, first-aid administration, and medical care as well as more emergency shelters and relief supplies for the housing and support of people in the earthquake-affected Izmir province during the initial critical hours and days of the earthquake emergency response.

Based on evidence related to the response to the earthquake and the triggered tsunami, it is concluded that the post-earthquake response and the emergency management in both countries were satisfactory, particularly when considering the pandemic during which recovery activities were undertaken. The time required to restore social and financial life in the affected region was reasonably small as a result of the increased awareness, preparedness, and large-scale, pre-earthquake training, particularly in the case of the Izmir Metropolitan Area. For reasons outlined by Cetin et al. ( 2021 ), damage and loss were sometimes disproportional to the intensity of earthquake ground motion. Therefore, extending existing pre-earthquake assessment programs in both countries, including smart tools for rapid visual inspection of sub-standard buildings designed to previous versions of the respective national seismic codes, risk-based prioritization to strengthen the residential building stock, and seismic upgrade of public buildings and critical infrastructure is crucial for mitigating earthquake-induced losses in the future.

Construction quality control and code enforcement must also be improved, particularly in low-income areas. The compulsory earthquake insurance system in Turkey (TCIP-Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool), which has a penetration rate of 62.9% in Izmir, has proven to be quite efficient in speeding up the payment of insured damages, which will help with post-disaster recovery. Greece must make similar improvements.

Despite the effective management of 2020 Samos earthquake, both countries have many to implement to enhance their preparedness and resilience to major earthquakes. They must focus on developing early warning systems similar to those applied in several earthquake-prone countries worldwide including mainly Japan and Mexico, as shown by the recent earthquakes comprising the 2011 Tohoku and the 2017 Chiapas earthquakes respectively among others. Moreover, Greece and Turkey should further incorporate into their Civil Protection policies and laws the important lessons learned and the large experience gained by recent earthquakes around the world in order to strengthen disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk. Moreover, they have to enforce policies for stricter compliance to building codes and quality control as a means to build back better during recovery and reconstruction.

Most importantly, the need for adopting wider multi-hazard approaches in DRR including crisis management under financial stresses or during an evolving biological hazard like the COVID-19 pandemic is more clear than ever. In this context, the Civil Protection authorities in Greece and Turkey need to reconsider interactions between different types of natural (i.e., earthquakes, geo-hazards, tsunamis and floods) and man-made (i.e., global health, social and financial emergencies) hazards and update their emergency plans accordingly. This requires multi-disciplinary and multi-authority consensus and training as well as cross-border collaboration strategies for the benefit of their communities.

Acknowledgements

Certain information provided in this manuscript are compiled from publicly available, open-access data provided by the relevant agencies, the authors of which are acknowledged. Professor Dr. K. Önder Çetin is gratefully acknowledged for his valuable comments and discussions and for reviewing the manuscript.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Earthquake Essay

Long and Short Essay on Earthquake in English

Here are essays on Earthquake of varying lengths to help you with the topic in your exam. You can select any Earthquake essay as per you need:

Short Essay on Earthquake – Essay 1 (200 words)

Essay on Earthquakes and Volcanoes – Essay 2 (300 words)

Introduction

What is Volcanic Earthquake?

Essay on Types, Causes and Effects of Earthquake – Essay 3 (400 words)

Types of Earthquake

There are different types of earthquakes that have been experienced on our planet. Here is a look at the main types of earthquakes:

Tectonic Earthquake

A tectonic earthquake is an outcome of the breakage of Earth’s crust because of exertion of pressure on rocks and tectonic plates.

This is often a mild earthquake that takes place in the same area that has been hit by a severe earthquake few hours, days or weeks before.

A small earthquake that takes place before a severe earthquake is referred to as a foreshock.

Explosion Earthquake

This type of earthquake occurs because of explosion of a chemical and nuclear device.

Volcanic Earthquake

It is an earthquake that occurs due to the combination of tectonic forces and volcanic activities.

Collapse Earthquake

This type of earthquake is caused due to the explosion of rocks. These are generally mild earthquakes that occur due to mining activities.

Submarine Earthquake

It is an earthquake that takes place underwater particularly at the bottom of an ocean. It is commonly referred to as Tsunami.

Causes of Earthquake

Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanic eruptions are a common cause of earthquake. Areas that are faced with frequent volcanic activities are more prone to earthquakes.

Geological Fault

It occurs because of the displacement of plates from their original position. As the rocks move alongside these planes, it brings about tectonic earthquakes.

Human Activities

Man is known to influence various natural activities and earthquakes are no exception. Nuclear bombing, building of dams and mining are few such human activities that can cause earthquake.

Effects of Earthquake

Earthquake is a dangerous natural calamity that has caused huge damage in various parts of the world. It cannot be avoided as the scientists are not able to predict its occurrence accurately.

Long Essay on Earthquake Management – Essay 4 (500 words)

Earthquake Management

Do not Panic during an Earthquake

Come out of your house/ office/ shop and gather in an open place.
Do not use elevator. Take the stairs to go down.
Make sure you are at a safe place as you come out and not somewhere where there is a possibility of falling objects or collapsing building.
Get under a table or bed if you cannot move out.
Stay calm and don’t indulge in negative talks.
Help those caught inside or in need if you can.

Earthquake: Precautions to be taken

People living in earthquake prone areas must stay alert and prepared to handle this natural disaster at all times. Here are certain things that they must keep handy:

Necessary medicines
Canned packaged food
Camp stoves that can be installed outdoors
Enough drinking water
Sanitation stock
Cash/ Debit card/ Credit Card
Important Certificates/ documents

It is a good idea to prepare a bag that can be carried easily in case of emergency.

Long Essay on Earthquake in India – Essay 5 (600 words)

Major Earthquakes in India

Our country has suffered from some major earthquakes in the past that have led to severe damage and immense panic among people. Some of the major earthquakes experienced in India are as follows:

Earthquake Prone Areas in India

Long Essay on Earthquake – Essay 6 (800 Words)

Causes of Earthquakes

Measurement

The severity of an earthquake is measured in Richter scale. A strong earthquake has a high value on Richter scale while a low earthquake has a lower value.

There are many effects of earthquake and may include the following; though, they are not limited to the effects mentioned here below-

1) Tremors or Shaking

2) Ground Rupture

4) Landslides

What to do in an Earthquake?

Situation 1 – Outdoors

Situation 2 – Indoors

Situation 3 – Driving a Vehicle

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Essay On Earthquake For Kids – 10 Lines, Short And Long Essay

Key Points To Remember When Writing An Essay On Earthquake For Lower Primary Classes

10 lines on earthquake for kids, a paragraph on earthquake for kids, short essay on earthquake for kids, long essay on earthquake for children, what will your child learn from an essay on earthquake, interesting facts about earthquakes for children.

Essay writing is a vital skill to be acquired by children, requiring them to research topics to increase their knowledge. Essay writing also improves their communication skills. Earthquakes are a natural disaster that most students are familiar with. Writing an essay on earthquakes in English allows them to know many things like why earthquakes happen, how are they measured on the Richter scale, and most importantly, their after-effects. Some earthquakes have been so disastrous that they have caused considerable losses to life and property. Below are some points that will help your kid write a good essay on earthquakes for classes 1, 2 and 3 kids.

Earthquake is an excellent essay topic because it teaches children about various geographical elements. However, specific considerations should be made when writing an earthquake essay in English, such as:

Begin with an introductory paragraph that provides general information about earthquakes, such as what they are and what causes them.
The body should be divided into paragraphs, each focusing on a different aspect. You can include information such as types of earthquakes. its causes, and effects.
Conclude the essay with a final paragraph that summarises the entire essay in a few lines.

An essay on earthquakes is a very interesting topic for kids as it increases their knowledge and makes children aware of the world around them. The following 10 lines on earthquakes can guide students as to how to write clear sentences and make a good essay for classes 1 and 2:

An earthquake is a natural disaster.
They occur when some tricks move under the Earth’s surface, causing vibrations or seismic waves.
Due to this, we can feel the entire ground shaking below our feet. This can cause buildings, trees and other tall structures to break and fall.
The strength or intensity of an earthquake is called its magnitude and it is measured on the Richter scale from 1 to 10.
Earthquakes can be measured using a seismograph.
Earthquakes of 6 or 7 magnitude are very strong and can cause massive loss of life and property.
The exact spot where an earthquake originates is called its epicentre. This place faces the maximum effect of the disaster.
People living in earthquake-prone areas must always be prepared to face the danger and have a disaster management strategy as it is difficult to predict an earthquake.
The best way to ensure safety during an earthquake is to run to open fields.
If there is no open space nearby, you can duck under a strong and sturdy table.

Short paragraphs on earthquakes help students to weave their essays around them. They guide the children on how to form sentences. A short paragraph on earthquakes is given below for the reference of the kids:

Earthquakes are caused by the shaking of the earth, which occurs when two of the earth’s tectonic plates slide over each other. These can be caused by natural factors such as volcanic eruptions or man-made factors such as mining or the construction of various structures. Some earthquakes have little or no effect, while others cause widespread devastation. There have been numerous earthquakes in the past that have resulted in significant loss of life and property. During an earthquake, it is recommended that we run out of our home and move to an open and safe location. We cannot predict earthquakes, but we can ensure safety with proper precautions.

Learning how to write a short essay on natural disasters like an earthquake helps students gain awareness of various geographical phenomena and enhances their knowledge. Since earthquakes are a common phenomenon, knowing about them is crucial. Given below is an example of a short essay for classes 1, 2 and 3:

An earthquake is a natural disaster which is caused by the shaking of the earth. The main reason for this is the movement of tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are fragments of the earth’s surface plates that float in the core. When these plates begin to drift away from each other or begin to slide towards each other, tremors occur, resulting in earthquakes. An earthquake can also be induced by a volcanic eruption or man-made factors such as mining and the construction of concrete structures. It can also cause fires, tsunamis, and other natural disasters.

Areas closer to the continental shelf, such as Mumbai, Srinagar, Kolkata, and Chennai, are more vulnerable to earthquakes. The impact of an earthquake on a location is determined by how far it is from the epicentre. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale. Higher magnitude events are less common but cause more damage to people and property.

Earthquakes sometimes cause a huge loss of life and property, making it essential for children to learn about them. Writing an essay on earthquakes makes them aware of its causes, effects and even precautions that one should take. Given below is a long essay for class 3 that can help students learn more about this natural calamity:

What Is An Earthquake?

An earthquake is the movement within the earth’s crust due to the sudden release of energy from the earth’s interior. It results in massive loss of lives and affects that area’s infrastructure. The damage caused depends on the intensity of the earthquake.

What Are The Types Of Earthquakes?

Earthquakes can be categorised into four types based on the cause of occurrence:

Tectonic Earthquakes: These earthquakes occur when the floating tectonic plates on the earth’s core either move away from each other or slip towards each other, causing friction. As a result, pressure from the ground is released, causing tremors.
Volcanic Earthquakes: Volcanic eruptions cause these earthquakes. Magma movement causes pressure and changes in the rock surrounding the magma, resulting in earthquakes.
Collapse Earthquakes: These are low-intensity earthquakes caused primarily by mining. Underground blasts in mines are a major cause of mine collapse, resulting in collapse earthquakes.
Explosive Earthquakes: These earthquakes are typically caused by explosions caused by nuclear bomb testing.

What Are The Causes Of Earthquakes?

An earthquake is a natural disaster; hence, it is generally caused naturally. However, there are undoubtedly other reasons too that can cause earthquakes like:

Volcanic Eruptions: Volcanic earthquakes are the result of volcanic eruptions. It’s a common cause of earthquakes, and areas with active volcanos are more vulnerable to such earthquakes.
Human Activities: Natural and man-made activities can both cause earthquakes. Human activities that can cause earthquakes include the construction of concrete structures, mining, and nuclear bombing.
Geological Factors: These occur when tectonic plates shift away from their original position, causing friction and, as a result, earthquakes.

What Are The Effects Of Earthquakes?

An earthquake has numerous effects, such as:

Death and property destruction is one of the effects of an earthquake. On the other hand, the magnitude of the destruction is determined by the magnitude of the earthquake and its distance from the epicentre.
Earthquakes can also spark fires in electric and gas pipelines, resulting in huge losses.
Tsunamis are sometimes caused by an earthquake, causing even more damage to people and property.
Earthquakes can also cause large structures and monuments to collapse, causing irreparable damage.
Landslides are another significant impact of earthquakes. Landslides, which result in the fall of large rocks, are common in hilly areas. They can also cause traffic congestion.

Precautions To Be Taken During An Earthquake

Even though earthquakes are not predictable, there are certain precautions that we can take to lessen their impact, such as:

Avoid enclosed spaces: Get out of your building as soon as you feel a tremor and find an open space.
Avoid using the lift: It is always advisable to avoid using the lift while evacuating the building during an earthquake because it can be dangerous.
Avoid trees and lampposts: If you’re driving, never park your car and stand beneath a tree or a lamppost because the earthquake could cause it to fall.
If you cannot move, try crouching beneath a sturdy table or bed to protect yourself from falling objects.

This earthquake essay will give your child a general understanding of the subject while also making them aware of their surroundings. It will also help kids learn about the precautions to take during an earthquake, so they know what they should to if it happens again.

Some of the interesting facts about earthquakes for children are:

Earthquakes can occur for natural or man-made reasons.
An earthquake cannot be predicted in advance.
Seismology is the study of earthquakes. The Richter scale is a device used to measure earthquake intensity.
The greater the intensity on the Richter scale, the more severe the damage.
Earthquakes can be so devastating that they can cripple an entire economy.

1. Can We Forecast Earthquakes?

No. No such technology has allowed seismologists to predict an earthquake in advance.

2. How Is Earthquake Measures?

The intensity of an earthquake is measured on a Richter scale.

3. Which Are The Earthquake Prone Areas In India?

Several earthquake-prone areas in India include Srinagar, Mumbai, Patna, Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Pune, Kochi, and Thiruvananthapuram.

Earthquakes are major natural disasters that have caused irreparable damage in the past and will do so in the future. We cannot prevent them, but we can aim to mitigate their effects with proper precautions.

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Earthquake Essay

An earthquake occurs due to disturbances in the tectonic plates below the Earth’s surface, it can be short and medium or large and destructive.

Earthquakes are mostly small, but can cause mass destruction within seconds, our planet has suffered many severe and mild earthquakes over the centuries.

Recently, earthquakes have caused a lot of damage to people all over the world.

Essay on Earthquake 200 words:

Earthquakes occur suddenly, usually without warning or signs, and can cause mass destruction.

Although there is a separate branch of science called seismic that studies earthquakes and tries to predict their occurrence, it does not help to determine the exact time or date of this natural disaster.

Scientists around the world constantly try to predict the occurrence of earthquakes.

Although the seismology department warns against earthquakes in some areas in the future, it is unable to determine when exactly it will occur.

As the saying goes, little knowledge is dangerous, so lame predictions about earthquakes do more harm to the people.

People get scared due to earthquake.

Panic can be seen clearly among the people living in such areas as they cannot do much about protecting themselves from the possible destruction caused by this natural disaster.

However, earthquakes are not always severe and catastrophic sometimes they are small and light and sometimes, they are so mild that people don’t even know that it happened.

However, even in minor setbacks, it is suggested to evacuate buildings and come out in an open area to ensure safety.

Essay on Earthquake Disaster Management 300 words:

Earthquakes and volcanoes are two natural disasters caused by changes in the Earth’s surface.

Humans have little or no role in bringing about these natural disasters.

Earthquakes and volcanoes are said to be interlinked because it has been observed that volcanic regions are more prone to earthquakes which often act as warning signs of an adjacent volcano.

Earthquake:

Earthquake is basically the movement of the Earth.

Earthquakes are caused either by the motion of tectonic plates below the Earth’s surface or by the motion of magma in volcanoes.

Volcanoes caused by magma movements can occur after an eruption.

Earthquakes can be violent as well as weak, while weak volcanoes are rarely felt, violent ones can lead to the destruction of large buildings and heavy loss of life.

There have been many earthquakes in different parts of the world which cause severe destruction.

A volcano is an eruption of hot lava from the Earth’s surface, this is when the earth’s crust bursts.

Hot lava, poisonous gases and volcanic ash move out of the way of volcanic eruptions and can cause huge destruction.

Various types of volcanoes include super volcanoes, sub glacial volcanoes, underwater volcanoes and clay volcanoes.

Volcanic earthquake:

Volcanic earthquakes also known as volcanic tectonic earthquakes are caused by the movement of magma.

This movement creates pressure and changes in the rock around the magma and eventually leads to a volcanic earthquake.

These earthquakes are believed to cause major destruction which may include ground deformation, uprooting of buildings and ground cracks.

Conclusion:

Both earthquakes and volcanoes can result in serious harm to mankind.

Although scientists try their best to predict both, they have not been able to determine the time and date for these natural disasters.

People living in earthquake and volcano affected areas should be attentive, ready to face them and should work in peace and understanding in case of such problem.

Earthquake Essay 400 words:

Earthquakes are caused by the motion of magnum or tectonic plates below the Earth’s surface.

They may vary in cruelty, time, and other factors, they have been classified into various categories and their effect due to them varies depending on their type.

Types of Earthquake:

There have been various types of earthquakes on our planet.

Here are the main types of earthquakes as follows:

Tectonic earthquake: Tectonic earthquake is a result of the rupture of the earth’s crust due to pressure on rocks and tonic plates.

After the shock: It is often a mild earthquake that occurs in the same area that had been hit by a severe earthquake a few hours, days or weeks before.

Before the shock: A small earthquake that precedes a severe earthquake is called a foreboding.

Explosion Earthquake: This type of earthquake is caused by the explosion of a chemical and nuclear device.

Volcanic Earthquake: It is an earthquake caused by a combination of tectonic forces and volcanic movements.

Brief Earthquakes: These types of earthquakes are caused by rock eruptions, these are usually mild earthquakes due to mining activities.

Submarine Earthquake: This is an earthquake that occurs especially underwater at the bottom of the sea which is commonly called a tsunami.

Reason of Earthquake:

An earthquake is basically a result of the movements of tectonic plates below the Earth’s surface, however they are also caused by some other reasons.

These are mostly natural causes but sometimes they can also be man-made, the various causes of earthquake as follows:

Volcanic eruptions: Volcanic eruptions are a common cause of earthquakes, areas where volcanic movements are frequently encountered are more prone to earthquakes.

Geological Fault: It is caused by the displacement of plates from their place of origin as rocks move along these planes, it causes tectonic earthquakes.

Human activities: Humans are known to affect various natural activities and earthquakes are no exception.

Nuclear bombing, construction of dams and mining are some of the human activities that can cause earthquakes.

Earthquake impact: Mild earthquakes are harmless but can cause violent mass destruction.

Many people die, many are injured and many houses and buildings are destroyed during this natural disaster.

An earthquake is a dangerous natural disaster that causes extensive damage in various parts of the world.

This cannot be avoided as scientists are not able to estimate its occurrence accurately.

Earthquake Essay 500 words:

An earthquake is a natural disaster that causes mass destruction and there is no way to prevent it from happening.

Our planet has been affected by many strong earthquakes of different magnitude, which has led to the loss of many innocent people and caused great damage to property.

The need for disaster management for earthquakes was realized due to the huge and persistent losses that have arisen worldwide.

Measurement:

Earthquake severity is measured in the Richter scale.

A strong earthquake has a high value on the Richter scale while a low earthquake has a low value.

An earthquake measuring 6 to 7 on the Richter scale potentially causes damage to life and property, while an earthquake measuring 4 to 5 on the Richter scale can cause only mild tremors or little structural damage.

Effect of Earthquake- Earthquake Essay:

Earthquakes have many effects and may include the following, however, they are not limited to the effects mentioned below-

Earth shaking is the first impact of earthquake and also the most damaging, however the intensity depends on the earthquake and the distance of the place from the epicenter.

Earthquakes of about 6 or more on the Richter scale have the potential to destroy most buildings, depending on the proximity of the epicenter.

Ground breaking:

Occasionally, measuring high earthquakes on the Richter scale can cause ground breaks along the fault line to appear.

Occasionally, when earthquakes are potentially higher on the Richter scale, a terrain several meters deep and several kilometers long may break.

Such ground breakdowns are quite harmful for important structures such as dams, nuclear power stations and bridges.

Earthquakes can cause forest fires, as shocks force trees to rub each other, creating heat and sparks.

Forest fires have been recorded after the earthquake.

In addition, earthquakes can also occur in urban areas by breakdown of electrical lines and damage to electrical safety systems.

Landslides are the most common cause of earthquakes in hilly areas.

Earth’s shaking displaces soil on muddy hills, resulting in landslides.

Landslides can potentially be more dangerous than earthquakes because they contain debris such as trees and rocks, and have a high potential for damage to life and property.

The tsunami is the most frightening and frightening after the earthquake.

Tsunamis occur when the epicenter of the earthquake lies below the surface of the ocean.

Earthquakes cause waves that do not exceed one wave above the sub-center but as they move toward the shore, they become larger, faster, and stronger.

A wave measuring only 1 meter above the epicenter can measure a distance of 100 meters on the shores, causing great loss of life and property. Also read essay on earthquake 600 words.

What to do During an Earthquake?

Although the science of studying earthquakes has developed greatly, and today it is possible to forecast earthquakes, yet it is not possible everywhere and in the situation.

Given below are some safety precautions that you can take to protect yourself and your family from harm if caught in a situation.

Case 1 – Out:

If you are outside and feel an earthquake, go as far away from buildings, poles, trees as you can.

The biggest danger is outside a building and near the borders.

When caught outside in an earthquake, it is wise to stand on a clear ground away from any structure that may fall on you.

Case 2 – Indoors:

If you get caught in an earthquake inside a building, the best option for you will be to find and lay down some sturdy and sturdy table or bed, lay your head under your arms.

Stay in this position until the trembling stops or help reaches.

Case 3 – Driving:

If you are driving and feeling an earthquake, move as fast as possible from buildings and other high structures and stay inside the vehicle.

Even after an earthquake, proceed with caution and avoid bridges if possible, as shocks can cause damage to them.

Earthquakes are a natural phenomenon and despite our knowledge, we cannot prevent them from happening, however we can always act sensibly when trapped in a situation, saving our lives as well as the lives of others.

Essay on Earthquake 600 words:

Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates shift and climb each other.

It refers to the mountain building as orogeny which is the cause of severe earthquakes, thus tectonic plates located below the surface of the Earth are responsible for this natural disaster.

Like many other parts of the world, India has also experienced many earthquakes in different regions.

While some of these have caused severe destruction, others have largely gone unnoticed.

Major Earthquakes in India- Earthquake Essay:

Our country has suffered some big earthquakes in the past, which has caused serious harm to people and there is a lot of panic among the people.

Some major earthquakes in India are:

The Hindu Kush Earthquake (26 October 2015):

It was a 7.5 magnitude earthquake that caused widespread devastation in South Asia.

The earthquake hit Jammu and Kashmir in India and tremors were felt in many other parts of northern India.

Due to its earthquake in Afghanistan, the earthquake caused great devastation in the country as well as in its neighboring country Pakistan.

Statistics show that 399 people lost their lives and 2539 were injured during this earthquake.

Nepal Earthquake of May 2015:

Yet another severe earthquake in Nepal, which caused destruction in India too, as vigorous earthquakes were sensed in various parts of our country including Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Delhi.

It was a magnitude 7.3 earthquake with its epicenter at Dolakha and Sindhupal Chowk, Nepal.

It is believed that after the earthquake of April 2015, it killed 21 people and injured more than 3200 people.

Nepal Earthquake of April 2015:

It was recorded as one of the major earthquakes in current occasions with a 7.8 magnitude earthquake.

The epicentre of this earthquake was Gorkha district in Nepal however the tremors have been felt in different parts of India as effectively.

It destroyed many buildings and 9,000 people died and 22,000 have been injured during the incident.

Bhuj Earthquake (26 January 2001):

It was one of the devastating natural disasters that have ever occurred in our nation.

The earthquake lasted for greater than 2 minutes with a magnitude of 7.7 and devastated the state of Gujarat in India.

The earthquake killed about 20,000 individuals and injured 167,000 individuals.

Latur Earthquake (30 September 1993):

The Latur earthquake rocked the state of Maharashtra in India.

A magnitude 6.2 earthquake primarily affected Latur and Osmanabad districts.

It demolished 52 villages in Maharashtra and killed around 10,000 individuals.

More than 30,000 individuals have been injured in the course of the incident.

Uttarkashi Earthquake (2 October 1991):

Earthquake intensity of 6.8 in Uttarakhand and earthquake in Uttarkashi. Sturdy shocks have been felt in these two areas of Uttar Pradesh and different parts.

This led to mass destruction, many buildings being ruined in the course of the incident.

More than 700 individuals lost their lives and plenty of others became homeless.

Earthquake-prone Areas in India:

Almost every part of India has been hit by an earthquake at some point.

Whereas some areas of the nation are extra prone to earthquakes, others are much less likely to be hit.

A number of the earthquake-prone areas within the nation include Srinagar, Mumbai, Delhi, Guwahati, Pune, Kolkata, Chennai, Patna, Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram.

All of those areas have experienced strong earthquake tremors in the past and there is an excessive chance of experiencing the identical in the future.

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Conclusion for Earthquake Essay:

The earthquake has caused the main destruction in India.

As a result of this natural disaster, many buildings have been damaged and many individuals have misplaced their lives.

We pray to God and pray that there are no such strong stocks in future.

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NPR is facing both internal tumult and a fusillade of attacks by prominent conservatives this week after a senior editor publicly claimed the broadcaster had allowed liberal bias to affect its coverage, risking its trust with audiences.

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NPR has forcefully pushed back on Mr. Berliner’s accusations and the criticism.

“We’re proud to stand behind the exceptional work that our desks and shows do to cover a wide range of challenging stories,” Edith Chapin, the organization’s editor in chief, said in an email to staff on Tuesday. “We believe that inclusion — among our staff, with our sourcing, and in our overall coverage — is critical to telling the nuanced stories of this country and our world.” Some other NPR journalists also criticized the essay publicly, including Eric Deggans, its TV critic, who faulted Mr. Berliner for not giving NPR an opportunity to comment on the piece.

In an interview on Thursday, Mr. Berliner expressed no regrets about publishing the essay, saying he loved NPR and hoped to make it better by airing criticisms that have gone unheeded by leaders for years. He called NPR a “national trust” that people rely on for fair reporting and superb storytelling.

“I decided to go out and publish it in hopes that something would change, and that we get a broader conversation going about how the news is covered,” Mr. Berliner said.

He said he had not been disciplined by managers, though he said he had received a note from his supervisor reminding him that NPR requires employees to clear speaking appearances and media requests with standards and media relations. He said he didn’t run his remarks to The New York Times by network spokespeople.

When the hosts of NPR’s biggest shows, including “Morning Edition” and “All Things Considered,” convened on Wednesday afternoon for a long-scheduled meet-and-greet with the network’s new chief executive, Katherine Maher , conversation soon turned to Mr. Berliner’s essay, according to two people with knowledge of the meeting. During the lunch, Ms. Chapin told the hosts that she didn’t want Mr. Berliner to become a “martyr,” the people said.

Mr. Berliner’s essay also sent critical Slack messages whizzing through some of the same employee affinity groups focused on racial and sexual identity that he cited in his essay. In one group, several staff members disputed Mr. Berliner’s points about a lack of ideological diversity and said efforts to recruit more people of color would make NPR’s journalism better.

On Wednesday, staff members from “Morning Edition” convened to discuss the fallout from Mr. Berliner’s essay. During the meeting, an NPR producer took issue with Mr. Berliner’s argument for why NPR’s listenership has fallen off, describing a variety of factors that have contributed to the change.

Mr. Berliner’s remarks prompted vehement pushback from several news executives. Tony Cavin, NPR’s managing editor of standards and practices, said in an interview that he rejected all of Mr. Berliner’s claims of unfairness, adding that his remarks would probably make it harder for NPR journalists to do their jobs.

“The next time one of our people calls up a Republican congressman or something and tries to get an answer from them, they may well say, ‘Oh, I read these stories, you guys aren’t fair, so I’m not going to talk to you,’” Mr. Cavin said.

Some journalists have defended Mr. Berliner’s essay. Jeffrey A. Dvorkin, NPR’s former ombudsman, said Mr. Berliner was “not wrong” on social media. Chuck Holmes, a former managing editor at NPR, called Mr. Berliner’s essay “brave” on Facebook.

Mr. Berliner’s criticism was the latest salvo within NPR, which is no stranger to internal division. In October, Mr. Berliner took part in a lengthy debate over whether NPR should defer to language proposed by the Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association while covering the conflict in Gaza.

“We don’t need to rely on an advocacy group’s guidance,” Mr. Berliner wrote, according to a copy of the email exchange viewed by The Times. “Our job is to seek out the facts and report them.” The debate didn’t change NPR’s language guidance, which is made by editors who weren’t part of the discussion. And in a statement on Thursday, the Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association said it is a professional association for journalists, not a political advocacy group.

Mr. Berliner’s public criticism has highlighted broader concerns within NPR about the public broadcaster’s mission amid continued financial struggles. Last year, NPR cut 10 percent of its staff and canceled four podcasts, including the popular “Invisibilia,” as it tried to make up for a $30 million budget shortfall. Listeners have drifted away from traditional radio to podcasts, and the advertising market has been unsteady.

In his essay, Mr. Berliner laid some of the blame at the feet of NPR’s former chief executive, John Lansing, who said he was retiring at the end of last year after four years in the role. He was replaced by Ms. Maher, who started on March 25.

During a meeting with employees in her first week, Ms. Maher was asked what she thought about decisions to give a platform to political figures like Ronna McDaniel, the former Republican Party chair whose position as a political analyst at NBC News became untenable after an on-air revolt from hosts who criticized her efforts to undermine the 2020 election.

“I think that this conversation has been one that does not have an easy answer,” Ms. Maher responded.

Benjamin Mullin reports on the major companies behind news and entertainment. Contact Ben securely on Signal at +1 530-961-3223 or email at [email protected] . More about Benjamin Mullin

Katie Robertson covers the media industry for The Times. Email: [email protected] More about Katie Robertson

Common App announces 2024–2025 Common App essay prompts

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We are happy to announce that the Common App essay prompts will remain the same for 2024–2025.

Our decision to keep these prompts unchanged is supported by past research showing that overall satisfaction with the prompts exceeded 95% across our constituent groups - students, counselors, advisors, teachers, and member colleges. Moving forward, we want to learn more about who is choosing certain prompts to see if there are any noteworthy differences among student populations and incorporate feedback into future decisions.

While some schools are beginning discussions with juniors and transfer students about college options, it's important to clarify that this doesn't mean students need to start writing their essays right away. By releasing the prompts early, we hope to give students ample time for reflection and brainstorming. As you guide students with their planning, feel free to use our Common App Ready essay writing resource, available in both English and Spanish .

For students who wish to start exploring the application process, creating a Common App account before August 1 ensures that all their responses, including their personal essays, will be retained through account rollover .

Below is the full set of essay prompts for 2024–2025.

Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story.
The lessons we take from obstacles we encounter can be fundamental to later success. Recount a time when you faced a challenge, setback, or failure. How did it affect you, and what did you learn from the experience?
Reflect on a time when you questioned or challenged a belief or idea. What prompted your thinking? What was the outcome?
Reflect on something that someone has done for you that has made you happy or thankful in a surprising way. How has this gratitude affected or motivated you?
Discuss an accomplishment, event, or realization that sparked a period of personal growth and a new understanding of yourself or others.
Describe a topic, idea, or concept you find so engaging that it makes you lose all track of time. Why does it captivate you? What or who do you turn to when you want to learn more?
Share an essay on any topic of your choice. It can be one you've already written, one that responds to a different prompt, or one of your own design.

We will retain the optional community disruption question within the Writing section. Over the next year, we'll consult with our member, counselor, and student advisory committees to ensure we gather diverse perspectives and make informed decisions.

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Gig workers are writing essays for AI to learn from

Companies are hiring highly educated gig workers to write training content for AI models .
The shift toward more sophisticated trainers comes as tech giants scramble for new data sources.
AI could run out of data to learn from by 2026, one research institute has warned.

As artificial intelligence models run out of data to train themselves on, AI companies are increasingly turning to actual humans to write training content.

For years, companies have used gig workers to help train AI models on simple tasks like photo identification , data annotation, and labelling. But the rapidly advancing technology now requires more advanced people to train it.

Companies such as Scale AI and Surge AI are hiring part-timers with graduate degrees to write essays and creative prompts for the bots to gobble up, The New York Times reported . Scale AI, for example, posted a job last year looking for people with Master's degrees or PhDs, who are fluent in either English, Hindi, or Japanese and have professional writing experience in fields like poetry, journalism, and publishing.

Watch: Nearly 50,000 tech workers have been laid off — but there's a hack to avoid layoffs

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Earthquakes: Conclusion
Conclusion. Earthquakes shake the ground surface, can cause buildings to collapse, disrupt transport and services, and can cause fires. They can trigger landslides and tsunami. Earthquakes occur mainly as a result of plate tectonics, which involves blocks of the Earth moving about the Earth's surface. The blocks of rock move past each other ...
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500+ Words Essay on Earthquake. Simply speaking, Earthquake means the shaking of the Earth's surface. It is a sudden trembling of the surface of the Earth. ... In conclusion, an Earthquake is a great and terrifying phenomenon of Earth. It shows the frailty of humans against nature. It is a tremendous occurrence that certainly shocks everyone ...
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For example, one of the most common consequences of earthquakes is tsunamis (Bolt para. 23). The wave covering the coastal regions is formed due to underwater earthquakes, which humans may not feel. The most devastating was the tsunami of December 26, 2004, in Indonesia, caused by the movement of tectonic plates on the ocean floor (Bolt para. 24).
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Essay # 2. Causes of Earthquakes: . Earthquakes are caused mainly due to disequilibrium in any part of the crust of the earth. A number of causes have been assigned to cause disequilibrium or isostatic imbalance in the earth's crust such as volcanic eruptions, faulting and folding, up-warping and down-warping, gaseous expansion and contraction inside the earth, hydrostatic pressure of man ...
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Magnitude: 7.9 Location: Kanto region, Japan Date: September 1, 1923 Impact: The earthquake struck the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area, causing extensive damage and loss of life. The violent shaking, fires, and tsunami resulted in approximately 140,000 deaths. The disaster prompted significant changes in Japan's earthquake preparedness and urban planning.
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Essay on Earthquake - An earthquake is a natural disaster that occurs when two tectonic plates collide. The force of the collision creates seismic waves that travel through the earth's crust, causing the ground to shake and buildings to collapse. Here are some sample essays on earthquakes. 100 Words Essay on Earthquake
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Essay # 1. Introduction to Earthquake: We know that various forces of nature are responsible for changes in the crust of the earth. Earthquake is a movement of tremor of the earth's crust. It originates naturally and below the surface. It sometimes causes a permanent change of level at the surface of the earth.
Earthquake and Its Devastating Effects: [Essay Example], 2036 words
Earthquakes do not only leave permanent marks in the environment, but also affect human lives. In conclusion, the world has experienced numerous earthquakes in years. ... and Global Response Essay. The Haiti earthquake of 2010 stands as one of the most devastating natural disasters in recent history. This essay delves into the events leading up ...
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Natural Disasters: Tsunami, Hurricanes and Earthquake. The response time upon the prediction of a tsunami is minimal owing to the rapid fall and rise of the sea level. Geology Issues: Earthquakes. The direction of the plates' movements and the sizes of the faults are different as well as the sizes of tectonic plates.
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1994 Northridge Earthquake [Documentary Film]
In 1994, an earthquake hit Northridge. There was a lot of damage and CSUN was also hit hard. This documentary shows what happened at that time through interviews with professor Nate Thomas and faculty member George Johnson. It allows us to know what happened in the CSUN community, and what we should remember today.
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NPR in Turmoil After It Is Accused of Liberal Bias
In his essay, Mr. Berliner laid some of the blame at the feet of NPR's former chief executive, John Lansing, who said he was retiring at the end of last year after four years in the role. He was ...
Common App announces 2024-2025 Common App essay prompts
We are happy to announce that the Common App essay prompts will remain the same for 2024-2025. Our decision to keep these prompts unchanged is supported by past research showing that overall satisfaction with the prompts exceeded 95% across our constituent groups - students, counselors, advisors, teachers, and member colleges.
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