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History of Kannada literature: Readership Lectures

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Kannada Literature

The origin of Kannada language can be traced to the early Christian era. The earliest available work in Kannada was Kavirajamarga (c.850 A.D.) written by the Rasjtrakuta king Nripatunga. Another early work of real literary value in Kannada is Vaddaaradhana written by a Jain Sivakotyacharya around 920 A.D. Pampa was the most renowned poet of Kannada who adorned the court of the Chalukya king Arikesan II.   He authored the two great classics Adi Purana , which deals with the life of Vrishaba – the first Jain Tirthankara , and Vikramarjuna-vijaya (also called Pampa-Bharata ), which an adaptation of Vyasa’s Mahabharata into Kannada. Ponna (c.950 A.D.) was another great poet of Kannada who wrote Shanti Purana, Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya and Jinaksaramale . Ranna is credited with noteworthy works like Ajita Purana (993 A.D.) and Sahasa-Bhima-vijayam (or Gada-yuddha ). Chamundaraya condensed the Sanskrit Mahapurana of Jinasena and Gunabhadra in his Chamundaraya Purana or Trisasti-laksana-mahapurana . Nagavarman I rendered Banabhatta’s Kadambari into Kannada. Durgasimha is renowned for his rendering of the Panchatantra into Kannada in 1031AD. Ramachandracharita Purana or the Pampa Ramayana authored by Nagachandra is the earliest available Ramayana in Kannada. Dharmamrata written by Nayasena in 1117 A.D. is another noteworthy work of the period. Nagavarman II is credited with systematizing the Kannada grammar in his Karnataka-bhasa-bhusana .   He also authored a standard work in poetics called Kavyavalokama and a Kannada lexicon called Abhidhana-vastukosa .

The new religious movement propagated by Basava (c.1150 A.D.) had a tremendous impact on the Kannada literature.   Harihara (13 th  century) brought about several changes in the metre and introduced what is called the ragale metre in Kannada literature. He used this in his works Basavarajadevararagale, Nambiyannana-ragale and Pushpa-ragale .  Raghavanka introduced a new metre called satpadi and produced great works like Harishchandra-kavya , Somanathacharita and Siddharamcharita .  The other notable works of this period were Nemichandra’s Lilavati-prabandham and Neminathacharita ; Rudra Bhatta’s Jagannatha-vijaya ; Mallikarjuna’s Sukti-sudharnava , Janna’s Yasodharacharita (1209AD) and Anantanatha Purana, Kesiraja’s Sabdamani-darpana , Kumudendu’s Kumudendu Ramayana , Ratta Kavi’s Rattamata (or Ratta Sutra ), Nagaraja’s Punyasrava and Madhura’s Dharmanatha Purana . The best example of a pure Kannada work, without using any Sanskrit words, is Kabbigarakava of Andayya.

The Kannada literature received great patronage from the Vijayanagara rulers during the 14 th -16th centuries. Kumara Vyasa wrote the first ten parvans of the Mahabharata in his Kumara Vyasa Bharata or Gadugina . Another poet Camarasa wrote Prabhulingalile and Nijaguna Sivayogin attempted to compile the first encyclopedia in Kannada in his Vivekachintamani . The other important works of this period include Lakmisa’s Jaimini-Bharata , Ratnakara’s Bharatesa-vaibhava , Ratnakara-sataka, Triloka-sataka and Aparajitesvara-sataka ; Nanjundakavi’s Ramanathacharita ; Sadaksaradeva’s Rajasekharavilasa, Vrisabhendra-vijaya and Sabara-sankara-vilasa and Cikkadevaraja’s Cikkadevaraja Binnapam and Gita Gopala .  Singararya’s Mitravinda-Govinda was the first drama in Kannada.  Honnamma, Giriyamma and Celuvambi were the important women poets of this period.

Kempu Narayana and N.Lakshminarayanappa (‘Muddanna’) were the two jewels of the modern Kannada literature. Kempu Narayana wrote Mudramanjusa in 1823, which is the first historical romance written in prose in Kannada. Muddana’s memorable works include Rama-Pattabhisekha , Adhuta Ramayana and Sri Ramasvamedham . Basavappa Sastri was the pioneer in bringing European literature to Kannada by adapting Shakespeare’s Othello into Kannada. M.S.Puttana was also a renowned novelist in Kannada.  His best-known novel was Madiddunno Maharaya .

B.M.Srikanthayya (or Sri) was the pioneer of modern poetry in Kannada. He invented several new metres and translated some of the best lyrics of English poets into Kannada.  His important works are Gitegalu, Honganasuglu, Asvatthaman and Parasikaru .   The other great modern poets of Kannada include Panje Mangesa Rao, Manjeswar Govinda Pai, K.V.Puttappa (‘Kovempu’), Dattatreya Ramachandra Bendre, P.T.Narsimhachar (‘Putina’), D.V.Gundappa (‘DVG’) and Govinda Pai. DVG’s Umarana Osage, Belurina Silabalikeyaru, Sri Ramapariksanam and the great philosophical poem Manku-Timmana-kagga are some of his great works.   G.P.Rajaratnam of the Ratnana-padagalu and Nagana-padagalu fame and K.S.Narasimhaswamy of Maisuru Mallige fame are two other great stalwarts of modern Kannada poetry.

K.Sivarama Karanta, A.N.Krishna Rao, T.R.Subba Rao, Krishna Murthy Puranik, V.M.Inamdar and K.Srinivasa Rao were the pioneers of Kannada novel. Sivarama Karanta was the most outstanding novelist of Kannada literature who produced the great epic of Marali Mannige . Some other great novels in Kannada are Srinivasa’s Cennabasava Nayaka and Chikavira Rajendra ; Mirji Arjun Rao’s Nisarga ; Bhyrappa’s Vamsavriksha , Anathamurthy’s Samskara , V.K.Gokak’s Samarasave Jivana , Devudu Narasimha’s Mahabrahmana and Mahaksatriya , Puttaswamiah’s Kranti Kalyana and V.Sitarama Sastry’s Daulat and Nagarada Rani .

Masti Venkatatesa Iyengar (‘Srinivasa’) introduced the short stories into the Kannada literature.  Some of his famous short stories are The last Days of Sariputra, The Rani of Nijagal,Vasumati and Mosarina Mangamma. The other well-known short story writers in Kannada are Gorur Ramaswamy, Purnachandra Tejaswi, U.R.Anantamurthy and Gopal Krishna Rao. The well-known names among the Kannada playwrights are Garuda ( Paduka Pattabhisheka ), C.K.Venkataramiah ( Mandodari ), Srinivasa Murthy ( Nagarika and Dharmaduranta ), Sriranga ( Sanjivini, Savitri, Kelu Janamejaya ) and Sivarama Karanta ( Garbha Gudi ). P.T.Narasimhachar was the pioneer of the Kannada opera. He composed several operas including Gokula-nirgamana, Ahalya, Sabari, Harinabhi-sarana and Hamsa-Damyanti .  A.N.Murthy Rao, S.Krishna Sharma, Vamana Bhatta, M.Rama Rao and N.Prahlad Rao are some of the renowned essayists in Kannada.

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History of the Kannada Literature - I

by Dr. (Mrs) Jyotsna Kamat First Online: May 23, 2000 Last updated on : February 17, 2024

K annada is the language predominant in the state of Karnataka in India.  In this special feature at Kamat's Potpourri , Dr. Kamat who is an authority on medieval and ancient Kannada literature,  traces the history of the Kannada Language. The first of the series covers the earliest texts and determines the origins. She then covers the great Jain and Veerashaiva works. - Ed.

History of Kannada Literature Early History | Jaina Works | Medieval Kannada Vachana Literature |  Dasa Sahitya | Epics | Modern Kannada

Early History

Three Phases

For the sake of the convenient study of  Kannada language and literature, the pundits have divided the development of Kannada language into three phases; The  Old Kannada Phase, The Middle Kannada Phase, and The Modern Kannada Phase.

The verse-form being the most popular all religious texts, scientific treaties like elephant love, horse love, or science of rains, mathematic, poetic, and literature works were composed only in verse- form. India has had oral system of education through the ages and the verse form fit this system very well. The subjects were thought through chanting and reciting and great stress was laid on memorizing, oral reproduction, and application. The verse-form helped to recite easier and to memorize better!

The students of Kannada language are familiar with the eulogy of Kappe Arabhatta, a hero remembered as Kaliyuga Vipartitan.          

Good to the good, sweet to the sweet, This exceptional man of Kaliyuga Is a veritable Madhava himself (to the distressed).

Coming Soon:

• Evolution of the Kannada Language
• Literary Pearls of Kannada
• Modern Kannada Writers - a treasure house of rare portraits at Kamat's Potpourri
• History of Konkani Language
• Jyotsna Kamat's Home Page
• Jai Karnataka -- Potpourri of topics on Kannada art and culture.  

Readability Enhancement for Kannada Text Documents Through OCR

• Conference paper
• First Online: 01 November 2022
• Cite this conference paper

• U. Tejashwini 12 ,
• S. B. Rajeshwari 12 ,
• Jagadish S. Kallimani 13 &
• Rajesh Eswarawaka 14  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems ((LNNS,volume 516))

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Text documents are progressively being scanned in order to make them easier to acquire and maintain in today’s world. Although scanned papers have a better texture, they can be maintained for the generations. An optical character recognition (OCR) system converts scanned text into machine-editable characters. Professional optimization techniques for publications available in English, Japanese, Chinese, Arabic, and a few Indian characters are now widely available. Karnataka, one of India’s southern states, has Kannada as its official language. The implementation of OCR for Kannada language is presently a subject of great interest. The Kannada language has a significant set of characters, some of which are conceptually related. As a result, designing an OCR for this language is much more complex than implementing one for a language such as English. The fact that progress into building OCRs for Kannada should still be in its initial phases necessitates the creation of this research study. The objectives of this paper are to go beyond the Kannada script’s peculiarity, the challenges they provide to the recognizing, techniques mentioned in the literature, identification prediction accuracy, and a comparative with several other algorithms in depth.

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Shobha Rani N, Bipin Nair BJ, Athira MR, Prajwal ML (2021) Kannada confusing character recognition and classification using random forest and SVM. In: 2021 3rd International conference on signal processing and communication (ICPSC)

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Dutta KK, Banerjee A, Divya Rashi B, Swamy SA, Chandan R, Vaprani D (2011) Kannada character recognition using multi-class SVM method. In: 2021 11th International conference on cloud computing, data science & engineering

Rani NS, Subramani AC, Akshay Kumar P, Pushpa BR (2020) Deep learning network architecture based Kannada handwritten character recognition. In: Second international conference on inventive research in computing applications (ICIRCA-2020) IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20N67-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-5374-2

Fernandes R, Rodrigues AP (2019) Kannada handwritten script recognition using machine learning techniques. 78-1-7281-3735-3/19/$31.00 ©2019. IEEE

Swetha S, Chinmayi PS, Mamatha HR (2019) Line segmentation of handwritten Kannada documents. In: 10th ICCCNT 2019, 6–8 July, 2019, IIT-Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Joe KG, Savit M, Chandrasekaran K (2019) Offline character recognition on segmented handwritten Kannada characters. In: 2019 Global conference for advancement in technology (GCAT), Bangalore, India, 18–20 Oct, 2019

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Vinod HC, Niranjan SK (2018) Binarization and segmentation of Kannada handwritten document images. 978-1-5386-5657-0/18/$31.00 © 2018. IEEE

Pardeshi R, Hangarge M, Doddamani S, Santosh KC (2016) Handwritten and machine printed text separation from Kannada document image. In: IEEE 2016 10th international conference on intelligent systems and control (ISCO), Coimbatore, India

Padma MC, Pasha S (2015) Feature extraction of handwritten Kannada characters using curvelets and principal component analysis. 78-1-4799-8339-1/15/$31.00 ©2015. IEEE

Sah RK, Indira K (2017) Online Kannada character recognition using SVM classifier. In: International conference on computational intelligence and computing research

Pereira NA, Rao P, Kallianpur AK, Srinivasa KG (2017) Discrete artificial bee colony algorithm based optical character recognition. IEEE

Rajput GG, Baburao S (2017) Script identification from handwritten documents using SIFT method. In: Proceedings of ICPCSI 2017

Sushma A, Veena GS (2016) Kannada handwritten word conversion to electronic textual format using HMM model. In: International conference on computational systems and information systems for sustainable solutions

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Department of Information Science and Engineering, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

U. Tejashwini & S. B. Rajeshwari

Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Jagadish S. Kallimani

Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, AMC Engineering College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Rajesh Eswarawaka

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Correspondence to Jagadish S. Kallimani .

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Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia

ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

Shyam Akashe

Global Knowledge Research Foundation, Ahmedabad, India

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Tejashwini, U., Rajeshwari, S.B., Kallimani, J.S., Eswarawaka, R. (2023). Readability Enhancement for Kannada Text Documents Through OCR. In: Tuba, M., Akashe, S., Joshi, A. (eds) ICT Systems and Sustainability. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 516. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5221-0_14

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5221-0_14

Published : 01 November 2022

Publisher Name : Springer, Singapore

Print ISBN : 978-981-19-5220-3

Online ISBN : 978-981-19-5221-0

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Kannada literature

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Vidwan-ID : 335217

Dr nagabhushana c..

Bangalore University

Publications 1992 - 2022

Journal articles, --> google scholar, co-author network, co-author - 1, dr c. nagabhushana kannada classical literature, epigraphy, textual criticism and manuscriptology, kannada metre, kannada computer balake.

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Gulbarga University

Senior Lecturer

Qualification.

Centre for kannada studies

Centre for Kannada Studies

R. F. Kittal has been honored with the Memorial Researchconsidering the research I have conducted in the field of Kannada literature and cultureer Award.

Mico Kannada Balaga, a cultural and social organization of Bosch Institute, Bangalore,

Jarganahallisiddhammanjundappasaranadhattiprasasticonsideration of my research in the field of Sarana literature and culture.

Akhil Bharat Sarana Sahitya Parishad, Mysore

Vidya Shankara Award and Puraskara Pradhan

Dr. S. Vidya Shankara Cultural Foundation , Bangalore

SharanUrilingapeddisahityashri award in recognition of my research on Sharansahitya in Social Harmony First Literary Conference organized on March 2018.

Urilingapeddi Cultural Sahityavedike of Belur, Basavakalyana taluk of Bidar district

2008 Karnataka Rajyotsava Award, certificate and cash of Rs.5000, awarded by Gulabarga University to authors from Hyderabad Karnataka region, for my research book “Sahitya, Samskruthi, Anveshane'' published in 2007.

Gulbarga University, Gulbarga

2008 publication of my ``Veerashaiva Sahitya: Kelavu Olanotagalu'' with the prestigious Halakatti Sri Award

Mahalingpura Vachana Pithamaha Dr. Ph. Gu. Halakatti National Trust, Mahalingapura

research book 'Tontada Siddhalingeshwaru' published in 2006 has received the Pampamasharanegowdavirupapura endowment award of the Kannada Sahitya Parishad.

Kannada Sahitya Parishat, bangalore

Research book 'Alandeya ekantharamayya' published in 2004 has received Pampamma Sharanegowda Virupapura Endowment Award of Kannada Sahitya Parishad.

Kannada sahityaparishat, Bangalore

year award given by Raichur district administration on Karnataka Rajyotsava was in 2002 for my research book ‘Sahitya Samskruti Hudukata’.

Raichur District Administration, Raichur

20,000=00 in cash and a plaque, the prestigious Kavyananda Puraskar Award of Karnataka for my research book on ‘Sahitya Samskruthi Hudukata

Kannada sahitya samvardhaka Trust, Bangalore

Granthaprasasti'' named after the famous Joladarashi Doddanna Gowda of Kannada for works written on Veerashaiva literary culture,

Joladarashi Doddanna Gowda Trust, Bellary Dist

Karnataka Rajyotsava Award given by Gulabarga University

Gulabarga University

Doctoral Theses Guided

Kolara jilleya vaalmika nayakara samajo samcrutica adhyayana (a socio-cultural study of valmiki leaders of kolar district community studies).

Savithri D., Bangalore University

Jaraganahalli Shivashankara avara jeevana mattu saahitya (Life and Literature of JarganahalliSivasankar

Veerabdhrayya Hiremath, Bangalore University

Kannada vidvat parampre mattu T. N.Sreekantaiah (Kannada Scholarly Heritage and T. N. Srikanthaiah)

Mahesha B., Bangalore University

Prachina mattu Adhunika pramukha vachanakaarara vibhinna niluvugalu ondu adhyayana (A study of the different positions of ancient and modern major Vachanakaras) Study based on experience, sociology, rationality, semantics, practicality

Shivaraju S., Bangalore University

Tontada Siddalingayatigalannu kurita Sangatyagalu mattu Laghukrutigalu (Small Books and Elegies on the Tontada Siddhalingayati: A Comparative Study ) Study on the Vachanas Siddhalingayatis who Preserved the Vachana-Literature-Culture through the Second Stage Vachanas and Their Disciples

Naghavendra Swamy Chidaravalli, Bangalore University

Kannada VidwatParamparae and L. Basavaraju (Study on Famous Literary Editors and Researchers of Kannada Country)

Prakasha, Bangalore University

Krishnadevarayana Shasanagalu bahumukhi adhyayana (Inscriptions: A Multifaceted Study) Cultural Study of Krishnadevaraya kalada Inscriptions

Gayatri Devi, Bangalore University

Tumakuru jilleya Adhunika poorva kalada kannada kavigalu mattu krutigalu adhyayana ( A Study of Pre-Modern Kannada Poets and Books of KalpataruNadu (Tumkur District) Study on the Features of Literary books of Ancient Poets of Tumkur District who contributed to the expansion of Kannada Literary History)

Radha K.M, Bangalore University

Samscrutika nelegattina hinneleyalli kodagina Aachara vicharagalu (Ritual Ideas of Kodagu in the Background of Cultural Settlement) Study on Different Practices of the Culture of Kodagu, a Multicultural Settlement

Geetha A.C., Bangalore University

Prouadha devarayana kalada shasanagala samagraga ahdyayana

Ramesha A.B, Bangalore University

Kannada sahitya samcruti haagu S.Shivanna (Kannada Literature, Culture, Research and S. Shivanna)A study of kannada unknown modern research scholar)

Shilavanta Sanjeevakumara, Bangalore University

Kannada vidwat parampara mattu D.L.Narasimhachar (Kannada Scholarly Heritage and D.L. Narasimhachar) Study on Famous Researchers of Kannada

Raveendra, Bangalore University

Shantalingadeshikana Bhairveswara Kavyada Kathamani Sutraratnakar : Samagra Adhyayana

Somashekara vaali , Gulbarga University

Haridas Parampareyalli Shri Gurujagannathadasaru, (Sri Guru Jagannathdas in Haridasa's legacy) Study of the Second Phase of Dasa Literature

Madhavi B. , Gulbarga University

Mudagallu : Ondu Samscrutika Adhyayana (Mudagallu: A Cultural Study) Historical and Cultural Study

Mahadevappa, Centre for kannada studies GUG

Kannada Vidvat Parampre mattu N.Basavaradhya,

HanumantaRaaya, Gulbarga University

Kannada Nadinalli Mahanavamiya Acharane” (Mahanavami celebrations in Kannada) Study of Philosophical Theory of Mahanavami Ritual in Different Parts of Kannada land.

Virupana Gowda , Gulbarga University

“Pandit Taranatharu Samajo – Shaiksanika Adhyayana, (Pandit Taranath: A Socio-Educational Study) (Socio-Educational Study of Hyderabad Karnataka)

Siddalingappa Patil , Centre for kannada Studies

Membership In Professional Bodies

National book trust book fair, new delhi, b.m. shri. foundation, bangalore.

Life Member

Basava Samithi, Bangalore

Kannada sahitya parishat, karnataka itihasa academy, bangalore, membership in committees, appointed as a member of the selection committee of the cas graduate level of kannada professor in the department of comparative dravidian literature and translation studies, dravida university, kuppam and participated in the review meeting as a subject expert..

Subject Expert, Kannada

Appointed as a member of the selection committee of the CAS promotion category of Associate Professors, Department of Kannada, Kuvempu University, Shankara ghatta

Participated in the selection board meeting as a subject matter expert as a member of the selection committee for cas promotion grade of kannada professors in the department of karnataka open university, mysore., membership of honorary doctoral degree selection committee of ranichennamma university, belgaum.

Member,representative of the Governor of Karnataka Government.

Membership of Honorary Doctoral Degree Selection Committee of Kannada University, Hampi.

Membership of honorary doctoral degree selection committee of kuvempu university, shankaraghatta., membership of honorary doctoral degree selection committee of srikrishna deva raya university, vijayanagara, bellary, membership of honorary doctoral degree selection committee of gulbarga university, kalaburgi, participated as subject expert in the virtual interview meeting appointed as a member of the selection committee of the cas graduate level of kannada professors in the department of kannada studies, university of mumbai., membership of honorary doctoral degree selection committee of universities:, • appointed as a member of the selection committee of the cas promotion category of associate professors, department of kannada, university of madras, chennai, appointed as a member of selection committee for cas promotion of kannada professors in tumkur university department and participated as a subject expert in the review meeting., member of the selection committee for the appointment of kannada professor and associate professor in the department of classical kannada studies of belagavi rani chenna university, subject expert appointed under cas as a member of the selection committee of assistant professors in the department of kannada language and translation studies, dravidian university, kuppam..

Subject Expert Kannada

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Kannada hastapratigala pushpikegalalu: historical, cultural, literary and linguistic study, funding agency : bangalore university.

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• 2022 - 2023

Publications (52)

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• Year : Newest
• Publication Title : Ascending
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• Publication Type : Ascending
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• Citation Count: Lower to Higher
• Citation Count: Higher to Lower
• Year : Asc to Desc && Citation Count: Lower to Higher
• Year : Asc to Desc && Citation Count: Higher to Lower
• Year : Desc to Asc && Citation Count: Lower to Higher
• Year : Desc to Asc && Citation Count: Higher to Lower