role of pharmacist in disaster management pdf assignment

INNOVATIONS in pharmacy

Vol. 12 No. 4 (2021)

Pharmacy Practice & Practice-Based Research

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License .

Role of Pharmacist in Disaster Management: A Quantitative Content Analysis Approach

Muhammad Ahmer Raza

The University of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

Shireen Aziz

School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China

Misbah Noreen

Shahid Masood Raza

Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v12i4.4359

Keywords: Pharmacist, natural disasters, disaster management

Background: Little attention has been given to characterizing the roles of pharmacists in disasters even though the importance of pharmacists’ involvement is widely acknowledged.

Objective: We amid to review a broad range of pharmacists roles in disasters and their response by numerous reports in the literature.

Method: A quantitative content analysis technique was used to gather data consisting of words and phrases from literature regarding pharmacists’ roles and their response in disasters.

Results: A total of 106 reports were reviewed and screened based on titles and abstracts. Of these, only 20 studies were determined to meet the eligibility criteria for discussion. A total of 7 natural disasters (pandemics, tornadoes, fires, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes and storms) were found in the literature. Roles were classified using the Setlak classification scheme, which includes descriptors such as pharmaceutical supply, patient management, policy coordination, and response integration. Pharmaceutical supply was remains the pharmacists’ preferred role.

Conclusion: It is evident from the literature that pharmacists are uniquely positioned during disasters to provide healthcare continuity and medication.

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Pharmacist's role in disaster management

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Workshop development and description, research priorities relevant to pharmacy practice, practice-based research opportunities, disclosures.

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The pharmacist’s role in disaster research response

Article contents
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Christopher J Edwards, Aubrey Miller, J Perren Cobb, Brian L Erstad, The pharmacist’s role in disaster research response, American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy , Volume 77, Issue 13, 1 July 2020, Pages 1054–1059, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxaa093

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The need for high-quality research during disaster responses has been well described in the literature, and such research is supported by efforts at the federal level through the National Institutes of Health Disaster Research Response (DR2) Program. This article describes the fourth DR2 workshop with a specific focus on opportunities for pharmacists to get involved with disaster research efforts.

Pharmacists have historically played a significant role in disaster planning and response, and there are a number of opportunities for pharmacists to bring their unique perspective, positioning, and skills to disaster research response (ie, onsite and other research on the medical and public health aspects of disasters and public health emergencies). In February 2019, the fourth DR2 workshop was held in Tucson, AZ, in conjunction with the University of Arizona College of Medicine–Tucson, the university’s Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, and the university’s Bio5 Institute to explore clinical and population-based research in a simulated disaster setting. This article describes the workshop and discusses several opportunities for pharmacists to design, lead, and support research efforts during disaster scenarios through involvement in research areas including clinical, operational, educational, and logistic aspects of pharmacy practice.

Due to their positioning throughout health systems, unique perspective, training, and skills, pharmacists are uniquely situated to play an important role in disaster research response.

Organized research efforts can facilitate improved understanding of issues related to the medication-use process during disaster response.

Publicly available resources developed by the National Institutes of Health can facilitate rapid development of research protocols and tools for researchers to perform research in the setting of a disaster.

There are several opportunities for pharmacists to participate in the development and implementation of research related to disaster response.

One common feature among disaster responders, including pharmacists, is a limited understanding of the short- and long-term effects of the disaster on individuals, communities, and health systems. The need for high-quality research on the health impact of disasters was first described in 1976 when Lechat called on researchers to study the “epidemiology of disasters.” 1 Since that time, disaster research has continued to evolve, yet the need for improved research mechanisms persists. In 2013, Nicole Lurie, MD, who at the time was assistant secretary for preparedness and response at the United States Department of Health and Human Services, wrote that recent disasters had “underscored a persistent need to be better prepared to resolve important research questions in the context of a public health emergency.” 2 This article describes a recent disaster research response workshop where several opportunities for pharmacists to advance disaster research response were identified and discussed. These opportunities are further explored in the second half of the article.

In the United States of America, efforts to develop improved capabilities for disaster research are being led at the federal level by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the National Library of Medicine (NLM), both part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). These efforts are centered in the NIH Disaster Research Response (DR2) Program and include the creation and distribution of data collection tools, generic prereviewed and prepositioned study protocols and questionnaires, institutional review board (IRB) guidance, and training materials that can be rapidly customized and implemented in disaster settings. The DR2 program is also committed to developing a network of research personnel, subject matter experts, investigators, and support infrastructure that can be rapidly deployed in a disaster setting. 3 As part of these efforts, the DR2 program works with partners at the local, state, and regional levels to host periodic disaster-based scenario training workshops that provide the opportunity for key stakeholders to build capacity for research and work through the many challenges facing communities when performing research related to a specific public health disaster scenario.

In February 2019, the fourth workshop was held in Tucson, AZ, in conjunction with University of Arizona College of Medicine–Tucson, the university’s Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, and the university’s Bio5 Institute. This workshop focused on both clinical and population data needs for research following a simulated public health emergency. The goals of this article are to (1) briefly describe the workshop and (2) present a discussion of research opportunities for pharmacists related to disaster preparedness identified during the workshop.

The scenario selected for the workshop centered around a train derailment in the Tucson railyard that was complicated by an explosion leading to the environmental release of 2 toxins: a large plume of chlorine gas and the organophosphate insecticide malathion. The following sections will describe the steps taken to prepare for the workshop and the events that transpired during the workshop.

Preparation for the workshop.

Several months before the workshop was scheduled, leaders from NIH and NIEHS initiated efforts to recruit 2 working groups consisting of key stakeholders at the local, state, regional, and national levels: a clinical research working group and a population and community research working group. Both working groups were tasked with identifying, developing, and prioritizing specific discussions, presentations, and demonstrations relevant to their practice areas in preparation for the workshop.

The clinical research working group was focused on determining how local healthcare infrastructure could be utilized to collect data and perform research. The group explored the types of clinical data available to help a researcher understand which patients are impacted by a disaster as well as the nature of patients’ health conditions and their treatments and clinical courses. The group also discussed the processes needed to effectively design, implement, and evaluate disaster response activities. Members of the clinical research working group included representatives from local hospitals; the regional poison control center; the University of Arizona’s colleges of medicine, pharmacy, and public health; NIH and NIEHS; the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA); and other experts in the field of disaster response research.

The population health working group was focused on how public health, academic researchers, the community, and other stakeholders can come together to understand the longer-term health and mental health impacts of a disaster on area residents and workers. This working group consisted of representatives from local communities, Native American tribal leaders, local emergency management experts, and the leaderships of local fire department and law enforcement agencies, as well as representatives from the university’s colleges of medicine and public health, NIH, NIEHS, and other experts.

In an effort coordinated by the NIEHS representatives, these 2 groups developed and prioritized specific goals, objectives, and products for inclusion in the workshop, including the development of 2 research protocols that were evaluated by the University of Arizona IRB in a mock IRB session that occurred during the workshop. These protocols and related study materials, such as questionnaires and informed consent documents, were developed by adapting existing materials, including the Rapid Acquisition of Pre- and Post-Incident Disaster Data (RAPIDD) protocol available on NIH’s DR2 website. 4 This workshop enabled the would-be researchers of such an event to work through the process of modifying preexisting protocols and tools to develop applicable study protocols. The NIEHS representatives also helped ensure that the efforts were focused on actual populations and infrastructure relevant to Tucson stakeholders and the local community. In addition, the working groups reviewed the lists of invited participants to ensure local stakeholders were included during the planning phase and invited to speak and attend.

Description of the workshop.

One day before the workshop, a mock meeting of the IRB was convened to evaluate the adapted RAPIDD protocol and the Tucson Rail Accident and Chemical Exposure (TRACE) study protocol developed prior to the workshop. The RAPIDD protocol was used to evaluate the impact of the disaster on the broader community by allowing for the development of a registry of community members and first responders in close proximity to the disaster area. The TRACE study protocol proposed a study to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of treatments used for malathion poisoning in the resource-limited setting of a disaster. During the mock IRB session, the IRB evaluated both protocols, discussed special considerations for human subjects protection in the conduct of disaster research, and provided stipulations requiring only a few minor modifications prior to approval of both protocols. 5 Working closely with the IRB throughout the process enabled the disaster researchers to swiftly obtain institutional review and authorization to perform research in the setting of a disaster. In the setting of a true disaster scenario, specific protocols would have to be prepared, submitted, evaluated, and approved before research could commence. Workshop participants recognized the clear benefit of discussing these topics prior to an actual event to improve expertise, communication, and review coordination.

The 2-day workshop was attended by a variety of stakeholders from the community as well as representatives of academia, community healthcare facilities, regional and state agencies involved with disaster response, and partners from federal agencies, including NIEHS, NLM, and FDA. The goal of the workshop was to work through a variety of acute, intermediate, and long-term considerations related to research in the setting of the specified disaster scenario: a train derailment with an explosion and subsequent release of chlorine gas and malathion. On the first day of the workshop, the scenario was described to everyone in attendance, approximately 100 participants. This description included specific numbers of affected individuals presenting to local healthcare facilities at various points in time after the incident, culminating in 16 deaths and 200 hospitalizations. Through several panel discussions with subject matter experts, participants in the workshop discussed issues related to disaster management, acute management of patients, stresses on the local health system, issues related to information flow during a disaster situation, novel approaches to data sharing during a disaster response, and ethical considerations in conducting research in a disaster setting. 6 As the scenario progressed through time, workshop participants discussed challenges and opportunities relating to cleanup efforts, reintegration of evacuated and displaced people back into their communities, and continued testing of environmental samples to monitor risks of exposure and to verify successful cleanup efforts. The scenario timeline continued to 60 days after the event, allowing participants to discuss matters related to data collection, long-term recovery, and community resilience. The second day of the workshop was largely focused on understanding how a disaster such as the one described in the scenario would impact the local community in the acute, intermediate, and long-term phases of response and recovery. Each of these discussions presented exciting and important opportunities to engage pharmacy personnel.

The discussions raised during the workshop led to the evaluation of research priorities for pharmacists already working in disaster preparedness and opportunities for other pharmacists to participate in disaster-based research ( Table 1 ). A broader discussion of these opportunities, including how pharmacists can engage in epidemiological, outcomes-focused, logistical, and practice-based disaster research, is presented below.

Research Opportunities for Pharmacists in Disaster Response Research

Epidemiology of disasters.

During the acute phase of a disaster response, understanding the scope of the disaster is crucial to anticipating the needs of the community and a local health system. Early estimates of the number of people affected by a disaster are useful for mobilizing resources to the area. For pharmacists, having an accurate assessment of the number of affected individuals, the conditions and symptoms of each, and the number and locations of displaced people can help ensure the right medications are available and accessible in a timely manner. If these evaluations are done in a systematic fashion as part of a broader research effort, the findings can be used to build and publish models that improve the prompt and accurate distribution and delivery of medications. Tools such as the RAPIDD protocol can be deployed quickly to develop protocols and tools to facilitate this systematic approach to data collection. These resources can also be used to quickly prepare documents for IRB review, allowing for prompt authorization to proceed with research, particularly if the local IRB has previously engaged with the disaster research team. Describing the epidemiological impact of a specific disaster may allow responders to more accurately anticipate the needs of their community if a similar situation were to be encountered elsewhere.

Outcomes and response to therapy.

Depending on the specific scenario, multiple potential treatment options may be available to disaster victims. The decision to choose one treatment modality over another may be driven by the availability of resources, provider preference, acuity of symptom presentation, and a variety of other factors. If IRB approval can be obtained expeditiously, identifying patients who received treatment and prospectively collecting information about agent selection, dosing, administration timing relative to exposure, adverse effects, and short-term outcomes can help clinicians track early responses to therapy during the disaster. This work would allow researchers and clinicians to better determine the safety and efficacy of medical countermeasures and can facilitate improved clinical decision making and patient treatment during a disaster. If prospective evaluation is not feasible, retrospective evaluation of these outcomes should be undertaken. Formal evaluation and publication of short-term outcomes following a disaster can be useful to future clinicians faced with similar circumstances. In addition, if patients can be “consented” and enrolled in a cohort for long-term follow-up, researchers can prospectively evaluate these patients at future time points to assess the impact of exposure and treatment variations with respect to long-term outcomes, further improving future treatment strategies employed under similar circumstances.

Logistics and medication utilization.

Tracking, documenting, and publishing information regarding the quantities of antidotes and other medications used during a disaster, particularly in conjunction with epidemiological data regarding the number of patients impacted, can be useful in helping others plan for drug utilization during similar crises. There are published antidote stocking guidelines for the emergency care of patients exposed to various xenobiotics; however, these guidelines are focused on routine care and do not address disaster scenarios. 7 Currently, there are no formal guidance statements from professional organizations or the Joint Commission regarding recommended par levels for hospitals to maintain in preparation for local disasters. 8

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) statement on the role of pharmacists in emergency preparedness recommends stockpiling medications in preparation for disaster scenarios only as part of a regional coordinated plan. 9 The American College of Chest Physicians echoes this recommendation, emphasizing that coordinated stockpiling allows for uniformity of response capabilities and facilitates exchange between facilities. 10 A recent survey found that only 27% of hospital directors felt that their emergency preparedness plan was adequate to ensure proper continued treatment of hospitalized patients. 11 Better describing medication utilization in specific disaster settings may allow for improved coordination as local and regional plans are developed.

Purposeful evaluation and logistical modeling of critical stock movement to the impacted area during a disaster may allow for improved supply and personnel movement, particularly during disasters resulting in compromised transport infrastructure. These models should consider supply chain disruptions due to inaccessibility of major roadways, railways, airports, and other transport-related infrastructure. Understanding the impact of disasters on existing infrastructure can help identify potential modes of failure as well as opportunities for points of distribution. One example of such research from the literature is a description of the impact of Hurricane Sandy on community pharmacies in New York City. 12 While this type of research may be difficult to perform at the institutional level, the overlap between pharmacy supply logistics and predictive analytical modeling systems currently being developed in the field of systems and industrial engineering present an exciting opportunity for collaboration on future research.

Innovative software solutions may also play a role in assisting pharmacy staff involved with supply chain management through real-time monitoring of drug utilization patterns, medication availability and location, and inventory throughput. 13 Enhanced understanding of supply chain logistics during disaster events can lead to improvements in existing software and the creation of innovative solutions.

When healthcare resource utilization exceeds a local health system’s conventional capacity because of a disaster, certain adaptations will be required, including the use of space, personnel, and supplies that are not typically used during standard care. 14 Pharmaceutical supplies are likely to be used more rapidly when caring for more patients than are typically seen during standard care, and there are published recommendations to help institutions prepare for the impact of these surges. 15 Specific pharmaceutical recommendations include developing rules for medication substitution, rules for safe dose or frequency reduction, rules for medication restriction, and guidelines for extending medication shelf life. 15 The implementation of any of these modifications in the setting of a disaster presents a meaningful opportunity for assessing the impact of necessary deviations from the standard of care.

Evaluation of pharmacist roles and performance in disaster response.

During a disaster, pharmacists may be asked to complete tasks and serve in roles that may not typically be part of their standard duties, including but not limited to triage, authorization of emergency refills, and exercise of limited prescribing authority. 16-18 As necessity breeds innovation, these innovative practices should be purposefully evaluated to determine the outcomes associated with expanded roles. Such research may help to guide future disaster planning groups regarding the most effective deployment of pharmacy personnel during a disaster.

Communication issues, disruption of regular chains of command, and deviations from standard operating procedures are all common during disaster response, and these have been noted as challenges for pharmacists serving in a response capacity. 19 , 20 Formal, systematic evaluation using surveys or other tools may help to identify common challenges faced by pharmacists responding to disasters. Identifying these challenges may allow the future development of better-informed pharmacist-specific training programs and disaster plans. Evaluating the effectiveness of such training programs in preparing pharmacists to respond to disasters would provide a feedback mechanism to improve educational efforts.

A plethora of opportunities for pharmacists to be involved with disaster research exist. As the most accessible healthcare providers, community pharmacists can help screen disaster victims and triage them to appropriate resources. For example, the DR2 workshop scenario described above considered patients experiencing mild to moderate toxicities from chlorine gas and malathion exposures who might present to their community pharmacy before seeking care via other venues. Community pharmacists in this scenario would play a crucial role in identifying potential disaster victims and referring them to the local poison control center, hospital, or other community resources as appropriate depending on the level of acuity. Similar strategies for use of community pharmacists as resources for information or intervention during disasters have been described in the literature. 21 , 22 If integrated into local emergency planning committees and properly trained, community pharmacists could also be involved with disaster research as a first point of contact to assist with the development of a registry of impacted community members.

Pharmacists practicing in poison control centers could also help to build a registry of disaster victims and to consent and enroll patients into a study cohort. There are many advantages to this approach, including a much smaller pool of pharmacists who require training on study-related procedures, the use of a centralized database for collecting information on potential study subjects on a regional level, and a referral system that could be used for both clinical care and research purposes. Poison control centers would also likely be aware of exposed patients admitted to local hospitals with more severe symptoms. Pharmacists working in poison control centers are in a unique position to play a central role in disaster-related research activities; however, they may encounter certain barriers when trying to obtain authorization from an IRB to perform research at all institutions for which they provide services.

Pharmacists practicing in the inpatient setting can help to identify exposures and ensure that patients are approached by researchers for inclusion in a potential registry or cohort. In addition, pharmacists working in the inpatient setting can perform initial screening, assist in data collection, and obtain informed consent from patients who meet inclusion criteria for any ongoing projects. Pharmacists involved with supply chain management can look for opportunities to intentionally dissect and disseminate the information and lessons learned about logistical challenges encountered during disaster scenarios.

Given their knowledge and flexibility, pharmacy students and faculty can fulfill numerous roles during a disaster response. 23 Faculty from local colleges of pharmacy could take an active role in developing and performing disaster-related research. Pharmacy students, with appropriate training and supervision, could assist with outreach efforts, survey design and administration, obtaining consent, data collection, and other research-related tasks. Inclusion of disaster training in pharmacy curricula can help prepare the workforce for nontraditional pharmacist roles and better prepare communities to prepare for, respond to, recover from, and mitigate the impacts of disasters. 18

Finally, pharmacists bring a unique perspective to the design of research protocols, methods of data collection, and to the development of research questions. Pharmacists with an interest in this area should pursue opportunities to collaborate, support, and lead research efforts during all phases of the disaster management cycle (preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation). Involvement and discussion with leaders of local and state health departments, colleges of public health, and other organizations involved in disaster management and response may provide an opportunity for pharmacists to identify research collaborators. In addition, state and federal funding opportunities may be available to facilitate research efforts related to disaster preparedness and response.

While the field of disaster research continues to evolve, there are a number of exciting possibilities for pharmacists to get involved. Pharmacists with an interest in disaster planning, management, and research should seek out opportunities for collaboration with local, state, and federal partners in order to ensure that the pharmacist’s perspective is included in preparedness exercises and plans drafted in preparation for disaster scenarios. As members of the emergency preparedness and response enterprise, pharmacists can help move research initiatives forward in order to better develop the body of evidence pertaining to disaster response.

The authors have declared no potential conflicts of interest.

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COMMENTS

Role of Pharmacist in Disaster Management: A Quantitative Content Analysis Approach
A broad range of pharmacist roles in disaster is described by numerous reports in the literature and organized according to a scheme described by Setlak (2004) : pharmaceutical supply, patient management, response integration, and policy coordination. Table 3 shows the summary of pharmacist roles in disaster management. Pharmaceutical supply ...
(PDF) Role of Pharmacist in Disaster Management: A Quantitative Content
coordination. Table 3 shows the summary of pharmacist roles. in disaster management. Pharmaceutical supply (4 4%), patient. management (20%), respons e integration (15%) and policy. coordination ...
(PDF) Role of Pharmacist in Disaster Management: A Quantitative Content
A broad range of pharmacist roles in disaster is described by numerous reports in the literature and organized according to a scheme described by Setlak (2004)[11]: pharmaceutical supply, patient management, response integration, and policy coordination. Table 3 shows the summary of pharmacist roles in disaster management.
(PDF) Medical Preparedness and Response Aspect: Role of Pharmacists in
Pharmacists play a pivotal role of clinical to managerial aspects in disaster management, 1 where they get involved in devising the hazard relief strategies as preventive measures in the pre ...
Defining pharmacists' roles in disasters: A Delphi study
Of the 46 roles provided to the expert panel, 43 roles were accepted as roles pharmacists are capable of undertaking in a disaster. There were five roles for the prevention phase, nine for the preparedness phase, 21 for the response phase, and eight for the recovery phase. The experts were asked to prioritise the top five roles for each of the ...
PDF Multiple Roles of Pharmacists in Disaster Management
This article defines the pharmacist's role during a disaster and provides examples of how pharmacists can contribute to disaster readiness in different settings. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management has published an article titled Development of pharmacy emergency management guidelines. This article describes the process and outcomes of
Role of Pharmacist in Disaster Management: A ...
Method: A quantitative content analysis technique was used to gather data consisting of words and phrases from literature regarding pharmacists' roles and their response in disasters. Results: A ...
PDF Medical Preparedness and Response Aspect: Role of Pharmacists in
in disaster management activities, especially in low- and middle-income countries.2 The inclusion of medical preparedness and response activities incurricula,experimentaltraining,andtheconcreteframework of legal authority will enable the pharmacists to practice disaster management. Though pharmacists are an integral part of the dis-
Role of Pharmacist in Disaster Management: A Quantitative Content
Table 3 shows the summary of pharmacist roles in disaster management. Pharmaceutical supply (44%), patient management (20%), response integration (15%) and policy coordination (13%) remained the pharmacists' preferred role. Bar-chart with goodness-of-fit analysis of the weighted counts suggests very significant differences between pharmaceutical
Defining Roles for Pharmacy Personnel in Disaster Response and
In 2006, the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) issued a Statement of Professional Standards regarding the role of the pharmacist in responding to crises, including pandemics and manmade or natural disasters. 1 This document notes the many ways that pharmacy personnel can work to mitigate harm following an emergency event. It also specifies additional actions that should be taken to ...
Role of Pharmacist in Disaster Management: A Quantitative Content
Abstract. Background: Little attention has been given to characterizing the roles of pharmacists in disasters even though the importance of pharmacists' involvement is widely acknowledged. Objective: We amid to review a broad range of pharmacists roles in disasters and their response by numerous reports in the literature. Method: A quantitative content analysis technique was used to gather ...
PDF Pharmacists in Disasters Joseph Heath Ford Abstract
particularly in the pharmacy community, where pharmacist role delineation has been a subject of discussion since the 1990 practice shift introduced by Hepler and Strand. Although practice reports describe how pharmacists have responded to disaster, no report to date has inferred characteristics regarding pharmacists' roles and disasters. Thus ...
(PDF) Pharmacist's role in disaster management
Over the past 50 years, the role of pharmacists has evolved along with the health care needs of our population. In addition to dispensing medications and ensuring patient safety, today's pharmacists are taking a larger role as medical counselors, educators and advocates. They are integral part of the health care team, and are among the most ...
(PDF) The Roles of Pharmacists in Disaster Health Management in Natural
The Roles of Pharmacists in Disaster Health Management in Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters. February 2019. DOI: 10.5204/thesis.eprints.130757. Thesis for: Doctoral degree. Advisor: Lisa M ...
Disaster preparedness amongst pharmacists and pharmacy students: a
Despite this, the pharmacy profession is poorly incorporated into disaster management, causing a critical gap in healthcare response in the aftermath of a disaster. It is highly recommended that policies that target and encourage the preparedness of the pharmacy profession and their involvement in disaster management and planning are developed.
Role of Pharmacist in Disaster Management: A Quantitative Content
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Role of Pharmacist in Disaster Management: Social Pharmacy Practical
Pharmacists play a crucial role in disaster management by providing essential medications and medical supplies to those affected by a disaster. They also help to ensure that people receive the right medications and dosages, particularly in emergency situations where access to medical records may be limited. Additionally, pharmacists can provide ...
The pharmacist's role in disaster research response
Pharmacists have historically played a significant role in disaster planning and response, and there are a number of opportunities for pharmacists to bring their unique perspective, positioning, and skills to disaster research response (ie, onsite and other research on the medical and public health aspects of disasters and public health emergencies).
FIP STATEMENT OF POLICY
Role of the pharmacist in disaster management 2/3 supplies and their effects is determined by the type and severity of the disaster and by the role of the pharmacy services. It is important that all pharmacists' workplaces have a risk assessment and management plan so that, in the event of a disaster, the impact on the pharmacy