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Essay Paper UPSC 2023 (Mains) Question Paper and Analysis

Last updated on September 27, 2023 by ClearIAS Team

UPSC conducted the Civil Service Mains exam for essay paper on 15 September 2023.

The CSE mains essay paper comprises two sections. Each section contains 4 essay topics. Out of which 2 topics of choice from each section need to be picked.

Candidates were supposed to answer about 1000-1200 words for each essay.

Table of Contents

UPSC CSE Essay Paper 2023 Instructions

General instructions mentioned on the essay paper, that need to be followed by every aspirant are provided here.

• Total Marks: 250 marks, Time duration: 3 hours.
• The essay must be written in the medium authorized in the admission certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this question-cum-answer (QCA) booklet in the space provided.
• No marks will be given for answers written in a medium other than the authorized one.
• Word limit, as specified, should be adhered to.
• Any page or portion of the page left blank, must be struck off clearly.

Essay Question Paper: UPSC Civil Services Main Exam (Written) 2023

The question paper of the UPSC CSE mains essay paper is provided here.

Write  two  essays, choosing  one  topic from each of the following Sections A and B, in about 1000-1200 words each:

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1: Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team.

2: Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic.

3: Not all who wander are lost.

4: Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane.

5: Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands- two equally harmful disciplines.

6: Mathematics is the music of reasons.

7: A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity.

8: Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.

UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2023: Exam Analysis

The essay topics for the UPSC Civil Services Main Exam in 2023 were intellectually demanding and philosophical in nature.

They required candidates to engage in deep critical thinking and present their thoughts logically.

All the questions in this year’s paper aimed at assessing the candidates’ ability to handle abstract concepts and express their ideas effectively in a structured manner.

This year’s essay topics look like that UPSC has taken inspiration from a wide range of sources, including philosophical and literary works.

Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team

This topic seems to revolve around the idea that critical thinking often emerges in response to opposing viewpoints or challenges.

Candidates may have been asked to explore how the clash of ideas leads to innovation and progress.

Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic.

This famous saying belongs to Paul O’Brien.

This statement likely prompted candidates to discuss the balance between intuition and rationality in making important decisions.

It encourages a reflection on the role of both factors in effective leadership and problem-solving

Not all who wander are lost

This saying belongs to J.R.R. Tolkien,  The Fellowship of the Ring.

The topic expected from candidates to think about how exploring and being spontaneous in life’s journey can be really good.

It’s a deep topic that can be understood in many different ways.

Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane

This essay topic appears to emphasize the idea that creativity is not limited to rare moments of inspiration but can be found in everyday experiences.

It probably asked people to think about where creativity comes from and how we can express it in our daily lives.

Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands- two equally harmful disciplines

This is the saying of Simone de Beauvoir

Simone de Beauvoir was a prominent French existentialist philosopher and feminist thinker. She made significant contributions to feminist philosophy through her work, including “The Second Sex,” where she discussed the concept of “The Other” and examined the role of societal expectations in shaping women’s lives.

The quote by Simone de Beauvoir presented the idea that both girls and boys or individuals of different genders, often face distinct but equally harmful forms of societal pressures and constraints.

It suggests that expectations placed on girls (referred to as “restrictions”) and boys (referred to as “demands”) can be damaging and limit their potential.

Mathematics is the music of reasons

The complete saying of James Joseph Sylvester is that mathematics is the music of reason. May not music be described as the mathematics of the sense, mathematics as music of the reason? The musician feels mathematics, the mathematician thinks music: music the dream, mathematics the working life.”

This statement suggests a poetic connection between mathematics and music. Candidates likely had to discuss the beauty and logic inherent in mathematics and its role in shaping our understanding of the world.

A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity

This topic seems to touch upon the ideas of social justice and charity, which have been discussed by philosophers like John Rawls and the concept of the “veil of ignorance.”

Candidates may have been asked to explore the relationship between justice, equality, and philanthropy in society.

Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school

Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school –  Albert Einstein .

This essay topic likely demands from candidates to reflect on the value of education beyond rote memorization.

It may have expect discussion on the practical application of knowledge and lifelong learning.

What Should Aspirants Preparing for UPSC CSE for Next Year do for an essay paper?

Taking the essay paper in the UPSC exam seriously is important. This paper requires you to write 10-12 pages about abstract or philosophical topics, which can be challenging if you’re not well-prepared.

To succeed in this exam and perform well in the essay paper, you should work on improving your comprehension and analytical skills. To get additional guidance you can join the ClearIAS essay writing program as well.

One helpful way to prepare is by reading various types of essays, especially philosophical ones. Pay special attention to the ideas of famous philosophers like Immanuel Kant, Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, Friedrich Nietzsche, Karl Marx, and others.

Practice writing essays based on famous quotes, as this is a common format in UPSC exams.

Additionally, be ready to write essays on a wide range of topics, including society, politics, the economy, and technology. UPSC asks such types of questions too.

Keep in mind that there isn’t a fixed pattern for UPSC questions. Analyze previous year’s question papers to get valuable insight. So, focus on understanding the way UPSC frames questions rather than expecting a consistent trend.

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UPSC Mains 2023 Essay Question Paper - Download PDF

The UPSC Mains exam commenced on 15 September 2023. It started with the UPSC Essay paper. It is an important paper and counts for 250 marks in total in the UPSC Mains exam. In this article, you can download the UPSC Mains essay paper PDF. There are a total of nine papers in the IAS mains exam. On the first day, i.e., 15 September, only one paper, the UPSC Mains essay paper was conducted. Candidates can go through the UPSC calendar for a detailed schedule of the UPSC mains 2023 exam.

UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2023

The UPSC essay paper was held at 9 AM on 15 September. You can download the UPSC essay paper 2023 from the link below.

UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2023 – Question Paper Download Download PDF Here

UPSC Mains 2023 Essay Paper Topics

• Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team.
• Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic.
• Not all who wander are lost.
• Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane.
• Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands – two equally harmful disciplines.
• Mathematics is the music of reason.
• A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity.
• Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school

Download the other UPSC 2023 Mains question papers in the link.

UPSC Essay Paper Pattern

• The UPSC Essay paper segment consists of two sections A and B.
• Both sections have about four questions each.
• The candidates have to choose one topic from each section, thus having to answer 2 essay questions in total.
• The word limit for each question is to be within the range of 1000-1200 words.
• The marks for each question is 125, thus the total allotted marks are 250.
• The paper will be included for merit ranking and is not just for qualifying purposes.
• The candidates are expected to keep close to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in an orderly fashion and to write concisely. To understand how to approach the essay paper and the topics to be focused on during preparation, check the link here .

Candidates can download the UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2022 in the linked article.

For more information about the UPSC essay paper and preparation strategy, check the links below.

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UPSC Civil Services Exam Mains 2023 – ESSAY FRAMEWORKS

NOTE: This is just a sample framework. Essay writing is much broader than this framework. Develop your own  perspectives and ensure you do not restrict yourself to the framework provided here.

Click here for PDF format 

1. thinking is like a game; it does not begin unless there is an opposite team..

  Introduction : In an increasingly individualistic world, there’s a growing tendency for people to prioritise their own needs, desires, and pursuits over c ollective or communal experiences. This shift can sometimes lead to a sense that “the other” – referring to individuals and their perspectives outside one’s immediate circle – is gradually disappearing fr om everyday life.

Essence of the topic: Thinking resembles a game; it requires opposing perspectives to initiate. Just as a game needs opponents, thinking thrives on diverse ideas and viewpoints for engagement and intellectual growth.

Thesis statement : Explain what you understand by the topic. You can explain the process of thinking. What is the role of the other in initiating the thought process?

We live in cyber echo chambers where ‘the other’ often feels unreal

• Living in cyber echo chambers means that many individuals are exposed primarily to information, opinions, and viewpoints th at align with their own beliefs and values. In such environments, “ the other” – those with differing perspectives – often appears distant and unreal .
• Selective Exposure : On social media and online platforms, people tend to follow or engage with content that reinforces their existing beliefs. Algorithms also play a role by recommending similar content, creating a feedback loop.
• Dehumanisation of Others: In extreme cases, individuals within cyber echo chambers may dehumanise or dismiss those who hold opposing view The “other” is reduced to a stereotype or caricature, making it difficult to empathise or engage in meaningful dialogu e.
• Erosion of Critical Thinking: When individuals are not exposed to dissenting opinions, their critical thinking skills may weaken. They become less practised at evaluating and debating ideas, as they are rarely challenged.

Like a game, the process of thinking thrives on the presence of multiple players

• Each individual brings their unique perspective to the “game ” of thinking. These diverse viewpoints are akin to different players on a sports team, each contributing to the overall strategy and outcome.
• In thinking, individuals often challenge one another’s ideas, much like competitors in a game. This competition can lead to the refinemen t and improvement of concepts as individuals strive to outdo each other intellectually.
• Like a game with specific rules, thinking follows certain logical and rational principle These “rules” help ensure that the game is fair and that conclusions are based on sound reasoning.
• The presence of multiple players in the game of thinking fosters intellectual growth and development . It encourages individuals to expand their knowledge, challenge assumptions, and continuously improve their thinking skills.
• Like learning from teammates or opponents in a game, individuals can learn from each other’s experiences, knowledge, and perspectives. This mutual learning enhances the collective intelligence of the group.
• The Role of Opposition in Innovation : History is replete with examples of innovation that emerged from the clash of opposing ideas. Think of the scientific revolution, where new paradigms in physics and astronomy emerged through the challenge of established beliefs . Opposition has been the driving force behind many groundbreaking discoveries.

Even in thinking about oneself, the presence of the other is essential

• Mirror Effect: Other people serve as mirrors reflecting our thoughts, behaviours, and identities. When we interact with others, we often see ourselves through their eyes. Their reactions, feedback, and perspectives provide valuable insights into our thoughts and actions.
• Feedback from others, wh ether positive or negative, plays a crucial role in shaping our self-perception. It helps us refine our self-concept and adjust our behaviours to align with societal norms and expectations.
• Interacting with others fosters empathy, which allows us to better understand our own emotions and motivation Through relating to the experiences of others, we gain insight into our inner workings.
• Identity Formation: Our sense of identity is often shaped in response to our social environment. We define ourselves in part by our roles in relationships (e.g., parent, friend, colleague) and the context of cultural and societal norms.
• Self-Reflection: Conversations and interactions with others prompt us to engage in self-reflection. We ponder our beliefs, values, and actions , often prompted by discussions with those who hold differing viewpoints.
• Conflict and Resolution: Conflicts and disagreements with others force us to examine our own beliefs and values. In resolving conflicts, we often question our motivations and biases.
• Shared Experiences : Many of our most meaningful and formative experiences involve others, whether through friendships, romantic relationships, or shared challenges . These shared experiences become integral parts of our narratives.

Poets and artists think and create in solitude but their thinking and creativity are inspired by the presence of ‘the other’.

• Poets and artists often engage in deep thinking and creative processes in solitude, but their inspiration and creative wellspring are undeniably influenced by the presence of “the other.
• Solitude as a Canvas : Solitude provides artists and poets with a canvas for introspection and exploration of their inner thoughts and emotions. It allows them to delve into their unique experiences, fears, and joys without external distractions.
• Observation of Humanity: While alone, artists and poets often reflect on their observations of humanity. They draw inspiration from the behaviours, emotions, and stories of others encountered in their past or imagined in their minds.
• Social Commentary: M any artists and poets use their work to comment on society and human relationships. Solitude gives them the space to contemplate social issues, injustices, and the complexities of human interactions.
• Dialogue with the Past: Solitude allows artists and poets to engage in a silent dialogue with the works of those who came before them. They draw inspiration from the literary and artistic heritage of their culture, building upon and responding to the creative endeavours of their predecessors.
• Emotional Connection: The presence of others, whether in the form of personal relationships or broader societal dynamics , often fuels the emotions that artists and poets express in their work. Love, conflict, friendship, and loss are among the themes that emerge from these connections.

Conclusion :

The presence of “ the other” is a catalyst for critical thinking and personal growth. It challenges us to navigate the complexities of a diverse and interconnected world. While it can lead to tensions and disagreements, it also offers the potential for collaboration, innovation, and a deeper understanding of the human experience.

2. Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic.

  Introduction :

Creativity often thrives outside the confines of strict rationality. When we allow ourselves to break free from the “ iron cage of rationality,” we open the door to innovative and imaginative thinking. Creative ideas frequently emerge when we embrace ambiguity, explore unconventional perspectives, and venture into the unknown . The imagination doesn’t always follow a linear, logical path; it thrives on making unexpected connections, questioning assumptions, and daring to drea m. In this sense, creativity is the art of breaking free from the constraints of rigid thinking and allowing oneself to explore the uncharted territory of possibilities.

Essence of the topic:

Visionary decisions are born where intuition and logic converge. They blend gut feelings with rational analysis, creating a dynamic approach that recognizes possibilities beyond pure reason, resulting in innovative and impactful choices.

Thesis statement :

Try to discuss the given concepts like vision, intuition and logic in detail. Then discuss why relying solely on logic or intuition has limitations. Discuss how they complement each other. Use examples to illustrate.

Vision entails a commitment to the greater good, whereas ambition is predominantly self-oriented: Understanding Vision

• It’s disheartening to witness a shift towards greater ambition and a decline in visionary thinking in our society. As we prioritise personal success, recognition, and material gain, we risk losing sight of the bigger picture – the well-being of our communities and the world as a whole.
• Ambition : Ambition, while focused on personal success and achievement, may not inherently prioritise the well-being of others. It’s often associated with personal goals, such as career advancement, wealth, or re While ambition can lead to individual success, it may not necessarily lead to the betterment of society or a direct concern for the well-being of others.
• Visionary thinking, on the other hand, encourages us to dream beyond ourselves. It challenges us to envision a future where our actions contribute to the greater good. Visionaries strive to tackle complex issues, fr om social injustices to environmental crises, with innovative and holistic sol Their work is driven by a sense of purpose and a commitment to lea ving the world better than they found it.
• Ambition, while important, should not come at the cost of neglecting the broader needs of society. When we focus solely on individual achievements, we risk perpetuating a culture of self-centeredness and short-term thinking . It’s as if we’re chasing after personal accolades without considering the lasting impact of our actions on others and the environment.
• We need leaders and individuals who see beyond their own ambitions and are willing to invest in causes that benefit all of humanity.

Understanding intuition and logic

• Intuition refers to the ability to understand or know something without the need for conscious reasoning or explicit evidence. It often involves a “ gut feeling” or a sense of inner knowing.
• Intuition is often rapid and automatic, relying on subtle cues, past experiences, emotions, and subconscious processe It can provide insights, make connections, and guide decision-making in situations where logical analysis may be challenging.
• For instance, Intuitive decisions might include trusting someone based on your initial impression of their character, sensing danger in an unfamiliar environment, or recognizing a solution to a problem without being able to explain how you arrived at it.
• Logic is a systematic and rational approach to problem-solvin g and decision-making. It involves using evidence, reasoning, and structured thinking to reach conclusions or make inferences.
• Logical thinking is typically deliberate and based on a clear process of evaluating premises, applying rules of inference, a nd drawing valid conclusions. It emphasises objectivity, consistency, and the use of evidence and critical analysis.
• Examples : Logical decisions might include using mathematical principles to solve a complex equation, following a step-by-step process to troubleshoot a technical issue, or making decisions based on empirical data and statistical analysis.

Relying solely on either logic or intuition in decision-making can have limitations

• Relying only on logic can lead to a narrow and purely analytical perspective. It may overlook important emotional, social, or intuitive aspects of a situation that can be crucial for making well-rounded decisions.
• Ignoring Gut Feelings: Dismissing intuition entirely means neglecting valuable gut feelings or instincts that can provide insights or warnings, especially in complex or ambiguous situations where concrete evidence may be lacking.
• Overthinking : An overreliance on logic can lead to overthinking, analysis paralysis, or excessive consideration of irrelevant details. This can delay decisions and lead to unnecessary complexity.
• Failure to Adapt: Logic-based decisions may not always account for rapidly changing or unpredictable circumstances. Intuition often helps individuals adapt and make quick decisions when needed.
• Risk of Bias: R elying solely on intuition can introduce bias and subjectivity into decisions. It might lead to judgments based on personal preferences, stereotypes, or emotional reactions rather than objective analysis.
• Inconsistencies : Intuition can be inconsistent, leading to different decisions based on mood, stress levels, or other transient factors. Logic, with its systematic approach, offers more consistency.
• Incomplete Information: Logic may require extensive data and information, which may not always be available. Intuition can fill gaps by providing insights based on incomplete or vague information.
• Some problems are multifaceted and require a combination of analytical thinking (logic) and creative problem-solving (intuition) to arrive at effective solutions.
• Emotional Considerations: Human decisions are often influenced by emotions, and completely ignoring them (as in pure logic) or letting them dominate ( as in pure intuition ) can lead to suboptimal outcomes.

Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic: Some illustratio n

• In 1991, India faced a severe economic crisis. The government, under the leadership of then-Finance Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, made a visionary decision to liberalise the economy.
• This decision combined intuition, as they had to take bold steps, with logic, as they implemented market-oriented reforms.
• It ultimately paved the way for India’s economic growth
• Gandhi’s decision to lead the Salt March was both intuitive and logical.
• Intuitively , he understood that a nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly would resonate with the masses.
• Logically , he knew that salt was a necessity for every Indian, making it a powerful symbol of resistance.
• Vajpayee’s decision to conduct nuclear tests was a combination of intuition and logic.
• Intuitively , he believed that these tests would bolster India’s security and status in the world.
• Logically , it was seen as a necessary step to maintain regional stability and deter potential adversaries.
• These examples illustrate how Indian leaders combined their intuition with strategic thinking and logical analysis to make decisions that had far-reaching consequences in the country’s history.

History is filled with examples of creative breakthroughs that defied conventional wisdom and rationality. Think of great artists, inventors, and visionaries who challenge d the status quo a nd reshaped our world. They often did so by daring to step out of the iron cage of pure reason and letting their intuition, inspiration, and unconventional thinking guide them . The key is to strike a balance, allowing room for both structured thinking and imaginative exploration.

3. Not all who wander are lost. 

Introduction :

Society tends to value stability and conformity , and people are often hesitant to step outside their comfort zones . However, it’s worth noting that some of the most significant advancements and personal growth come from taking unconventional paths. Innovation, creativity, and personal fulfilment often flourish when individuals are willing to challenge the status quo and pursue their unique journeys.

T his statement conveys that exploring unconventional paths in life doesn’t signify aimlessness. Some individuals choose to wander intentionally, seeking purpose, self-discovery, and unique experiences, challenging the notion that deviation from the norm implies being lost or without direction.

Thesis statement:

Explain what you understand by the topic. With illustrations and reasoning arguments justify why you think that all those who wander are not lost.

Society often places a significant emphasis on having a clear, predefined path in life

• Security and Stability : One of the primary reasons society promotes a predefined path is the belief that it offers a sense of security and stability. Following a traditional life trajectory, such as completing education, securing a stable job , and starting a family, is seen as a way to minimize financial and personal uncertainties.
• Norms and Expectations: Social norms and expectations play a substantial role in shaping individual choices. There is often pressure to conform to what is considered “normal” or “acceptable” in terms of caree r, relationships, and lifestyle. Deviating from these norms can lead to social judgment or disapproval.
• Peer Influence: Peer pressure can be a powerful force in steering individuals toward predefined paths. People are often influenced by the choices and behaviors of their peers, leading them to pursue similar life trajectories.
• Fear of Failure: Society’s emphasis on predefined paths can be fueled by a fear of failure. Taking unconventional routes can be risky, and the fear of not meeting societal or personal expectations can discourage individuals from exploring alternative paths.
• It’s important to note that while predefined paths may offer stability and a sense of order, they may not suit everyone. People have diverse aspirations, talents, and interests, and deviating from the norm can lead to personal fulfilment and innovation.

Some individuals intentionally choose to wander in life

• Seeking Purpose: Wandering allows them to explore diverse experiences and find a sense of purpose that may not be achievable through traditional routes. They want to live a life aligned with their true calling.
• Self-Discovery: Wandering provides opportunities for self-discovery. It involves pushing boundaries, trying new things, and gaining a deeper understanding of their strengths, weaknesses, and values.
• Embracing Uniqueness: T hese wanderers value uniqueness and individuality. They believe that the journey itself, filled with diverse encounters and adventures, is where they uncover their own unique identity.
• Challenging Conformity: They may challenge societal norms and expectations, preferring a path less travelled. This can lead to personal growth and the pursuit of unconventional and fulfilling lifestyles.
• Embracing Uncertainty: In tentional wandering means being comfortable with uncertainty. These individuals understand that life’s most profound moments often occur when stepping into the unknown.

Not all those who wander are lost; some are discontent with the status quo

• Discontent with the status quo often stems from a deep-seated desire fo r personal fulfilment. Some people find that conforming to societal norms a nd expectations does not align with their true passions, values, or sense of purpose. In response, they choose to wander and explore alternative paths to find greater satisfaction.
• Seeking Authenticity: Many individuals feel that the status quo may r equire them to suppress their true selves or conform to roles that don’t resonate with their authentic identities. Wandering allows them to break free from these constraints and discover and express their true selves.
• Challenge of Mediocrity: Discontent with the status quo can also arise from a desire to challenge mediocrity. Some individuals are driven to excel and make a difference in their lives and societ They may wander in search of opportunities to pursue excellence and push the boundaries of what is considered normal or average.
• Social Change and Justice: Discontent with social injustices or inequalities can motivate individuals to wander from the established order. Activists and advocates often challenge prevailing norms and fight for a fairer, more equitable society. Their discontent fuels their commitment to change.

Economic disparities push both the privileged and the less fortunate towards exploration.

• Privilege and Opportunities : Individuals from affluent socioeconomic backgrounds often have access to a wide range of educational and career opportunities. They may have the means to pursue higher education, travel, and explore different career paths .
• Exploration and Self-Discovery : With more resources at their disposal, they can afford to take risks and explore their interests. This can lead to wandering as they sample various experiences to find their true calling or passion .
• Entrepreneurship : Some individuals from privileged backgrounds may have the financial security to start their businesses or pursue entrepreneurial ventures, which often involve breaking away from traditional career paths.
• Limited Resources: On the other hand, individuals from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds may face limited access to quality education, job opportunities, and resource
• Restricted Options: Their life choices may be constrained by economic circumstances, making it difficult to explore different paths or take risks . This limitation can lead to a sense of being trapped in their current circumstance
• Necessity Over Exploration: Due to financial pressures, many individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds may prioritise stable employment over exploring their passions or pursuing higher education.
• Quest for Mobility : Some individuals, regardless of their background, may engage in wandering as a response to their circumstances. Wandering can be an attempt to break free from the limitations imposed by their socioeconomic status.
• Search for Better Opportunities: T hose with fewer choices may wander in search of better opportunities, whether that means moving to a different location for work or exploring alternative career paths.
• Aspiration for Change : Wandering can also be driven by the aspiration for socioeconomic change. People may explore new avenues to improve their financial situation and provide better opportunities for themselves and their familie

Life’s profound depths are unveiled to explorers, not conformists

• For instance, Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity challenged conventional physics and opened up new dimensions of understanding the universe.
• Pablo Picasso’s exploration of Cubism revolutionized the art world, revealing new perspectives on form and perception.
• Innovators like Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple , explored unconventional approaches to technology design, leading to transformative products that changed the way we live and communicate.
• Travel, for example, can broaden one’s perspective , revealing the rich diversity of the world and the importance of empathy and understanding.
• Figures like Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela explored paths toward non-violence, civil rights and equality that had not been widely embraced.

Intentional wandering is a deliberate choice to lead a life rich in purpose, self-exploration, and unique experiences, challenging conventional notions of success and fulfilment. Throughout history, some of the most groundbreaking ideas and achievements have emerged from individuals who dared to stra y from the beaten path. When we encourage and support diverse forms of exploration, we create an environment where innovation can flourish, leading to progress and advancements in various fields.

4. Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane. 

We sometimes forget that the mundane can hold just as much enchantment if we take the time to appreciate it. We miss out on the beauty of our neighbourhoods, the simple joys of everyday life, and the opportunity to find magic in the ordinary. It’s time to shift our perspective and recognize that adventure and creativity are not limited to far-off places; they can be discovered right at home if we open our eyes to the possibilities around us.

It means that creativity is born from the endeavour to uncover enchantment within everyday simplicity, where the ordinary becomes a wellspring of inspiration and innovation.

Thesis statement: Explain what you understand by the statement. Explain the concept of creativity. Explain how creativity springs from finding magic in the mundane with some illustrations. Discuss Why we are not able to find it in today’s busy world.

Understanding Creativity

• Originality : Creativity often involves coming up with ideas, concepts, or solutions that are original and haven’t been widely explored before. It’s about breaking away from established patterns and norms.
• Value : Creativity isn’t just about novelty; it’s also about generating ideas or creations that have practical or aesthetic value . These ideas or creations can enhance our understanding, solve problems, inspire emotions, or simply entertain.
• Divergent Thinking: Creativity embraces divergent thinking, which means exploring multiple possibilities and perspectives. It encourages the generation of a wide range of ideas, even seemingly unrelated ones, and then connects them in new and meaningful ways.
• Imagination : Creativity often draws from the power of imagination . It involves envisioning things that don’t exist in the current reality and bringing them to life through various forms, such as art, literature, science, or innovation.
• Problem-Solving: Creativity plays a crucial role in problem-solving. It allows individuals to approach challenges with innovative solutions, adapt to new situations, and find novel ways to overcome obstacles

Discovering the wonder in the ordinary requires meditation, but in today’s constant busyness, we rarely find moments for such reflection.

• In today’s fast-paced world filled with constant distractions a nd obligations, finding the time and mental space to meditat e on the magic in the mundane can be a significant challenge.
• Digital Distractions: The prevalence of smartphones, social media, and the constant barrage of notifications has made it challenging for people to disconnect and focus on the present moment. This constant connectivity can divert our attention away from the mundane aspects of life.
• Busy Lifestyles : Modern life is often characterised by busy schedules, demanding jobs, and numerous commitments. This leaves little time for individuals to pause and reflect on the beauty of the everyday.
• Instant Gratificatio n: Society’s emphasis on instant gratification and the pursuit of novelty can lead people to seek excitemen t in external experiences rather than finding wonder in the familiar.
• Consumer Culture : Advertisements and consumer culture often promote the idea that happiness and magic can be purchased through products or experiences, encouraging people to constantly seek the next big thing.
• Stress and Anxiety : The pressures of daily life, along with the constant stream of informat ion, can contribute to stress and anxiety. This mental state can make it challenging to slow down and appreciate the mundane.

Poets, artists, and scientists have often drawn creative inspiration from finding magic in the mundane

• Haiku Poetry : Japanese haiku poets find beauty and depth in everyday moments, such as a dewdrop on a leaf o r the sound of a distant stream. These simple observations become the subjects of profound poems t hat capture the essence of a moment.
• Nature Poetry: Poets like William Wordsworth celebrated the ordinary scenes of nature, like daffodils or a solitary cloud, and used them as metaphors to convey deeper emotions and insights.
• Impressionist painters like Claude Monet found inspiration in ordinary scenes, such as water lilies in a pond or the play of light on haystacks . They captured the fleeting and atmospheric qualities of these moments, turning them into timeless works of art.
• In this painting, Van Gogh takes a pair of worn-out shoes, a seemingly ordinary and utilitarian object, and transforms them into a powerful and emotionally charged work of art.
• The careful attention to detail, the use of colour and texture, and the way he captures the essence of these well-worn shoes evoke a sense of history, hardship, and the human experience. It goes beyond a simple depiction of footwear; it becomes a window into the lives of the people who wore them.
• Artists like Andy Warhol elevated everyday objects like Campbell’s soup cans and Coca-Cola bottles to iconic status through their art, prompting viewers to see the mundane in a new and thought-provoking way.
• Charles Darwin’s fascination with the diverse forms of plant life during his travels on the HMS Beagle led to his revolutionary theory of evolution by natural selection. His ability to find magic in the biodiversity of plants transformed our understanding of life on Earth.

Profound revelations arise not from distant journeys but from reimagining the familiar.

• Often, we take the familiar for granted and assume that true discovery lies in exploring new and distant horizons. However, when we approach the familiar with a new perspective, it can reveal hidden complexities, nuances, and depths that we hadn’t noticed before.
• Expanding Knowledge : Instead of always seeking the unknown, we can deepen our understanding and expand our knowledge by delving into what we already have but haven’t fully explored. This can lead to profound insights and discoveries that enrich our lives and advance our understanding of the world.
• Everyday Life: It ‘s not limited to academic or scientific contexts. This principle applies to everyday life as well. Finding new perspectives in our relationships, personal experiences , or daily routine s can lead to personal growth and a deeper appreciation of the world around us.
• Appreciating the Mundane: As discussed earlier, it relates to finding magic in the mundane. Even the most ordinary aspects of life can hold hidden wonders when viewed with fresh eyes and an open mind.

The capacity for discovery and wonder is not limited by geographical distance but is, in fact, within our reach every day. By cultivating a curious and open-minded attitude, we can find the extraordinary withi n the ordinary and make true discoveries in our immediate surroundings and within ourselves.

5. Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands – two equally harmful disciplines.

In societies worldwide, the profound impact of gender expectations and societal pressures on the lives of girls and boys continues to be a pressing concern. Recent years have witnessed powerful movements and incidents that spotlight the enduring relevance of this issue. The global #MeToo movement, sparked by women who courageously shared their experiences of harassment and assault, has exposed the deeply ingrained restrictions that women often confront. Simultaneously, the evolving concept of toxic masculinity and the toll it takes on men’s mental health and emotional well-being exemplify the demands placed on boys and men within society.

Essence of the topic :

The quote from Simone de Beauvoir conveys that that societal pressures and expectations based on gender roles can be equally harmful to both girls and boys. It underscores the need to address and challenge these harmful gender norms and expectations that limit individuals’ opportunities, perpetuate inequalities, and impact their mental and emotional well-being.

By examining recent examples and their consequences, this essay will demonstrate the urgent need to dismantle harmful gender norms and promote a more inclusive and equitable society that allows individuals of all genders to thrive without being weighed down by societal expectations.

Girls: Weighed Down By Restrictions

• Quote : “The question isn’t who’s going to let me, it’s who’s going to stop me.” – Ayn Rand
• Educational restrictions : Girls often face limitations in accessing quality education due to societal norms. In some regions, girls are discouraged from pursuing higher education , and their access to schools may be restricted.
• The Malala Yousafzai case , where the Pakistani education activist was targeted by the Taliban for advocating girls’ education.
• Career aspirations : Gender stereotypes and expectations can limit girls’ career choices. They may be discouraged from pursuing careers in fields traditionally dominated by men and limited to “ pink-collar jobs ”.
• The gender pay gap in many countries reflects the limitations placed on girls’ career opportunities and wage disparities. Women earn only 81 cents for every dollar men earn hourly, a significant gender pay gap, according to the UN.
• Cultural and social norms : Cultural norms may impose restrictions on girls’ clothing , behaviour, and interactions, leading to a lack of freedom and personal agency.
• The debate over clothing choices, such as the recent Hijab-Uniform controversy , highlights how restrictions on girls’ attire can become a societal issue.
• Higher prevalence of malnutrition as well as body image issues in the female population due to restrictions on food habits and looks.
• Early marriage and parenthood : In some societies, girls are forced into early marriages and motherhood, curtailing their opportunities for personal development and education. Thus, they face restrictions ‘ from womb to tomb’ .
• Limited mobility : Restrictions on girls’ mobility, such as curfews or limitations on travelling alone , limit their independence and experiences.

Boys: Weighed Down With Demands

• Quote : “Boys need healthy self-esteem. They need love…Patriarchy will not heal them.” — Bell Hooks
• Traditional masculine expectations : Boys often face societal demands to conform to traditional norms , which can include suppressing emotions, showing dominance, and avoiding vulnerability.
• The pressure on boys to avoid expressing emotions such as sadness or fear, as seen in the phrase “ boys don’t cry ,” exemplifies traditional masculinity expectations.
• Academic and career demands : Boys are frequently pushed to excel academically and achieve career success, sometimes at the expense of their mental health and well-being.
• Physical appearance and fitness demands : Boys may face demands to maintain a certain physical appearance or level of fitness to conform to societal ideals of masculinity.
• The prevalence of body image issues and eating disorders among boys is driven by pressure to have a “perfect” physique.
• Pressure to provide : Boys may feel immense pressure to become primary providers for their families, which can be emotionally and economically burdensome.
• In some cultures, boys are groomed from a young age to be breadwinners , leading to high levels of stress and responsibility. This is even seen in Gross enrollment ratio (GER) data in India as boys’ GER is lower with progressive higher stages of education.

Breaking Free: Social Hindrances and Overcoming Them

• Quote : “The power to question is the basis of all human progress.” – Indira Gandhi
• Underlying factors : Gender-based restrictions and demands often stem from deeply ingrained cultural and societal norms.
• This is bound even in religion and ancient scriptures as patriarchal gender roles have been defined in works like Qur’an and Manusmriti.
• Current social hindrances : Contemporary challenges include the persistent influence of harmful gender stereotypes and biases that affect various aspects of life, such as employment, leadership opportunities, and media representation.
• There is a resurgence of social conservatism with social media influence like the ‘ Tradwife movement ’
• Role of socio-religious reforms : Throughout history, socio-religious reform movements have sought to reinterpret religious texts and traditions to promote gender equality. This must be done once again in current times to reflect on the current gendered society.
• This is visible in the gradual acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community by religious establishments like the Catholic church .
• Education is empowerment : Investing in girls’ education provides them with the knowledge and skills to break free from restrictions while sensitising boys from a young age and freeing them of normative demands.
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao initiative of the government has seen laudable success in terms of girl child education. Critical thinking in education to remove gender stereotypes must be furthered by the implementation of the New Education Policy 2020 .
• Role of various media : Media platforms, when used positively, can challenge stereotypes and promote gender equality. Objectification of women and men, and derogatory media representation must become a thing of the past.
• The recent trend of allowing “ Plus-sized” models and diverse representation in popular media has helped the case.

As we navigate this path, we must embrace the words of Alice Walker: “The most common way people give up their power is by thinking they don’t have any.” The power to challenge and change these harmful norms is within each of us, and it is through collective effort that we can overcome and transcend these limitations to build a more just and equal society for all.

6. Mathematics is the music of reason.

Srinivasa Ramanujan , the brilliant Indian mathematician born in 1887, embodies the profound connection between mathematics and human reason. His life story illustrates how mathematics transcends conventional boundaries, becoming an intricate symphony of insight and imagination .

Growing up in colonial India with limited formal education, Ramanujan’s innate mathematical talent blossomed against all odds. Despite his humble beginnings , his relentless pursuit of mathematical truths led to the creation of remarkable theorems, identities, and conjectures, recorded meticulously in his notebooks. In 1913, his work caught the attention of British mathematician G.H. Hardy , marking the beginning of a transformative collaboration . Ramanujan’s contributions to number theory, mock modular forms, and modular functions were groundbreaking, unveiling a world of mathematical beauty and complexity .

Ramanujan’s story encapsulates the statement that “Mathematics is the music of reason.”

The essence is brought out by recognizing that mathematics serves as a unique bridge between the world of reason and the world of imagination . Just as music evokes emotions and tells stories, mathematics unravels the narratives of the universe, allowing us to grasp the intricate interplay of patterns and relationships that govern our reality.

This essay will progress by first delving into the historical roots of mathematics as a fundamental tool for problem-solving and scientific advancement. Subsequently, it will explore the creative aspects of mathematics, highlighting its role in inspiring innovation and artistic expression similar to music. Ultimately, it can be concluded that mathematics is a universal language with inherent beauty that explains rationality and the universe.

Mathematics: History, Purpose, and Impact

• Quote : “Nature is written in mathematical language.” — Galileo Galilei
• What it is : Mathematics, often described as the “queen of sciences,” has a rich history that spans millennia, with India playing a significant role in its development. It is the systematic study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns.
• Rich history :
• Mathematics in Ancient Civilizations : In India, mathematical achievements date back to the Indus Valley Civilization, where an advanced system of weights and measures was in use. Ancient Indian mathematicians, including Aryabhata and Brahmagupta , made significant contributions to number theory and algebra.
• The Arabic Renaissance : Indian mathematical texts were translated into Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age , contributing to the development of algebra and the spread of mathematical knowledge.
• The European Enlightenment : European mathematicians, influenced by Indian and Arabic mathematical ideas, made groundbreaking advancements, including the development of calculus by Newton and Leibniz .
• Problem-Solving Tool : Mathematics is a universal tool for solving complex problems in various fields, from physics and engineering to economics and cryptography .
• Scientific Advancement : It plays a pivotal role in scientific discoveries, enabling us to model natural phenomena, predict outcomes, and unravel the mysteries of the cosmos.
• Technological Innovation : The development of computers and digital technology relies heavily on mathematical principles, driving innovation in communication, healthcare, and transportation.
• Economic Growth : Financial institutions and markets rely on mathematical models for risk assessment, investment strategies, and economic forecasting, impacting global economies.

Mathematics & Reason: The Music

• Quote : “Mathematics is, in its way, the poetry of logical ideas. ” — Albert Einstein
• Boundless discipline : Just as music has a seemingly endless array of melodies, harmonies, and rhythms, mathematics boasts an infinite realm of theorems, equations, and patterns waiting to be discovered.
• Discovery or invention : Some mathematicians argue that mathematical concepts exist independently, waiting to be unearthed, much like a composer discovering a new melody. Others view mathematics as a human invention, a carefully constructed symphony of abstract ideas, akin to composing a piece of music.
• The Language of Science and Technology : From the laws of motion formulated by Sir Isaac Newton to Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity, mathematics provides the grammar and vocabulary to express the fundamental principles that govern the physical world. Thus, it is the language of logic beautifully expressed as the music of reason .
• Artistic expression in mathematics : While mathematics is often associated with logic and rigour, it also possesses an artistic dimension. From Da Vinci to Jacobus Verhoeff , many artists have been inspired by mathematics to create art.
• The Golden Ratio : It is an irrational number approximately equal to 1.618. It appears in various aspects of art, architecture, and nature, including the proportions of the Parthenon in Athens and the spiral patterns of nautilus shells.
• Fibonacci Sequence : The Fibonacci sequence is a mathematical pattern where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones (e.g., 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, …). This sequence is found in nature, such as in the growth patterns of sunflowers and pinecones.
• Fractals : Fractals are complex, self-replicating geometric patterns that can be generated through iterative mathematical equations. Examples include the Mandelbrot set and the Koch snowflake.
• Game Theory : Game theory applies mathematical concepts to analyze decision-making in strategic situations. It has applications in economics, political science, and evolutionary biology.

Math Today: An Evolving Symphony of Ideas

• Quote : “Mathematics knows no races or geographic boundaries; for mathematics, the cultural world is one country.” – David Hilbert
• Global collaboration : Mathematicians from diverse backgrounds collaborate on research projects, contributing to a collective pool of knowledge. For instance, the collaborative nature of the Polymath Project aims to solve complex mathematical problems.
• Physical science and technology : Mathematics plays a crucial role in solving global issues like climate change with modelling. In other areas like space exploration, it is proving to be foundational human knowledge with renewed space race to the moon with missions like Chandrayaan-3 and Artemis .
• Awards and recognition : The Fields Medal , often described as the “Nobel Prize of Mathematics,” is awarded to mathematicians under the age of 40 for outstanding contributions. Such recognition promotes this beautiful discipline.
• Spread of Reason and Logic : Mathematics education transcends borders through digital platforms, open-access textbooks, and international math competitions. The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) brings together young mathematical talents. Organizations like the Global Math Project aim to share the joy of mathematics with people of all ages and backgrounds worldwide.
• Inclusivity and Diversity : Organizations like the Association for Women in Mathematics ( AWM ) and initiatives like “ Girls in STEM ” are working to break gender and cultural barriers, ensuring that mathematics truly knows no boundaries.

“Mathematics is not about numbers, equations, computations, or algorithms: it is about understanding.” – William Paul Thurston

As we appreciate the elegance and universality of mathematics, we recognize that its symphony of ideas harmonizes with the human spirit’s quest for knowledge and understanding. In this timeless endeavour, mathematics remains an instrument through which we unlock the mysteries of the world and compose a collective melody of enlightenment and progress.

7. A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity.

In the realm of justice and societal welfare, the words of philosopher John Rawls resonate with profound significance: “ Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought. ” Rawls, a prominent figure in political philosophy, underscored the paramount importance of justice as the foundational principle upon which harmonious and equitable societies are built.

Justice, as he contended, stands as the foremost virtue in social institutions—a virtue that, when upheld, can alleviate the need for excessive charity. Charity , though a noble and compassionate endeavour, often addresses the symptoms of societal injustices rather than their root causes. However, Rawls’s insight prompts us to consider that a just society strives not merely to provide for the disadvantaged but also to rectify the systemic issues that breed inequality, poverty, and social disparities.

It underscores the idea that while charity serves as a compassionate response to immediate needs, a just society seeks to address the systemic issues that give rise to those needs. In essence, the more just a society is, the less it relies on charity as a means of mitigating inequality, poverty, and social disparities.

In this essay, we delve into the profound correlation between justice and charity, exploring how societies that prioritize justice can significantly reduce their reliance on charitable acts.

Justice in Society:

• Quote : “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” – Martin Luther King Jr.
• Defining Justice : Justice, at its core, is the fair and impartial treatment of individuals and groups within a society. It encompasses notions of equality, human rights, and the rule of law.
• Philosophers of Justice : Philosophers like John Rawls, Amartya Sen, and Martha Nussbaum have contributed significantly to our understanding of justice. Rawls’s theory of justice as fairness and Sen’s capability approach offer frameworks for creating just societies.
• Fostering Equality : Justice serves as the cornerstone of an equitable society. It ensures that all individuals have equal access to opportunities, resources, and protections, regardless of their background or circumstances.
• Legal Justice : Legal systems are designed to uphold justice by ensuring that laws are applied consistently and fairly. Examples of legal justice include the right to a fair trial and the presumption of innocence until proven guilty .
• Social Justice : Social justice addresses systemic inequalities and discrimination. It strives to rectify historical injustices and create a society where everyone has a chance to thrive. Initiatives like affirmative action aim to achieve social justice.
• Economic Justice : Economic justice seeks to reduce disparities in wealth and income. Progressive taxation, minimum wage laws, and social welfare programs are mechanisms that promote economic justice.

Relationship between Justice and Charity:

• Quote : “Charity is injurious unless it helps the recipient to become independent of it.” – John D. Rockefeller
• Complementary but distinct concepts : While justice focuses on systemic fairness and equitable treatment, charity addresses immediate needs through voluntary acts of giving.
• Charity as a response to injustice : Often, charity arises from the recognition of injustices within society. It provides temporary relief to those who have been disadvantaged by systemic inequalities.
• Charity’s limitations : Charity, while compassionate, does not address the root causes of inequality and suffering. It can perpetuate dependency and fail to rectify systemic injustices.
• Justice as a preventive measure : A just society seeks to prevent the need for excessive charity by addressing inequalities, poverty, and social disparities through fair laws, policies, and practices.
• Equal access to basic needs : Justice ensures that all individuals have equal access to basic needs like education, healthcare, and employment, reducing the reliance on charity to meet these needs.
• The civil rights movement in the United States sought justice for racial inequalities, eventually leading to policy changes that reduced the need for charity.
• Countries with robust social welfare systems, such as Sweden and Denmark, have lower poverty rates and, consequently, less reliance on charity.

Critical view:

• Quote : “Justice delayed is justice denied. In the meantime, charity can provide solace to those in need.”
• Complementary roles : Charity and justice often operate in tandem, with each playing a distinct yet complementary role in addressing societal issues. While justice seeks systemic change, the charity provides immediate relief.
• Addressing urgent needs : In situations of dire need, such as natural disasters or humanitarian emergencies, the charity provides swift assistance that justice-oriented policies may not be equipped to deliver in the short term.
• Limitations of justice : Achieving justice can be a lengthy and complex process, often entangled in bureaucratic hurdles, legal proceedings, and political challenges. In the interim, charity can alleviate suffering.
• Philanthropy’s role : Charitable organizations and philanthropists often bridge the gap between charity and justice by advocating for systemic changes while addressing immediate needs.
• In cases of mass displacement due to conflict or disaster , charities like the Red Cross provide essential aid.
• NGOs like Akshaya Patra are co-opted even by the government to offer charity to those in immediate need, while long-term solutions like affordable housing policies and social safety nets are being worked upon.

“Charity is no substitute for justice withheld.” – Saint Augustine

In the grand goal of societal betterment, both justice and charity have their rightful places. Justice provides the foundation upon which we build lasting change, while charity extends a compassionate embrace to those in immediate distress. Together, they harmonize to create a world where suffering is alleviated not only through benevolence but through systemic fairness and equal opportunity.

8. Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.

  Introduction : Imagine two individuals : one is a brilliant mathematician who can recite complex formulas and theorems but struggles to adapt to the demands of the real world. The other, perhaps less academically distinguished, possesses an uncanny ability to solve practical problems, connect with people, and navigate life’s challenges with grace and resilience. These traits match with personalities of S. Ramanujan and Thomas Edison . While both may have received formal education and achieved much in life, it is the latter who exemplifies the profound truth behind the quote, “Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.”

This quote, often attributed to Albert Einstein , underscores a fundamental aspect of education that transcends mere rote memorization.

The quote from Albert Einstein centres on the enduring value of education. It asserts that education is not confined to textbooks and examinations but encompasses the development of critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and a thirst for lifelong learning.

This essay explores the profound truth behind the quote, delving into the enduring significance of education beyond the confines of the classroom . Critically , it will also examine how education equips individuals with the tools to adapt, evolve, and contribute to society, even as they forget specific details learned in school.

Life-long Learning: Education Beyond School

• Quote : “Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself.” – John Dewey
• Curiosity : Lifelong learners are fuelled by curiosity . They remain inquisitive throughout their lives, asking questions, seeking answers, and exploring the world around them.
• Practical and vocational knowledge : Education goes beyond theoretical knowledge when individuals acquire practical skills like managing personal finances and vocational expertise like handy-work and civic duties .
• Awareness over knowing : Lifelong learners prioritize awareness over simply knowing facts . They strive to understand the underlying principles and contexts behind information, enabling them to apply knowledge in various situations.
• Positive social impact : “Educated” Individuals engage in community service, advocacy, and philanthropy , using their knowledge and skills to address societal challenges .
• Visionary entrepreneurs like Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk continuously adapt to the ever-evolving tech industry.
• Environmental activists like Greta Thunberg educate themselves outside of the school curriculum about climate change, inspiring global climate action.

Critical view: Importance of Formal Education

• Quote : “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” – Nelson Mandela
• Structured learning : Formal education provides a structured curriculum designed by experts to impart essential knowledge and skills. It offers a foundation on which individuals can build their understanding of various subjects.
• Credibility and credentials : Many professions require formal education as a prerequisite for entry. Degrees and certifications serve as credentials.
• Access to resources : Formal educational institutions offer access to resources that may be challenging to obtain through self-education. Libraries, laboratories, specialized equipment, and expert instructors enhance the learning experience. Interactions with peers, professors, and alumni can lead to mentorship, collaboration, and job opportunities.
• Research and innovation : Formal education often includes research components that contribute to advancements in various fields. Universities and research institutions are hubs of innovation, driving progress in science, technology, and academia.
• Legal and ethical training : Some professions, such as law and medicine, require formal education to ensure practitioners are well-versed in legal and ethical responsibilities. This helps safeguard the well-being of individuals and society.
• Medical doctors undergo years of formal education, including medical school and residencies, to ensure they possess the knowledge and skills necessary to save lives and promote health.
• Engineers receive formal training to design and build infrastructure, ensuring safety and functionality in the construction of bridges, buildings, and technology.
• Lawyers acquire legal expertise through formal education and bar examinations, allowing them to uphold justice and navigate the legal system effectively.

Future of education:

• Critical thinking : The future of education is to emphasize critical thinking , problem-solving , and creativity . Students are being encouraged to analyse complex issues, think critically, and propose innovative solutions.
• Practical and vocational training : Vocational and skills-based programs prepare students for diverse careers, bridging the gap between education and employment.
• Technological enablement : Technology plays a central role in the education of the future. Virtual reality ( VR ), augmented reality ( AR ), artificial intelligence ( AI ), and immersive simulations enhance learning experiences, making education engaging and interactive.
• Internet as a repository : The Internet serves as a vast repository of knowledge and resources. Open-access educational content, including lectures, e-books, and research materials, is readily available to learners worldwide.
• Transnational collaboration : Educational institutions and students engage in transnational collaboration. Online platforms facilitate global partnerships, enabling students to work with peers and experts from diverse cultures and backgrounds.
• Collaborative online projects like Wikipedia showcase the potential for global knowledge sharing and transnational collaboration.
• Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) like Coursera and India’s Swayam have already revolutionized online education, offering courses from top universities and institutions worldwide.

In the words of Mahatma Gandhi, “Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.” As we move forward, let us embrace the idea that education is an ongoing process, a lifelong companion that empowers us to face the unknown, conquer challenges, and unlock the limitless potential of the human mind. The future of education invites us to live and learn with a sense of purpose and curiosity, recognizing that the pursuit of knowledge is not bound by time or age.

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UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Analysis, Check PDF Download Link

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) has administered the CSE Mains 2023 Essay Paper on September 15. Download PDF and Check the UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Analysis of question here.

Table of Contents

UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Analysis

The UPSC Essay Paper is an important component that evaluates candidates’ knowledge as well as their ability to clearly and simply express concepts. This analysis explores the subtleties of this exam section, revealing trends, approaches, and ideas for future civil employees. The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducted the IAS Mains 2023 Essay Paper on September 15, 2023. Check here UPSC Essay Paper 2023 detailed analysis below with proper model answers.

UPSC Essay Paper 2023 PDF

The Essay Paper of UPSC Mains 2023 is available in PDF format. The exam was successfully administered by UPSC at Forenoon on September 15, 2023. 9:00 AM – 12:00 PM, session. The UPSC Essay Paper is of  250 Marks. Candidates can check the UPSC Essay Paper 2023 PDF Link below

UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Questions

The questions asked in the UPSC Essay paper 2023 have been mentioned below:

• Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team.
• Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic.
• Not all who wander are lost
• Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane
• Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands – two equally harmful disciplines
• Mathematics is the music of reason
• A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity
• Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in the school

UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Section A

Check here 4 questions of a UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Section A.

UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Section B

Check here 4 questions of a UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Section B.

UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Detailed Discussion Question-wise

Check the Question-Wise detailed discussion on UPSC Essay Paper 2023 below:

1. Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team.

Approach : 

• Thinking as a human nature.
• Features of thinking as a GAME – connecting thinking to a game.
• Game is based on competition. 
• Various dimensions to connect

Thesis – Thinking (like a game)  begins with a competition (it can be opposite views, adversary conditions/Challenges.

Philosophical basis : Hegels idea of dialectics.

Meaning/Context:  

• Thinking  in simple terms is  a  problem-solving activity.
•  pondering or reflecting on something. 
• Analysing and evaluating options
• Goal-directed behaviour. 
• From choosing a dress to wear to solving a mathematical problem, all activities involve thinking.

Historical Examples:

• Ancient : To protect from animal attacks and other dangers , humans started to live in bands–thats the basis of community/society.
• Modern: Masses of Indian -sub-continent as a united against the oppressive policies of the British in the National Movement.

Examples from Different Dimensions

• Individual : In day to day life of individual, its the competition that drives our thinking from simple decisions like chosing a dress to major decisions like deciding on the careers.
• Societal : Ex: Social reforms in Hindu society were initiated through Arya Samaj due to the fear of westernisation and threat of conversions.
• Political : Fear of opposition from rival political parties  in the Parliament checks the misuse of  power by the incumbent government. (or) Presence of multiple political parties and their debates during the election campaigns ignites the thinking of the common man towards the major issues.
• Ex: Presence of multiple competitors in the telecom sector resulted in faster adoption of 4g technology in India.
• Governance : Competitive fedaralism by NITI Aayog giving best outputs,
• Environmental : Modern Environmentalism started due to the opposition to industrial revolution.
• International Relations :   Countries’ goal to  become superpower makes them to adher to the principles of peace.
• Other examples – Covid, globalization 

Anti-Thesis : Thinking does not always require Competition to begin.

• Thinking can also happen by chance without any goal –For ex: it can happen through curiosity–Example: Newtons’ discovery of gravity, Human discovery of fire etc.
• Destructive thinking: Hitler

2. Visionary decision making happen at the intersection of intuition and logic

• Decision making in everyday life – basis of human survival. E.g. Evolution of Humans from apes and role of decision making
• Role of Intuition in decision making ( Navigating Ambiguity, Intuition is a source of creativity, as are innovation,​​ Making social and interpersonal decisions, Risk assessment: Personal Values and Ethics )
• Logic as assistance in decision making ( Identifying Relevant Information, Analyzing Options, Consistency, Problem Solving)
• Requirement of both intuition and logic for visionary decision.
• How to develop intuition and logic and balance them for visionary decision making. 

Thesis: Visionary decision possible at intersection. 

Examples and Arguments: 

• Innovation and creativity – Steve Jobs’ visionary choice to create the iPhone –  result of his creative vision and intuition about what consumers needed.
• Financial innovations in the form of UPI – logic made it difficult as financial transactions were already happening, but intuitive ness about its adoption was the major factor for its success.
• Risk-taking: Elon Musk’s visionary choice to use SpaceX – intuition about the significance of extraterrestrial colonisation drove him to take the risk despite logic’s assertions to the contrary.
• Long-Term Perspective: Mahatma Gandhi had a brilliant idea to use nonviolent resistance – while logic might have suggested a more combative strategy, his gut feeling about the long-term advantages of nonviolence and unity resulted in a historic change.
• Human and societal factors: requires knowledge of societal dynamics, human behaviour, and values. E.g. A doctor may have logical medical data but also needs to consider the patient’s emotional state and unique circumstances .
• Transcending Conventions: Visionary choices go against accepted beliefs and norms. Nelson Mandela’s visionary choice to seek out forgiveness and reconciliation in South Africa after the end of apartheid.

More examples –

• Watson and Crick’s Discovery of DNA’s Structure.
• Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin.
• Alfred Wegener’s intuition about continents drifting led to the plate tectonics theory and logic through dscoveries of fossils.
• Charles Darwin’s intuition about natural selection and the evolution of species led to his groundbreaking work, “On the Origin of Species.”
• Franklin D. Roosevelt – The New Deal: FDR’s intuition led him to understand the desperation and suffering caused by the Great Depression. The New Deal was a well-thought-out set of policies aimed at reviving the economy through public works projects, banking reforms, and social programs.

Anti Thesis: Why intuition and logic alone are not sufficient to achieve it.

Challenges and Pitfalls: Potential challenges of relying too heavily on intuition or logic in visionary decision making.

• Over Reliance on logic: Nokia’s Missed Smartphone Revolution – Over Reliance on logic can lead to a reluctance to embrace disruptive innovations. Fall of Kodak cameras.
• Over Reliance on intuition: Elizabeth Holmes, the founder of Theranos, had a vision to revolutionize blood testing. Holmes ignored red flags and critical feedback, ultimately undermining the company’s credibility . Also – 2008 economic crisis, NASA’s Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986 was partially attributed to a decision made based on intuition  
• Importance of self-awareness in decision-makers: Balancing intuition and logic is crucial in visionary decision-making. Self-awareness is the key to achieving this balance.

How to develop intuition and logic and balancing them for visionary decision making:

• Cultivate Intuition: Self-Reflection, Trust Your Gut, Embrace Creativity, Mindfulness and Meditation etc.
• Develop Logical Thinking: Analytical Exercises, Data Analysis, Scenario Planning
• Balancing Intuition and Logic: Collaborate, Feedback Loops, Continuous Learning

Conclusion: Visionary decision-making resulted from the harmonious interplay of intuition and logic. Intuition provided the overarching purpose and direction, while logic offered the means to translate those visionary goals into practical, achievable outcomes. – “Intuition alone can be a powerful guiding force, but logic is the tool that transforms vision into reality.”

3. Not all who wander are lost

• Introduction with anecdote
• Arguments on essence of wandering – Integrating examples
• Counter viewpoints
• Pre-conclusion – Administrative dimension – Need of balancing wandering with clarity of purpose

Introduction – Story of Siddhartha Gautama/ Columbus’ quest of exploring the unknown

The topic reflects the idea that those who may appear lost or aimless may, in fact, be on a heroic quest . This perspective challenges preconceived notions and encourages us to look beyond appearances.

Essence of Wandering 

• Leads to exploration – Societal level, Individual introspection (Linking this with introductory story of Gautam Buddha)
• Personal growth and self-discovery (Introspection leads to critical thinking, we understand why one behaves in a certain way). Example – Philosophy of Tao 
• Quest for knowledge (Such deep wandering into the psyche of oneself and others may lead to gaining significant knowledge). Ex – Ferdinand Magellan discovery of the nature of Earth surface. 
• Creativity and innovation (Insights and knowledge acquired through wandering may lead to creativity and innovation) Thomas Alva Edison
• Breaking free from conformity (Innovation/Creativity will challenge deep seated stereotypes and prejudices and in turn lead to breaking the conformity bias) 
• Struggling for change/reform –  Cuba cost effective health care and education despite being wandering with revolutions and system of government 

Embracing uncertainty/Resisting the fear of unknown

It suggests that not having a fixed destination can be liberating, allowing us to adapt to the unexpected and be open to new experiences. This is particularly relevant in a rapidly changing world where flexibility and adaptability are highly valued.

Movements for social justice – LGBTQIA+, Environment, Women Empowerment, Caste equality movements.

Counter viewpoint  

Survivorship bias

• Bias for those who do not get lost after wandering – but what about those who have / will lose after wandering?

Potential for Wasted Time :

• Wandering without a purpose or goal can lead to a significant amount of time and resources being spent without tangible results. 
• In certain contexts, such as education or career planning, meandering aimlessly may result in missed opportunities or delayed achievements.

Risk of Disconnection

Individuals who prioritise aimless exploration over obligations to family, work, or community may find themselves isolated or struggling to meet their obligations.

Pre conclusion remarks – Linkage with Indian administration – 

How wandering in the realm of bureaucratic rigidities led to the loss of purpose (welfare state). However, the decision to explore the path of “Digital world” has made governance citizen-centric. Balancing the wandering/exploration with clarity of purpose is paramount to achieve the dreams of AMRIT KAAL.

“Not all who wander are lost” invites us to navigate the complexities of life with an open heart and a curious mind, to embrace uncertainty and spontaneity, and to recognize that even those who appear to be wandering aimlessly may be on profound journeys of self-discovery and growth. It is an intellectual call to balance the pursuit of goals and the pursuit of wisdom, acknowledging that both are valuable and, at times, intertwined in the tapestry of human existence.

4. Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane

• Idea of creativity and basis for inspiration
• Creativity thrives when we uncover the extraordinary within the ordinary—finding magic in the mundane.
• This drives innovation across art, science, and technology, spurring personal growth, solving everyday problems, and shaping history.
• It serves as a catalyst for progress and enriches the human experience.

Anecdote for Introduction

Walking on the sand – taking a stroll on a beach, same sand – Silicon – semiconductors , Uranium – nuclear weapons/energy.

Thesis: Creativity is the spark that ignites our imagination, enabling us to see the extraordinary in the ordinary.  What fuels this inexhaustible well of creativity?

It is the ability to see the extraordinary within the ordinary, to find the magical in the mundane. 

It reminds us that the world is full of wonder waiting to be discovered, even in the most ordinary of circumstances.

Dimensions:

• Art and Aesthetics

Vincent van Gogh’s “Starry Night.” 

Artists take commonplace objects, scenes, and emotions and elevate them to the realm of the extraordinary. 

• Startups and small businesses
• Companies like Uber and Airbnb turned everyday tasks like transportation and lodging into magical, on-demand experiences, revolutionizing their respective sectors.
• The “Dabbawalas” of Mumbai , who efficiently deliver home-cooked lunches to workers across the city.
• Science and Innovation
• Think of Isaac Newton’s observation of an apple falling from a tree, which led to his groundbreaking insights into gravity.
• Consider Iphones ( Steve Jobs) , initially designed for communication but now integral to our lives, connecting us to an expansive digital world.
• Economy/Finance
• UPI Payments – brining financial revolution – from McDonalds to Street vendors
• Energy Security
• Renewable energy – like Solar – tapping the potential of Sun 
• Biofuels – driving vehicles with cleaner, simple fuels 
• Administrative Innovation : Bureaucrats using simple /mundane solutions for fixing societal issues.
• Armstrong Palme – People’s Road
• Operation Sulaimani – Prashant Nair – ‘’Compassionate Kozhikode’ – hunger and food security
• Problem Solving/ Challenges

Consider a chef in a bustling restaurant kitchen. They take ordinary ingredients—flour, water, and yeast—and transform them into the magical delight of freshly baked bread.

• On a personal level, seeking the magical in the mundane is a pathway to self-discovery and personal growth. The daily routines and tasks of life may seem routine, but they can be opportunities for mindfulness and reflection. 

Antithesis /Alternate Perspective

• AI usage – killing creativity – only some will use AI for creativity but for the majority, creativity will get killed.
• Specific class of intellectuals – Gramsci’s Manufacturing Consent 
• Circumstances for thinking – societal norms controlling mind – reducing innovation

Conclusion:

• Embracing the idea that inspiration can be found in everyday experiences is crucial for fostering innovation and ensuring a brighter, more imaginative future. 
• As we navigate the complexities of our ever-changing world, let us remember that even the most ordinary of things can hold the spark of creativity and the potential for magic.
• The magic is not just out there; it’s within us, waiting to be uncovered in the world around us.

5. Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands – two equally harmful disciplines

Introduction

• Breaking down the first part- Girls are weighed down by restrictions
• Breaking down the second part – Boys are weighed down with demands
• Why such a scenario
• Multidimensional Impact of these harmful disciplines – Family level, society, nation, Political, economical, etc.
• Are these two disciplines equally harmful?

Countering these harmful disciplines

• India, a nation heralded for its rich cultural heritage and a history spanning millennia , is also a place where gender disparities have endured for generations. 
• The intricate web of expectations placed upon girls, often characterised by social, familial, and cultural restrictions, can inhibit their aspirations, education, and personal freedoms. 
• Simultaneously, boys face the weight of societal demands that prescribe specific notions of masculinity, often emphasising stoicism, competitiveness, and emotional restraint

Girls are weighed down by restrictions

• Traditional gender roles and expectations may dictate that girls should prioritise domestic responsibilities over personal aspirations, conform to rigid standards of beauty and behaviour , and shy away from traditionally male-dominated fields. 
• Emotional: Cannot express anger /aggressiveness–only love, empathy, care etc. are acceptable. 
• Family and Marriage:   Patriarchy; Restrictions on choosing life partner; child birth  etc.
• Career: Restrictions on  taking up professions like Mechanical Engineering , Combat role in Army etc. ( Gender ceiling ; Pink collared jobs etc.)
• Economy: Restrictions/ non-inclusion /no independence  in major  financial decisions.
• Consequences : These restrictions can stifle their ambitions, self-expression, and personal growth.

Boys with demands

• Boys often grapple with societal demands that pressure them to conform to notions of masculinity that may not align with their authentic selves. 
• Emotional : Boys are not supposed to cry even in bitter conditions.
• Clothes : Colours and style as set up the society Ex: Pink is almost not acceptable
• Physical : Physical Strength
• Relationship :  Not to show equality towards spouse
• Marriage: Taking Dowry 
• Career :  Towards  Engineering, Army, Police etc.
• Economy: To bear the financial burden of the entire family
• Culture: To carry out the legacy of family
• Consequences : These demands may include suppressing emotions, pursuing aggressive behaviours, and demonstrating dominance. The pressure to meet these demands can lead to emotional repression, mental health issues, and a perpetuation of harmful stereotypes about masculinity.

Why? – Social norms, Perpetuation of stereotypes through social interactions, misinterpretation of religious texts, popular culture, cinema, etc.

Impact of these two harmful disciplines: 

• Limiting Personal Growth
• Impeding social progress – Not conducive for national development
• Non inclusive society

Are the two disciplines equally harmful or not? 

• Arguments in favour
• Reinforces Gender stereotypes – limits individual freedom and self expression 
• Adversely impacts emotional well being .
• Perpetuates gender inequality and disturbs social peace–Men Vs. Women debate will continue.
• Limits life choices thereby repressing personal autonomy and Individual freedom 
• Arguments against
• Biological limitations:  Physical strength is a natural fact. Therefore, such limitations may not be harmful for certain segments.
• Cultural limitations:  To preserve the culture to bind together the families through division of work and responsibilities.
• Societal Limitations: Society is not yet matured enough to accept breaking the gender roles and stereotypes.
• Infrastructural Limitations: Ex:  Lack of Toilets and other necessary infrastructure for women is an issue to recruit women in combat roles in the army.
• More harmful to girls than boys as boys through demands at least get opportunities. However such opportunities are denied to girls due to restrictions.

Breaking barriers and building the nation – Countering the two harmful disciplines.

Conclusion: 

• There are examples of women breaking their restrictions. Ex- Kiran Bedi
• Matrelinial societies build on breaking restrictions.
• Husbands also contributing in breaking limitations. Ex – division of house work.

6. Mathematics is the ‘music of reason’

• Similarity between Maths and Music 
• Linkage between Maths and Reason 
• Why Maths is considered as the ‘Music of Reason’
• Way Ahead – Steps which can be taken to build Passion for Maths among young people

Similarity between Maths and Music

Similar to Music, to do mathematics is to engage in an act of

• Discovery of Pythagorous 
• Ex Srinivisa Ramanujan contribution to pure mathematics, without any formal knowledge, which led to many discoveries. 
• His last notebooks just before his death caused excitement among Mathmaticians 
• Aryabhatta discovery of zero
• to be in a state of confusion— Do not know what your creation can lead to
• Newton contributions in calculus, technology of telescope etc and how it helped in Modern Physics
• Recent research, in which Math models were used to gain new insight on how breast cancer metastasizes.
• to be frustrated as an artist; 
• to be awed and overwhelmed by an almost painful beauty; to be alive, damn it.”

Linkage b/w Maths and Reason

• Mathematics is often described as a discipline rooted in pure reason. While it is influenced by empirical observations and practical applications, it is ultimately built on a foundation of abstract reasoning and logical deduction.

Reason why Mathematics is considered the ‘Music of Reason’

Requires Passion 

Continuous pursuit of Knowledge

Can lead to collaborations for greater good 

Inculcates logical Thinking and Reason 

Results in creation which stand the test of time

• Provides Harmony in patterns – music of reason because it emphasized beauty of patterns, symmetry and harmony. 
• Mathematical concepts underpin various technological advancement.  
• Mathematical equation and concepts reveal the inherent order in the Universe. 
• Transcends cultural and linguistic barriers → Universal language Understood by scientist, engineering and Finance
• International collaboration in the above field takes place. 
• Cultivates Problem solving skills and logical thinking → Helps tackle real world problems. 
• Cultivates Reason → Valuable in decision making 
• Forms the basis of artificial intelligence, cryptography and data science etc.
• Ancient times – Jantar Mantar, 
• Add examples – 
• Economic Significance → Role played by Maths in economics finance, resource allocation etc. 
• for example calculus is used to determine the rate of speed required for the spaceship to successfully reach space from the Earth. 
• India’s achievements in space exploration, especially Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), Chandrayaan 3 mission which was celebrated for its cost-effectiveness and precision in trajectory calculations, demonstrating the role of mathematics in space endeavours.
• Educational and Skill development  → Provides Individuals with analytical skills and problem solving → example of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) will help develop future professionals. 
• Interdisciplinary Connections: Intersects with various other disciplines such as Computer Science, economics and Social Science. Thus, helps with Interdisciplinary research to provide Innovative solutions to the problems 

Way Ahead – Change in culture to make Maths be seen as an artistic pursuit

• Talk about why Maths should be taken as an intellectually engaged, artistic pursuits. 
• Take Maths as a a tool for collaboration (Similar to Music where artists collaborate example of collaboration in field of Space), persistence (similar to music work towards persistently finding new algorithms etc.), growth mindset (offer praise, nurturing the passion for Maths among student), Make students love Maths (stop the culture of hating Maths etc.) 

7. A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity

• Meaning/Context  : A just society is one that strives to eliminate the root causes of inequality and suffering , thereby reducing the need for charitable assistance.
• Idea of Justice
• Historical dimension
• Interplay of Justice and Charity through multiple layers of society
• Significance of charity in today’s society

Historical Dimension 

• Concept of charity started when social justice took a backseat with caste and gender divisions–charity in fact shows the inequalities in society (where rich are able to donate to poor).

Different Dimensions of Society

• Ex: Stephen Hawking’s disability did not let him to depend on charity.
• Community :  Historically Disadvantaged sections of Indian society like SC/STs- were ensured with  social justice through affirmative action in the constitution.
• Subnational level : Hilly and tribal regions are provided with special provisions  in the constitution. (Fifth and Six Schedule )
• Social Justice has no room for freebies in elections , farm loan waivers etc. 
• World :   Inclusion of African Union to G20–African nations need no charity but chances for opportunities for growth.

Significance of  Charity in Current Times 

• Historical injustices have perpetuated inequalities in the society in the form of caste class, gender , religion etc.— constitution ensures social justice to these sections– but it will take a long time to correct these (even though progress has been significant) -hence charity (from individuals. Corporates and institutions) provide support to the desired sections of population to a certain extent.
• Global North vs Global South
• Impact of Climate Change – Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) 
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) – balancing profits with the social needs.

Conclusion : The ultimate goal of society is to reduce  the need for charity.

8. Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in the school

• Meaning of Education and significance for humans.
• Role of learning: Learning is a process which results in a more or less permanent modification of behaviour as a result of practice or experience.
• Distinguish between education and schooling/learning → Only positive or desirable learning contributes to the process of education while negative or undesirable learning is not considered a part of education.
• The Importance of Lifelong Learning and how education inculcates this.

Meaning/Context 

• Education has different contextual meaning – the economist would see education as a commodity in which it is profitable for the community to invest. Sociologists would tell people that education is a socializing force, Education as a Spiritual Pursuit: According to the Upanishads, “Education is that whose end product is salvation”
• Nevertheless, education is there in all of the above and each one is linked to the process of education, yet it lies above all these.
• It is believed that education should prepare individuals for active participation in a democratic society.

Historical Dimension

• Education is derived from  – “Educare”, which refers to “to bring up’ or “to nourish”.
• In India, the concept of education is traced back to the “Gurukula Parampara” which developed in ancient times.

Distinguish between education and schooling/learning

• Value system/ wisdom comes from experience while learning teaches academic knowledge and information. Example –  only after seeing pain, death and suffering  Siddhartha became Buddha.  
• True education extends beyond memorization and tests, leaving a lasting imprint on an individual’s character, values, and ability to navigate the complexities of life. E.g. NEP fosters foundational learning away from rote learning.
• Education exposes individuals to diverse cultures, histories, and perspectives, nurturing cultural and social awareness. This understanding promotes tolerance, inclusivity, and the ability to thrive in a globalized world. 

The success of renowned entrepreneurs like Steve Jobs and Bill Gates, who dropped out of college, highlights how the problem-solving skills and innovative thinking acquired in their educational journey laid the foundation for their groundbreaking careers.

The Importance of Lifelong Learning and how education inculcates this?

• Adaptation to Change : In a rapidly changing world.
• Personal Growth : Lifelong learning fosters personal growth and self-improvement.
• Career Advancement : Lifelong learners are often more competitive in the job market. 
• Problem Solving : Lifelong learning enhances critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.
• Cognitive Health : Continuous learning helps maintain cognitive health and may delay cognitive decline associated with aging. 
• Increased Confidence : Acquiring new knowledge and skills boosts self-confidence and self-esteem. 
• Enhanced Communication : Lifelong learning can improve communication skills, including written and verbal communication.
• Social Engagement : Lifelong learners often engage in social activities related to their interests, fostering connections and a sense of belonging within communities of learners.
• Innovation and Creativity : Exposure to diverse ideas and experiences through lifelong learning can inspire innovation and creativity.

Way Forward: John Dewey’s 7 principles: Experiential Learning, Child-Centered Education , Learning by Doing, Integration of Subjects, Democratic Education, Continuous Learning, Problem-Centered Curriculum, Social Interaction.

Conclusion: Aristotle advocated for a balanced education that included the cultivation of moral virtues, intellectual virtues, and practical skills.  In essence, education endures as a beacon that guides individuals throughout their lives, illuminating the path toward personal growth, societal progress, and the betterment of humanity as a whole.

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UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Analysis FAQs

What are the rules for writing essay in upsc.

Candidates have to select a topic from each section and write about it in 1,000 to 2,000 words within the given time of three hours.

How to score good marks in essay UPSC?

Here are a few tips to help you achieve this score: - Understand the essay topic: Read the topic carefully and analyze its various dimensions. Develop a clear understanding of what the essay demands. - Plan your essay: Spend some time brainstorming and organizing your thoughts before you start writing.

Do essay questions repeat in UPSC?

Yes, UPSC does repeat its previous year's questions in the Prelims exam.

Can essay be written in bullet points?

Yes. There is no hard and fast rule; that being said, if this is for a course assignment, I would be careful about it. Some instructors might consider bullet points too informal for an essay.

What is a decent score in essay UPSC?

As the essay paper is out of 250, marks which are above 50% can be considered good, ie. 125. Marks between 110-125 is considered as average.

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[Download] UPSC Mains 2023 – Essay Paper PDF – Hindi | English

ForumIAS announcing GS Foundation Program for UPSC CSE 2025-26 from 10th August. Click Here for more information.

UPSC Mains 2023 Essay Paper has been conducted on the first day of the Civil Services mains Examination. The question paper of the same is out. You can download the question paper from the link given below:

Download UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2023

UPSC Mains 2023 Essay Paper

Write two essays, choosing one topic from each of the following Sections A and B, in about 1000-1200 words each:

1. Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team. चिंतन एक तरह का खेल है, यह तब तक प्रारम्भ नहीं होता, जब तक एक विरोधी पक्ष न हो ।

2. Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic. दूरदर्शी निर्णय तभी लिए जाते हैं जब अंतर्ज्ञान और तर्क का परस्पर मेल होता है।

3. Not all who wander are lost. सभी भटकने वाले गुम नहीं होते हैं ।

4. Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane. रचनात्मकता की प्रेरणा लौकिकता में चमत्कार ढूँढने के प्रयास से उपजती हैं।

Section – B

5. Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands two equally harmful disciplines. लड़कियाँ बंदिशों के तथा लड़के अपेक्षा के बोझ तले दबे हुए होते हैं दोनों ही समान रूप से हानिकारक व्यवस्थाएँ हैं।

6. Mathematics is the music of reason. गणित ज्ञान का संगीत है ।

7. A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity. जिस समाज में अधिक न्याय होता है, उस समाज को दान की कम आवश्यकता होती है।

8. Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school. शिक्षा वह है जो विद्यालय में सीखी गई बातों को भूल जाने के बाद भी शेष रह जाती है।

The Essay Paper is a crucial part of the UPSC Mains Examination. It carries 250 marks and is divided into two sections: Section A and Section B. Each section has four essay topics, and you must pick one topic from each section to write on. The time allotted is 3 hours.

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UPSC Essay Topics - Important Essay Topics for UPSC Mains 2023

by Vajiram & Ravi

Essay Course for UPSC

UPSC CSE Mains 2023 Essay Question Paper

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Understanding UPSC Essay Topics holds significant importance as it evaluates the candidate's ability to analyse, present arguments, and communicate effectively. In this article, we will explore the diverse range of UPSC essay topics, their significance, and essential tips to excel in this section. Get ready to enhance your writing and analytical skills and make a strong impression on the evaluators with well-crafted essays.

UPSC Essay Paper

The Essay paper in the UPSC Mains examination requires candidates to write multiple essays , each on a different topic, chosen from a given list of options. The essay topics for UPSC cover a wide range of issues, including social, economic, political, cultural, and philosophical aspects, both national and international.

The essay paper holds significant weightage in the UPSC Mains examination, contributing 250 marks out of the total 1750 marks . Scoring well in this section can have a considerable impact on the overall ranking and selection for the coveted civil services.

Weekly UPSC Essay Topics By Vajiram & Ravi

The UPSC Essay Paper is an opportunity for candidates to demonstrate their proficiency in expressing ideas and analysing complex issues. Vajiram & Ravi Pensive-Weekly Essay Writing Programme provides you with two Essay Topics every Saturday based on the previous year's question papers and the changing trends analysis. You can submit your Essay for peer evaluation on vajiramandravi.com. This will help you nourish your writing skills, give you clarity of thought, and build the capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Important Essay Topics for UPSC 2023

The purpose of the essay paper is to assess the candidate's ability to critically analyse a topic, present well-structured arguments, and communicate their ideas effectively. It also evaluates their knowledge of various issues, their clarity of thought, and their capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Some of the Important Essay Topics to prepare for the UPSC Mains Examination 2023 are:

• Gender Equality
• Environment/Urbanization
• Economic Growth
• Federalism/Decentralization
• Agriculture
• Economics 

UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy

Every year, UPSC typically provides you with two or more essay topics centred around philosophical thoughts, Indian philosophical schools, or quotes from notable personalities. To effectively address these philosophical topics, you should refer to Philosophy Books to gain a foundational understanding. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy :

• Everything comes to him, who hustles while he waits.
• We are always blind as we want to be.
• You cannot step twice in the same river.
• A disciplined mind brings happiness.
• The price of Greatness is Responsibility.
• People would rather Believe than Know.
• Mind - A beautiful Servant? Or a dangerous Master?

UPSC Essay Topics on Art and Culture

The UPSC Essay Topics related to Indian society, art, and culture cover a wide range of subjects, offering great diversity. To gain knowledge about the static content on these topics, you should rely on fundamental books on society, as recommended for the exam. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Indian Art and Culture :

• Culture changes with economic development.
• Culture is what we are, Civilization is what we have.
• Social reform is a myth if places of worship are open only to all castes and not to all genders.
• Impact of Globalization on Indian Art and Culture.
• Caste System - India’s Enduring Curse.
• Godmen - A Threat to Indian Art and Culture?

UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology

UPSC essay topics on Science and Technology can largely be addressed through current affairs. You may also benefit from consulting a Science and Technology Book for UPSC to compose a comprehensive and well-rounded essay. Here are some UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology:

• Deglobalisation is good for the world.
• Science is organised Knowledge. Wisdom is Organised life.
• Technology is a Weapon against Poverty.
• Prioritising Education Technology for Global Growth.
• Technology is the silent factor in International Relations.
• Scientific and Technological Progress cannot be equated with Human Progress.

UPSC Essay Topics on Education

Education stands as one of the preferred UPSC Essay Topics, with an essay related to this subject often appearing in the paper each year. To tackle this topic effectively, you should stay abreast of Current Affairs , incorporating significant changes and advancements in the field. Let's explore some of the Essay topics for UPSC centred around education:

• Self Education is a lifelong curiosity.
• Education Breeds Peace.
• Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.
• Education must also train one for quick, resolute and effective thinking.
• Schooling is not Education.

UPSC Essay Topics on Polity and Governance

To comprehensively address Polity and Governance topics, you should acquire fundamental knowledge from Polity Books for UPSC and Current Affairs. These resources offer static information about relevant issues and their historical context, which proves valuable while writing UPSC Essay Topics on Polity. Here are some Essay Topics on Polity and Governance:

• The Role of Politics in Development.
• Should Youth in India Consider Politics as a Career?
• Art, Freedom and Creativity will change society faster than politics.
• The politics of Identity is the Politics of the Weak.
• People should not be afraid of their Government. The Government should be afraid of its people.
• Government Surveillance - Good or Bad?

UPSC Essay Topics on Economy

Essays concerning economic growth are frequently included in the Essay Paper. To tackle these topics effectively, you should refer to Economy Notes for UPSC to gain a comprehensive understanding. Once the fundamentals are grasped, you can enhance their essays by incorporating examples, data, and statistics to create a multidimensional perspective. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Economy:

• We don't have to sacrifice a Strong Economy for a Healthy Environment.
• India, a $5 trillion Economy - Dream or Reality?
• Digital Economy: A leveller or a source of Economic Inequality?
• Innovation is the key determinant of social welfare and economic growth.
• Labour Reforms in India and its Role in Economic Growth.

UPSC Essay Topics on Social Issues

Social issues are a significant aspect of the UPSC essay paper, reflecting the candidates' understanding of societal challenges and their ability to propose viable solutions. These essays provide a platform for candidates to analyse, critique, and suggest measures for pressing social concerns. Topics related to social issues in the UPSC Essay paper may include:

• Inclusivity and Plurality are the hallmarks of a Peaceful Society.
• A Gender-sensitive Indian Society is a prerequisite for Women and Child Empowerment.
• The weaker sections of Indian Society - are their Rights and Access to Justice getting Better?

Previous Year UPSC Essay Topics

Practising previous year's essay topics will help you become familiar with the UPSC exam pattern , word limit, and the types of essay questions frequently asked in the Mains Examination. Analysing past essay topics will also allow you to identify recurring themes and trends, enabling you to prioritise their preparation accordingly. Regular practice with past essay topics will instil confidence in you, helping you feel more comfortable and prepared for the actual exam.

• Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence.
• Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.
• History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man.
• A ship in the harbour is safe, but that is not what a ship is for.
• The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining.
• A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities.
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right.

Tips to Excel in UPSC Essay Paper

• Understand the Topics: Thoroughly comprehend the essay topics, including the keywords and instructions. Choose a topic that aligns with your strengths and interests.
• Plan and Structure: Devote some time to plan your essay. Create an outline and organise your thoughts in a structured manner, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Be Objective: Present balanced arguments and avoid a biased or one-sided approach. Consider multiple perspectives and present a holistic view.
• Provide Examples and Evidence: Support your arguments with relevant examples, data, quotes and evidence to strengthen your essay.
• Maintain Clarity: Write in a clear and concise manner. Use simple language and avoid jargon or overly complex vocabulary.
• Practice Regularly: Regular practice is essential to improve Essay writing skills. Write essays on diverse topics to enhance your versatility.
• Time Management: Allocate appropriate time for planning, writing, and revising each essay to manage time effectively during the examination.
• Revise and Edit: Review your essays for coherence, grammar, and structure. Make necessary edits to refine your work.

FAQs on UPSC Essay Topics

What are the important UPSC Essay Topics?

Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics asked in Mains Examination previously:

• Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have.
• Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.
• What is research but a blind date with knowledge?
• Best for an individual is not necessarily best for society.
• Wisdom finds truth.
• Ships don’t sink because of water around them, ships sink because of water that gets into them.
• Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality.
• Technology as the silent factor in international relations.

How do I Prepare for the UPSC Essay?

To prepare for the UPSC essay, focus on understanding the essay syllabus and past topics to identify recurring themes. Regularly practise writing essays on various topics to improve your writing skills and time management. Structure your essays with a clear introduction, main body, and conclusion.

Which is the best source to practise UPSC Essay Topics?

The best sources to prepare Essay for UPSC include official UPSC materials, newspapers, and magazines like The Hindu, Yojana , and Kurukshetra for current affairs, standard books on diverse subjects, government reports and publications, online platforms like PIB and PRS India, UPSC previous year papers for understanding the exam pattern, and regular practice of essay writing on various topics.

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Essay Question Paper (Analysis & Solutions) – UPSC Civil Services Mains 2023

This topic of “Essay Question Paper (Analysis & Solutions) – UPSC Civil Services Mains 2023” is important from the perspective of the UPSC IAS Examination , which falls under General Studies Portion.

Write two essays, choosing one topic from each of the following Sections A and B, in about 1000 – 1200 words each: (125×2=250 marks)

(Click the links to read the solutions)

• Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team.
• Visionary deci sion-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic.
• Not all who wander are lost.
• Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane .
• Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands – two equally harmful disciplines.
• Mathematics is the music of reason.
• A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity.
• Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.

Express Learning Programme (ELP)

• Optional Notes
• Study Hacks
• Prelims Sureshots (Repeated Topic Compilations)
• Current Affairs (Newsbits, Editorials & In-depths)
• Ancient Indian History
• Medieval Indian History
• Modern Indian History
• Post-Independence Indian History
• World History
• Art & Culture
• Geography (World & Indian)
• Indian Society & Social Justice
• Indian Polity
• International Relations
• Indian Economy
• Environment 
• Agriculture
• Internal Security
• Disasters & its Management
• General Science – Biology
• General Studies (GS) 4 – Ethics
• Syllabus-wise learning
• Political Science
• Anthropology
• Public Administration

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Analysis & Approach

Each question in the essay paper reflects a different dimension of thinking, and the aspirant is expected to demonstrate their analytical skills, coherence in arguments, and proficiency in language while addressing these questions.

• Analysis: This topic seems to delve into the dialectical nature of thought. It could be interpreted that for any idea or thought to be truly explored or expanded upon, there must be an opposing or challenging force. This could relate to the Hegelian dialectic (thesis-antithesis-synthesis) or even the fundamental nature of debates.
• Approach: A candidate can start by illustrating the importance of opposition in any form of critical thinking or decision-making. Real-world examples like scientific debates, democratic procedures, and the role of a loyal opposition in a parliament can be cited.
• Analysis: Visionary decisions are those that shape the future, and they strike a balance between intuition (which is often based on subconscious processing) and logic (structured reasoning).
• Approach: Candidates can discuss examples of visionary leaders and their decisions. For instance, Steve Jobs’ intuition in product design combined with logical market analysis, or Mahatma Gandhi ’s intuition about non-violence and its logical implications in the Indian freedom struggle.
• Analysis: This statement, borrowed from J.R.R. Tolkien’s work, implies that not all who seem directionless are without purpose; sometimes, wandering can be a form of discovery.
• Approach: This can be addressed by discussing the importance of exploration, serendipity in scientific discoveries, or even the self-exploratory journey that many individuals undertake in life.
• Analysis: This implies that true creativity often arises from observing and interpreting everyday life in unique ways.
• Approach: Real-life examples of artists, writers, and scientists who drew inspiration from everyday occurrences can be highlighted. Picasso’s simplistic drawings or Archimedes’ Eureka moment in his bathtub, for instance.
• Analysis: This topic brings out the gender disparities and societal norms and expectations imposed upon individuals based on their gender.
• Approach: It’s crucial to address both sides of the coin, discussing how gender norms restrict the potential and well-being of both girls and boys. Comparisons of societal expectations, real-life anecdotes, and data-driven evidence on gender disparities can be effective.
• Analysis: The quote explores the harmony, structure, and beauty in mathematics similar to the rhythm and patterns in music.
• Approach: Discussing the inherent order and logic in mathematics, and drawing parallels with musical structures can be a starting point. Mentioning mathematicians who were also musicians or vice versa might add value.
• Analysis: This touches upon the idea that if a society is just, equitable, and provides opportunities for all, then the need for charity diminishes as fewer people would be in a position of deprivation.
• Approach: Highlighting the correlation between justice and social welfare, discussing models of developed nations, and contrasting them with societies where charity becomes a band-aid solution for deeper systemic issues can be effective.
• Analysis: This topic delves into the difference between rote learning and true education – the values, critical thinking skills, and character that endure beyond mere facts.
• Approach: Drawing a distinction between learning for exams and learning for life, discussing the role of education in character building, and bringing in philosophical views on education would be insightful.

For all the essays, it’s essential to remember to structure the arguments coherently, provide relevant examples, and ensure a holistic view is presented. Best of luck to all the aspirants!

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UPSC Essay Topic wise Question Papers of last 31 years (1993-2023) for Civil Services IAS/IPS Exam Free Download

In the UPSC mains examination, essay paper is worth 250 marks and three hours. Here is the topic wise questions from the earlier years for the benefit of civil service IAS IPS aspirants.

1.1 India Since Independence

1.2 federalism, decentralization, 1.3 administration, 1.4 judiciary, 1.5 poverty, social justice, 1.6 indian society, culture and values, 1.7 media, tv & cinema, literature, 2.1 growth vs development, 2.2 environment vs development, 2.4 sectors of economy, 3.1 values in education, 3.2 scheme implementation, 3.3 higher education, 4.1 character, honesty, ethics, 4.2 knowledge, 4.3 compassion, 4.4 truth and reality, 4.5 youth, discipline, 4.6 towards excellence, 5.1 @national politics, 5.2 @world / quote type, 5.3 empowerment overall, 5.4 compared to men, 6.1 globalization, 6.2 international org./ bilateral, 6.3 security, 6.4 history, 7.1 science and religion, 7.2 science and education, 7.3 computer and internet, 7.4 sci-tech: others, appendix: linear paper of upsc essay 2023, appendix: linear paper of upsc essay 2022, appendix: model answer pe free lecture & powerpoint, appendix: syllabus of essay paper in upsc, 1 india: democracy, administration, society, culture.

• Is the Colonial mentality hindering India’s Success? -2013
• In the context of Gandhiji’s views on the matter, explore, on an evolutionary scale, the terms ‘Swadhinata’, ‘Swaraj’ and ‘Dharmarajya’. Critically comment on their contemporary relevance to Indian democracy -2012
• Dreams which should not let India sleep. -2015
• Why should we be proud of being Indians? -2000
• Whither Indian democracy? -1995
• How far has democracy in India delivered the goods? -2003
• What we have not learnt during fifty years of independence. -1997
• What have we gained from our democratic set-up? -2001
• My vision of India in 2001 a.d. -1993
• Impact of the new economic measures on fiscal ties between the union and states in India. -2017
• Water disputes between States in federal India. -2016
• Cooperative federalism : Myth or reality. -2016
• Creation of smaller states and the consequent administrative, economic and developmental implication -2011
• Evaluation of panchayati raj system in India from the point of view of eradication of power to people. -2007
• Water resources should be under the control of the central government. -2004
• The language problem in India: its past, present and prospects. -1998
• There are better practices to “best practices”. -2021
• How should a civil servant conduct himself? -2003
• Politics without ethics is a disaster. -1995
• The VIP cult is a bane of Indian democracy -1996
• Need for transparency in public administration -1996
• The country’s need for a better disaster management system. -2000
• Politics, bureaucracy and business – fatal triangle. -1994
• We may brave human laws but cannot resist natural laws. -2017
• Justice must reach the poor -2005
• Judicial activism and Indian democracy. -2004
• Judicial activism. -1997
• A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity. (- जिस समाज में अधिक न्याय होता है उस समाज को दान की कम आवश्यकता होती है।) – 2023
• There can be no social justice without economic prosperity but economic prosperity without social justice is meaningless (बिना आर्थिक समृद्धि के सामाजिक न्याय नहीं हो सकता, किन्तु बिना सामाजिक न्याय के आर्थिक समृद्धि निरर्थक है ) -2020
• Neglect of primary health care and education in India are reasons for its backwardness. -2019
• The focus of health care is increasingly getting skewed towards the ‘haves’ of our society. -2009
• Food security for sustainable national development -2005
• Reservation, politics and empowerment. -1999
• Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have (जो हम है, वह संस्कार; जो हमारे पास है, वह सभ्यता ) -2020
• Indian culture today: a myth or a reality? -2000
• Modernism and our traditional socio-ethical values. -2000
• The composite culture of India. -1998
• The Indian society at the crossroads. -1994
• From traditional Indian philanthropy to the gates-buffet model-a natural progression or a paradigm shift? -2010
• New cults and godmen: a threat to traditional religion -1996
• Biased media is a real threat to Indian democracy. -2019
• Responsibility of media in a democracy. -2002
• Role of media in good governance -2008
• Does Indian cinema shape our popular culture or merely reflect it? -2011
• How has satellite television brought about cultural change in Indian mindsets? -2007
• Is sting operation an invasion on privacy? -2014
• Mass media and cultural invasion. -1999
• The misinterpretation and misuse of freedom in India. -1998
• Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world (कवि संसार के अनधिकृत रूप से विधायक होते हैं) – 2022

2 Economy, Development

• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. -2018
• Digital economy: A leveller or a source of economic inequality. -2016
• Innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare. -2016
• Near jobless growth in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms. -2016
• Crisis faced in India – moral or economic. -2015
• Was it the policy paralysis or the paralysis of implementation which slowed the growth of our country? -2014
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices for judging the wellbeing of a country-2013
• Can capitalism bring inclusive growth? -2015
• Resource management in the Indian context. -1999
• Economic growth without distributive justice is bound to breed violence. -1993
• Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence (आर्थिक समृद्धि हासिल करने के मामले में वन सर्वोत्तम प्रतिमान होते हैं।) – 2022
• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India. -2018
• Should a moratorium be imposed on all fresh mining in tribal areas of the country? -2010
• Urbanisation and its hazards -2008
• Protection of ecology and environment is essential for sustained economic development. -2006
• Urbanization is a blessing in disguise. -1997
• Ecological considerations need not hamper development. -1993
• Globalization would finish small-scale industries in India. -2006
• Multinational corporations – saviours or saboteurs -1994
• Special economic zone: boon or bane -2008
• Is the criticism that the ‘Public-Private-Partnership’ (PPP) model for development is more of a bane than a boon in the Indian context, justified ?-2012
• Farming has lost the ability to be a source of subsistence for majority of farmers in India. -2017
• BPO boom in India. -2007
• Tourism: Can this be the next big thing for India? -2014
• Are our traditional handicrafts doomed to a slow death? -2009

3 Education

• Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in – school. (- शिक्षा वह है जो विद्यालय में विधालय में सीखी गई बातों को भूल जाने के बाद भी शेष रह जाती है।)
• Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms. -2017
• Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make a man more clever devil-2015
• Independent thinking should be encouraged right form the childhood. -2007
• Are the standardized tests good measure of academic ability or progress? -2014
• Irrelevance of the classroom. -2001
• Is the growing level of competition good for the youth? -2014
• Literacy is growing very fast, but there is no corresponding growth in education. -1996
• Is an egalitarian society possible by educating the masses ? -2008
• What is real education? -2005
• “Education for all” campaign in India: myth or reality. -2006
• Restructuring of Indian education system. -1995
• Privatization of higher education in India. -2002
• Credit – based higher education system – status, opportunities and challenges -2011

4 Quote based, Philosophy, Ethics

• A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities (हर असमंजस के लिए मुस्कराहट ही चुनिन्दा साधन है) – 2022
• Philosophy of wantlessness is a Utopian, while materialism is a chimera. -2021
• Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me. -2021
• Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication (सरलता चरम परिष्करण है ) -2020
• Ships don’t sink because of water around them ships sink because of water that gets into them (जहाज अपने चारों तरफ के पानी के वजह से नहीं डूबा करते, जहाज पानी के अंदर समां जाने की वजह से डूबता हैं ) -2020
• Life is a long journey between being human and being humane.  (मनुष्य होने और मानव बनने के बीच का लम्बा सफर ही जीवन है)-2020
• Values are not what humanity is, but what humanity ought to be -2019
• Best for an individual is not necessarily best for the society -2019
• Courage to accept and dedication to improve are two keys to success -2019
• Wisdom finds truth -2019
• A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both. -2018
• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modem file. -2018
• Need brings greed, if greed increases it spoils breed. -2016
• Character of an institution is reflected in its leader. -2015
• With greater power comes greater responsibility. -2014
• Words are sharper than the two-edged sword. -2014
• Attitude makes, habit makes character and character makes a man. -2007
• He would reigns within himself and folds his passions and desires and fears is more than a king. -1993
• Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team. (- सोच एक खेल की तरह है, यह तब तक शुरू नहीं होता है जब तक कि एक विपरीत टीम/पक्ष न हो।) – 2023
• Mathematics is the music of reason. (- गणित ज्ञान का संगीत है।) – 2023
• The real is rational and the rational is real. -2021
• Mindful manifesto is the catalyst to a tranquil self (विचारपरक संकल्प स्वयं के शांतचित्त रहने का उत्प्रेरक है )-2020
• ‘The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values. -2018
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. -2018
• There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. -2003
• Disinterested intellectual curiosity is the lifeblood of civilisation. -1995
• Joy is the simplest form of gratitude. -2017
• Compassion is the basic of all morality of the world -1993
• Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole. -2015
• Be the change you want to see in others (Gandhi)-2013
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right (केवल इसलिए कि आपके पास विकल्प हैं, इसका यह अर्थ कदापि नहीं है कि उनमें से किसी को भी ठीक होना ही होगा) – 2022
• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it. -2018
• Truth is lived, not taught -1996
• When money speaks, the truth is silent. -1995
• Search for truth can only be a spiritual problem. -2002
• The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining (छप्पर मरम्मत करने का समय तभी होता है, जब धूप खिली हुई हो) – 2022
• You cannot step twice in the same river (आप उसी नदी में दोबारा नहीं उतर सकते) – 2022
• Discipline means success, anarchy means ruin -2008
• Youth is a blunder, manhood a struggle, old age a regret -1994
• If youth knew, if age could. -2002
• Youth culture today. -1999
• Fifty Golds in Olympics: Can this be a reality for India? -2014
• Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic. (- दूरदर्शी निर्णय तभी लिए जाते है अंतर्ज्ञान और तर्क का परस्पर मेल होता है।) – 2023
• Not all who wander are lost. (- भटकने वाले सभी गुम नहीं हो जाते।) – 2023
• Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane (- रचनात्मकता की प्रेरणा अलौकिक ता में चमत्कार ढूंढने के प्रयास से उपजति है) – 2023
• A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what ship is for (जहाज बन्दरगाह के भीतर सुरक्षित होता है, परन्तु इसके लिए तो वह होता नहीं है) – 2022
• Quick but steady wins the race. -2015
• Useless life is an early death. -1994
• Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds. -1995
• The paths of glory lead but to the grave. -2002
• The pursuit of excellence. -2001

5 Women empowerment

• Greater political power alone will not improve women’s plight. -1997
• Women’s reservation bill would usher in empowerment for women in India. -2006
• The new emerging women power: the ground realities. -1995
• Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. -2021
• If women ruled the world -2005
• The hand that rocks the cradle -2005
• Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality (पितृ-सत्ता की व्यवस्था नजर मैं बहुत काम आने के बावजूद सामाजिक विषमता की सबसे प्रभावी संरचना है) -2020
• Fulfilment of ‘new woman’ in India is a myth. -2017
• If development is not engendered, it is endangered. -2016
• Whither women’s emancipation? -2004
• Empowerment alone cannot help our women. -2001
• Women empowerment: challenges and prospects. -1999
• Woman is god’s best creation. -1998
• Men have failed: let women take over. -1993
• Managing work and home – is the Indian working woman getting a fair deal ?-2012

6 International issues, Internal Security, History

• South Asian societies are woven not around the state, but around their plural cultures and plural identities. -2019
• Modernisation and westernisation are not identical concepts. -1994
• ‘globalization’ vs. ‘nationalism’ -2009
• National identity and patriotism -2008
• Globalizations and its impact on Indian culture. -2004
• The masks of new imperialism. -2003
• As civilization advances culture declines. -2003
• The implications of globalization for India. -2000
• My vision of an ideal world order. -2001
• India’s contribution to world wisdom. -1998
• The world of the twenty-first century. -1998
• Preparedness of our society for India’s global leadership role. -2010
• Technology as the silent factor in international relations (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंधों मैं मौन करक के रूप मैं प्रौद्योगिकी) -2020
• Has the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) lost its relevance in a multipolar world ? -2017
• Restructuring of UNO reflect present realities -1996
• The global order: political and economic -1993
• India’s role in promoting ASEAN co-operation. -2004
• Importance of Indo-US nuclear agreement -2006
• Management of Indian border dispute is a complex task. -2018
• In the Indian context , both human intelligence and technical intelligence are crucial in combating terrorism -2011
• Are we a ‘soft’ state ? -2009
• Good fences make good neighbours -2009
• Is autonomy the best answer to combat balkanization? -2007
• Terrorism and world peace -2005
• True religion cannot be misused. -1997
• History repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce. -2021
• Geography may remain the same ; history need not. -2010

7 Science-Technology

• Spirituality and scientific temper. -2003
• Science and Mysticism : Are they compatible ?-2012
• What is research, but a blind date with knowledge! -2021
• Modern technological education and human values. -2002
• Value-based science and education. -1999
• The march of science and the erosion of human values. -2001
• The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced. -2021
• Rise of Artificial Intelligence: the threat of jobless future or better job opportunities through reskilling and upskilling. -2019
• ‘Social media’ is inherently a selfish medium. -2017
• Cyberspace and Internet : Blessing or curse to the human civilization in the long run -2016
• Increasing computerization would lead to the creation of a dehumanized society. -2006
• The cyberworld: its charms and challenges. -2000
• Computer: the harbinger of silent revolution. -1993
• Technology cannot replace manpower. -2015
• Science and technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation-2013
• The modern doctor and his patients. -1997
• The lure of space. -2004

Section-A (write any one)

• Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team. (- सोच एक खेल की तरह है, यह तब तक शुरू नहीं होता है जब तक कि एक विपरीत टीम/पक्ष न हो।)
• Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic. (- दूरदर्शी निर्णय तभी लिए जाते है अंतर्ज्ञान और तर्क का परस्पर मेल होता है।)
• Not all who wander are lost. (- भटकने वाले सभी गुम नहीं हो जाते।)
• Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane (- रचनात्मकता की प्रेरणा अलौकिक ता में चमत्कार ढूंढने के प्रयास से उपजति है)

Section-B (write any one)

• Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands – two equally harmful disciplines. (-लड़कियां बंदिशों के तथा लड़के अपेक्षा के बोझ तले दबे हुए होते हैं दोनों ही समान रूप से हानिकारक व्यवस्थाएं हैं।)
• Mathematics is the music of reason. (- गणित ज्ञान का संगीत है।)
• A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity. (- जिस समाज में अधिक न्याय होता है उस समाज को दान की कम आवश्यकता होती है।)

Answer one-one essay from each section in 1000-1200 words

• History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man (इतिहास वैज्ञानिक मनुष्य के रूमानी मनुष्य पर विजय हासिल करने का एक सिलसिला है।) – 2022
• A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what ship is for (जहाज बन्दरगाह के भीतर सुरक्षित होता है, परन्तु इसके लिए तो वह होता नहीं है) & 2022
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right (केवल इसलिए कि आपके पास विकल्प हैं, इसका यह अर्थ कदापि नहीं है कि उनमें से किसी को भी ठीक होना ही होगा) – 2022

Essay: Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics. They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion, and to write concisely. Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.

• UPSC CSE 2023 Mains Essay Paper Model Answers

The UPSC Civil Services Main Examination 2023 began with an Essay paper. There were eight essay topics separated into two groups, and aspirants were supposed to write on two of them in three hours, one from each. Candidates were asked to write 1000-1200 words for each essay.

Initial Thoughts

• This year's essay paper followed the predicted pattern, with five of the eight themes being philosophical in nature. Furthermore, the general tone of the paper was thoughtful and philosophical.
• Although the topics were simple to understand, it was challenging to select the right topic and then come up with enough content to complete 1000–1200 words.
• The paper was manageable for aspirants who adhered to the fundamentals of UPSC preparation, such as having a firm understanding of the static syllabus, broad knowledge of current events, and adequate writing practice.

Now, let us discuss each topic separately.

Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team

• This topic appears to be centered on the notion that critical thinking frequently occurs in the interaction to competing ideas or challenges.
• Candidates may have been asked to investigate how clashes of ideas result in innovation and advancement.

Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic

• Paul O'Brien is the author of this well-known proverb.
• This comment most likely encouraged candidates to explore the importance of balancing intuition and logic when making crucial decisions.
• It promotes thinking on the roles of both aspects in good leadership and problem-solving.

Not all who wander are lost

• This saying belongs to J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring.
• The topic expected from candidates to think about how exploring and being spontaneous in life’s journey can be excellent. It’s a deep topic that can be understood in many different ways.

Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane

• This essay topic appears to promote the notion that creativity is not restricted to rare moments of inspiration, but can also be found in ordinary events. It most likely prompted individuals to consider where creativity comes from and how we may exhibit it in our daily lives.

Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands- two equally harmful disciplines

• This is the saying of Simone de Beauvoir. Simone de Beauvoir was a prominent French existentialist philosopher and feminist thinker. She made significant contributions to feminist philosophy through her work, including “The Second Sex,” where she discussed the concept of “The Other” and examined the role of societal expectations in shaping women’s lives.
• The quote by Simone de Beauvoir presented the idea that both girls and boys or individuals of different genders, often face distinct but equally harmful forms of societal pressures and constraints.

Mathematics is the music of reasons

• Mathematics is the music of reason, according to James Joseph Sylvester. Isn't music the mathematics of the senses, and mathematics the music of the reason? The musician feels mathematics, while the mathematician thinks music: music is a dream, and mathematics is a job.”
• This remark implies a poetic link between mathematics and music. Candidates would almost certainly be required to address the beauty and rationality inherent in mathematics, as well as its role in molding our understanding of the world.

A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity

• This topic appears to touch on the concepts of social justice and charity, which have been studied by philosophers such as John Rawls, as well as the “veil of ignorance.”
• Candidates may have been asked to investigate the relationship in society amongst justice, equality, and generosity.

Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school

• Albert Einstein once said, “Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.”
• This essay topic will most likely require candidates to consider the value of education beyond rote memorization. It could have been expected to have a discussion about the practical application of knowledge and lifelong learning.

Conclusion:

• It makes no difference whether aspirants know where the quotes came from. The only thing that matters is how the given quote is elaborated and supplemented by examples and case studies. All of this is dependent on the critical topic selection. All of this depends on the proper selection of the topic.

Takeaways for 2024

• As previously stated, the paper was manageable for those who strictly followed the fundamentals of UPSC preparation.
• The main takeaway from this year's paper is that sufficient writing practise is necessary now.

More about the Art of Essay Writing can be found in Samajho's Corner:

• Samajho UPSC Essay Series | Part 1 | How to Write an Effective Essay?
• Samajho UPSC Essay Series | Part 2 | Quotes For Writing an Effective Essay
• Samajho UPSC Essay Series | Part 3 | Anecdotes For Writing an Effective Essay
• Samajho UPSC Essay Series | Part 4 | Theme-wise Previous Years Essay Papers
• Samajho UPSC Essay Series | Part 5 | How to Tackle Philosophical Essays?

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CSE Toppers' Answer Booklets

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All India Rank: 9 (2023)

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K N CHANDANA JAHNAVI

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• Analytics Test- 02

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• Analytics Test- 07

All India Rank: 69 (2023)

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All india rank: 77 (2023).

• Analytics Test- 05
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All India Rank: 81 (2023)

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NIDHI GOYAL

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The UPSC essay paper is one of the nine papers for the IAS main exam. With this, the scores obtained in the UPSC essay topics will also be considered in the merit list. Hence, it is important to cover all the aspects of the UPSC essay syllabus .

In this paper, candidates need to write two essays, each with a word limit of 1000-1200 words. Moreover, they are required to choose one IAS essay topic out of the four options in each section i.e. A and B.

The UPSC essay paper is conducted for 250 marks with one essay UPSC paper for 125 marks. Therefore, aspirants should use the best books and strategies to excel in this section.

In this article, we have compiled all the details of the UPSC IAS essay for the candidates aspiring for the upcoming civil services exam.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

UPSC Essay Paper 2023 Structure

• As per the UPSC exam pattern , the essay paper is one of the nine subjects in the civil services main exam. In this paper, aspirants need to write essays on assigned UPSC essay topics .
• Candidates should practice writing essays on multiple topics in order to learn how to arrange their ideas and execute the same in the proper order.
• Furthermore, the UPSC essay paper will carry 250 marks with an exam duration of 3 hours.

UPSC Essay Previous Year Papers

The previous year’s UPSC essay paper is one of the finest resources to prepare well for this section. This will strengthen their vocabulary and writing skills and also provide them insights into the type of essay topics UPSC asked over the years.

Hence, we have compiled below the official UPSC essay previous paper PDF link for 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, and 2018 for the reference of the candidates.

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Best Strategy for UPSC Essay Writing

UPSC essays must be well-formatted and presented in a manner that the readers can easily understand without any obstacles. Above all, it must include the ideas about the issue mentioned in the question.

Candidates must note that the general essay papers also play an important role in compensating for the less scores in general studies and optional papers. Hence, it is advisable to focus on improving the vocabulary and writing skills from the first leg of the preparation.

Let’s look at the best strategy to score high marks in the UPSC essay topics in the main exam.

• Go through the entire UPSC essay syllabus to cover all the aspects of the section.
• Build a habit of reading newspaper editorials and journals every day. Going by the trend analysis, it is found that many essay questions were asked directly from current affairs in the past few years.
• Next, note down relevant quotes from the books/magazines/journal and implement them whenever required in the essay writing.
• Focus on IAS essay topics related to democracy, environment/urbanization, judiciary, social justice/poverty, philosophies, media & society, education, economic sector, etc as questions can be asked from these topics.
• Pick the essay topic very carefully. Also, it is advised to take some time to think about the topic and collect ideas and thoughts.
• One should make sure that the essay comprises sections like introduction, main body, theme, and conclusion.
• Moreover, aspirants can also reach out to their mentors, experts, seniors, or teachers for feedback on their essay writing. This will allow them to recognize their mistakes and focus more on their weak points for effective preparation.

Read More: How to write an essay for UPSC here!

Best Books for UPSC Essay Writing

Along with the best UPSC essay strategy , aspirants should also choose the finest books that comprise multiple essay topics UPSC for the exam. Here, we have shared below the best books and resources to strengthen the preparation of the general essay section:

• Monthly Current Affairs Magazines by OnlyIAS
• Only IAS Yogana Magazine
• Only IAS Praarambh Post-Independence India
• Only IAS Kurukshetra Magazine
• Only IAS Praarmabh Indian Society
• The Hindu (editorial articles)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. How to score 150 in UPSC essay?

Ans. One can score 150 marks on the UPSC essay paper by managing time effectively throughout the exam and avoiding any kind of deviation from the topic.

Q2. What are the topics for UPSC essay?

Ans. Some of the important IAS essay topics include democracy, environment/urbanization, judiciary, social justice/poverty, philosophies, media & society, education, economic sector, etc

Q3. What is essay paper 1 in UPSC?

Ans. The UPSC essay paper 1 is one of the nine papers for the IAS main exam. In this paper, candidates need to write two essays, each with a word limit of 1000-1200 words. The maximum mark is 250 with a duration of 3 hours.

Q4. Is UPSC essay tough?

Ans. Yes, the UPSC essay paper is moderately tough as per the past year’s exam analysis. However, it also depends on the aspirant knowledge of the topic.

Q5. How many pages is 1,000 words in UPSC?

Ans. 2 pages single-spaced or 4 pages double-spaced is about 1000 words in UPSC.

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Make Your Note

• 15 Sep 2023

Q1.  Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team.

Q2.  Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic.

Q3.  Not all who wander are lost.

Q4.  Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane.

Q1.  Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands – two equally harmful disciplines.

Q2.  Mathematics is the music of reason

Q3.  A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity.

Q4.  Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.

Home » Features » Crafting Success: Rupali Surana’s Strategic Tips for Navigating UPSC Mains

• Features , Video Interview , Videos

Crafting Success: Rupali Surana’s Strategic Tips for Navigating UPSC Mains

• Pallavi Priya
• August 23, 2024

Civil Services was a dream for Mr. Roopali Surana. Every decision Rupali made was a step toward her dream of becoming a civil servant. Her journey was not without its challenges. She faced moments of self-doubt and considered giving up, but her unwavering determination pushed her forward. Through every up and down, and through moments of learning and unlearning, she remained focused on her goal. Finally, in her last attempt, Rupali’s perseverance paid off. She secured an impressive All India Rank (AIR) 386 in the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) 2023. Reflecting on her journey, Rupali shared her thoughts with Indian Masterminds, “I can’t express the elation of finally reaching my goal. My path was fraught with challenges, but also invaluable lessons. There were moments when I considered not taking the exam again. I’m deeply grateful to everyone who supported me and never let me falter.” Rupali’s success was not just a result of hard work but also of a well-thought-out strategy. In an exclusive conversation with Indian Masterminds she shared how she approached the Mains examination. Link here :

Simultaneous Preparation for Prelims and Mains

Rupali emphasizes the importance of preparing for both Prelims and Mains simultaneously. She believes that the content needed for Mains goes beyond what is required for the four Prelims options. Besides that According to Rupali, previous year’s questions are crucial. She built her preparation around these, ensuring she was well-versed in the types of questions that could appear in the exam.

The Art of Note-Taking

Rupali explains that note-taking is a skill that evolves with practice. Initially, she made bulky notes like everyone else, but gradually transitioned to e-notes. After each revision, she would delete unnecessary content, refining her notes over time. By the time the exam approached, her notes were concise and easy to revise, almost like cheat sheets that she could review until entering the exam hall. Having handy notes, she believes, is crucial for recalling everything learned over the years.

Ethics and Essays

Rupali warns against neglecting Ethics and Essays. She mentions that while it’s possible to score 120-130 in essays, UPSC could also award as low as 30-40. Good marks in the Ethics paper, she believes, can ensure selection.

• TAGS Rupali Surana UPSC , Success after failures , Success Stories , Success Story , UPSC CSE 2023 , UPSC CSE 2023 Toppers

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25th Edition of Women and Men in India 2023 Report released

Posted 14 Aug 2024

The Report has been prepared by the National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) 

•  It provides holistic view of the situation of women and men and provides data on a wide range of areas such as Population, Education, etc. 

Key Findings 

Population :.

• By 2036, India’s population is expected to be 152.2 Crore , with an improved female percentage of 48.8% (as compared to 48.5% as per census 2011).
• Sex Ratio  is to increase from 943(2011) to 952 (2036)
• Percentage of India's working-age population (aged 15-59 years) is projected to rise from 60.7% (2011-12) to 64.9% by 2036.
• Life expectancy of 68.6 (males) and 71.4(females){2016-20} is expected to reach 71.2 and 74.7 years, respectively (2031-36)
• Non-Institutional deliveries have reduced to 8.2% (2019-21).

Employment: 

• Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) for male has gone from 75.8 (2017-18) to 78.5 (2022-23) while for females, it has gone from 23.3 to 37 during the same period.
• In 2019 national elections, women’s voter turnout (67.2%) surpassed men’s for the first time. 
• 47.6% of the total recognized start-up (by Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) ) are led by women. 
• Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)
• Women and Men in India
• National Statistical Office

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NDA Previous Year Question Paper: Download PYQ PDF

Upsc nda previous year question papers provides an insight into nda exam pattern, marks distribution, and questions asked in the exam.  candidates appearing in the nda exam 2024 scheduled for september 1 can download the nda pyq  pdf through the direct link on this page. this will help you in improving the time management that is highly required in the exam. .

The UPSC NDA previous year question paper is one of the best study  materials for adequate preparation of the exam. Candidates who are going to appear in the NDA exam 2024 must download the previous year question paper to get insights into the exam pattern, maximum marks, and common topics asked in the exam.

NDA Exam is composed to two papers, General Ability Test (GAT)  & Mathematics. These papers require quick problem-solving skills with minimum error. Solving NDA previous year's question questions has several advantages, which include allowing candidates to maximise their exam marks and adjust their approach to the most recent format and standards. In this article, the download link to NDA previous year papers PDFs along with the latest exam pattern is shared.

Also Check,

NDA Previous Year Paper Overview

NDA Previous Year Question Paper

Candidates should solve questions from the NDA previous year question paper PDF to know the topics from which questions have been asked in the exam over the past years. Also, they should solve the NDA exam  paper of Mathematics and General Ability to know their strength and weaknesses. This will help them to analyse the scope of improvement needed. 

Going by the previous 5 years exam analysis, the difficulty level of questions is moderate in the NDA previous year paper PDF download. Thus, the questions are expected to be moderately difficult in the upcoming exam. Hence, solving NDA  question papers would be beneficial for their preparation.

The exam prep team of Jagran Josh has collated the NDA previous year question papers  for 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, and 2019 on this page. This will help the candidates to analyze their overall preparation level and focus on weak areas that require improvement.

  In this article, we have shared the download link to previous years NDA question papers PDFs along with the latest exam pattern.

NDA Question Paper 2024

NDA Previous Year Question Paper PDF Download

 Benefits of Solving NDA Question Papers

• It helps them to assess the progress of their preparation and focus on improving their mistakes to score high on the exam.
• Solving NDA previous year question papers will boost their question-solving speed, time management, and accuracy in the exam.
• Solving NDA question papers will help them discover their strong and weak areas and prioritize the topics accordingly for adequate preparation.
• Attempting NDA previous year question papers with solutions PDF will help them know topics often asked in the exam along with the weightage and difficulty level.

How do you attempt the NDA Previous Year Question Paper?

• Read the entire NDA previous year's question paper carefully.
• Set a count-down timer or stopwatch in order to attempt the paper in a timed environment.
• Attempt familiar questions first, then pick the less familiar ones in the NDA question papers.
• Once the timers stop, do not attempt any questions and tally their answers with the answer key to know their overall performance and mistakes that require correction.

NDA Previous Year Question Paper Analysis

What is nda question paper pattern.

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• How to download the NDA Previous Year Question Papers PDF? + To download the NDA previous year question paper PDF, you can check the official website or click on the NDA previous year paper PDF link discussed on the page.
• Is it necessary to solve NDA Previous Year Question Paper PDF? + Yes, solving the NDA previous year question paper will help them understand the marks weightage and topics usually asked in the exam.
• What is the format of NDA previous year question paper? + The NDA previous year's question paper pdf comprises objective-type questions for 900 marks. The exam duration is 2½ Hours for each subject.
• Is the NDA exam tough? + As per the previous year's NDA exam analysis, the difficulty level of questions was moderate. Hence, candidates must use the right strategy, books, and learning material to crack the upcoming exam.

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Picture Courtesy: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/siberia-burning-again-state-of-emergency-declared-in-irkutsk-s-bratsk-district-jewish-oblast-khabarovsk-krai-96011

Context: Irkutsk region in Siberia, along with Jewish Oblast and Khabarovsk Krai, declared a state of emergency due to widespread forest fires.

About Siberia

• Siberia is a vast and geographically diverse region located in Russia , covering a significant portion of the country's landmass.
• West Siberian plain is a vast expanse of low-lying terrain characterized by extensive swamplands. It is drained by major rivers like the Ob and Yenisey, which play crucial roles in the region's hydrology and transportation.
• Lake Baikal is a unique geographic feature of Siberia. It is the deepest and oldest freshwater lake in the world, known for its stunning beauty and rich biodiversity.
• Siberia experiences an extreme continental climate with long, bitterly cold winters and short summers. Minimum temperatures can plummet to extremely low levels, especially in northern regions like Sakha (Yakutia), where temperatures as low as −68 °C have been recorded.
• Precipitation is generally low in Siberia , and the climate becomes progressively harsher and drier towards the east. The vast expanses of Siberia experience distinct seasonal variations and are subject to climatic influences from the Arctic and Pacific regions.

Vegetation Zones

• Tundra: The northernmost parts of Siberia are covered by tundra, characterized by low-lying vegetation, permafrost (permanently frozen ground), and harsh conditions that limit plant growth.
• Taiga (Swampy Forest): The predominant vegetation zone in Siberia is the taiga, which consists of dense coniferous forests interspersed with swamps and wetlands. This biome supports a diverse range of wildlife adapted to cold climates.
• Forest-Steppe and Steppe: In the southwestern parts of Siberia and in intermontane basins in the south, the landscape transitions to forest-steppe and steppe zones, characterized by a mix of forested areas and grasslands.

Natural Resources

• Siberia is rich in natural resources , including vast deposits of coal, petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, iron ore, and gold. These resources have played a crucial role in Russia's economic development and industrial growth.
• Mining and manufacturing activities have expanded rapidly in Siberia , particularly in the latter half of the 20th century, leading to the development of major industries producing steel, aluminum, machinery, and other products.

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