argumentative essay on artificial intelligence

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Comprehensive argumentative essay paper on artificial intelligence, rachel r.n..

• February 22, 2024

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Unraveling the Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) stands as a hallmark of human innovation, promising to revolutionize industries, economies, and even the fabric of society itself. With its ability to mimic cognitive functions, AI has penetrated various spheres of human existence, from healthcare to finance, transportation to entertainment. However, this technological marvel is not without its controversies and ethical dilemmas. This essay delves into the multifaceted landscape of artificial intelligence, exploring its potential, challenges, and implications for humanity.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

AI holds the promise of unlocking unprecedented levels of efficiency and productivity across industries . In healthcare, AI-driven diagnostic tools can analyze vast amounts of medical data to detect diseases with higher accuracy and speed than human physicians. Moreover, AI-powered robotic surgeries enable minimally invasive procedures, reducing patient recovery times and risks. In manufacturing, AI-driven automation streamlines production processes, leading to cost savings and higher output. Self-driving cars, a pinnacle of AI innovation, promise safer roads and greater mobility for individuals, while also potentially reducing traffic congestion and emissions.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

Furthermore, AI has revolutionized the way we interact with technology, enhancing user experiences through natural language processing and personalized recommendations. Virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa have become ubiquitous, simplifying tasks and providing timely information at our fingertips. AI-driven recommendation algorithms power platforms like Netflix and Spotify, catering to individual preferences and shaping our consumption habits.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

Despite its transformative potential, AI also raises significant concerns regarding privacy , security, and the displacement of human labor. The proliferation of AI-powered surveillance systems raises alarms about encroachments on personal privacy and civil liberties. Facial recognition technology, for instance, poses risks of mass surveillance and wrongful identifications. Moreover, the reliance on AI for critical decision-making, such as in criminal justice or financial markets, raises questions about accountability and transparency. Biases embedded in AI algorithms can perpetuate social inequalities and discrimination, amplifying existing societal injustices.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

Furthermore, the widespread adoption of AI-driven automation threatens to disrupt labor markets, leading to job displacement and widening economic disparities. Low-skilled workers are particularly vulnerable to being replaced by AI-powered systems, exacerbating socio-economic inequalities. Moreover, the concentration of AI capabilities in the hands of a few powerful corporations raises concerns about monopolistic practices and the concentration of wealth and power.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

The ethical implications of AI extend beyond its practical applications to f undamental questions about the nature of intelligence, consciousness, and autonomy. As AI systems become increasingly sophisticated, they blur the lines between machine and human cognition, raising questions about the moral status of AI entities. Should AI systems be granted rights and responsibilities akin to human beings? Can AI possess consciousness and subjective experiences? These philosophical inquiries challenge our understanding of personhood and moral agency in the age of artificial intelligence.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

Furthermore, the development and deployment of AI raise profound ethical dilemmas regarding accountability and control. Who should be held responsible when AI systems malfunction or make erroneous decisions with significant consequences? How can we ensure that AI aligns with human values and ethical principles? These questions underscore the importance of ethical frameworks and regulatory mechanisms to govern the development and use of AI technology responsibly.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

In conclusion, artificial intelligence holds immense promise as a transformative force for human society, offering solutions to complex problems and augmenting human capabilities. However, its rapid advancement also poses significant challenges and ethical dilemmas that demand careful consideration. As we navigate the evolving landscape of AI, it is imperative to strike a balance between innovation and responsibility, ensuring that AI serves the collective good while upholding fundamental human values and rights. Only through thoughtful reflection, ethical deliberation, and inclusive governance can we harness the full potential of artificial intelligence for the betterment of humanity.(Comprehensive Argumentative Essay Paper on Artificial Intelligence)

Owe, A., & Baum, S. D. (2021). Moral consideration of nonhumans in the ethics of artificial intelligence.  AI and Ethics ,  1 (4), 517-528. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=lJxa2TEAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra

Heinrichs, B. (2022). Discrimination in the age of artificial intelligence.  AI & society , 1-12. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00146-021-01192-2

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Home — Essay Samples — Information Science and Technology — Modern Technology — Artificial Intelligence

Essays on Artificial Intelligence

Writing an essay on artificial intelligence is not just an academic exercise; it's a chance to explore the cutting-edge innovations and the profound impact AI has on our lives. For students looking to delve deeper into this topic, utilizing the best AI tools for students can provide a significant edge in crafting a well-researched and analytical essay. 🚀 So, get ready to unlock the potential of AI with your words!

Artificial Intelligence Essay Topics for "Artificial Intelligence" 📝

Choosing the right topic is key to writing a compelling essay. Here's how to pick the perfect one:

Artificial Intelligence Argumentative Essay 🤨

Argumentative AI essays require you to take a stance on AI-related issues. Here are ten thought-provoking topics:

• 1. The ethical implications of AI in autonomous weaponry.
• 2. Should AI be granted legal personhood and rights?
• 3. Analyze the impact of AI on the job market and employment prospects.
• 4. The role of AI in addressing climate change and environmental challenges.
• 5. Discuss the risks and benefits of AI in healthcare and medical diagnostics.
• 6. AI's impact on privacy and surveillance in modern society.
• 7. Evaluate the use of AI in education and personalized learning.
• 8. The role of AI in improving cybersecurity and data protection.
• 9. Discuss the potential biases and discrimination in AI algorithms.
• 10. AI and its implications for creativity and the arts.
• 11. The Ethical Implications of Programming Bias into Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Cause and Effect Essay 🤯

Dive into cause and effect relationships in the AI realm with these topics:

• 1. Explore how AI-powered virtual assistants have changed communication habits.
• 2. Analyze the effects of AI-driven predictive policing on crime rates.
• 3. Discuss how AI-driven healthcare advancements have extended human lifespans.
• 4. The consequences of AI-powered autonomous vehicles on transportation and traffic safety.
• 5. Investigate the impact of AI algorithms on social media echo chambers and polarization.
• 6. The influence of AI-driven personalized marketing on consumer behavior.
• 7. Explore how AI has revolutionized the entertainment industry and storytelling.
• 8. Analyze the cause and effect of AI's role in financial markets and investment strategies.
• 9. Discuss the effects of AI on reducing energy consumption and sustainable living.
• 10. The consequences of AI in aiding scientific research and discovery.

Artificial Intelligence Opinion Essay 😌

Express your personal views and interpretations on AI through these essay topics:

• 1. Share your opinion on the potential dangers of superintelligent AI.
• 2. Discuss your perspective on AI's role in enhancing human capabilities.
• 3. Express your thoughts on the future of work in an AI-dominated world.
• 4. Debate the significance of AI in addressing global challenges like pandemics.
• 5. Share your views on the ethical responsibilities of AI developers and researchers.
• 6. Discuss the impact of AI on human creativity and innovation.
• 7. Express your opinion on AI's influence on education and personalized learning.
• 8. Debate the ethics of AI in decision-making, such as self-driving car dilemmas.
• 9. Share your perspective on AI's potential to bridge the digital divide and promote equity.
• 10. Discuss your favorite AI-related invention or innovation and its implications.

Artificial Intelligence Informative Essay 🧐

Inform and educate your readers with these informative AI essay topics:

• 1. Explore the history and evolution of artificial intelligence.
• 2. Provide an in-depth analysis of popular AI technologies like deep learning and neural networks.
• 3. Investigate the significance of AI in autonomous robotics and space exploration.
• 4. Analyze the role of AI in natural language processing and language translation.
• 5. Examine the applications of AI in climate modeling and environmental conservation.
• 6. Explore the cultural and societal impacts of AI in science fiction literature and films.
• 7. Provide insights into the ethics of AI in medical decision-making and diagnosis.
• 8. Analyze the potential for AI in disaster response and emergency management.
• 9. Discuss the role of AI in enhancing cybersecurity and threat detection.
• 10. Examine the future trends and possibilities of AI in various industries.
• 11. Ethical Implications of AI in Healthcare: Patient Privacy
• 12. Impact of AI on Government Services: Study of Role in UPSC Exam Process

Artificial Intelligence Essay Example 📄

Artificial intelligence thesis statement examples 📜.

Here are five examples of strong thesis statements for your AI essay:

• 1. "The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence present both unprecedented opportunities and ethical dilemmas, as we navigate the journey toward an AI-driven future."
• 2. "In analyzing the impact of AI on healthcare, we unveil a transformative force that promises to revolutionize medical diagnosis and treatment, but also raises concerns about data privacy and security."
• 3. "The development of superintelligent AI systems demands careful consideration of ethical frameworks to ensure their responsible and beneficial integration into society."
• 4. "Artificial intelligence is not a replacement for human creativity but a powerful tool that amplifies our capabilities, ushering in an era of unprecedented innovation and discovery."
• 5. "AI-driven autonomous vehicles represent a technological leap that holds the potential to reshape transportation, reduce accidents, and increase accessibility, but also raises questions about liability and safety."

Artificial Intelligence Essay Introduction Examples 🚀

Here are three captivating introduction paragraphs to begin your essay:

• 1. "In a world driven by data and algorithms, artificial intelligence has emerged as both a beacon of innovation and a source of profound ethical contemplation. As we embark on this essay journey into the realm of AI, we peel back the layers of silicon and software to explore the implications, promises, and challenges of our AI-driven future."
• 2. "Imagine a world where machines not only assist us but also think, learn, and adapt. The rise of artificial intelligence has ignited a conversation that transcends technology—it delves into the very essence of human potential and the responsibilities we bear as creators. Join us as we navigate the AI landscape, one algorithm at a time."
• 3. "In an era marked by digital transformations and the ubiquity of smart devices, artificial intelligence stands as the sentinel of change. As we step into the world of AI analysis, we are confronted with a paradox: the immense power of machines and the ethical dilemmas they pose. Together, let's dissect the AI phenomenon, from its inception to its potential to shape the destiny of humanity."

Artificial Intelligence Conclusion Examples 🌟

Conclude your essay with impact using these examples:

• 1. "As we draw the curtains on this AI exploration, we stand at the intersection of innovation and ethics. Artificial intelligence, with all its wonders and complexities, challenges us to not only harness its power for progress but also to ensure its responsible and ethical use. The journey continues, and the conversation evolves as we navigate the evolving landscape of AI."
• 2. "In the closing frame of our AI analysis, we reflect on the ever-expanding possibilities and responsibilities that AI brings to our doorstep. The pages of this essay mark a beginning—a call to action. Together, we have explored the AI landscape, and the future is now in our hands, waiting for our choices to shape it."
• 3. "As the AI narrative reaches its conclusion, we find ourselves at the crossroads of human ingenuity and artificial intelligence. The journey has been both enlightening and thought-provoking, reminding us that the future of AI is a collaborative endeavor, guided by ethics, curiosity, and a shared vision of a better world."

Application of Ai in Transportation and Renewable Energy

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Artificial Intelligence in The Matrix

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Ethical Issues in Using Ai Technology Today

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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the intellectual capabilities exhibited by machines, contrasting with the innate intelligence observed in living beings, such as animals and humans.

The inception of artificial intelligence research as an academic field can be traced back to its establishment in 1956. It was during the renowned Dartmouth conference of the same year that artificial intelligence acquired its distinctive name, definitive purpose, initial accomplishments, and notable pioneers, thereby earning its reputation as the birthplace of AI. The esteemed figures of Marvin Minsky and John McCarthy are widely recognized as the founding fathers of this discipline.

Early pioneers such as John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, and Allen Newell played instrumental roles in shaping the foundations of AI research. In the following years after its original inception, AI witnessed both periods of optimism and periods of skepticism, as researchers explored different approaches and techniques. Notable breakthroughs include the development of expert systems in the 1970s, which aimed to replicate human knowledge and reasoning, and the emergence of machine learning algorithms in the 1980s and 1990s. The turn of the 21st century witnessed significant advancements in AI, with the rise of big data, powerful computing technologies, and deep learning algorithms. This led to remarkable achievements in areas such as natural language processing, computer vision, and autonomous systems.

There are four types of artificial intelligence: reactive machines, limited memory, theory of mind and self-awareness.

Healthcare: AI assists in medical diagnosis, drug discovery, personalized treatment plans, and analyzing medical images. Finance: AI is used for automated trading, fraud detection, risk assessment, and customer service through chatbots. Transportation: AI powers autonomous vehicles, traffic optimization, logistics, and supply chain management. Entertainment: AI contributes to recommendation systems, AI-generated music and art, virtual reality experiences, and content creation. Cybersecurity: AI helps in detecting and preventing cyber threats and enhancing network security. Agriculture: AI optimizes farming practices, crop management, and precision agriculture. Education: AI enables personalized learning, adaptive assessments, and intelligent tutoring systems. Natural Language Processing: AI facilitates language translation, voice assistants, chatbots, and sentiment analysis. Robotics: AI powers robots in various applications, such as manufacturing, healthcare, and exploration. Environmental Conservation: AI aids in environmental monitoring, wildlife protection, and climate modeling.

John McCarthy: Coined the term "artificial intelligence" and organized the Dartmouth Conference in 1956, which is considered the birth of AI as an academic discipline. Marvin Minsky: A cognitive scientist and AI pioneer, Minsky co-founded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI Laboratory and made notable contributions to robotics and cognitive psychology. Geoffrey Hinton: Renowned for his work on neural networks and deep learning, Hinton's research has greatly advanced the field of AI and revolutionized areas such as image and speech recognition. Andrew Ng: An influential figure in the field of AI, Ng co-founded Google Brain, led the development of the deep learning framework TensorFlow, and has made significant contributions to machine learning algorithms. Fei-Fei Li: A prominent researcher in computer vision and AI, Li has made groundbreaking contributions to image recognition and has been a strong advocate for responsible and ethical AI development.. Demis Hassabis: Co-founder of DeepMind, a leading AI research company, Hassabis has made notable contributions to areas such as deep reinforcement learning and has led the development of groundbreaking AI systems. Elon Musk: Although primarily known for his role in space exploration and electric vehicles, Musk has also made notable contributions to AI through his involvement in companies like OpenAI and Neuralink, advocating for AI safety and ethics.

1. According to a report by IDC, global spending on AI systems is expected to reach $98.4 billion in 2023, indicating a significant increase from the $37.5 billion spent in 2019. 2. The job market for AI professionals is thriving. LinkedIn's 2021 Emerging Jobs Report listed AI specialist as one of the top emerging jobs, with a 74% annual growth rate over the past four years. 3. AI-powered chatbots are revolutionizing customer service. A study by Oracle found that 80% of businesses plan to use chatbots by 2022. Furthermore, 58% of consumers have already interacted with chatbots for customer support, indicating the growing acceptance and adoption of AI in enhancing customer experiences. 4. McKinsey Global Institute estimates that by 2030, automation and AI technologies could contribute to a global economic impact of $13 trillion. 5. The healthcare industry is leveraging AI for improved patient care. A study published in the journal Nature Medicine reported that an AI model was able to detect breast cancer with an accuracy of 94.5%, outperforming human radiologists.

The topic of artificial intelligence (AI) holds immense importance in today's world, making it an intriguing subject to explore in an essay. AI has revolutionized multiple facets of human life, ranging from technology and business to healthcare and transportation. Understanding its significance is crucial for comprehending the potential and impact of this rapidly evolving field. Firstly, AI has the power to reshape industries and transform economies. It enables automation, streamlines processes, and enhances efficiency, leading to increased productivity and economic growth. Moreover, AI advancements have the potential to address complex societal challenges, such as healthcare accessibility, environmental sustainability, and resource management. Secondly, AI raises ethical considerations and socio-economic implications. Discussions on privacy, bias, job displacement, and AI's role in decision-making become essential for navigating its responsible implementation. Examining the ethical dimensions of AI fosters critical thinking and encourages the development of guidelines and regulations to ensure its ethical use. Lastly, exploring AI allows us to envision the future possibilities and risks associated with this technology. It sparks discussions on the boundaries of machine intelligence, the potential for sentient AI, and the impact on human existence. By studying AI, we gain insights into technological progress, its limitations, and the responsibilities associated with harnessing its potential.

1. Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. 2. Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., & Courville, A. (2016). Deep Learning. MIT Press. 3. Kurzweil, R. (2005). The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. Viking. 4. Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford University Press. 5. Chollet, F. (2017). Deep Learning with Python. Manning Publications. 6. Domingos, P. (2018). The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World. Basic Books. 7. Ng, A. (2017). Machine Learning Yearning. deeplearning.ai. 8. Marcus, G. (2018). Rebooting AI: Building Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust. Vintage. 9. Winfield, A. (2018). Robotics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. 10. Shalev-Shwartz, S., & Ben-David, S. (2014). Understanding Machine Learning: From Theory to Algorithms. Cambridge University Press.

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Argumentative Essay Example on Artificial Intelligence in MLA

Like we discussed in our previous blog, argumentative essays are complicated to write. In most cases, having a look at the examples of argumentative essays can help you construct ideas and write yours. In this blog, we present to you an example of an MLA argumentative essay on Artificial Intelligence as a solution more than a threat. When writing an argumentative essay, it is a chance to present your prowess ion sharing with the audience why both options are considerable. Also, just like in a persuasive essay you can persuade the readers to adopt your side of the argument. In this respect, either side of the arguments on argumentative essay topics is presented, including a counterargument. The conclusion should then make clear what is in the body of the essay.

Provided you have a great topic for your essay, enough and proper evidence to back your claims, and facts to refute the opponent's viewpoint, you can always write convincing arguments. A strong thesis is a must for an argumentative essay. So is the conclusion, which must stand out. Look at this top-grade argumentative essay example and learn the art.

Argumentative Essay Example: Artificial Intelligence: A Solution more than a Threat

The debate on the future of making in the age of computers remains to be a hotly contested debate in the public, professional, and scholarly spheres. Within the stem of the debate, there have been fears in the fast growing field of computing referred to as artificial intelligence.  Artificial intelligence or AI is a term that was originally coined in the 1950s by John McCarthy, and it simply means machine intelligence. It is the field of computer science that deals with the study of the systems that act or behave in a way that an observer sees them as intelligent and using human and animal intelligent behavior models in solving sophisticated problems (Kaplan 1). Even though portrayed as a threat on account of the loss of jobs, AI is a promising solution for medical applications with efficiency and high precision compared to humans and in disaster response.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has proven to be a solution to natural disasters abound to affect different places globally. The success of any humanitarian intervention depends on quality information, which is in the heart AI systems. For example, the Artificial Intelligence Disaster Response (AIDR) has been applied in different catastrophes in enabling the coordination between machines and human intelligence in coordination response operations (Imran et al. 159). During such events, AIDR allows for the coordination of drones, sensors, and robots to acquire, synthesize and produce accurate information based on the landscapes, thus making rescue less-time consuming and easier (Imran et al. 159-160). It has been used in the Nepal earthquake in the mobilization of volunteers as well as in the Chile earthquake in evacuation processes, in 2015 (EKU). Therefore, artificial intelligence offers high precision and accuracy in solving tasks that are otherwise complicated and time-consuming to humans.

Apart from disaster response, Artificial Intelligence also plays a critical role in the field of medicine including research, training, and diagnosis of diseases. In fact, Medical Artificial Intelligence deals with the construction of AI systems and programs that can make diagnosis and therapy recommendations easier (Moein xi). The medical field uses AI techniques such as Expert systems and Knowledge-based systems. These systems offer the clinicians and other medical professionals the ability to do data mining that is used in interpreting complex diagnostic tests. Such tests and results are accurate since the AI systems integrate information from various sources to offer patient-specific therapy and treatment recommendations (Moein 2). AI-supported medical diagnosis is correct and provides information for both the patients and the experts for effective decision making. As such, it is evident that artificial intelligence has not only revolutionized the medical field but promises its sustainability.

Despite being a savior to humankind in the field of medicine and natural disaster response, AI presents the existential threat of loss of jobs. Research predicts that artificial intelligence already has and poses an existential threat to the labor market. The emergence of intelligent algorithms that control robots has led to the loss of jobs that are otherwise tiring and monotonous to humans (Kaplan 113). For example, artificial intelligence controls the robots that are used in the design and manufacture of vehicles. In this case, the people formerly employed in the industry have lost jobs. In a study by researchers at Oxford University, it emerged that the recent emergence of machine learning and robotics will significantly affect the U.S. labor market, with 47% of the jobs being at risk of automation (Kaplan 118). Even so, not all jobs in entirety will be affected. Rather, even the existence of AI in the workplace would require the support of experts, which is also another frontier for job creation. In sum, even though AI poses a threat to the labor market, it creates an avenue for employment as well.

In conclusion, amidst the fear that artificial intelligence is a threat, either now or in the future, it is clear that it has substantial and critical benefits for humans. Using the systems that mimic human and animal intelligence is the next frontier in solving problems within society. In fact, in its definition, AI seeks to create solutions to complex problems. In this respect, its application in medicine could help in creating a breakthrough in finding the cure for chronic diseases such as cancer and HIV that are affecting masses.  Furthermore, as man increases activity on the earth's surface nature is poised to fight back through natural disasters. In this case, AI comes handy as a partner to help humans prevent the aftermath of disasters. The only threat posed by AI is the loss of jobs, which again is predictable and has been a progressive issue. Even in doing so, AI presents an opportunity for job creation. Therefore, AI has more benefits compared to the threats and stands as a solution other than a threat.

Works Cited

EKU. "Using Artificial Intelligence for Emergency Management | EKU Online."  Safetymanagement.eku.edu . N.p., 2017. Web. 4 Sept. 2017.

Imran, Muhammad et al. "AIDR."  Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web - WWW '14 Companion  (2014): 159-162. Web. 4 Sept. 2017.

Kaplan, Jerry.  Artificial Intelligence: What Everyone Needs To Know ? New York, NY, United States of America: Oxford University Press, 2016. Print.

Moein, Sara.  Medical Diagnosis Using Artificial Neural Networks . Hershey, PA: Medical Information Science Reference, 2014. Print.

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When writing a research paper with works cited page or an essay for that matter, it is always MLA formatting. If it is an essay that requires you to have endnotes and footnotes then you should write it in Chicago style. Most of the argumentative essays we have helped students write are always in APA or MLA.

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AI Should Augment Human Intelligence, Not Replace It

• David De Cremer
• Garry Kasparov

Artificial intelligence isn’t coming for your job, but it will be your new coworker. Here’s how to get along.

Will smart machines really replace human workers? Probably not. People and AI both bring different abilities and strengths to the table. The real question is: how can human intelligence work with artificial intelligence to produce augmented intelligence. Chess Grandmaster Garry Kasparov offers some unique insight here. After losing to IBM’s Deep Blue, he began to experiment how a computer helper changed players’ competitive advantage in high-level chess games. What he discovered was that having the best players and the best program was less a predictor of success than having a really good process. Put simply, “Weak human + machine + better process was superior to a strong computer alone and, more remarkably, superior to a strong human + machine + inferior process.” As leaders look at how to incorporate AI into their organizations, they’ll have to manage expectations as AI is introduced, invest in bringing teams together and perfecting processes, and refine their own leadership abilities.

In an economy where data is changing how companies create value — and compete — experts predict that using artificial intelligence (AI) at a larger scale will add as much as $15.7 trillion to the global economy by 2030 . As AI is changing how companies work, many believe that who does this work will change, too — and that organizations will begin to replace human employees with intelligent machines . This is already happening: intelligent systems are displacing humans in manufacturing, service delivery, recruitment, and the financial industry, consequently moving human workers towards lower-paid jobs or making them unemployed. This trend has led some to conclude that in 2040 our workforce may be totally unrecognizable .

• David De Cremer is a professor of management and technology at Northeastern University and the Dunton Family Dean of its D’Amore-McKim School of Business. His website is daviddecremer.com .
• Garry Kasparov is the chairman of the Human Rights Foundation and founder of the Renew Democracy Initiative. He writes and speaks frequently on politics, decision-making, and human-machine collaboration. Kasparov became the youngest world chess champion in history at 22 in 1985 and retained the top rating in the world for 20 years. His famous matches against the IBM super-computer Deep Blue in 1996 and 1997 were key to bringing artificial intelligence, and chess, into the mainstream. His latest book on artificial intelligence and the future of human-plus-machine is Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins (2017).

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Artificial Intelligence Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on artificial intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence refers to the intelligence of machines. This is in contrast to the natural intelligence of humans and animals. With Artificial Intelligence, machines perform functions such as learning, planning, reasoning and problem-solving. Most noteworthy, Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence by machines. It is probably the fastest-growing development in the World of technology and innovation . Furthermore, many experts believe AI could solve major challenges and crisis situations.

Types of Artificial Intelligence

First of all, the categorization of Artificial Intelligence is into four types. Arend Hintze came up with this categorization. The categories are as follows:

Type 1: Reactive machines – These machines can react to situations. A famous example can be Deep Blue, the IBM chess program. Most noteworthy, the chess program won against Garry Kasparov , the popular chess legend. Furthermore, such machines lack memory. These machines certainly cannot use past experiences to inform future ones. It analyses all possible alternatives and chooses the best one.

Type 2: Limited memory – These AI systems are capable of using past experiences to inform future ones. A good example can be self-driving cars. Such cars have decision making systems . The car makes actions like changing lanes. Most noteworthy, these actions come from observations. There is no permanent storage of these observations.

Type 3: Theory of mind – This refers to understand others. Above all, this means to understand that others have their beliefs, intentions, desires, and opinions. However, this type of AI does not exist yet.

Type 4: Self-awareness – This is the highest and most sophisticated level of Artificial Intelligence. Such systems have a sense of self. Furthermore, they have awareness, consciousness, and emotions. Obviously, such type of technology does not yet exist. This technology would certainly be a revolution .

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Applications of Artificial Intelligence

First of all, AI has significant use in healthcare. Companies are trying to develop technologies for quick diagnosis. Artificial Intelligence would efficiently operate on patients without human supervision. Such technological surgeries are already taking place. Another excellent healthcare technology is IBM Watson.

Artificial Intelligence in business would significantly save time and effort. There is an application of robotic automation to human business tasks. Furthermore, Machine learning algorithms help in better serving customers. Chatbots provide immediate response and service to customers.

AI can greatly increase the rate of work in manufacturing. Manufacture of a huge number of products can take place with AI. Furthermore, the entire production process can take place without human intervention. Hence, a lot of time and effort is saved.

Artificial Intelligence has applications in various other fields. These fields can be military , law , video games , government, finance, automotive, audit, art, etc. Hence, it’s clear that AI has a massive amount of different applications.

To sum it up, Artificial Intelligence looks all set to be the future of the World. Experts believe AI would certainly become a part and parcel of human life soon. AI would completely change the way we view our World. With Artificial Intelligence, the future seems intriguing and exciting.

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Artificial intelligence argumentative essay

The advancements in technology, which have resulted to the advent of machines and modern information technologies powered by artificial intelligence have greatly influenced the workplace in the 21st century. In today’s world, computers, software’s, and algorithms simplify everyday tasks making it impossible to imagine life without these machines (Wisskirchen, Biacabe and Bormann 9). Defined artificial intelligence revolves around the work processes of machines which require more intelligence when performed by human beings. It is the process of investigating intelligent problem-solving behavior and also the creation of computer systems.

While the digitalization and the automation processes continue to develop across the globe, more organizations are turning to the use of artificial intelligence and robotics in conducting their tasks. An important factors in the developed countries is the degree to which technological development and technological devices shape the labor markets. Artificial intelligence over the years has become a new factor of production driving growth through the creation of a new workforce, complementing the skills and abilities of the already existing workforces and driving innovation within the economy (Wisskirchen, Biacabe and Bormann 12).

For the creation of a new workforce, the wave of intelligence resulting from artificial intelligence has brought new features with the ability to automate the complex tasks which require agility and adaptability. In complementing the skills of workforces, artificial intelligence is not only replacing the already existing labor and capital but also enabling a more effective system of operation (Chui, Manyika and Miremadi 3). Artificial intelligence has also driven innovation within the economy through diffusing the innovations and technological devices into the economy

Artificial intelligence which includes the use if robotics has impacted the workplaces both positively and negatively. The impacts on artificial intelligence in the workplace begins by the impacts it has on the labor market. This advancement in technology has strongly affected both white collar and the blue collar sectors. A third of the current jobs, for example, those requiring a bachelor’s degree from specific universities can be performed through the use of intelligent software’s. This means that a third of university graduates lose their jobs due to the use of artificial intelligence. Even with this, however, artificial intelligence has resulted in considerable savings especially with regard to the cost of products and the cost of labor.

In today’s world, especially within the industrial sector, more investors opt to use artificial intelligence and robotics. The decisions to replace human labor are influenced by the benefits that result from the use of artificial intelligence. These decisions are also influenced by the fact that artificial intelligence does not depend on the external factors within the workplace. This, in turn, means that artificial intelligence, for example, robotic and other computer systems work in a more reliable and constant manner (24/7 depending on their programming) and can work even in danger zones.  As a rule, all artificial systems are more accurate that human beings and cannot be distracted by factors such as fatigue and other external factors (Ennals 3).

Through the use of intelligent systems, work can be synchronized and standardized to a greater extent. This results in a more improved work efficiency, transparency and even a better control of the performance. Another major impact that has resulted from the use of artificial intelligence in the workplace over human beings in their decision-making process. Unlike human beings, the decision-making processes of machines, and autonomous systems are guided by objective standards which means that the decisions are not emotionally based but are more influenced by the existing facts. Productivity in the use of robotics has resulted to and improvement of the productivity levels in organizations mostly influenced by the work time.

Artificial intelligence has also resulted in benefits for employees; these benefits mostly revolve around the fact that they do less manual work and hard work. This same concept applies to the typical back to back office activities within the service sector. In this case, algorithms collect data automatically; this data is then transferred from the purchasers to the sellers and develop solutions to the client’s issues. In the service sector, the interface between the sellers and the buyers is set up relieving the employees from manually entering the data into the Information technology systems (Ennals 6). Intelligence machines and robots in the workplaces also have lifesaving functions within the workplaces. For example, robots are used for medical diagnostics in hospitals and even for life support

As evident, artificial intelligence has had a significant impact in today’s workforce. The positive impacts from the use of artificial intelligence in the workforce also surpass the negative impacts. Artificial intelligence even with this opens new opportunities for organizations, companies, and even individuals. With it, human beings will become more adaptable and will create new jobs improving the different sectors of the economy.

• Chui, Michael, James Manyika and Mehdi Miremadi. “Four fundamentals of workplace automation.” McKinsey Quaterly (2015): 1-9.
• Ennals, Richard. Artificial intelligence and human institutions . Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
• Wisskirchen, G, et al. “Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and Their Impact on the Workplace.” IBA Global Employment Institute (2017): 9-40.
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Ethics , Technology

Argumentative Essay on Artificial Intelligence

Actors portraying cybermen, enemies of Dr. Who in the BBC television show, appear in London.

Written by: Scott Johnson

The rapid evolution of technology has raised concerns among psychologists, scholars, and scientists on the probability of the evolving technology surpassing and finally rivaling human intelligence. The contention on the dangers and prospects of artificial intelligence has mainly focused on the singularity. The term denotes a point in time when rapid advances in technology may make futuristic computers so powerful that they may cause cataclysmic alterations to humanity, notably the universe (Broderck, 12).

Even as technology and humanity remain uncertain, there is optimism that human opinions, decisions, and actions will always influence the direction that the evolution of technology assumes. However, a closer look at the rapid rate of technological growth reveals that human intelligence may not remain superior and capable of controlling the continuum of the advances in technology and its associated outcomes (Bostrom 4). If not approached carefully, the curiosity on futuristic technologies will leave human beings playing second fiddle to machine intelligence, which will subsequently herald the end of humanity, particularly when such machines start developing their values rather than safeguarding humanity and preserving human values.

It is worth noting that each individual, whether a scholar, a technology enthusiast, or a scientist, will often have an independent idea on what to expect from the current advancements in artificial intelligence. There are speculations that the Internet of Things (IoT) will soon lead to the realization of artificial superintelligence, with technological powered machines influencing all aspects of human life (Moravec, 25-26). The opinions on how such kind of intelligence will surpass the extremes of human comprehension vary depending on who is asking and answers the question.

On the one hand, technological enthusiasts aim at exploring the highest realms of technological evolution, and the rise of artificial superintelligence will not come as a surprise. But to psychologists and some scientists, human capacity and potential remains incomprehensible and not yet stretched to anywhere near its full extreme. However, human beings may not be able to maintain an upper hand over any forms of technological singularity, or whatever terms technology observers may decide to use (Broderick, 18-23).

One thing in common among the different groups of experts is that they all call for attention, forecasting, and speculation on the future of technology, thereby expanding the room for debates and controversies on balance between human and artificial intelligence.

With the current development of the Internet of Things, the ground seems all set for human beings to showcase their capacity to manipulate technology in enhancing their way of life, while remaining ignorant of the dangers of uncontrolled development of technology (Broderick 12). Thus, even as machines at homes, in the workplaces, factories, and elsewhere start communicating among themselves, human beings will still keep an eye on the communications, keenly controlling the buttons on what the machines can or cannot do.

So far, no significant incidence of technology surpassing human intelligence is in any credible report. However, human beings are already recreating what it would like when machines start taking over human potential.

It is necessary to assume a scenario where artificial intelligence becomes the order of the day to understand the present issue in greater depth. For instance, one can expect a case where technology-mediated knowledge embodies a superset of human cognitive ability (Carvalko, 12). It would be ignorant to assume that such kind of intelligence, which will be aware and able to manipulate personal information, will pose no dangers to humanity’s survival of humanity.

One question that comes into mind is; is human intelligence in tandem with developments in artificial intelligence? If the answer to this question is affirmative, then there is no need to worry about the rapid evolution of technological capacities. However, if the answer is negative, then human beings need to control how much of their size and the potential they are transferring to technology-mediated machines, particularly in the critical domains of their survival, such as healthcare and security.

Although the rapid improvement in technology’s aim is to make life easier and human input even more productive, such as in the industries, the fear of artificial intelligence eventually perceiving human beings as something that needs extermination cannot be downplayed; this is mainly the case when one considers the scalable competence attribute of artificial intelligence. This characteristic renders artificial intelligence capable of executing a massive number of tasks more rapidly, including functions that humans can only accomplish with enough resources and time.

Those that humans cannot achieve due to their organizational and cognitive limitations. Some are concern that technology may reach a point when a breakdown in coding or mishaps in software development will give rise to machines that are hostile to human beings. In this regard, some technology observers have anticipated a point when some everyday household gadgets will do the opposite of what human beings command them to do (Bonner, n.p).

With prospects of devices connected through the Internet of Things expected to hit over 26 billion by the year 2020, one can only imagine what miscommunication among such a vast collection of gadgets can do to human life.

It is also worth noting that computer processor speed has been doubling every 18 months, and there is doubt on whether human intelligence is evolving at the same rate.

Human intelligence is indeed under constant evolution, and this is the primary reason why human beings have managed to develop technologies with capabilities that could only be imagined just a few years or decades ago (Baudier, n.p). Thus, even as one forms the picture of a universe dominated by artificial intelligence, it is equally important to think about the potential of human knowledge in several decades (Prescott, 439). The only way artificial intelligence may surpass and perhaps dominate human intelligence is when human beings allow technology to dictate almost all aspects of their lives; this is likely to diminish the potential for human intelligence to evolve in unison with developments in technology.

So far, technological advancements have defragmented human society into mass culture. Furthermore, the proliferation of mass media is likely to debase human civilization, thereby giving machine evolution an upper hand on human intelligence. The fact that people are already thinking about and recreating a future scenario where technology commands and punishes human beings points to diminishing hope in the human race (Pinker, n.p).

Rather than dwelling on this fear and devising ways to counter the imminent threats, people seem obsessed with stretching their infinite potential to evolve and cope with all sorts of diversity.

Human beings are the custodians of all forms of technology used today, whether at home, in industries, education, medicine, and all realms of society. However, the uncontrolled development of technology will soon become counterproductive when the same technology gets out of hand and threaten the very existence of the human race. A form of technology that is powerful and flexible is likely to pose a myriad of social consequences, just like electricity.

However, unlike power, artificial intelligence systems are likely to have a wider variety of functionalities, thereby posing even more significant challenges. Secondly, the diverse nature of artificial intelligence means a myriad of its possible malicious uses (Brundage 5-6). Thus, if artificial intelligence may not turn against humanity by itself, the likelihood of human beings misusing AI either intentionally or unintentionally, such as algorithmic bias, will precipitate the dawn of a post-human era.

 Counterargument

For many who oppose the likelihood of artificial intelligence threatening human existence, fears of a point of singularity remain farfetched, as long as stringent rules are in place to control the further development of technological capacities. The only dangers posed by modern technologies, such as the Internet of Things, come indirectly from the same people who developed it. For instance, cyber-crime has become a global concern as people manipulate technologies to harm other people.

Thus, it is clear that with evolution in technology goes the advancement in the human capacity to use the same techniques in the creation of social and economic disruptions (Barrat n.p). Technology, no matter how advanced it becomes, will never pose a direct, imminent, and uncontrollable threat to the human race. When people start pursuing technological improvement to better their lives and make the world a better place, the danger of singularity will dissolve for good.

The second counterargument is that human beings are always flexible when it comes to adopting new technologies; this means that any advances in computer technology are caused by an even more significant advancement in the human ability to employ technology in making life easier (Garreau, 154). Through such a trend, it becomes almost impossible to reach a point where artificial intelligence can function independently from preconceived human design.

The implication here is that even as technology advances along an exponential curve, human beings will become more innovative and creative to shape the impact of technology on human affairs. Furthermore, the fact that people can use previous technological evolution trends to create futuristic technologies demonstrates their preparedness to handle advanced artificial intelligence (Carvalko, 23-27). For instance, some past predictions on technological evolution, such as jet-pack computing, are yet to become a reality though they crossed human imagination several years ago.

These observations lead Jaron Janier to comment on Who Owns the Future. That technology may never have the capacity to create or recreate itself autonomously without human intervention or control (Janier, 7-10). The assertion here is that even as artificial intelligence gives rise to robots, the idea that they will wish to dominate the world is mere science fiction with no basis in reality.

The counterarguments on the possibility of artificial intelligence threatening human life build on the premise that human beings have always remained firmly in control of emerging technologies. Although reaching a point of singularity may not happen anytime soon, it is unarguable that other potential hazards and pitfalls are imminent (Haqq-Misra 269); this is when one considers the development of military robots, which have become increasingly complex to the point of making independent decisions.

Furthermore, if people were firmly in control of technological evolution as some belief, then there would be no fears of a point in singularity where machines eventually take control of human life. These fears only demonstrate how people are increasingly becoming wary of artificial intelligence being able to function autonomously without human input (Kurtzweil, 56-62). When one thinks of futuristic scenarios such as electronic personality and intelligent autonomous robots, it becomes clear that robots dominating human life are no longer fictitious, but a possibility that is getting real.

Ignoring the chance of reaching a point of singularity in artificial intelligence is similar to ignoring the threat of climate change even as its disastrous consequences become real every day.

 Conclusion

The rapid evolution of technology continues to raise fears of a point when artificial intelligence heralds cataclysmic alterations to human life. Even though the technology aims to make the experience more accessible through the global interconnection of people and societies, human beings’ failure to match their intelligence to the emerging artificial superintelligence will make machines superior to the human race. There is a significant divergence in the current opinions on how artificial intelligence will influence human life in the future.

However, these perceptions appear to have a familiar premise; the fear of artificial intelligence causing the extermination of human life as it is known today. There is little doubt that technology has set the human race on the path to a more automated future where human beings will not be the only sophisticated intelligence. If not carefully approached, it will be a future riddled with fears and damages, as the threat of artificial superintelligence triggering a post-human future becomes more real.

Rather than downplaying the imminent danger that artificial intelligence will pose to human existence in the foreseeable future, it is time for people to ponder their ability to handle runaway or self-developing artificial superintelligence. They might as well decide to live with the fear of the inevitable unknown; the extermination of human life by artificial intelligence. Whether artificial intelligence will pose an existential threat to people or make them more creative and productive depends mostly on how ethically people approach the current developments in technology.

Works Cited

Baldauf, Kenneth & Stair, Ralph. Succeeding with Technology. New York: Cengage Learning, 2010.

Barrat, James. “Why Stephen Hawking and Bill Gates are terrified of artificial intelligence.” Huffington Post (2015).

Baudier, Amanda, “Artificial Intelligence vs. Authentic Intelligence,”  https://becominghuman.ai/artificial-intelligence-vs-authentic-intelligence-ab1bcd34e8f2 .

Bostrom, Nick. Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Bostrom, Nick. Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence. Cognitive, Emotive, and Ethical Aspects of Decision Making in Humans and Artificial Intelligence 2: 12–17.

Bonner, Stephen. Hacked by your fridge? When the Internet of Things bites back. Retrieved from 23 February 2020.

Broderick, Damien. The Spike: How Our Lives Are Being Transformed By Rapidly Advancing Technologies, New York: Forge, 2012.

Brundage, Miles. “Economic possibilities for our children: Artificial intelligence and the future of work, education, and leisure.” Workshops at the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2015.

Carvalko, Joseph. The Techno-human Shell-A Jump in the Evolutionary Gap. Sunbury Press., 2012.

Haqq-Misra, Jacob. “Here be dragons: science, technology, and the future of humanity.” (2016): 268-270.

Kurzweil, Ray. The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. New York: Viking Press, 2005.

Moravec, Hans. Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Pinker, Steven, “AI Won’t Takeover The World, and What Our Fears of the Robopocalypse Reveal,”  bigthink.com , 12 August 2019,  https://bigthink.com/videos/steven-pinker-on-artificial-intelligence-apocalypse/ .

Prescott, Tony. The AI singularity and runaway human intelligence.” Conference on Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013.

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Artificial Intelligence Argumentative Essay – With Outline

Published by Boni on May 4, 2023 May 4, 2023

Artificial Intelligence Argumentative Essay Outline

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become one of the rapidly developing fields and as its capabilities continue to expand, its potential impact on society has become a topic of intense debate. Different people have different views regqarding AI making this topic a bit challenging especially to students writing an argumentative essay on AI. However, with the help of a trustworthy research paper writing service , students can get guarentee themselves quality papers that will get them good grades.

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Topic: Artificial Intelligence Argumentative Essay

Introduction

Thesis: Artificial Intelligence cannot replace human intelligence no matter how sophisticated it may get.

Supporting arguments

Paragraph 1:

AI lacks emotional intelligence.

• Emotional intelligence makes human beings perpetually relevant at work. 
• Humans are social animals and they feel emotionally connected to other people.
• AI cannot imitate emotional intelligence.

Paragraph 2:

AI can only operate using the data it is given.

• The machine is useless if the data entered into it does not include a new field of work.
• AI does not automatically adapt to any circumstance.
• AI cannot easily mimic the capacity of the human brain to analyze, develop, innovate, maneuver, and collect information.

Paragraph 3:

AI is limited by its coding and its inability to think creatively.

• AI’s coding prevents them from coming up with original solutions to problems.
• Robots are designed to operate within their constraints.
• AI cannot analyze the context, consider complex events critically, or create intricate plans.

Paragraph 4:

AI lacks soft skills.

• Soft skills are a must for every employee.
• Soft skills are alien to artificially intelligent computers.
• Humans have an advantage over AI in the workplace thanks to soft skills.

Paragraph 5:

AI is a creation of humans and it is humans that make it work.

• Without human intelligence, artificial intelligence would not exist.
• The lines of code that are used to create AI are written by humans.
• Humans provide the data that AI machines use to operate.

Paragraph 6:

While humans can develop relationships, AI will never achieve that.

• Relationships are the foundation of many things.
• Humans have to communicate and work together with fellow humans.
• Machines cannot understand this emotional aspect of human behavior.

Paragraph 7:

AI will never express empathy, whereas humans can.

• Humans can express their emotions.
• AI cannot read other people’s emotions and display expressions.
• While AI-based devices can mimic human speech, they do not have empathy and the human touch.

Paragraph 8:

AI requires fact-checking.

• AI chatbots often make mistakes and need human moderators.
• While AI can learn incredibly quickly, it does not have common sense.
• AI cannot reason and challenge the truth to the same extent that humans can.

Paragraph 9:

AI cannot replace important human skills like critical thinking, time management, interpersonal skills, and analytical skills.

• Machines lack the human critical-thought ability.
• Machines are not as good at setting priorities or managing their time as humans.
• Machines lack the human ability to evaluate data and develop conclusions.

Struggling to get a proper argumentative topic for your paper? Here is a well researched list of argumentative research paper topics that will give you brilliant ideas.

Counterarguments and rebuttals

Paragraph 10:

Some people could argue that AI could soon catch up with and replace human intelligence.

• This is becausemachines can now perform cognitively complicated tasks.
• This could mean all work could be delegated to robots.
• However, this is not true because AI lacks intuition, emotion, or cultural sensitivity.

Paragraph 11:

Some people also argue that AI will push people out of jobs in a few years to come.

• AI use in the workplace is growing.
• Many current positions will be replaced by AI.
• However, the kind of work that AI can perform is often repetitious needing less sophisticated reasoning.
• AI will never replace human intelligence or humans in the workplace.
• Human intelligence is still far much superior to what AI can accomplish.
• AI’s abilities will enhance humanity rather than replace it.
• As AI technology advances, more jobs may be created.

Learn the best way to write a killer argumentative essay that will get you an A+ grade step by step.

Artificial Intelligence Argumentative Essay

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the kind of intelligence displayed by machines. It is the capacity of a machine, specifically a computer, to replicate mental functions. The natural intelligence of people is in contrast to artificial intelligence. Numerous technologies are being created to educate computer systems on how to plan, understand, learn from experience, recognize objects, make judgments, and solve issues. Machines can carry out human-like tasks like driving a car or having a conversation by mimicking these abilities. AI has ingrained itself into humans’ daily lives and is here to stay. It is working alongside humans to efficiently and quickly meet societal needs, which is having a significant, beneficial impact on numerous industries and people’s lives. Some people feel that AI has become so efficient that it could replace humans in the future. However, Artificial Intelligence cannot replace human intelligence no matter how sophisticated it may get.

AI cannot replace human intelligence because it lacks emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is one distinctive quality that makes human beings perpetually relevant at work. The value of emotional intelligence in the workplace, particularly when working with clients, cannot be overstated. Humans are social animals, and one fundamental, indisputable desire that they have is to feel emotionally connected to other people. While AI tries to imitate human intelligence, emotional intelligence is more difficult to mimic than intellectual intelligence (Oluwaniyi, 2023). This is because emotional intelligence requires empathy and a profound understanding of the human condition, particularly suffering and pain (Oluwaniyi, 2023). AI is incapable of experiencing these feelings. Smart corporate executives and entrepreneurs are aware of the value of appealing to the emotions of their personnel and customers. Such degrees of human connection is impossible for machines to accomplish, but there are techniques for humans to develop their emotional intelligence. Systems with artificial intelligence are quick, logical, and precise. However, they lack intuition, empathy, and cultural awareness (Prajapat, 2022). It is these abilities that make humans more effective. Only a human being can read a person’s facial expression and know just what to say.

In the same breath, AI is only able to operate using the data it is given. Anything beyond that would be asking too much of it, and machines are not made that way. Therefore, the machine is useless if the data entered into it does not include a new field of work or if its algorithm does not account for unexpected events. These circumstances are frequent in the manufacturing and tech sectors, and AI builders are continuously looking for interim solutions (Oluwaniyi, 2023). One of the many prevalent misconceptions about artificial intelligence is the notion that technologies will automatically adapt to any circumstance. It follows that AI will never permeate every industry and reduce the need for human professional expertise (Oluwaniyi, 2023). AI cannot easily mimic human reasoning or the capacity of the human brain to analyze, develop, innovate, maneuver, and collect information.

AI is also limited by its coding and its inability to think creatively. AI’s coding prevents them from coming up with original solutions to a variety of developing issues. Robots are designed to operate within their constraints (Prajapat, 2022). A machine could think for itself someday. However, that will not happen anytime soon in the real world. Artificial intelligence cannot analyze the context, consider complex events critically, or create intricate plans (Prajapat, 2022). Teams and organizations connect with the outside world regularly. However, AI can only process information that has already been input into its system. It cannot account for the influence from outside, unlike humans. In real work environments, it is important to have the flexibility to distill a vision and plan while coping with abrupt changes and skewed information sharing (Prajapat, 2022). Human intuition, a crucial component of daily work, especially for high-level executives, drives this skill.

Further, AI lacks soft skills. In the workplace, soft skills are a must for every employee. To name just a few, they include collaboration, focus on detail, creative and critical thinking, excellent communication skills, and interpersonal skills (Larson, 2021). Every industry needs these soft skills, so one must acquire them if one wants to thrive in one’s career. These are skills that humans learn and are expected to have. Learning them is beneficial for everybody, regardless of position. Both business leaders and a group of field personnel in any industry depend on these skills to succeed. Consequently, humans have an advantage over AI in the workplace thanks to soft skills. Soft skills, however, are alien to artificially intelligent computers. These soft skills are essential for professional development and progress, but AI cannot create them (Larson, 2021). Higher levels of emotional intelligence and thinking are needed to develop the skills.

Additionally, it is general knowledge that AI is a creation of humans and it is humans that make it work. Without human intelligence, artificial intelligence would not exist. Artificial intelligence is intelligence created by humans. The lines of code that are used to create AI are written by humans. Humans provide the data that AI machines use to operate (Larson, 2021). Humans are also the ones who operate these machines. Human services will become more and more in demand as AI applications expand. These machines need to be built, run, and maintained by someone who also designs the AI systems (Larson, 2021). This can only be done by humans. These facts give one the confidence to refute any theories that AI will replace human intelligence. 

Furthermore, while humans can develop relationships, AI will never achieve that. Relationships are the foundation of many things. Humans have to communicate and work together with fellow humans. Additionally, many people do better individually when working in teams. On the same note, teams produce better and more inventive results, according to numerous studies (Prajapat, 2022). The most crucial component of employee engagement is an emotional commitment and ties with teammates, which demonstrate how much humans care about their work and the organizations they work for. Because people prefer to work with like-minded individuals, relationships also aid in locating partners and clients (Prajapat, 2022). However, machines are unable to understand this emotional aspect of human behavior.

In addition, AI will never express empathy, whereas humans can. Humans can express their emotions, including joy, satisfaction, grief, thanksgiving, hope, goodness, and optimism (Prajapat, 2022). There are a virtually infinite number of different emotions that humans can feel and let out. Furthermore, it is impossible to imagine AI being able to read others’ emotions and display all expressions better than a human being can. Several work situations call for the establishment of trust and human-to-human connections in order to get workers to relax, open up, and communicate about themselves (Prajapat, 2022). While AI-based devices can mimic human speech, they do not have empathy and the human touch.

AI also falls short of the human intelligence level in that it requires fact-checking. The fact that AI chatbots, such as ChatGPT, often make mistakes and need human moderators to double-check their facts is a major issue. While AI can learn incredibly quickly, it does not have common sense and is simply unable to reason and challenge the truth to the same extent that humans can (Oluwaniyi, 2023). This is why technology users should probably refrain from asking AI chatbots certain questions. The lesson here is that fact-checking will probably become a serious career in the future since artificial intelligence cannot regulate itself and requires external supervision (Oluwaniyi, 2023). One might want to hone their research skills in the interim in anticipation of this potential future career path.

Further, AI cannot replace such important human skills as critical thinking, time management, interpersonal skills, and analytical skills. Machines are quite good at analyzing data, but they lack the human critical-thought ability. It is a skill that is required in many professions, such as commerce, law, and medicine. On the same note, while machines are capable of performing tasks quickly and efficiently, they are not as good at setting priorities or managing their time as humans are (Cremer, 2020). Time management is essential in many different industries, including healthcare, education, and project management. Similarly, interpersonal skills, such as dispute resolution, active listening, and empathy enable humans to develop important connections and interactions with fellow humans. These skills are required for many different professions, including human resource management, social work, and counseling. On another note, machines can analyze data and provide recommendations, but they do not have the human ability to evaluate the data and develop conclusions (Cremer, 2020). Analytical skills are essential in many different disciplines, including finance, engineering, and science.  

Some people could argue that with the rate at which AI is evolving, it could soon catch up with and replace human intelligence. The practice of humans outsourcing their work to machines began with routine, repetitive physical jobs such as weaving. Machines have advanced to the point where they can now perform tasks that could be considered cognitively complicated, such as solving mathematical equations, understanding speech and language, and writing. So, it appears that machines are prepared to duplicate not just human physical work but also human’s mental work. In the twenty-first century, AI is improving to the point that it can perform many activities better than humans, making humans appear ready to delegate their intelligence to machines (Cremer & Kasparov, 2021). With this most recent trend, it appears as though everything will soon be automatable, which means that no work will be immune from being delegated to robots. This picture of the future of labor resembles a zero-sum contest in which there can be only one victor. However, this interpretation of how AI will affect the workplace is misleading. The contention of whether AI will replace human employees assumes that the two species share the same attributes and skills, yet this is untrue. AI-based systems are quicker, more precise, and always rational, but they lack intuition, emotion, or cultural sensitivity (Cremer & Kasparov, 2021). It is precisely these skills that humans have, which make them superior to machines.

Some people also argue that since AI may outperform humans in many different aspects, it will push people out of jobs in a few years to come. For instance, according to Larkin (2022), over 67 percent of American workers believe robots will take their jobs within fifty years. The use of artificial intelligence applications in the workplace is growing, and many current positions will be replaced by them. However, the kind of work that such applications can perform, is often repetitious ones needing less sophisticated reasoning. As the world transitions to a more connected information and communication technology ecosystem, new positions for people will also be created by changing workplace demands. According to an analysis by the World Economic Forum, while machines using AI will displace roughly 85 million jobs in 2025, AI will also create about 97 million new employment positions in the same year (“The Future of Jobs Report 2020,” 2020). Thus, the concern should be how humans can collaborate with AI rather than having it replace them. This is what people should concentrate on. Because, it will be difficult, even impossible, to survive in the modern era without AI. Similarly, AI will not survive without the input of humans.

No matter the level to which AI may advance, it will not replace human intelligence nor will it replace humans at the workplace. The human-like intelligence is still very distant from what the world’s AI technology can accomplish. Despite all the concerns, the majority of AI machines are built to be exceptionally good at tackling a specific problem in the setting of a certain data system. On the other hand, human imagination, wisdom, and contextual knowledge are essential to the success of AI. This is due to the straightforward fact that people will always be able to provide value that robots cannot. Thus, it can be summed up that AI’s abilities will enhance humanity rather than replace it. Because of this, top-tier and progressive firms have begun implementing AI to improve their experiences, productivity, and organizational agility. Overall, it can be seen that as AI technology advances, more jobs may be created.

Cremer, D. (2020). Leadership by algorithm: Who leads and who follows in the AI era? Harriman House.

Cremer, D., & Kasparov, G. (2021, March 18). AI should augment human intelligence, not replace it . Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2021/03/ai-should-augment-human-intelligence-not-replace-it  

Larkin, C. (2022, September 27). AI won’t replace human intuition . Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2022/09/27/ai-wont-replace-human-intuition/?sh=7f25bf1267bf

Larson, E. J. (2021). The myth of artificial intelligence: Why computers can’t think the way we do . Harvard University Press.

Oluwaniyi, R. (2023, March 15). 7 reasons why artificial intelligence can’t replace humans at work . MUO. https://www.makeuseof.com/reasons-artificial-intelligence-cant-replace-humans/#:~:text=Regardless%20of%20how%20well%20AI,is%20vital%20for%20business%20growth .

Prajapat, J. (2022, May 17). Why A.I. artificial intelligence can’t replace humans? LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-ai-artificial-intelligence-cant-replace-humans-jitendra-prajapat/?trk=pulse-article_more-articles_related-content-card

The Future of Jobs Report 2020 . (2020, October 20). World Economic Forum. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2020/in-full/executive-summary

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Artificial Intelligence Argumentative Essay

Some argue that artificial intelligence is playing positive role in our lives and has many benefits, such as increased efficiency, productivity, and convenience, while others think that it has negative consequences, like job displacement and ethical concerns. In this essay, you will see both sides of the arguments i.e. potential benefits and drawbacks of AI technology.

Introduction

What is AI? The computers and machines can do things that usually need human thinking, like learning, solving problems, and understanding language. It’s like how our brains work, but with machines. AI can learn from the experiences and get better at doing things on its own, and it’s used for robots, speech and image recognition, and even self-driving cars!

It is important in today’s world because it has the potential to transform industries, improve efficiency, and enhance decision-making across a wide range of fields. It is also seen as a key driver of economic growth and innovation in many countries.

The Pros of AI

Efficiency and productivity.

Since AI can process large amounts of data quickly and efficiently, therefore, this ability makes it a powerful tool for analyzing and deriving insights from large and complex datasets. It can identify patterns, correlations, and trends that might not be immediately apparent to humans. This ability to process data at large scale and high speed has significant implications for businesses, enable them to make faster and more informed decisions, improve customer experiences, and optimize operations.

AI has also capacity to process data has facilitated the development of technologies such as predictive analytics, natural language processing, and machine learning, which have opened up new possibilities in fields such as healthcare, finance, transportation, and many more.

Improved Safety and Security

Artificial Intelligence has revolutionized the way we approach security risks by offering advanced and intelligent monitoring systems. These systems can detect potential security threats through various mechanisms, including facial recognition, predictive analytics, and anomaly detection. It can also identify patterns and trends that humans might not be able to detect on their own because it can analyze data in real-time.

This capability has led to the development of improved surveillance systems that help prevent crimes and enhance transportation safety. By utilizing AI-powered monitoring, security personnel can quickly identify and respond to potential threats which makes it faster and more effective action in critical situations.

Healthcare Advancements

By analyzing the medical data, AI can detect potential diseases at an early stage. With different algorithms, AI can identify patterns and anomalies in medical images, lab reports, and patient records that might be missed by human doctors. This capability has led to improved medical diagnosis and treatment by enabling doctors to make faster and more accurate diagnoses, develop personalized treatment plans, and monitor patients’ health more effectively. AI-powered tools can also help identify new drug targets, design more effective clinical trials, and optimize healthcare delivery.

Environmental Impact

Artificial Intelligence can identify and mitigate environmental risks by providing intelligent monitoring and analysis of natural systems. For example, AI-powered tools can analyze satellite data to identify deforestation, track ocean currents to predict weather patterns, and monitor air quality to detect pollution hotspots. This ability to process large amounts of environmental data quickly and accurately can help decision-makers develop effective strategies for resource management and risk mitigation.

AI can also help improve resource management and reduce waste by optimizing supply chains, reducing energy consumption, and minimizing material waste. By leveraging AI to optimize production and distribution systems, companies can reduce their carbon footprint, minimize waste, and improve efficiency. For instance, AI-powered predictive maintenance systems can help identify equipment failures before they occur, minimizing downtime and reducing waste.

The Cons of AI

Job displacement.

Artificial Intelligence will also replace jobs in various industries by automating tasks that were previously performed by humans. While this can lead to increased efficiency and productivity, there are concerns that it may also contribute to income inequality and unemployment rates. As machines become more capable of performing tasks traditionally done by humans, there is a risk that jobs may disappear or become obsolete, particularly in industries with a high degree of routine work.

Privacy Concerns

AI’s ability to collect and analyze personal data has raised concerns over surveillance and potential misuse of personal information. As AI technologies become more sophisticated, they can gather vast amounts of data from individuals, such as their preferences, behavior, and location, leading to concerns over privacy and data protection. This has led to calls for stricter regulations to protect personal data and ensure that AI is used in an ethical and responsible manner.

Bias and Discrimination

Artificial Intelligence systems rely heavily on historical data to make predictions and decisions, which can lead to perpetuation of biases and discrimination. If historical data contains biases or reflects past discrimination, then the AI system may replicate those biases and perpetuate them. This has led to concerns over the ethical implications of AI decision-making, particularly in sensitive areas such as hiring, lending, and criminal justice. To address these concerns, researchers are exploring ways to mitigate bias in AI systems, such as by ensuring diversity in training data, auditing algorithms for bias, and developing explainable AI to increase transparency and accountability. It is important to ensure that AI is used in a fair and ethical manner to avoid perpetuating biases and discrimination.

Control and Safety Concerns

As AI systems become more advanced, there is a risk that they may become uncontrollable or dangerous, leading to potential risks to society. To mitigate these risks, there is a need for regulation and oversight of AI development and use. This can include measures such as ethical guidelines, safety standards, and transparency requirements to ensure that AI is developed and used in a responsible and safe manner. By balancing innovation and regulation, we can harness the potential of AI while minimizing potential risks to society.

More to read

• Artificial Intelligence Tutorial
• History of Artificial Intelligence
• 4 Types of Artificial Intelligence
• What is the purpose of Artificial Intelligence?
• Artificial and Robotics
• Benefits of Artificial Intelligence
• Intelligent Agents in AI
• Production System in AI
• Engineering Applications f AI
• Artificial Intelligence Vs. Machine Learning
• Artificial Intelligence Vs. Human Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence Vs. Data Science
• Artificial Intelligence Vs. Computer Science
• What Artificial Intelligence Cannot Do?
• Importance of Artificial Intelligence
• How has Artificial Intelligence Impacted Society?
• Application of Artificial Intelligence in Robotics

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The Main Topics for Coursework or a Thesis Statement in Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the world, from machine learning and the Internet of Things to Robotics and Natural Language processing.

Research is needed to understand more about AI and how it will affect the future. 

AI-powered machines are likely to replace humans in many fields and the consequences of this are still largely unknown.

There are many topics of vital importance to choose from if you’re a student trying to decide on a topic involving AI for your thesis.

Image source:  Freepik.com

Machine learning (ML) as a Thesis Topic

Artificial intelligence enables machines to automatically learn a task from experience and improve performance without any human intervention.

Machines need high-quality data to start with. They are trained by building machine learning models using the data and different algorithms.

The algorithms depend on the type of data and the tasks that need automation. 

A topic for your research could involve discussing wearable devices. They are powered by machine learning and are becoming increasingly popular.

You could discuss their relevance in fields like health and insurance as well as how they can help individuals to improve their daily routines and move towards a more healthy lifestyle.  

Deep learning (DL) as a Thesis Topic

Deep Learning is a subset of ML where learning imitates the inner workings of the human brain. It uses artificial neural networks to process data and make decisions.

The web-like networks take a non-linear approach to processing data which is superior to traditional algorithms that take a linear approach.  

Google’s RankBrain is an example of an artificial neural network.

Deep learning is driving many AI applications such as object recognition, playing computer games, controlling self-driving cars and language translation.

A research topic could involve discussing deep learning and its various applications. 

Reinforcement learning (RL) as a Thesis Topic

Reinforcement learning is the closest form of learning to the way human beings learn. For instance, students learn from their mistakes and a process of trial-and-error.

There are many different ways to use AI in education to help students, such as using AI-powered tutors, customized learning and smart content.

RL works on a similar principle to learning from a process of trial-and-error. Google’s AlphaGo program beat the world champion of Go in 2017 by using RL. 

Students who don’t yet have the skills to handle complex assignments can make use of various tools, writing apps and professional writers.

To find help with your student papers when you’re conducting research for a university, EduBirdie has free plagiarism checker and citations tools but professional writers who can take the pressure off you.

At U.K. EduBirdie , a professional  thesis writer will finish your paper  for you. It also offers editing and proofreading services at very reasonable prices.

Image source: Freepik.com

Natural language processing (NLP) as a Thesis Topic

This area of AI relates to how machines can learn to recognize and analyze human speech. Speech recognition, natural language translation and natural language generation are some of the areas of NLP.

With the help of NLP, systems can even read sentiment and predict which parts of the language are important. Revolutionary tools like IBM Watson, Google Translate, Speech Recognition and sentiment analysis show the importance of NLP in the daily lives of individuals. 

NLP helps build intelligent systems, such as customer support applications like chatbots and  AI in education  is also a great example.

Chatbots use NLP and machine learning to interact with customers and solve their queries. Your research topic could relate to chatbots and their interaction with humans.

Computer vision (CV) as a Thesis Topic

Millions of images are uploaded daily on the internet. Computers are very good at certain tasks but they can struggle with simple tasks like being able to recognize and identify objects.

Computer vision is a field of AI that makes systems so smart that they can analyze and understand images. CV systems can even outperform humans now in some tasks like classifying visual objects.  

One of the applications of computer vision is in autonomous vehicles that need to analyze images of surroundings in order to navigate.

A study topic could involve discussing computer vision and how using it allows smart systems to be built. Applications of computer vision could then be presented.  

Recommender systems (RS) as a Thesis Topic

Recommender systems  use algorithms  to offer relevant suggestions to users. These may be suggestions on a TV show, a product, a service or even who to date.

You will receive many recommendations after you search for a particular product or browse a list of favorite movies. RS can base suggestions on your past behavior and past preferences, trends and the preferences of your peers. 

A very relevant topic would be to explore the use of recommender systems in the field of e-commerce. Industry giants like Amazon are currently using recommender systems to help customers find the right products or services.

You could discuss their implementation and the type of results they bring to ecommerce businesses. 

Robotics as a Thesis Topic

Robots can behave and perform the same actions as human beings, thanks to AI. They can act intelligently and even solve problems and learn in controlled environments.

For example, Kismet is a social interaction robot developed by MIT’s AI lab that can recognize human language and interact with humans. 

Robots and AI are changing the way businesses work. Some people argue that this will have an adverse effect on humans as they are replaced by AI-powered machines.

A research topic could aim to understand to what extent businesses will be impacted by  AI-powered machines  and assess their future in different businesses.

There is an increase in the number of research papers being published in different areas of AI. If you’re a student wanting to come up with a topic involving artificial intelligence for your thesis, there are many vitally important sub-topics to choose from.

Each of these sub-topics provides plenty of opportunities for meaningful research into AI and new ideas on its application in the future as machines keep growing in intelligence. 

About The Author

Paul Calderon

Paul Calderon is data security specialist working with a tech startup based in Silicon Valley. After work hours, he helps students studying for their computer science degrees or programming courses with essays, dissertations and term papers. When he isn’t doing any work, he likes playing tennis, cycling, and creating vlogs on local travel.

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Reason One: Machines Created Through Artificial Intelligence Cannot Reason Or Understand. Argumentative Essay Example

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Artificial Intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages Essay

History of artificial intelligence, current ai uses, future of ai, artificial intelligence opinion piece, works cited.

A defining characteristic of the last century has been the numerous significant technological advancements made. Most of these advances were facilitated by the invention of the computer, making computer science a critical discipline in modern times. One fascinating and promising branch of computer science is Artificial Intelligence (AI).

This is an interdisciplinary branch of the science that borrows from a wide range of fields including cognitive psychology, engineering, mathematics, linguistics, and philosophy. The field aims at exploring and developing ways in which computer systems can be made to act in a manner that human beings recognize as “intelligent”.

The term “artificial intelligence” was coined in 1956 following concerted interest by scientists from various backgrounds on symbolic processing and computer simulation of human behavior (Palmer 2). While AI as a discipline began in the mid-1950s, its foundations were laid earlier on by a number of prominent British scientists. The 19th century British mathematician Charles Babbage formulated the first computing engine, which served as the precursor of the modern digital computer.

The 19th century Mathematician-logician George Boole invented Boolean algebra, which was used in the operation of digital computer. Last and most important was the British logician-mathematician, Alan Turin, who proposed computer programs based upon logical operators. The proposed machines were capable of interacting and manipulating symbols that included natural language. Palmer reveals that from Turin’s idea or a universal programmable computer, the ideal of AI arose (2).

The initial goals of AI researchers were very ambitious. In the early years of the field, AI scientists sort to fully duplicate the human capacities of thought and language on the digital computer (Palmer 2). Some of the researchers involved in AI projects went so far as to claim that a complete theory of intelligence would be achieved by the late 1960s.

As it turned out, the AI programs did not achieve the momentous results promised. The initial efforts led to the successful design of programs that could prove theorems in symbolic logic. However, the projects failed to succeed in automatic language translation leading to a loss of funding to expert systems, which did not attempt to explain human intelligence but had great practical applications.

There was a regeneration of interest in AI over the 1970s and 1980s as researchers in the US and Europe engaged in expansive studies exploring intuitions about intelligence (Geffner 45). During this period, computer scientists had reduced the ambitions of AI to theories of more modest scope. The quest for certainty and truth had been abandoned for “micro-truths” that can be obtained though common sense introspection.

As opposed to the past where AI research was concentrated on understanding the nature of intelligence, greater emphasis was given to practical application (Palmer 2). The 21st century has witnessed great advances in AI with systems being developed for practical applications.

The past two decades have witnessed an increase in the number of practical AI uses. One area where AI is used with increasing frequency is speech recognition. Computer systems are programmed to understand human natural language and respond to it. Speech recognition is difficult to achieve since human speech is impeded by many factors including accents, slang words, and background noise. As such, computer systems have to have some level of intelligence in order to correctly recognize human voice.

Speech recognition programs have to be trained to understand the particular speech pattern of a user (Geffner 46). After the training, the program can be used for a wide array of practical uses. It can be used to give voice commands to smart vehicles. Smart phones also utilize speech recognition to write text messages or initialize phone calls.

AI has also been used in the creation of intelligent robots that perform a number of tasks. Typical robots, such as those ones used in vehicle assembly are not intelligent in that they are programmed to perform specific tasks in a repetitive manner. AI technology used to make a robot includes artificial neural network, knowledge based system and all possible decision making systems (Bongard 75).

As a result of this, the intelligent robots can adjust to the natural environment and learn from mistakes. These robots have been used for the exploration of unknown environment including distant planets. Using AI, the robot is able to utilize the input from its many different sensors to adapt to the conditions.

The medical field employs AI in medical diagnosis. By use of artificial neural networks, medical professionals are aided in their decision making process. In addition to this, AI helps in the interpretation of medical images and can accurately detect conditions such as tumors (Bongard 80). A knowledge based system that has captured and embedded explicitly human knowledge can be used to suggest treatment options for patients. AI reduces the risk of wrong prescriptions by a physician.

Artificial intelligence is employed in the development of accounting systems. Specifically, AI has been exploited in auditing, taxation, and decision making support. Moudud reveals that neural networks, genetic algorithms, and knowledge-based systems are being used to detect fraud and perform risk analysis (10). By going though vast amounts of data, AI systems are able to identify patterns and therefore highlight irregularities. AI systems have also been used for bankruptcy prediction. Moudud explains that intelligent techniques are used to develop models capable of predicting business failure cases (16).

Artificial intelligence is also used to access the safety of bridges. The structural integrity of bridges is important since their collapse might be disastrous. Shuster explains that by using neural network computing, engineers are able to compare the properties of cracks in beams with the stiffness and thereby compute a health index (40). By using AI, the objectivity of bridge health assessment is assured since the computer does not suffer from the bias that an inspector might have.

While AI has greatly advanced since it was first conceived in the 1950s, the field has not achieved the goal of creating machines that can solve problems independently like humans and learn and improve from each encounter (Bongard 74). However, researchers predict some significant breakthroughs in AI in the future.

Advances are being made to improve the speech recognition abilities of machines. With technological advances, intelligent machines are predicted to not only be able to recognize and communicate fluently in natural language but also detect emotions and respond to them (Bongard 76). Emotion detection and emulation will be a great advancement in AI since it closely mimics human behavior.

AI researchers are working on creating systems that not only analyze vast amounts of data and come up with “intelligent” solutions, but systems that can come up with ideas. Such systems would be able to mimic human intelligence through their perceptiveness (Geffner 45). In addition to this, there are projects aimed at creating machines that have some level of self-awareness in the same way that humans do. While these projects are still in their infancy, it is hoped that as huge technological advances are made, there will be sufficient processing power available to achieve such goals.

In terms of uses, there are many possible applications of AI in the future. Researchers are already working on intelligent power grids. These smart power grids will utilize neural networks to have electricity flowing in both directions (Geffner 50). The grid will be able to adjust electricity distribution dynamically in response to the changing demand in the various areas. The military is also exploring ways in which it can exploit AI in combat. Specifically, there are plans for introducing soldier robots that will be able to carry out fighting tasks currently undertaken by human beings. The AI fighting machines will be able to react to situations in the battlefield in the same way that humans do (Geffner 49). These machines will be able to discriminate between enemy combatants and innocent civilians. These machines will increase the efficiency of a country’s military force while reducing human casualty.

The field of AI has not advanced in the manner that its pioneers envisioned it would. Even so, Artificial Intelligence has exhibited growth and it has contributed in many of the technological advances made today. The future promises to bring even more engaging innovations in this field. Some AI researchers are hopeful that by 2050, systems that possess self awareness and are capable of producing independent thoughts will have been created. If this is achieved, Allan Turin’s vision of Artificial Intelligence will have been realized.

Artificial Intelligence is one of the fields where there exist differences in opinions about the overall benefits of the disciple to mankind. The negative views on AI stem from the supposed dangers that intelligent machines might present to man. Opponent of AI predict that as the field is advanced, self aware machines that can rise against man will be created. In the present, the opponents point out that AI is creating a condition where machines take over more jobs that could otherwise be performed by people. However, a careful look at the advances and applications of AI over the last few decades suggests that this field is making a positive contribution to human life.

Modern discoveries in remote regions including outer space have been greatly aided by AI. Using these systems, scientists have been able to discover unexplored places including the planet Mars. AI machines used for exploration are made such that they can endure hostile physical environments (Chatfield par 3). Their intelligence makes it possible for them to adapt to the real conditions in their environment and achieve the set scientific objectives.

Since there is no risk of harm to humans when using intelligent machines, scientists have been able to engage in the exploration of dangerous lands. Without AI, it would be impossible for exploration into distant or dangerous regions to be made since such activities would involve great risk to human life.

AI increases the efficiency with which work is performed. Whether intelligent machines are used independently or to assist humans, they result in added speed and accuracy of performing tasks (Moshe 5). For example, application of AI systems in the medical field can reduce unnecessary testing by predicting the impact that a medical test will have in the eventual decision making of the physician (Cismondi 345). The risk of error is also decreased since AI machines can have a knowledge base that will be utilized to highlight errors.

Intelligent machines can perform better in activities that require decision making since they are not prone to bias. Once the machine learns how to perform a task, it can be expect to keep performing consistently without error. The machine will always make the rational decision since its judgment is not clouded (Moshe 5). The lack of emotion also means that AI systems can be relied upon to think logically at all times. Objectivity is therefore ensured when AI systems are employed.

AI has contributed to the high rate of technological advances currently being enjoyed. AI machines have been used to make many computer models that have been used for various innovative purposes (Tseng 465). The high degree of accuracy and the speed with which this modeling has occurred has speeded up the making of technological and scientific discoveries. It can be expected that as more AI systems are implemented, these technological growth rate will increase thereby benefiting humankind even more.

The human civilization is enjoying many benefits because of AI. These advantages have led to increased interest in advancing the field. At the present, AI is considered to be in its infancy stage and it is expected that as the field advances, many more applications of these systems will be developed. These developments will be harnessed to benefit.

Chatfield, Tom. Artificial intelligence: The machines with alien minds. 2013.

Cismondi, Federico. “Reducing unnecessary lab testing in the ICU with artificial intelligence.” International Journal of Medical Informatics 82.5 (2013): 345-358.

Moshe, Vardi. Artificial Intelligence: Past and Future . Communications of the ACM 55.1 (2012)5-6.

Tseng, Chun. “Patent analysis for technology development of artificial intelligence: A country-level comparative study.” Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice 15.4 (2013): 463–475. Print.

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Opinion Guest Essay

The True Threat of Artificial Intelligence

Credit... Mathieu Larone

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By Evgeny Morozov

Mr. Morozov is the author of “To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism” and the host of the forthcoming podcast “ The Santiago Boys .”

• June 30, 2023

In May, more than 350 technology executives, researchers and academics signed a statement warning of the existential dangers of artificial intelligence. “Mitigating the risk of extinction from A.I. should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war,” the signatories warned.

This came on the heels of another high-profile letter , signed by the likes of Elon Musk and Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple, calling for a six-month moratorium on the development of advanced A.I. systems.

Meanwhile, the Biden administration has urged responsible A.I. innovation, stating that “in order to seize the opportunities” it offers, we “must first manage its risks.” In Congress, Senator Chuck Schumer called for “first of their kind” listening sessions on the potential and risks of A.I., a crash course of sorts from industry executives, academics, civil rights activists and other stakeholders.

The mounting anxiety about A.I. isn’t because of the boring but reliable technologies that autocomplete our text messages or direct robot vacuums to dodge obstacles in our living rooms. It is the rise of artificial general intelligence, or A.G.I., that worries the experts.

A.G.I. doesn’t exist yet, but some believe that the rapidly growing capabilities of OpenAI’s ChatGPT suggest its emergence is near. Sam Altman, a co-founder of OpenAI, has described it as “systems that are generally smarter than humans.” Building such systems remains a daunting — some say impossible — task. But the benefits appear truly tantalizing.

Imagine Roombas, no longer condemned to vacuuming the floors, that evolve into all-purpose robots, happy to brew morning coffee or fold laundry — without ever being programmed to do these things.

Sounds appealing. But should these A.G.I. Roombas get too powerful, their mission to create a spotless utopia might get messy for their dust-spreading human masters. At least we’ve had a good run.

Discussions of A.G.I. are rife with such apocalyptic scenarios. Yet a nascent A.G.I. lobby of academics, investors and entrepreneurs counter that, once made safe, A.G.I. would be a boon to civilization. Mr. Altman, the face of this campaign, embarked on a global tour to charm lawmakers . Earlier this year he wrote that A.G.I. might even turbocharge the economy, boost scientific knowledge and “elevate humanity by increasing abundance.”

This is why, for all the hand-wringing, so many smart people in the tech industry are toiling to build this controversial technology: not using it to save the world seems immoral.

They are beholden to an ideology that views this new technology as inevitable and, in a safe version, as universally beneficial. Its proponents can think of no better alternatives for fixing humanity and expanding its intelligence.

But this ideology — call it A.G.I.-ism — is mistaken. The real risks of A.G.I. are political and won’t be fixed by taming rebellious robots. The safest of A.G.I.s would not deliver the progressive panacea promised by its lobby. And in presenting its emergence as all but inevitable, A.G.I.-ism distracts from finding better ways to augment intelligence.

Unbeknown to its proponents , A.G.I.-ism is just a bastard child of a much grander ideology, one preaching that, as Margaret Thatcher memorably put it, there is no alternative, not to the market.

Rather than breaking capitalism, as Mr. Altman has hinted it could do, A.G.I. — or at least the rush to build it — is more likely to create a powerful (and much hipper) ally for capitalism’s most destructive creed: neoliberalism.

Fascinated with privatization, competition and free trade, the architects of neoliberalism wanted to dynamize and transform a stagnant and labor-friendly economy through markets and deregulation.

Some of these transformations worked, but they came at an immense cost. Over the years, neoliberalism drew many, many critics, who blamed it for the Great Recession and financial crisis, Trumpism, Brexit and much else.

It is not surprising, then, that the Biden administration has distanced itself from the ideology, acknowledging that markets sometimes get it wrong. Foundations, think tanks and academics have even dared to imagine a post-neoliberal future.

Yet neoliberalism is far from dead. Worse, it has found an ally in A.G.I.-ism, which stands to reinforce and replicate its main biases: that private actors outperform public ones (the market bias), that adapting to reality beats transforming it (the adaptation bias ) and that efficiency trumps social concerns (the efficiency bias).

These biases turn the alluring promise behind A.G.I. on its head: Instead of saving the world, the quest to build it will make things only worse. Here is how.

A.G.I. will never overcome the market’s demands for profit.

Remember when Uber, with its cheap rates, was courting cities to serve as their public transportation systems?

It all began nicely, with Uber promising implausibly cheap rides, courtesy of a future with self-driving cars and minimal labor costs. Deep-pocketed investors loved this vision, even absorbing Uber’s multibillion-dollar losses.

But when reality descended , the self-driving cars were still a pipe dream. The investors demanded returns and Uber was forced to raise prices . Users that relied on it to replace public buses and trains were left on the sidewalk.

The neoliberal instinct behind Uber’s business model is that the private sector can do better than the public sector — the market bias.

It’s not just cities and public transit. Hospitals , police departments and even the Pentagon increasingly rely on Silicon Valley to accomplish their missions.

With A.G.I., this reliance will only deepen, not least because A.G.I. is unbounded in its scope and ambition. No administrative or government services would be immune to its promise of disruption.

Moreover, A.G.I. doesn’t even have to exist to lure them in. This, at any rate, is the lesson of Theranos, a start-up that promised to “solve” health care through a revolutionary blood-testing technology and a former darling of America’s elites. Its victims are real, even if its technology never was.

After so many Uber- and Theranos-like traumas, we already know what to expect of an A.G.I. rollout. It will consist of two phases. First, the charm offensive of heavily subsidized services. Then the ugly retrenchment, with the overdependent users and agencies shouldering the costs of making them profitable.

As always, Silicon Valley mavens play down the market’s role. In a recent essay titled “ Why A.I. Will Save the World ,” Marc Andreessen, a prominent tech investor, even proclaims that A.I. “is owned by people and controlled by people, like any other technology.”

Only a venture capitalist can traffic in such exquisite euphemisms. Most modern technologies are owned by corporations. And they — not the mythical “people” — will be the ones that will monetize saving the world.

And are they really saving it? The record, so far, is poor. Companies like Airbnb and TaskRabbit were welcomed as saviors for the beleaguered middle class ; Tesla’s electric cars were seen as a remedy to a warming planet. Soylent, the meal-replacement shake, embarked on a mission to “solve” global hunger, while Facebook vowed to “ solve ” connectivity issues in the Global South. None of these companies saved the world.

A decade ago, I called this solutionism , but “digital neoliberalism” would be just as fitting. This worldview reframes social problems in light of for-profit technological solutions. As a result, concerns that belong in the public domain are reimagined as entrepreneurial opportunities in the marketplace.

A.G.I.-ism has rekindled this solutionist fervor. Last year, Mr. Altman stated that “A.G.I. is probably necessary for humanity to survive” because “our problems seem too big” for us to “solve without better tools.” He’s recently asserted that A.G.I. will be a catalyst for human flourishing.

But companies need profits, and such benevolence, especially from unprofitable firms burning investors’ billions, is uncommon. OpenAI, having accepted billions from Microsoft, has contemplated raising another $100 billion to build A.G.I. Those investments will need to be earned back — against the service’s staggering invisible costs. (One estimate from February put the expense of operating ChatGPT at $700,000 per day.)

Thus, the ugly retrenchment phase, with aggressive price hikes to make an A.G.I. service profitable, might arrive before “abundance” and “flourishing.” But how many public institutions would mistake fickle markets for affordable technologies and become dependent on OpenAI’s expensive offerings by then?

And if you dislike your town outsourcing public transportation to a fragile start-up, would you want it farming out welfare services, waste management and public safety to the possibly even more volatile A.G.I. firms?

A.G.I. will dull the pain of our thorniest problems without fixing them.

Neoliberalism has a knack for mobilizing technology to make society’s miseries bearable. I recall an innovative tech venture from 2017 that promised to improve commuters’ use of a Chicago subway line. It offered rewards to discourage metro riders from traveling at peak times. Its creators leveraged technology to influence the demand side (the riders), seeing structural changes to the supply side (like raising public transport funding) as too difficult. Tech would help make Chicagoans adapt to the city’s deteriorating infrastructure rather than fixing it in order to meet the public’s needs.

This is the adaptation bias — the aspiration that, with a technological wand, we can become desensitized to our plight. It’s the product of neoliberalism’s relentless cheerleading for self-reliance and resilience.

The message is clear: gear up, enhance your human capital and chart your course like a start-up. And A.G.I.-ism echoes this tune. Bill Gates has trumpeted that A.I. can “help people everywhere improve their lives.”

The solutionist feast is only getting started: Whether it’s fighting the next pandemic , the loneliness epidemic or inflation , A.I. is already pitched as an all-purpose hammer for many real and imaginary nails. However, the decade lost to the solutionist folly reveals the limits of such technological fixes.

To be sure, Silicon Valley’s many apps — to monitor our spending, calories and workout regimes — are occasionally helpful. But they mostly ignore the underlying causes of poverty or obesity. And without tackling the causes, we remain stuck in the realm of adaptation, not transformation.

There’s a difference between nudging us to follow our walking routines — a solution that favors individual adaptation — and understanding why our towns have no public spaces to walk on — a prerequisite for a politics-friendly solution that favors collective and institutional transformation.

But A.G.I.-ism, like neoliberalism, sees public institutions as unimaginative and not particularly productive. They should just adapt to A.G.I., at least according to Mr. Altman, who recently said he was nervous about “the speed with which our institutions can adapt” — part of the reason, he added, “of why we want to start deploying these systems really early, while they’re really weak, so that people have as much time as possible to do this.”

But should institutions only adapt? Can’t they develop their own transformative agendas for improving humanity’s intelligence? Or do we use institutions only to mitigate the risks of Silicon Valley’s own technologies?

A.G.I. undermines civic virtues and amplifies trends we already dislike.

A common criticism of neoliberalism is that it has flattened our political life, rearranging it around efficiency. “ The Problem of Social Cost ,” a 1960 article that has become a classic of the neoliberal canon, preaches that a polluting factory and its victims should not bother bringing their disputes to court. Such fights are inefficient — who needs justice, anyway? — and stand in the way of market activity. Instead, the parties should privately bargain over compensation and get on with their business.

This fixation on efficiency is how we arrived at “solving” climate change by letting the worst offenders continue as before. The way to avoid the shackles of regulation is to devise a scheme — in this case, taxing carbon — that lets polluters buy credits to match the extra carbon they emit.

This culture of efficiency, in which markets measure the worth of things and substitute for justice, inevitably corrodes civic virtues.

And the problems this creates are visible everywhere. Academics fret that, under neoliberalism, research and teaching have become commodities. Doctors lament that hospitals prioritize more profitable services such as elective surgery over emergency care. Journalists hate that the worth of their articles is measured in eyeballs .

Now imagine unleashing A.G.I. on these esteemed institutions — the university, the hospital, the newspaper — with the noble mission of “fixing” them. Their implicit civic missions would remain invisible to A.G.I., for those missions are rarely quantified even in their annual reports — the sort of materials that go into training the models behind A.G.I.

After all, who likes to boast that his class on Renaissance history got only a handful of students? Or that her article on corruption in some faraway land got only a dozen page views? Inefficient and unprofitable, such outliers miraculously survive even in the current system. The rest of the institution quietly subsidizes them, prioritizing values other than profit-driven “efficiency.”

Will this still be the case in the A.G.I. utopia? Or will fixing our institutions through A.G.I. be like handing them over to ruthless consultants? They, too, offer data-bolstered “solutions” for maximizing efficiency. But these solutions often fail to grasp the messy interplay of values, missions and traditions at the heart of institutions — an interplay that is rarely visible if you only scratch their data surface.

In fact, the remarkable performance of ChatGPT-like services is, by design, a refusal to grasp reality at a deeper level, beyond the data’s surface. So whereas earlier A.I. systems relied on explicit rules and required someone like Newton to theorize gravity — to ask how and why apples fall — newer systems like A.G.I. simply learn to predict gravity’s effects by observing millions of apples fall to the ground.

However, if all that A.G.I. sees are cash-strapped institutions fighting for survival, it may never infer their true ethos. Good luck discerning the meaning of the Hippocratic oath by observing hospitals that have been turned into profit centers.

Margaret Thatcher’s other famous neoliberal dictum was that “ there is no such thing as society .”

The A.G.I. lobby unwittingly shares this grim view. For them, the kind of intelligence worth replicating is a function of what happens in individuals’ heads rather than in society at large.

But human intelligence is as much a product of policies and institutions as it is of genes and individual aptitudes. It’s easier to be smart on a fellowship in the Library of Congress than while working several jobs in a place without a bookstore or even decent Wi-Fi.

It doesn’t seem all that controversial to suggest that more scholarships and public libraries will do wonders for boosting human intelligence. But for the solutionist crowd in Silicon Valley, augmenting intelligence is primarily a technological problem — hence the excitement about A.G.I.

However, if A.G.I.-ism really is neoliberalism by other means, then we should be ready to see fewer — not more — intelligence-enabling institutions. After all, they are the remnants of that dreaded “society” that, for neoliberals, doesn’t really exist. A.G.I.’s grand project of amplifying intelligence may end up shrinking it.

Because of such solutionist bias, even seemingly innovative policy ideas around A.G.I. fail to excite. Take the recent proposal for a “ Manhattan Project for A.I. Safety .” This is premised on the false idea that there’s no alternative to A.G.I.

But wouldn’t our quest for augmenting intelligence be far more effective if the government funded a Manhattan Project for culture and education and the institutions that nurture them instead?

Without such efforts, the vast cultural resources of our existing public institutions risk becoming mere training data sets for A.G.I. start-ups, reinforcing the falsehood that society doesn’t exist.

Depending on how (and if) the robot rebellion unfolds, A.G.I. may or may not prove an existential threat. But with its antisocial bent and its neoliberal biases, A.G.I.-ism already is: We don’t need to wait for the magic Roombas to question its tenets.

Evgeny Morozov , the author of “To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism,” is the founder and publisher of The Syllabus and the host of the podcast “The Santiago Boys .”

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

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The case for global governance of AI: arguments, counter-arguments, and challenges ahead

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• Published: 02 May 2024

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It is increasingly recognized that as artificial intelligence becomes more powerful and pervasive in society and creates risks and ethical issues that cross borders, a global approach is needed for the governance of these risks. But why, exactly, do we need this and what does that mean? In this Open Forum paper, author argues for global governance of AI for moral reasons but also outlines the governance challenges that this project raises.

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Recently there have been more calls for a global approach to the governance of AI across international organizations, industry, and academia. The UN’s Secretary-General and his Envoy on Technology, for example, have called for globally coordinated AI governance as ‘the only way to harness AI for humanity while addressing its risks and uncertainties’. Footnote 1 Earlier a Resolution adopted by the UN’s General Assembly called for improving digital cooperation and deliberation using the UN as a platform for stakeholders, Footnote 2 thus preparing work on global governance. In September, the G20 leaders called in New Delhi for global governance for AI to harness AI for ‘Good and for All’. Footnote 3 OpenAI CEO Sam Altman called for coordinated international regulation of generative AI. Footnote 4 And while still relatively rare, several academics have discussed how to achieve global governance of AI, often calling for new policies and new institutions (Erman and Furendal 2022 ; Dafoe 2018 ) and recognizing existing and emerging initiatives and regimes (Schmitt 2022 ; Butcher and Beridze 2019 ; Veale et al. 2023 ), also from non-governmental and non-profit directions. For example, next to the AI for Good summits Footnote 5 that have discussed how AI can contribute to solving global, the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has its Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems Footnote 6 and in May 2021, the International Congress for the Governance of AI (ICGAI) held its first conference in Prague. Footnote 7

But why, exactly, is global governance needed, and what form can and should it take?

The main argument for the global governance of AI, which is also applicable to digital technologies in general, is essentially a moral one: as AI technologies become increasingly powerful and influential, we have the moral responsibility to ensure that it benefits humanity as a whole and that we deal with the global risks and the ethical and societal issues that arise from the technology, including privacy issues, security and military uses, bias and fairness, responsibility attribution, transparency, job displacement, safety, manipulation, and AI’s environmental impact. Since the effects of AI cross borders, so the argument continues, global cooperation and global governance are the only means to fully and effectively exercise that moral responsibility and ensure responsible innovation and use of technology to increase the well-being for all and preserve peace; national regulation is not sufficient.

Some might add that the alternative to global governance is a race to the bottom: a kind of Hobbesian situation in which nations engage in a competitive race without heeding ethical standards, safety, and accountability, resulting in widespread injustice and inequality, displacement, security problems, power concentration, and perhaps even totalitarianism. Just as Hobbes thought that individuals left to themselves and not ruled by a state authority would render the life of individuals nasty, brutish, and short, one could argue that nation states left without global governance would result in a global disastrous situation where only some nations and their citizens benefit from the technology and others suffer. A global authority that reigns in the power of the individual nation states could solve this situation. A similar Hobbesian argument can and has been made regarding the climate crisis and other global challenges (Saetra 2022 ).

The Hobbesian for of the global governance of AI argument is not absolutely necessary, at least not in that form. Without world government, one could argue, the situation might not be as bleak as sketched here. There is already regulation at national and even supranational level. The EU, for example, will implement its AI Act, Biden recently issued an Executive Order to create A.I. safeguards, Footnote 8 and China has published rules for generative AI. Footnote 9 However, while this objection defuses the specific Hobbesian view, it does not undermine the general moral argument for global governance of AI: with national regulation in place in some countries, the world might get less nasty for some (e.g., for EU citizens), but such islands of regulation do not benefit those who do not have the luck to live in these parts of the world. In other words, even without a race to the bottom everywhere and for everyone, the general argument still holds. For sake of justice, equality, and inclusion, we need a global governance framework, regardless of national regulation.

Sometimes the argument is made that AI will accelerate and that we need global governance given the risks of AGI (Artificial General Artificial Intelligence)—intelligence comparable to human intelligence—or superintelligence. It is argued that AGI might be in charge of global governance or may lead to (other) global existential risks. Sam Altman and Geoffrey Hinton, for instance, hold this view. Footnote 10 Mitigating such risks, including risk of extinction from AI, is then a reason for global governance. While neither the acceleration thesis nor this view concerning the existential risks of AGI are shared by everyone in the scientific community, they have received increasing attention and are currently influencing AI policy—not only in the US but also in the EU, for example. I am very concerned about this development, if only since it contributes to increased power of people like Altman: they do not only create the problem but also claim to sell the solution, which gives them a unique undemocratic position of power. However, regardless of one’s view on these matters, it is important to see that the world governance of AI argument does not depend on it. Just as a specific Hobbesian version is not necessary, a specific AGI version of the argument is also not necessary for it to work. Even without the supposed risks that might be created by AGI (if such a thing would ever exist), there are sufficient risks left and there is sufficient moral reason to mitigate them. Not believing in the possibility of AGI or in the acceleration thesis is not an excuse to reject global governance of AI.

A more challenging range of counter-arguments, however, has to do with the precise form global governance of AI can and should take. These counter-arguments point to important challenges for those who support this project and wish to implement it, and deserve careful consideration.

A first objection is that global governance is undemocratic. Here the assumption is that global governance means establishing a world government and that a world government is necessarily undemocratic. But these assumptions do not hold. Global governance can in principle be organized in a (more) democratic way, for instance, more democratic than currently the UN works, and there is no obvious reason why world governance should be organized along the lines of the nation state (or any particular nation state for that matter). If we can find a way to do this differently but still establishing sufficient authority then let us do that. In the history of politics and political theory, it has always been a challenge to combine legitimacy and authority; this is not different in this case. Supporters of global governance of AI, therefore, can (and do) argue that they want a multistakeholder approach and want inclusivity and participation not only in terms of AI ethics but also when it comes to the global governance process. For example, the UN has recently established a multistakeholder advisory body on AI. Footnote 11 While this is arguably not democratic enough since it is composed of a rather selective membership, there is a growing awareness of the need for inclusivity and democratisation. Moreover, global agencies and (other) authorities are just one form global governance can take; there are also councils, international agreements, and other instruments of global governance. That being said, how to organize global governance remains a challenge and requires much more research and innovation efforts. Unfortunately, usually the degree and pace of institutional and political innovation does not match the speed of technological development. This needs to change. Institutions needed to be created that can respond faster to technological developments.

Another objection is that global governance of AI is unrealistic and too idealistic: that nation states are not, and will not be, willing to give up national sovereignty and delegate power to a global governance entity or framework, and that even if they would do so, it would be difficult to enforce anything since they would anyway do what they want. This objection can have two faces: a normative and a descriptive one. If the point is that we should not delegate this to supranational governance then one can reply with the moral imperative that we should do something about the risks and ethical problems; in other words, one can reiterate the main argument. If the point is that, as a matter-of-fact, nations are not and would not be willing to do this; one could point to existing global governance in other technological areas such as aviation and nuclear technology, and point to current and emerging initiatives that get the support of nation states. For example, those who argue for global regulation of AI often refer to the current nuclear governance model. Altman has used the analogy and UN Secretary Antonio Guterres has proposed the establishment of an international AI agency akin to the International Atomic Energy Agency. Footnote 12 While there are good reasons to be sceptical about the comparison between AI and nuclear weapons (Does AI pose existential risk similar to nuclear weapons, if it poses an existential risk at all? Does this distract us from real and known risks? And are nuclear weapons not easier to control given that they need specific resources? Footnote 13 ), the example shows that it is not only desirable but also possible to reach agreements about global regulation of technology. The UN’s history when it comes to nuclear, aviation, and indeed climate change (Guterres also referred to the IPCC) shows that it is perfectly possible to come to new rules, treaties, and agencies at a global level in response to global threats.

A third potential weakness of the argument concerns, surprisingly perhaps, its moral component. The argument seems to assume that we all agree on AI ethics. But, so this objection goes, apart from nations having different interests (a point that is somewhat covered in the previous paragraph), they might also have different values. Given cultural diversity across the world, so it is argued, it is unlikely that nations might agree on a global governance framework. In response, one may point again to the fact that this has so far not been a barrier for international cooperation and global governance. Consider for instance human rights frameworks and their supranational institutions at UN and EU level, which despite being subject to decades of philosophical criticism that stresses difference and diversity, have been at least partly successful as a form of global governance by focusing on what we have in common as humans. And currently there seems consensus rather than divergence within the AI ethics community. Even if there is valid criticism that points to the danger of neo-colonialism and hegemony, ethical frameworks in this area look surprisingly similar and seem to have found some kind of pool of shared values. Consider for example UNESCO’s Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, which lists a number of such values. Footnote 14 Moreover, from a philosophical point of view, it can be argued—as is done in the case of human rights for example—that while it is important to respect diversity and difference, humans also share a lot of needs, interests, and values, regardless their differences in terms of citizenship, culture, and identity. In other words, it is both possible and desirable to establish a global ethics, including a global AI ethics. Yet the objection does help to create sensitivity and awareness of the importance of respect for diversity and in this context must be seen as a call for creating global governance of AI in a global-inclusive way—for example, in a way that includes the Global South—and in a way that avoids the instalment of (another?) unjust and hegemonic regime. Global governance of AI can only succeed if it has broad global support across cultures and continents and takes into account all these values and interests.

Finally, there might be the worry that global governance of AI might hinder technological innovation. For example, in the process towards the E.U.’s AI Act, OpenAI and other big tech companies have expressed concerns about this Footnote 15 ; similar concerns exist concerning global governance of AI. But this is a familiar discussion also at the national level, and is not as such a good objection to global governance. What I currently see is that the tech industry itself also calls for regulation of AI, both at national level and at global level. The argument, I guess, is that innovation can only succeed if there is a regulative framework that brings more certainty and stability in this turbulent policy area, and that makes sure that the technology can be used and developed in a safe and ethical way. It is in the long-term interest of innovation and business that there is a robust and integrated global governance framework. The extent and nature of that framework may be under discussion—as it should be—and that discussion may well have to include this concern about protecting innovation, but this can hardly be an argument against a global approach. At most, it signals that there are of course power interests at play here, also at the global level. Big tech companies risk to monopolize both the development and the regulation of AI, at least those AI systems that are currently most successful and pervasive. The global governance of AI project questions this monopoly and rightly asks these companies to share the responsibility for better AI and a better world with global frameworks and global institutions that represent and protect citizens and their communities and cultures. How they can and should do this is a huge challenge, but this problem should not justify halting efforts towards more global governance of AI.

In conclusion, here is a good argument for global governance of AI, based on moral reasons and aimed at avoiding a situation in which only some citizens and countries benefit from AI whereas others have to deal with most of the risks and ethical issues. Objections that the global governance of AI project would necessarily be undemocratic, unrealistic, not respecting diversity, and hindering innovation, can be countered. Nevertheless, these objections point to challenging issues that the UN and other actors in this global policy arena will have to deal with in the coming years when trying to build this global governance framework. More research in this area is urgently required to support these efforts.

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Coeckelbergh, M. The case for global governance of AI: arguments, counter-arguments, and challenges ahead. AI & Soc (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01949-5

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Received : 16 November 2023

Accepted : 10 April 2024

Published : 02 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01949-5

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