best phd salaries in europe

Is PhD for me

Which country pays PhD students the best?

If you are planning a PhD abroad now wonder you are searching for the term “Which country pays PhD students the best?”. This post has the detail answer to your quest.

Overall, the country paying the best PhD stipend is Norway. Norway on average offers $54935 as a PhD stipend. It’s good considering the average living cost per year in the country ($32520). Such a difference creates a high PhD Stipend to living cost ratio (1.69).

Although, a PhD stipend should not be the main reason to decide on your PhD destination. Still, if you are looking to live comfortably, save some money, and enjoy your PhD years the stipend amount does matter.

On this page, you will find complete information regarding the best-paying countries in terms of PhD stipends. To make a fair comparison I sorted out stipends in terms of buying power. I named it “PhD stipend to living cost ratio”.

Table of Contents

3. switzerland, best phd stipends comparison, should you consider phd stipend when making a phd decision, wrapping up: which country pays phd students the best.

Take a look at the chart & table below to check where in the world you will get the highest PhD stipend.

Note: Highest PhD stipends for the US are not here. The reason is the high variance in living costs.

Countries paying most for doctoral stipends

Norway’s PhD stipend is higher than any other country on our list.

Its PhD stipend per annum on average ($54935) is really high when we compare it to the annual living cost ($32520) there. This boost the PhD stipend to living cost ratio (1.69) to its highest in our collected data.

PhD stipend in Norway affords you an apartment on rent, car ownership, and even some savings while doing your PhD.

Reasons for the highest PhD stipend in the world can be (a) the consideration of PhD as a job, thus offering you a salaried position and (b) the higher cost of living in Oslo, the capital of Norway.

The educational benefits of a PhD in Norway are

• The Bologna Process training in PhD . This ensures that your PhD is regarded as of high value in a vast number of countries.
• The training component in PhD. Unlike the UK, where you are expected to hit the ground running, Norway PhD offers a research training period before embarking on your research project.

The work benefits of a PhD in Norway are

• The employee status for PhD students. Countries like US and UK do not consider PhD students as employees. Therefore, the stipend is considered financial support and not a salary. It turns out they are paid low during PhD .
• Norway, however, offers you the status of an employee in an egalitarian culture and offers you the highest pay as PhD student.

The lifestyle benefits of a PhD in Norway are

• OECD Better Life Index rate Norway’s education standard at 7.4 and life satisfaction at 7.3 on a scale of 10.
• You are allowed to stay in Norway post-PhD if you have secured a job offer .
• You can get permanent residency after 3 years of residence in Norway.

Denmark ranks second on our list. The average PhD stipend ($54636) in Denmark is almost as high as in Norway. However, a higher living cost ($33960) lowers the PhD stipend to living cost ratio here.

“My experience is that international PhDs are really good. They are extremely motivated. Some come from countries where conditions for doing research are worse than in Denmark, and so they see coming to Denmark to write a PhD as a huge opportunity. ” PhD in Denmark have got better

The educational benefits of doing a PhD in Denmark are

• Denmark considers PhD students to be mature, notably academically mature. Your master’s thesis should be really good to demonstrate that you are eligible to take on a Denmark-standard PhD project.
• An applied PhD. Doctoral training all over the world demands independent work capabilities. However, a Danish PhD takes it to another level. The trend in Denmark’s higher education system is to push its students to learn by doing. Therefore, if you want an increased practical touch in your PhD learning then a Danish PhD is for you.
• The quality of a PhD is constantly increasing resulting in better ROI for Denmark PhD graduates.

The work benefits of doing a PhD in Denmark are

• Denmark besides best-paying country for PhD students offers a whole lot of other things PhD students seek e.g., work-life balance, and the happiest country in the world.
• Teaching duties , unlike in the US, are not tied to the stipend you get as a PhD student in Denmark. Plus, If you perform such assistantship duties you are provided a living wage against that.
• No PhD burnout issues. Due to the immense workload, the US and UK PhD are harder to get through. Denmark’s academic culture does not burden PhD students with immense pressure. This means no one expects you to burn your weekends, thus a high work-life balance.

Learn more about PhD study in Denmark .

The lifestyle benefits of doing a PhD in Denmark are

• Educational standards are high (8.0/10) in Denmark and so does life satisfaction ( 8.8/10 ).
• Unemployment benefits even for international PhD students. Denmark offers unemployment benefits for PhD graduates if they can’t find a job after graduation.
• Post-graduate work visa. Post-PhD you can extend your stay for 6 months in Denmark under job seeking a permit . You can look for work opportunities during this period.

Switzerland offers the third-highest PhD stipend in the world. The Swiss PhD salary is $53434 per annum considered on average.

Interestingly, this PhD stipend is much close to Norway and Denmark, however, the higher living cost ($37656 per annum) in Switzerland ranked it in the third position on our list.

Besides a generous PhD stipend Switzerland attract PhD students from around the world with research training and opportunities found nowhere else.

The educational benefits of doing a PhD in Switzerland are

• Two PhD training paths. (a) First, the thesis-based PhD where you work under a supervisor and complete your PhD project. (b) Second, the structured PhD offers an initial training component, and project collaboration with industry partners or other universities. Industry exposure means more networking and industry credibility.
• An industry-oriented PhD. There are a lot of employers who value PhD researchers and partner with them. This makes sure you get industry exposure during your PhD.
• 3rd highest Research output in the world. Switzerland ranks 3rd in the world for the number of research papers published. This may mean higher concentration if you have research opportunities.

The work benefits of doing a PhD in Switzerland are

• Full-time paid PhD positions. The best thing about doing PhD in Switzerland is you are usually hired as a full-time paid research assistant, junior researcher, or doctoral fellow.
• Early career researcher funding opportunities. PhD graduates face many uncertainties in the world of brutally competitive academia and precarious post-doc contracts. Switzerland PhD graduates are privileged to take advantage of early career researcher funding offered to support their research ideas. Such funding opportunities provide fresh PhD graduates a chance to prove themselves and also explore their research further.

The lifestyle benefits of doing a PhD in Switzerland are

• Enjoy your PhD years. Swiss PhD is not only good for your academic career but also for other aspects of your life. You can enjoy the beautiful views of the Alps mountains and Europe’s largest and most beautiful lakes. If you love hiking and photography then there is no place better than Switzerland.
• According to OECD better life index, life satisfaction in Switzerland is 8.7/10 and the educational standard is 7.4/10.
• Post-study work opportunity. Post-PhD you can extend your stay for 6 months in Switzerland under job seeking permit . You can look for work opportunities during this period.

Finland offers a PhD stipend of $35388 (on average) which, when compared to the above entries, may feel low. However, it does make more sense considering the average living costs per annum ($26148) which is a lot less than Norway, Denmark, and Switzerland it does compete fairly.

Finland wins many other countries on this list. The reason is simple its PhD stipend may not be best but it offers many other benefits to PhD students.

The educational benefits of doing a PhD in Finland are

• Finland’s educational system is rated the best in the world. This means you are in good hands while doing your PhD in Finland.
• The highly egalitarian academic culture means you are on the first name basis with the professor, it does count, doesn’t it?
• The Bologna Process training in PhD. Just like Norway, above in this list, Finland also offers Bologna Process training to ensure the competitiveness of PhD training in the international academic market.

“ Your application should convince the university of the need for study in your area, and of your own suitability to carry out the research. “ Doing your PhD in Finland: How to get in

Work benefits of doing a PhD in Finland are

• Finnish PhD is just like a job. A job that may not end at 5 pm. As a worker, you are required to prove your results. That being the case, your professor does not care about the number of hours you worked to get those results.
• Academic conferences also matter more than any other thing to Finnish academics. You must ready solid presentations for your research progress. Finnish academics take you as an employee and while your PhD stipend is considered salary, you are also expected to show results. Academic conferences are considered legit for this demonstration.
• Teaching duties are expected from you as a funded PhD student in Finland. The workload may be less but you are still required to take that. This may be beneficial if you are looking forward to an academic career post-PhD.

Explore more on Doing your PhD in Finland: How to get in

The lifestyle benefits of doing a PhD in Finland are

• Finland furnishes unbelievable standards for education (9.2/10) and life satisfaction (10/10) according to the OECD better life index .
• Post-study work visa. Post-PhD you can extend your stay for 2 years in Finland under a residence permit. You can look for work opportunities during this period.

Here we go another Scandinavian nation giving the highest PhD stipend in the world. Sweden offers a PhD stipend of $41268 which is much higher than the Finland we discussed above. However, the higher living cost in Stockholm ($31452) gives it the 5th position on our list.

The educational benefits of doing a PhD in Sweden are

• Sweden holds 33 Nobel Prizes which when compared to its population is much higher than any other country. Yes, it is due to its free-thinking culture.
• The social science, arts, and humanities PhDs can be independent theses and your PhD supervisor may be like a coach. However, a PhD project in STEM or natural science may be a part of a bigger research project in which you work alongside with your PhD mentors and supervisors . This means you are highly likely to benefit from the peer status with academics, right from the start.
• The Swedish PhD viva is usually a presentation before other academics in your field. It may feel uncomfortable to introverts like me but I think it can be an opportunity to finish your PhD with confidence. The same confidence you require to get employed after your study.

The work benefits of doing a PhD in Sweden are

• In Sweden, you don’t work with one supervisor. Usually, you are trained by assistant supervisors instead of the only principal investigator. These assistant supervisors provide day-to-day training and support.
• For the first two years of your PhD in Sweden, you are given financial support but still considered an employee. The next two years of your PhD you get all the benefits an employee gets e.g., parental leave and medical support.
• There is one thing Sweden does better than giving the best PhD stipend and that is the long vacation period, even for a PhD student. Every year you are offered a vacation period of around a month . The reason is obvious PhD students have the same rights as employees in Sweden.

The lifestyle benefits of doing a PhD in Sweden are

• Free thinking culture, means nothing is awkward no matter what your opinions are about life and norms. The things Swedish people hate are the ones that hinder free speech.
• As a funded doctoral student in Sweden, you and your family are entitled to get parental and pregnancy benefits . More, if your child is below 16 years old she/he is eligible for financial and free medical support from the government.
• The post-study residence permit allows PhD graduates to stay in Sweden for 12 months. In this period they can secure a job or start a business and later get their work permits accordingly.
• Although 5 years stay is usually a requirement for permanent residency in Sweden. Doctoral students can use their research permits to prove residence requirements.

A PhD stipend or any other salary is just a number when we consider different regions across the globe.

Absolute dollars, euros, or pounds cannot tell the whole story when we want to compare compensation given in one region to another.

Countries and even cities have different circumstances and different costs of living. Therefore, to find the actual worth of a PhD stipend/ salary’s worth across different cities and countries we need some comparable numbers.

This is why “PhD stipend to living cost ratio” is handy.

PhD stipend to living cost ratio

Simply put, it is a number that helps you to evaluate the actual worth of the stipend.

As a prospective international PhD applicant, you should consider this because

• the living cost in the area – the cost of living varies from one city or country to another
• various fellowships offered to PhD students – which increase the stipend from the minimum amount reported by the university
• Other assistantships and paid work offers – taxable pay may increase or decrease the stipend

Remarks about the PhD stipends data

Inclusive Criteria

• City-based PhD stipend and living cost data are included for better estimation of PhD stipend to living cost ratio. Cities are mentioned because PhD stipend amount and living cost vary even between cities in the same country.
• Average living cost is calculated by the living cost of a single person + average rent in the city center.
• Only salary reports with high confidence levels were included . A high Confidence Level means the salary data on Glassdoor.com was sufficient, recent, and fresh.

Limitations

• The actual stipend offered by your university may vary . Any additional compensation e.g., bonuses, any other grants, etc.. may increase your stipend amount. Any extra fee e.g., semester, activity fee, etc. may decrease the PhD stipend amount.
• Your actual PhD stipend may differ depending on your field of study, university, and type of grant/ funding for your PhD.
• The living cost may vary depending on many factors e.g., room sharing, dependents, living outside of the city center, transportation, etc.
• Some stipend amounts may be pre-tax because the PhD stipend is taxable in that jurisdiction. Tax amounts may vary due to your location, dependents, etc.
• PhD stipend and living costs are provided in approximations.

Although, I agree that a PhD aspirer should give weightage to factors like lab facilities, research interests, and PhD advisor compatibility. However, money is crucial, no matter the academic sacredness.

The obvious reasons are

• a PhD without adequate funding may not be possible , especially, if you are coming from a struggling economy.
• As a PhD student, you are not just a trainee or apprentice, you are an academic worker . Thus, you should receive adequate compensation for your input and efforts.

There are a lot of well-funded opportunities out there. You just need to move a little bit out of your comfort zone. Doing that will open your options more than you think.

There are many countries that provide high PhD stipends. The good news is they don’t call it the stipend. They call it PhD salary.

A PhD if not well funded means

• your Post-PhD carrier will also be a struggle. Why? Precarious post-doc contracts and the struggles of visiting faculty are prevalent in academia.
• the department may not value your knowledge and skills. They may doubt your ability to contribute to the research goals of their team.
• switching to an industry can be daunting. After investing your best years in academia you may struggle to justify, even to yourself, an industry job that pays or treats you like a fresh undergrad.

Here is my advice on evaluating the best PhD stipend before you accept a PhD offer

• Estimate any additional grants and allowances that may be available to you in a PhD.
• Estimate the living cost according to your dependents, and preferred location (inside or outside the city center).
• Estimate the possibility of any savings you can make during your studies.

Which country’s universities pay PhD students the most, taking into account purchasing power parity?

Countries which offer a high PhD stipend/ Salary are many. However, when we consider the cost of living for PhD students in the area, the Norway’s universities offer higher PhD stipends than any other country on our list.

Top 10 Universities With Highest PhD Stipends In Europe

• by Silas Canice
• August 21, 2023

The choice of Europe as a hotspot for PhD candidates dates back to the late 19th century. European universities recognise the need of allocating sufficient financial resources to support researchers , enabling them to fully commit themselves to their scholarly pursuits. The universities with the highest PhD Stipends in Europe are spread across the top countries in Europe that offer PhD stipends to both home and international students.

Whether one is captivated by the breathtaking landscapes of Switzerland, the profound historical heritage of the United Kingdom , or the culture of innovation in Germany, these institutions offer an environment conducive to the cultivation of academic excellence and intellectual exploration.

European institutions recognize the importance of recruiting and keeping talented researchers to meet the demand for groundbreaking research. They provide financial support in the form of stipends and grants to foster exceptional achievement and benefit society. So, whether you’re a prospective PhD candidate or simply an advocate of academic advancement, the allure of the highest PhD stipends in Europe remains an inspiring facet of the evolving academic landscape.

Is Europe The Best Fit For PhD Candidates? Why You Should Study For a PhD In Europe

The process of selecting the most suitable path for obtaining a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree is a multifaceted decision that relies on numerous factors, such as research interests, professional aspirations, individual inclinations, and the unique possibilities provided by distinct regions.

While Europe has a multitude of benefits for doctoral researchers, it is important to carefully evaluate these factors before reaching a decision. Here are a few reasons why Europe is the best fit for PhD candidates and why you should study for a PhD in Europe.

1. Research Opportunities and Reputation

Europe has top universities with well-funded research programs and a culture that prioritises academic excellence. Pursuing a doctoral degree there can provide excellent research opportunities and collaborations with renowned experts in your field.

2. Financial Support

Throughout Europe, several countries give PhD students very high-paying stipends to help them through their studies. Financial stress is reduced and more time is available for study thanks to these stipends. You should, however, investigate the available stipends, the cost of living, and any other financial alternatives in the countries you are considering.

3. Research Funding and Resources

European nations frequently allocate substantial resources to research and innovation. This implies that those pursuing a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree may be granted privileges to utilise cutting-edge laboratories, extensive libraries, and specialised research facilities, therefore enhancing their research endeavours.

4. Diverse Cultural Origins

You may expect to meet people from a wide range of cultural origins in Europe. Learning about other cultures may broaden your perspective and open doors to international networking and collaboration. Taking in new customs, languages, and points of view while living and learning in Europe may be a life-altering cultural experience.

5. Post-Doc Opportunities

Upon successful completion of a doctoral degree in Europe, individuals may be presented with several prospects for employment in academic, industrial, or research establishments situated within the continent. Moreover, obtaining a doctoral degree from a prestigious European university might provide individuals with access to global employment prospects.

6. Interdisciplinary Interactions

Interdisciplinary cooperation is frequently promoted by European universities. Pursuing a doctoral degree in Europe offers the opportunity to engage in interdisciplinary study, enabling scholars to address intricate issues from several perspectives when their interests extend across different fields.

7. Quality Of Life

Europe provides a superior standard of living, characterised by easily available public transit, a wide range of cultural opportunities, and well-established healthcare systems throughout various countries. Nevertheless, it is crucial to take into account one’s financial circumstances due to the substantial variation in the cost of living across different places.

Deciding if Europe is right for a PhD depends on your goals. Research programs, institutions, and countries that align with your objectives. It is advisable to reach out and seek guidance from experts and current PhD students for valuable insights.

Related: Top 10 Countries With The Highest PhD Stipends In Europe

What Are The Eligibility Criteria For PhD Stipends In Europe ?

Eligibility requirements for PhD stipends in Europe vary by country, university, and specific funding programmes. Many European nations offer financial aid to PhD students, including waivers of tuition fees and stipends or salaries to cover living expenses.

In Europe, a doctoral candidate may expect to earn a maximum of about €3,500 per month. There are several financing options, including the Marie Skodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) programme, which can support foreign PhD students in Europe for up to four years. The President’s PhD Scholarship at Imperial College London is one such award, and many colleges provide similar opportunities for graduate study; however, scholarship requirements vary widely.

However, Eligibility For PhD Stipends In Europe and funding availability differ, and students should check with specific universities or research institutions for detailed information.

The list below is the top universities with the highest PhD stipends in Europe, and it is an indication of Europe’s dedication to cultivating intellectual potential and facilitating innovative academic research.

These institutions provide more than financial support. They offer an environment where innovation thrives, collaboration flourishes, and discoveries are made. As prospective researchers evaluate their choices, the appeal of these universities extends beyond financial support. Here are the highest PhD stipends in Europe.

See Also: 7 Types of Doctoral Funding

Please keep in mind that these figures are only rough estimates and may not reflect the current or future stipend amounts. Stipend amounts can vary based on factors like the specific program, funding availability, field of study, and cost of living. For the most accurate and up-to-date information, please visit the official websites of the universities or contact their admissions and funding offices.

1. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland

Average phd stipend – €45,000 to €55,000 per year..

The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, also known as ETH Zurich, is located in the scenic city of Zurich in Switzerland. It is well-recognised as a prominent institution for scientific research and academic achievement. ETH Zurich is widely recognised for its exceptional research and advanced technological advancements. The institution provides highly competitive PhD stipends, which are among the best in Europe.

Switzerland has a reputation for its elevated living costs and this is mitigated by the significant stipends provided to doctoral applicants at ETH Zurich. The provision of financial assistance enables students to engage in their research endeavours without being hindered by budgetary limitations.

Read Also: How To Secure A PhD Grant: Types of Doctoral Grant

2. Max Planck Society, Germany

Average phd stipend – €15,000 to €20,000 per year..

The Max Planck Society in Germany is an example of how teamwork and curiosity can produce groundbreaking discoveries. This prominent system of research institutions spans several fields, creating a setting in which doctoral candidates can push the boundaries of knowledge.

For doctoral students, joining the Max Planck Society means access to enviable funding opportunities. Students who receive these stipends benefit not just from the financial stability they bring. They also gain from the increased opportunities afforded them to interact with leading experts and use cutting-edge technology. Because of the society’s commitment to interdisciplinary work, fellowship winners are encouraged to conduct multidisciplinary studies that yield ground-breaking insights and solutions.

3. University of Cambridge, UK

Average phd stipend – €15,000 to €25,000 per year..

The University of Cambridge is one of the most prestigious schools in the world and has a rich history dating back centuries. Cambridge’s long tradition of academic quality and breadth of study has made it a magnet for brilliant minds.

The generous PhD stipends provided by the University of Cambridge allow students to devote their whole attention to their studies without worrying about how they will pay their bills. This funding is crucial to keeping the institution a leading hub for research and innovation on a worldwide scale. Recipients of stipends not only get to study with renowned faculty but also network with other academics who share their drive to further human understanding.

4. Delft University of Technology, Netherlands

Average phd stipend – €18,000 to €25,000 per year..

Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) is a leading institution for scientific research and technical innovation in the Netherlands. Because of its emphasis on research and multidisciplinary study, this university has become a recognised leader in the fields of engineering, technology, and applied science.

PhD students at TU Delft get generous stipends that allow them to pursue innovative research while also affording them the financial freedom to work with leading companies. Stipend beneficiaries benefit greatly from the institution’s cutting-edge research facilities, centres, and close linkages to the private sector.

This attractive package of funding and resources makes TU Delft a top choice for ambitious academics looking to make an impact in their field.

5. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland

Average phd stipend – €40,000 to €55,000 per year..

The École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) provides another evidence of Switzerland’s commitment to promoting academic excellence. Graduate students at this research-focused university may take advantage of some of Europe’s most generous stipends so that they can devote themselves totally to their dissertations.

See Also: How to Become A Research Assistant: A Comprehensive Guide

Innovation flourishes in EPFL thanks to the school’s broad focus and thriving academic community. Stipend recipients have financial security and the chance to work with experts in other subjects, both of which contribute to a more comprehensive and rewarding research experience.

6. Imperial College London, UK

Average phd stipend – €17,000 to €22,000 per year..

When people think of cutting-edge research and discoveries, they immediately think of Imperial College London. A large number of world-class scientists, engineers, physicians, and businesspeople are drawn to the university because of its rigorous academic programmes in these areas.

PhD students at Imperial College benefit greatly from the high stipends the university offers since they are freed up to focus on doing original and ground-breaking research rather than worrying about money. There is a unique chance for students to work alongside world-renowned professionals on initiatives that will have an international effect. Stipendees’ research opportunities are bolstered by the university’s dedication to interdisciplinary cooperation and state-of-the-art facilities.

7. University of Zurich, Switzerland

The University of Zurich is committed to promoting academic excellence across a wide range of disciplines as one of Switzerland’s foremost research universities. PhD students at the university are given generous stipends to help them succeed in their research.

The University of Zurich not only provides financial backing but also a lively and exciting setting for research. Recipients of stipends are invited to join a vibrant academic community with access to cutting-edge resources and renowned faculty. With this support system in place, students can put all their energy into delivering meaningful research results.

8. Uppsala University, Sweden

Average phd stipend – €14,000 to €20,000 per year..

Uppsala University’s high stipends are a reflection of Sweden’s dedication to research and innovation. It is one of the best 10 Highest PhD Stipends Universities In Europe. Scholars from all over the world flock to the institution because of its illustrious past and stellar reputation for education. The high amount of stipends offered by Swedish universities is one of the reasons why Sweden is seen as a top destination for PhD Research.

Stipends from Uppsala give not only financial stability but also participation in a thriving academic community and worldwide research networks. PhD students have the unique chance to work on cutting-edge research with world-renowned experts in their disciplines. Uppsala University is a great place to study if you want to make a substantial impact in your field. This is owing to the combination of financial aid and a welcoming research environment.

Related: Best 10 Universities With The Highest Paid PhD Stipends In The USA

9. University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Average phd stipend – €20,000 to €27,000 per year..

The dedication of the University of Copenhagen to funding PhD students is indicative of Denmark’s emphasis on academic achievement. The generous stipends offered by the university allow students to focus solely on their studies and research.

Awardees of stipends at the University of Copenhagen can work on cross-disciplinary projects with renowned faculty and participate in pioneering studies. Aspiring researchers looking for funding and a dynamic atmosphere may find the university appealing due to its reputation for research-intensive programmes and its emphasis on innovation.

10. Oxford University, UK

The University of Oxford, which hardly requires an introduction, rounds up the top 10 Highest PhD Stipends Universities In Europe. Oxford’s rich history and worldwide recognition for academic excellence ensure that the city remains a magnet for the world’s brightest minds.

The stipends offered by Oxford make it possible for PhD applicants to conduct ground-breaking research. Students receive more than just financial aid; they also have access to top-notch academic resources. Recipients of stipends work on cross-disciplinary projects with world-renowned specialists and add to the rich history of the institution’s commitment to academic inquiry.

As a potential PhD student considering your options, keep in mind that getting a PhD is about more than just money. The point is to completely submerge yourself in an atmosphere conducive to discovery, inquiry, and growth. When making a choice, think about the calibre of the teaching staff, the depth of the research opportunities, the breadth of the available facilities, and the prevalence of a creative atmosphere.

A chance at one of Europe’s top 10 PhD stipends Universities is a once-in-a-lifetime experience for ambitious students. They provide an opportunity to associate with people who share your enthusiasm for learning, creativity, and development. These stipends are investments in the future of research and higher education, not merely financial support.

• Ph.D. Scholarships
• PhD Stipends

Silas Canice

Silas Canice is a freelance writer and has co-authored some books. He holds a B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Industrial Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry respectively from Imo State University. He is a scientific researcher and has published some articles in some reputable scientific journals. As a result of his passion for academic excellence, he enjoys writing academic-related articles for blogs to contribute to the society.

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Study PhD in Europe - A Comprehensive Guide

Meridean Overseas

Updated On 21 June 2023 & Read Time 8 minutes

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When we talk about European countries, the first word that comes to our minds is “beautiful.” Every country in Europe, be it Germany, Italy or France, all are associated with pristine locations, mouthwatering food and excellent educational prospects. Whether it's the academic prowess of Germany or the intellectual heritage of France, European countries offer an educational experience that is unparalleled.

Every year students from different countries choose to study in Europe , given the excellency of the institutes. From bachelor's to PhD, Europe is the students' all-time favourite. Being research-intensive universities, European universities are gaining momentum for their PhD specialisations. If you are also interested in pursuing PhD in Europe , this blog is for you. We have compiled all the information starting with why Europe is the ideal place for PhD to universities, programs, eligibility, etc., just for you. So, sit back and enjoy the blog!

Table of Contents

Why pursue phd in europe, top universities to study phd in europe, best phd programs in europe, best countries for phd in europe, phd opportunities in europe, eligibility criteria to pursue phd in europe.

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There are several reasons why pursuing PhD programs in Europe can be a great choice. Let us take a look at some of the top reasons. 

For international PhD students, many European nations offer grants for research and the ability to pay for living expenses and tuition. This financial assistance can lessen the hardship of attaining a Ph.D., allowing you to concentrate on research.

Several research institutions and ce ntres of excellence throughout Europe represent many different academic topics and specialisations. There are many chances for conducting research in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, and technology throughout Europe. Due to the diversity, you can select a programme and research area that fits your interests and professional objectives. 

European universities and research institutions frequently foster strong partnerships between industry partners and research institutions. This allows PhD students to participate in group projects, attend conferences, workshops, and develop professional networks. These relationships may also benefit future employment opportunities and team research projects. 

A PhD from a reputable European university can improve your job opportunities within Europe and internationally. European institutions are renowned for conducting top-notch research and developing gifted students. Your employability in academia, industry, research organisations, and even entrepreneurship might be improved by the skills and knowledge you learn during your PhD and exposure to a global market.

Europe, a continent associated with majestic architecture, pristine locations, exotic food and academic excellence, holds a reputation for academic excellence and research projects. European institutions focus heavily on research and innovation while providing high-quality education. As an international PhD research candidate in Europe, you have access to top-notch academics, cutting-edge facilities, and a dynamic academic atmosphere. 

While the list of good institutes for PhD in Europe is long, we have compiled the best ones below. Let’s check them out! 

ETH Zurich 

Utrecht University 

The University of Kent 

Copenhagen University

Heidelberg University 

The Technical University of Munich 

The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 

The University of St. Gallen

The Free University of Berlin 

Leiden University

PSL Research University 

Erasmus University Rotterdam

The University of Paris 

The University of Potsdam

The University of Cologne 

The University of Mannheim 

The University of Bonn 

Many other universities are popular for their research-intensive curriculum and PhD specialisations apart from the ones mentioned above. As a research candidate, you must research thoroughly according to your needs and subject area, check research outcomes, get familiar with the faculties and then decide on the institutions. We know you’ll go with the best of the choices!

While PhD candidates are particular about what they wish to research about, yet, when it comes to pursuing a PhD in Europe , they might need clarification as to which programs are the best there within different specialisations. Universities in Europe are research-intensive and are highly distinguished for their education at various study levels. They have a wide range of programs and research specialisations that students can look forward to while considering to study in Europe . Some of these programs are listed below. 

European Politics and Area Studies  

Management 

Sustainable Energy and Technologies 

Doctor of Philosophy

Mountain Environment and Agriculture 

Food Engineering and Biotechnology 

Economics and Finance 

Computer Science 

Doctor of Business Administration

Linguistics 

Business Administration

Aerospace Engineering

Doctor of Juridical Science 

Mathematical Sciences 

Architecture - History and Project 

Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Enhancing Online Customer

While the list of the best PhD programs in Europe is almost endless, but the ones mentioned above are the top choices for many international and domestic students alike. Make sure to browse the courses thoroughly and then decide.

The beauty of European countries is simply awe-inspiring, enchanting the soul with its captivating landscapes and cultural richness. Europe is a treasure trove of visual delights, but its allure goes beyond its physical attributes. Europe also stands tall in academic standards and is renowned for nurturing the minds of countless scholars and thinkers. Its renowned universities and educational institutions are bastions of knowledge, where passionate educators ignite the flames of curiosity and intellectual exploration. Whatever you wish to study, European universities have something that feels like it is built just for you. 

While there are many countries that are student favourites to give wings to their study in Europe dreams, the below mentioned are some of the top ones. Check them out. You can also take help from our country counsellors to know more about the countries or apply to universities there. 

Germany 

Netherlands 

Switzerland 

France 

Italy 

Finland 

Europe attracts a large number of international students, creating a multicultural and diverse academic environment. Engaging with peers from different countries and cultures can broaden your perspective, foster cross-cultural collaboration, and enhance your intercultural skills. Exposure to different research methodologies and approaches can enrich your academic experience. PhD candidates can later work with universities on certain researchers or open their practice or can go on to work with big organisations using their skills at hand. The average salary after completing PhD programs in Europe is around €49,802 per year, which can increase depending on various factors.

Universities worldwide have different eligibility criteria based on their curriculum, industry and academic standards. European universities consider every application carefully and look for unique points in each of them. This gives every type of student an edge to get admitted to the university of their choice. Although, it is mandatory to fulfil the set eligibility requirements in order to have a smooth application process. While the exact requirements vary, here are some of them to keep in mind.

Having a master’s or any other equivalent degree is a must to apply.

Research proposals are needed to assess your application.

A set criteria of minimum scores in PG studies.

  Q. Which country is best for PhD in Europe?

A. Among all the European countries , Germany has the best programs and prospects for PhD in Europe and is the favourite in the list. 

Q. How long does a PhD take in Europe?

A. PhD programs in Europe generally take around four years to complete. 

Q. What is the criteria for PhD in Europe?

A. Several colleges typically require a master's degree in the candidate's field of study. However, colleges occasionally will also admit students with a highly regarded bachelor's degree.

Q. Is IELTS required for PhD in Europe?

A. To pursue PhD in Europe, IELTS and other language proficiency tests are often required to gain admission, but still, some European universities allow international Indian students to study without them.

To conclude, PhD in Europe is one of the most sought-after academic degrees with various specialisations. Pursuing PhD programs in Europe can provide you with access to top-notch education, diverse research opportunities, financial support, and a multicultural environment. It can be a rewarding and transformative experience that opens up exciting career prospects while broadening your horizons. Browse programs carefully and then decide based on your learning and future prospects. We wish you luck in your studies!

We hope you enjoyed learning about PhD in Europe . If you would like to get a deeper insight into how to study in Europe, we encourage you to have a word with our team of expert counsellors at Meridean Overseas Education Consultants (MOEC) . Our counsellors will provide you with guidance throughout your study abroad journey. Get help with the application process, SOPs and filing for a visa. Visit us and get one-to-one counselling or avail yourself of free video counselling via our website. We will be happy to help you, so please do not hesitate to contact us at [email protected] or 1800-1230-00011 .

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PhD and Postdocs Salary

In most European countries, PhD students and Postdocs are typically employed by universities, and their salaries are governed by the respective salary agreements of the host institutions. In this informative post, the experts at Fastepo have compiled detailed information on PhD and Postdoc salaries, providing a comprehensive comparison across various countries. It’s worth noting that, generally, the salary structures for PhD and Postdoc positions within a given country are quite consistent across most universities.

Increasing PhD Stipend 2023-2024 in UK

Exploring PhD and Postdoc Salaries in European Countries

Delve into the details of PhD and Postdoc salaries in various European countries:

• PhD Salary in Denmark
• Postdoc Salary in Denmark
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in Norway
• PhD Salary in Switzerland
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in Sweden
• Salary ladder for PhD students in Sweden ]
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in Germany
• Salary of PhD and Postdoc in Ireland
• Salary of Postdocs in France
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in the UK
• Professors’ salary in the UK
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in the Netherlands
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in Finland
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in Austria
• Salary of Marie-curie postdoctoral fellowship
• Salary of PhD student in Marie-Curie ITN
• Doctorate Degree Business Administration Salary

Fully Funded PhD Positions with Salary

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PhD student salary – How much cash will you get?

When considering starting a PhD you need to think about how much you will get as a PhD student at a minimum. Ideally, you would be fully funded so that you could focus 100% on your studies.

A PhD student salary ranges from US$17,000 a year (New Zealand) all the way up to US$104,000 a year (Austria). The amount you need depends significantly on the living costs of a particular country. Places like the Netherlands, Finland, Denmark and Sweden have the highest living cost ratio.

Generally speaking, you can expect to receive a modest stipend for living expenses as well as tuition assistance.

In 2007 my PhD stipend was AU$20,000 (approximately US$13,000). At the time, this was enough for me to live comfortably and save a little bit of money as well.

As the cost-of-living increases PhD student salaries are being stretched to their limits.

Here is data for a range of countries ordered by the best living ratio the higher. The living to cost ratio the further the stipend goes. Data was collected from Glassdoor.com and Numeo .

In the US, most PhD students make between $20,000 and $45,000 per year. Some more prestigious programs may offer higher salaries.

Salaries vary by institution and field of study, so you should check with your school’s department to find out what kind of compensation they offer.

Additionally, many universities provide additional funding opportunities such as research grants or teaching assistantships that can help supplement your income. While you may not get rich off of a PhD student salary, it is possible to make enough money to cover basic needs while continuing your studies.

What Are PhD Student Salaries?

PhD students don’t necessarily get “salaries”.

Full-time doctoral students are typically paid a stipend which is usually a fixed amount that covers living expenses as well as tuition.

Other forms of financial support may include fellowships, grants and teaching or research assistantships.

In addition to monetary compensation, PhD students may also receive health insurance and other benefits such as free housing or childcare services. Many universities also offer career counselling services for their PhD students in order to help them find jobs after graduation.

Ultimately, PhD student salaries can vary greatly and it’s important to consider all factors when evaluating PhD offers.

Countries offering Highest PhD stipends in the World

There are a variety of countries that are better at funding PhD students than others. Check out my YouTube video which goes through the countries with the highest PhD stipend and how you can boost yours.

Here is a quick rundown of other benefits if you are considering doing a PhD abroad.

Netherlands

As an international student, you may be considering studying for a PhD in the Netherlands. The Netherlands is home to some of the top universities in Europe and offers a wide range of PhD programs. In addition, the Dutch government offers a number of scholarships and grants for international students.

I’ve done some research and found that the average salary for a PhD student in the Netherlands is around US$74163 per year . This figure is before any additional income from grants or scholarships. So, if you’re planning on studying for a PhD in the Netherlands, it’s important to bear in mind that you’ll need to budget for living costs on top of your tuition.

Switzerland

Every year, the Swiss Confederation and Swiss National Science Foundation award scholarships to international postgraduate researchers who desire to pursue their PhD in Switzerland. It’s home to some of our planet’s most stunning landscapes and among its brightest minds.

Switzerland is known for its degrees in business, is home to some of the best institutes of technology, and is a world leader in finance and banking.

Sweden is a well-developed and prosperous country with a strong tradition of academic excellence.

Swedish universities are consistently ranked highly in international rankings, making it an attractive destination for students from all over the world.

PhD students in Sweden can expect to receive a competitive stipend to help cover living costs during their studies. About USD$42618 per year , according to my research.

In addition, there are a number of scholarships and grants available to help cover the costs of tuition and other expenses.

Denmark is one of the top countries in the world for research and development, making it an attractive prospect for PhD students. The country offers generous stipends to PhD students, with no additional fees for being a student. The average PhD stipend in Denmark is around US$53,436 per year.

Norway is one of the countries offering a high PhD stipend. The average PhD stipend in Norway is around US$50,268 per year . PhD students in Norway also benefit from a high quality of life, as the country is regularly ranked as one of the best places to live in the world.

If you are considering pursuing a PhD, Norway should definitely be on your list of potential countries to study in.

Things to consider for PhD stipends

Before you settle on your PhD there are a few things to consider about your stipend.

Things such as industry top ups can significantly increase your earning potential as a PhD student and looking at the living costs in a particular country as well as the particular terms and conditions for your PhD stipend will mean you do not end up being shortchanged.

Industry Top-ups

One of the best ways that I have seen PhD students earn more money and raise their minimum salary is by looking for industry supported PhD positions and top ups.

For example, while I was on AU$20,000 a year, one of my colleagues in the department was on AU$60,000 a year and was guaranteed a job after their PhD. They had a top up scholarship from an industry partner sponsoring their battery research.

Looking for these opportunities may help you earn significantly more money during your PhD.

Living costs

Quite frankly, PhD living costs vary dramatically from country to country and city to city. European countries may have a relatively high PhD stipend but the living costs are also higher.

The best way to determine the buying power of your PhD scholarship is to consider it in terms of the living costs. The best way to do that is with the living cost index.

Here are the best countries to get a PhD stipend relative to the cost of living. The higher the living ratio the better.

You can see that Austria tops this list and many of the Scandinavian countries also are high on the list. Places like Ireland and New Zealand are one of the worst places to do your PhD if you want your stipend to go a long way.

Length of the PhD

In countries like the United States of America, the PhD system means that you need to do a 5 to 7 year PhD. This significantly increases the amount of time that you will spend in university and, therefore, your earning potential will be limited for a longer amount of time.

I chose to do my PhD in Australia because it would only take me three years as an international student. Choosing a PhD with a shorter timescale from the UK, Australia, New Zealand or European countries may be best for you.

Terms and conditions

Lastly, it is important to scrutinise the terms and conditions of your PhD stipend.

Some stipends do not allow students to get a second job which significantly limits their full-time earning potential. Other places, do not put any restrictions on their PhD students even with a full scholarship.

If you want to know more about earning more money during your PhD check out the two articles below.

• The best PhD student part-time jobs [Full guide]
• Is it possible to earn a PhD while working? The brutal truth

How to Get a PhD Stipend

To get a stipend, you will need to apply for funding through the university or other organizations offering scholarships and grants.

Be sure to carefully read through all requirements of the application process and submit all necessary documents, such as transcripts, essays, recommendation letters and financial aid forms.

You may also need to show proof of academic excellence, such as high grades or awards. For example, I was required to achieve a first class masters before being able to access any funding from a foreign university.

Once accepted, you will usually receive a monthly payment from the organization as well as tuition assistance. Additionally, many universities offer research assistantships which provide students with an opportunity to gain hands-on experience in their field while earning money at the same time.

With dedication and hard work, obtaining a PhD stipend can help reduce some of the financial burden associated with higher education.

Wrapping up

This article has been through everything you need to know that PhD student salaries and giving you some real-world numbers on what you can expect in different countries.

The real important value is the living cost ratio to ensure that your PhD stipend goes as far as possible and is not eaten up quickly by rent, food, and other basic necessities.

It is possible for PhD students to not only live comfortably but also put some money aside if you are very careful about choosing a PhD with a full stipend and looking for other opportunities to top up the money with industry partnerships and other grants.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

Thank you for visiting Academia Insider.

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• Study in Europe /

PhD in Economics in Europe

• Updated on  
• Jan 4, 2024

Are you considering pursuing a PhD in Economics in Europe? Then you’re in the right place! Europe is home to some of the world’s most prestigious universities that offer doctoral programs in economics. The Doctoral Programme in Economics (DPE) at the University of Helsinki is one such program that promotes doctoral education in economics by providing courses and seminars based on a program launched in 1990. Similarly, there are many such universities across the continent offering doctoral programs in Economics at affordable fees. Read on to know more about pursuing an Doctorate in Economics in Europe!

This Blog Includes:

Phd in economics in europe: overview, phd in economics: the course, why choose europe for phd, top universities for phd in economics in europe, phd within the framework of the european higher education area, cost of phd in economics in europe, careers and scope.

A PhD , also known as a Doctor of Philosophy degree, is a doctorate awarded by a university to an academic who has completed all required qualifications and is now considered a doctor in his or her academic field. Those who study economics first learn the distinctions between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is concerned with the behaviour and interactions of individual markets, such as households and firms. On the other hand, macroeconomics is focused on the state of the economy as a whole. Over 4,000 higher education institutions are located in Europe, ranging from world-class research organizations to small, teaching-focused universities. Europe, which expands from the Arctic Circle to the African coast, is not unlike other continents.

• A PhD in Economics typically includes coursework in both macroeconomics and microeconomics. However, if you want to teach or conduct formal research in economic subjects, this is a useful degree. Once the proposal is approved and the oral exam is passed, the final years of enrollment are devoted to dissertation research, writing, and defence.
• The major opportunity in the field of Economics is that it is primarily involved in research. A PhD degree should be pursued only if a person has a strong interest in research-oriented work. PhDs are typically pursued by individuals involved in the academic field. This may lead to a better understanding of the specific field or subject.
• After completing the PhD in Economics course, students will be able to understand a wide range of theoretical debates in economics and business, analyse economic problems, and evaluate the implications for economic policy and business planning and strategy.
• Most economist jobs require a master’s degree or a PhD in Economics. For advancement to higher-level positions, an advanced degree is sometimes required.

Also Read: Find the Best PhD in Europe to Study

Europe is a popular destination for postgraduate study. There are numerous reasons why people choose to pursue their master’s or PhD programme in Europe, not the least of which is Europe’s excellent reputation in terms of high educational standards, as well as the general way of life, vast amounts of choices and options, and cultural diversity. Here are some of the main reasons why you should pursue your PhD in Economics in Europe:

• Great Experience

Many students choose to pursue a postgraduate degree in Europe because of the overall experience it can provide. The ability to get cheap trains and flights to visit a variety of countries within Europe during a free weekend or the Christmas or Easter holidays is one of the benefits. If you live and study at a university in Europe, the rest of the continent is right on your doorstep, waiting to be explored.

• Quality of Education

Europe’s university quality is extremely high, with some of the world’s top-ranked institutions such as University College London, the University of Cambridge, and the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. These universities, along with many others in Europe, are all held in high regard around the world and demonstrate Europe’s ability to provide an exceptional standard of teaching for postgraduate students.

• Budget Friendly

Pursuing a master’s degree or PhD programme in Europe can also be financially advantageous because tuition fees can be much lower than those in other countries such as America. Postgraduate course fees in Europe typically range from €5,000 (INR 4,10 Lakh) to €25,000 (INR 20.5 Lakh), depending on the university’s status and the course topic. Most postgraduate courses for international students cost €15,000 (INR 12.3 Lakh), which is significantly less than those in the United States.

• Possibilities for employment

Studying in a European city is advantageous for your future career because their student populations are large and diverse. This gives the postgraduate student a broader life experience while also providing excellent networking opportunities. Potential employers are well aware of the high quality of higher education institutions in Europe, which can undoubtedly help you along your chosen career path. Your chosen European university is likely to impress potential employers, which can help you advance your career.

According to the most recent international rankings, the following are the best economics schools for PhD in Economics in Europe:

• London School of Economics and Political Sciences (LSE), UK
• University of Oxford, UK
• University of Cambridge, UK
• University College London (UCL), UK
• Bocconi University, Italy
• University of Warwick, UK
• Tilburg University, Netherlands
• University of Zurich, Switzerland
• London Business School, UK
• ETH Zurich, Switzerland

EHEA is a network of 48 countries that use the same university degree system. It consists of all 28 EU members (including the United Kingdom) as well as other countries from Europe and Eurasia.

The Bologna Process, which was signed in 1999 at the University of Bologna (Europe’s oldest university), is followed by all EHEA members. This divides academic degrees into three categories:

• Bachelor’s degrees are first-cycle degrees that typically take 3 years to complete. 
• Master’s degrees are second-cycle degrees that typically last 2 years.
• Doctorates (such as PhDs) are third-cycle degrees that typically take three to four years to complete.

Academic degrees obtained in one EHEA country are automatically recognised in others. This makes studying abroad in different parts of Europe or working in another European country with your doctorate much easier.

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, a PhD in Economics in Europe costs an average of $19,314 (INR 15.9 Lakh) per year. This amount represents the average graduate tuition charged by both public and private institutions between the years 2018 and 2019. Tuition fees vary by school, and private universities are frequently more expensive than public universities.

Also Read: PhD in Germany

A PhD in Economics in Europe will provide you with career stability and financial security. Career opportunities in economics are excellent, as employment in these fields is expected to grow faster than the national average. Continue reading for a list of some of the best PhD in Economics jobs for graduates, as well as an overview of their annual salaries. According to PayScale, the average salary for someone with a PhD in Economics is $110,000 (INR 90.66 Lakh) per year. This value varies depending on your career path, the company you work for, and even the industry in which you work.

A PhD in Economics in Europe is well worth the investment. Obtaining a PhD in economics is an excellent way to gain valuable skills for the econ job market, improve your overall communication, and ensure financial security and stability throughout your career.

Economics PhD graduates have the option of conducting research and teaching in prestigious institutions, prestigious government positions, or ongoing work at some of the highest-paying private institutions.

Relevant Reads:

Many universities depend on outside funding to establish PhD positions. External funding is frequently provided in the form of research grants for specific research projects. The European Commission and national scientific research councils are two common funding sources.

In general, a PhD in Europe takes at least four years to complete, though there are three- and five-year programmes, as well as part-time options.

In Europe, the average monthly minimum salary for a PhD student is €2,600. It is important to note that this figure includes all disciplines, not just science and engineering.

Consider an economics PhD if you want to work in research, are good at math (i.e., quant GRE score above 165), and have a demonstrated interest in economics research.

To help you shortlist colleges/universities in Europe or any other country, please contact Leverage Edu . You can also call us at 1800 57 2000 for a free 30-minute counselling session.

Vidisha Dewan

Graduated with English as a major, I’m a writing enthusiast. Writing helps me blend my passion and profession to achieve creative satisfaction. I am an opinionated person, but always open to change. Try to keep my work surroundings creative and fun, with a space for constructive feedback.

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European Education Area

How to apply for doctoral studies in europe.

Find out how to apply for doctoral studies, including a PhD, in Europe.

Getting started

In Europe, every university sets its own application criteria for doctoral studies. 

To successfully enter the world of research, it´s very important to be proactive and start your preparation early. 

The enrollment procedures take time. Prepare early, check entry requirements and collect your documents. 

Choose your topic

Choose your research topic well before starting your studies. 

Find out which university or programme meets your research interests and your academic background.

Find a supervisor

Finding a supervisor before applying could be either compulsory or advisable and it is usually the applicant’s responsibility. 

Check the research teams in the university and look at the publications written by your potential supervisor, as well as their research projects and supervised dissertations to ensure that his or her research areas match your plans.

Check language requirements

Examine the language skills needed for enrollment. It might be necessary to take a test or present internationally validated test results. 

Recognition of qualifications

Find out what documents need to be translated before applying and which ones may need ENIC-NARIC evaluation. 

Some documents might need to be certified by a notary, with an apostille attached.

Prepare your documents

The required documents vary. Usually, you need to prepare the following:

• official copy of the previous diploma(s)
• curriculum vitae (CV)
• research proposal for your PhD
• motivation letter
• references and/or recommendation letters

Find a position and funding

EURAXESS is a European Commission portal providing information on research positions and funding to help researchers come to Europe to study, work in another European country and more.

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If you need to ask a question, please contact Europe direct .

Professor Salaries From Around the World

Academic salaries can vary widely depending on rank, country, and institution. Here’s what professors make in Europe and North America. All salaries are reported in the local currency and are pre tax.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the average salary for a lecturer is £40,760 while the average salary for a senior lecturer is £51,590. The average associate professor salary is £64,356 while a full professor earns £91,891 on average.

German professors are civil servants so national legislation fixes their salaries according to state. Junior professors ( Juniordozent ) make €4,713 to €5,301 per month . Associate professors ( dozent ) make €5,365 to €6,676 per month, and full professors ( Professur ) make €5,343 to €7,578 per month.

SACO, the Swedish Academics Central Organization ( Sveriges akademikers centralorganisation ), lists the median salary in 2020 for a lecturer ( adjunkt ) as 41,181 SEK per month. Assistant professors ( biträdande lector) make a median of 49,586 SEK per month. An associate professor ( lektor ) earns a median of 44,500 SEK per month, while a professor makes a median of 67,550 SEK per month. Taxes in Sweden are approximately 45%.

Switzerland

Swiss academic are the highest in Europe. They are by each canton (province) and by law. At the Université de Lausanne , associate professor salaries range from 125,250 to 158,783 CHF per year. Full professors make 149,728 to 171,380 CHF per year. Full Professors with chair appointment make 163,564 to 210,793 CHF annually. At ETH Zurich , the range for assistant professors is 148,682 to 214,767 CHF per year and is 178,996 to 245,080 CFH per year for associate professors. Full professors make 209,247 to 275,359 CHF annually.

In Denmark, faculty salaries are determined by contracts negotiated between academic unions and the government. An academic’s salary is determined by a combination of seniority (years since the completion of PhD) and job rank. Assistant professors earn an average of 38,344 DKR per month. Associate professors earn 44,4204 DKR per month on average, while professors earn an average of 58,236 DKR per month. Taxes in Denmark are relatively high at 40-50% depending on income.

The Netherlands

Similar to Denmark, the Collective Labour Agreement of Dutch Universities (CAO-NU) provides the pay scale for faculty salaries. Assistant professors ( universitaire docent ) earn €3,821 to €5,943 per month. Associate professors ( universitair hoofddocent ) earn €5,294 to €7,097 per month. Full professors ( Hoogleraar ) earn from €5,864 to €10,309 per month. Taxes in the Netherlands are around 40%.

France 

Since French universities are public and state run, academics who hold permanent positions are civil servants. The government sets their salaries, which do not vary from institution and discipline. The salary levels are broken down by class and seniority. The salary for a tenured assistant/associate professor ( maître de conférence ) can range from €25,225 to €53,828 per year depending on the class and seniority of the academic. Tenured full Professors ( professeur des universités ) can expect to make between €36,560 and €73,343 a year according to their class and seniority.

Belgian academic salaries are based on seniority (time from completion of PhD). Entry-level assistant professors make €29,914 per year, while those with 24 years of experience top the pay scale at €47,443 per year. Associate professors start at €34,255 per year can earn €58,403 per year with 24 years of experience. Professors start at €40,109 per year and after 18 years earn €61,224 per year. Full professors start at €44,925 and make €68,633 after 15 years. Belgium has a relatively high tax rate of 45-52%

Norwegian academic salaries are determined according to collective agreements between unions and state authorities. Within the salary scale, academic rank and seniority determines compensation . The average salary for assistant professors ( universitetslektor ) is 629,247 NOK per year and 703,110 NOK per year for associate professors (f ørsteamanuensis) . The average annual salary for a professor is 897,936 NOK. Taxes in Norway are around 40%

Academic salaries in Finland are set under a collective agreement . An academic’s place on the salary scale is determined by two things: the job requirements and their individual performance. An assistant/associate professor makes €3,709 to €6,051 per month, while a professor makes between €5,170 and €9,326 per month. Taxes in Finland are 25-32%.

United States

The American Association of University Professors tracks academic salaries in the United States. Based on their 2016/2017 report , the average salary for a full professor is $102,402 USD. Associate professors earn an average of $79,654 and assistant professors average $69,206. The Chronicle of Higher Education also has a database of individual faculty salaries for more than 4,700 institutions based on information collected by the U.S. Education Department.

According to Statistics Canada , the average salary for full-time academic teaching staff (all ranks) in Canada was $135,451 for the 2020/2021 academic year. In 2017/2018 , full professors were the highest earners with average salaries of $160,183, while associate professors made an average of $125,358 and assistant professors made$103,023 on average.

Find hundreds of  available professor positions  on Academic Positions.

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10 countries that pay fresh graduates the most

If you want to earn the highest starting salaries as soon as you graduate, you need to be in the right place at the right time.

Specifically, you should aim to get a job in one of the top 10 countries that pay graduates the highest starting salaries.

To improve your chances, you should also aim to have earned a good bachelor’s degree in a subject that has a track record of leading to the highest-paying jobs in one of these countries too.

This is important as it’s usually hard for someone with a degree from an Indian university to get a job in the US, for example.

But if you have a degree from a US university, you can qualify for up to three years of work in the US that’s related in the degree through the Optional Practical Training programme.

Most countries have similar schemes where university graduates get to stay and find work legally — and even earn points to qualify them to become permanent residents.

Having a bachelor’s degree from any one of the top 10 countries that pay graduates the most is a requirement — having a master’s or PhD is a bigger advantage.

That’s not to say it’s impossible for you to work in  any of these countries if you didn’t study there — if you’re a high potential individual , you’re welcome in the UK even without a job offer, for example.

And that’s not to say you can’t ever earn a lot if you don’t have a bachelor’s degree — there are diploma courses that have led to well-paying jobs too.

The point is, if you tick all of the following, you stand the greatest chance to earn the biggest salaries right after uni:

• At least a bachelor’s degree in an in-demand field like computer science and law
• Your university is in one of the top 10 countries that pay fresh graduates the most
• You fulfill all requirements to work legally in one of those countries after graduating

Below are the top 1o countries with the highest average salaries, according to data from OECD in 2021.

Note that the figures are based on all workers, not just graduates.

• US: US$74,738
• Luxembourg: US$73,657
• Iceland: US$72,047
• Switzerland: US$68,957
• Denmark: US$61,331
• Netherlands: US$60, 923
• Belgium: US$59,100
• Norway: US$58,377
• Austria: US$58,189
• Australia: US$56,600

To find the world’s highest starting salaries, we’ve looked into a combination of the most up-to-date and most authoritative data of each of the country above.

Check if the country you studied in is listed among the top 10 countries in the world with the highest starting salaries below:

An entry-level job in California is US$32,670 a year. This comes up to US$2,722 per month. Source: Frederic J. Brown/AFP

Several factors will influence your pay, including which company you work at, which US state it’s in, which school you went to, and which major you took.

The US Bureau of Labour Statistics states that graduates with a business degree earn US$65,000 on a yearly basis.

If you have a law degree, you stand to earn US$80,000 in the private sector and US$60,000   in the public sector.

Those graduating with a Fine Arts major can earn US$50,533 annually.

The state your entry-level job is based at can influence your salary as well.

An entry-level job in California is US$32,670 a year. This comes up to US$2,722 per month. In Wyoming and Minnesota, you’ll only make US$30,587 or US$29,978 respectively annually.

One of Amazon’s headquarters is in Luxembourg. Source: Jim Watson/ AFP

According to Talent.com, business graduates stand to earn US$76,179 on average. Entry-level positions  start at US$54,413 .

A law graduate with no experience or with three years of practice takes home between US$43,531 to US$59,855 in a year.

Starting salaries in the Arts and Culture industry typically range between US$30,402 and US$79,988 .

Luxembourg may not be one of Europe’s most popular countries but it has its charms, from some of the region’s most spectacular medieval castles and more Michelin-starred restaurants per capita than any other country.

It’s pretty sweet for fresh graduates too. Organisations like Amazon, Skype, and PayPal call Luxembourg home. And the cost of living is generally lower than London, New York and Paris.

Rent is for a one-bedroom apartment within and outside of the city centre is 1,614.09 and 1,335.83 euros respectively.

Iceland is a doorway to some of the world’s best natural wonders and the highest starting salaries. Source: Halldor Kolbeins/AFP

Another unlikely addition to this list is the land of the gorgeous Northern Lights: Iceland.

According to emolument, sales and business graduates can earn an average salary of US$96,000 yearly.

For those that studied law instead and are now looking for jobs, you can expect a yearly salary of US$80,421 .

For the Art graduates, the Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Culture announced in 2022 that artists’ salaries will increase to US$39,960 yearly.

People watch the Lake Stage from the shore of Lake Geneva during a concert by Swiss band Annie Taylor at the opening of the Montreux Jazz Festival in Montreux on July 2, 2021. Source: Fabrice Coffrini/AFP

 Switzerland

According to Talent.com , a fresh graduate in Switzerland can earn US$200,946.

But here’s the catch. Switzerland offers some of the highest starting salaries as the living costs here is high.

A meal in an inexpensive restaurant costs 25 euros on average and basic utilities (electricity, heating, cooling, water, garbage) cost 200 euros on average.

Rent for a one-bedroom apartment ranges between 1,746.17 euros and 2,093.78 euros, depending on how close to the city centre it is.

Graduates in the arts sector have plenty to look forward to. Source: Michel Lipchitz/AP Pool/AFP

In Denmark, if you have graduated with a bachelor’s degree, you can earn US$6,795 monthly which amounts to US$81,540 yearly.

If you have a master’s or a PhD, then you will be looking at a monthly income of US$8,571 and US$9,516 respectively.

Note that this data is from 2021 and may have changed since.

According to another source, an entry-level lawyer in Denmark can earn roughly US$90,656 yearly and even up to US$126,041 . In the next five years, their salaries are expected to increase by 18%.

Arts and Culture graduates stand to earn between US$2,942 and US$7,845 monthly.

Here’s another piece of good news for those who recently graduated with a master’s degree from a Danish institution.

You can now start working from the time you apply to change your study visa into the employment-based permit.

International students who stay on to work in Denmark have a track record of doing well here, according to a news report.

Forty percent of graduates from 13 years ago are still in the country , and have each contributed US$468,134 to the economy over that time.

Life can be good in Amsterdam, even for fresh graduates. Source: Maartje Blijdenstein/AFP

The Netherlands

According to I Am Expat , the minimum wage in the Netherlands is based on age but is revised every six months.

Business or business economics graduates can expect to earn US$32,719 yearly while fresh lawyers will have an annual income of US$30,102 .

A graduate from the visual arts programmes will earn US$17,014 annually.

It’s good to note that working in the Netherlands can be quite structured .

The country boasts a stable economy with encouraging foreign investment and good tax benefits.

Highly skilled workers, including engineers, financiers, marketing and healthcare. are always in demand here.

Bachelor’s degree holders generally start off earning US$39,888 annually according to Expatrist .

While we couldn’t find the highest paying salary for a business graduate, a law graduate will earn US$45, 807 yearly.

For Fine Arts graduates, you can expect to earn an annual income of US$24,107 to US$59,484 .

While these figures are lower than Belgium or Switzerland, note that you may be working fewer days to earn these salaries.

This is because Belgium officially recognised a four-day week starting last November.

This makes Belgium the first country in the EU, and only the third in the world, after Iceland and New Zealand, to formally introduce the four-day workweek as an option for workers.

Norway is known for its beautiful mountains, iconic fjors, great outdoors and some of the highest starting salaries in the world. Source: Lionel B0naventure/AFP

Across all industries, a graduate can expect to earn around US$5,189 monthly. This amounts to US$93,402 annually.

The country does have a high cost of living so if you are considering working in Norway, it’s best to be going in on a managerial level.

In the heart of Europe, and amongst its imperial palaces and amazing pastries, you’ll find a country with some of the highest starting salaries for graduates.

An entry-level business analyst can make US$66,437   annually as a starting point and move upward to earning US$117,298 . An MBA holder can earn up to US$105,000.

Early-career lawyers can earn around US$73,754 , which can go up to US$133, 563 annually.

Now, if you have studied here and are thinking of staying on to find work, you are already a step ahead of other international graduates.

There is a current shortage of skilled workers of some 124,000 jobs , so graduates will have an opportunity to access many jobs here.

Australia is a popular for many reasons, from its amazing outdoors to having some of the highest starting salaries. Source: Rodger Bosch/AFP

Salaries in the Land Down Under vary according to states .

The highest starting salaries for graduates can be found in Victoria — at US$45,764 annually — followed by the Australian Capital Territory at US$45,403 .

Those graduating with an MBA can rejoice — you are looking at earning between US$56,591 and US$203,064 annually.

According to Glassdoor, a fresh law graduate can earn US$52,280 yearly in Sydney.

Fine arts graduates can expect to earn US$41,944 yearly according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics.

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