essay format in odia

Odia Essay PDF 2024 – For Classes 8th To 12th & Competitive Exams

• April 20, 2024

Are you searching for the Odia Essay to prepare for your upcoming exams and events, we have published Odia Essay or Oriya Essay for students of primary, secondary, and higher secondary schools, and colleges, and also for Competitive Exams. If you are looking for the Odia Essay books or PDF, here we have provided Odia Essay in PDF format you can download and read the Odia essay.

Odia Essay or Odia Rachana

Odia Essay on the Oriya Language: The Essential Odia Essays (Odia Rachana) are intended to meet the growing demand of pupils in Primary, secondary, and higher secondary schools and colleges. Conscious efforts have been made to carefully choose essays on a variety of subjects that are well within the knowledge and experience range of the pupils.

The Odia essays have been presented interestingly in a simple, plain, and idiomatic language containing vocabulary and structural expressions they are familiar with. Meanings of difficult words supposed to be above their vocabulary horizons have been given in their mother tongue. The purpose is to enrich their vocabulary to enable them to express their feelings and thoughts in a better way.

It is important to know that an Odia essay (Odia Rachana) is not always a complete account of the subject matter. There are no rules about how long or short an Odia essay should be. The pupils at the secondary level are, however, supposed to write an essay in 250 to 300 words on the suggested outlines. All that is important is that the essay must be interesting, well-presented, and free of errors.

Books: Odisha Board Textbooks

Benefits of Writing Essays

Three kinds of essays namely descriptive, narrative, and reflective have been dealt with in this book to give the pupils an idea about how each of such essays can be written with ease and facility. Writing an essay on a given topic needs careful planning and appropriate communicative skills.

Pupils are advised to develop each point of the given outlines into a paragraph in their own words. They may, however, show their ability to write sentences containing clauses, phrases, and other elements they learned somewhere. What is significant is that the use of such phrases, words, and clauses should be appropriate and relevant to the topic.

The beginning paragraph of the essay should be impressive and aim at introducing the topic sustaining the interest of the readers. The last paragraph should sum up the writer’s views on the topic and should equally be lively and impressive. Each paragraph should contain one thought and should lead to the next one. All the paragraphs taken together should be a composite whole instead of being segregated parts.

Last but not least, meticulous care should be taken to revise the Odia essay to correct the errors and weed out irrelevant points. Letter writing, on the other hand, calls for a different skill. Its importance is always felt in our everyday life when we need to write personal letters to friends and relatives, business letters to industrial.

If you find any outdated essay with the unavailable download link, please feel free to leave a comment below.

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Best Odia Essay Book For Odisha Exam

Essay writer is a genre of Odia literature (  in which information about a topic is given in a descriptive style. Essay in Odia ( Odia Essay Book) is an integral part of the school curriculum and students are given the task of writing essays on various subjects.

Keeping in mind the importance of essay writing, the Odia Essay Collection PDF, a compilation of beautiful essays on more than 400 subjects, is being made available here. Famous Odia essays have been compiled in this compilation.

Descriptive essays are provided essay book Odia. Essays have been written in this book on contemporary topics like Odia Essay book, Meri Maa, Importance of Truth, etc. You will get to read all these types of essays.

Essay writing is an important part of competitive exams like OPSC. That’s why it is very important to focus on writing essays and learn to write essays.

Some of the great coaching classes like SSC, OSSSC, OSSC, and Digital Odisha create and publish educational material for the students which helps them to get higher ranks in the exam.

• Language: Odia
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Odia (draft) Oriya

Updated 21 December, 2022

This page brings together basic information about the Odia (Oriya) script and its use for the Odia language. It aims to provide a brief, descriptive summary of the modern, printed orthography and typographic features, and to advise how to write Odia using Unicode.

Select part of this sample text to show a list of characters, with links to more details. Source Change size:   36px

ଭାରତୀୟ ମହାକାଶ ଗବେଷଣା ସଂସ୍ଥା ବା ଇସ୍ରୋ ହେଉଛି ଭାରତ ସରକାରଙ୍କ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ମହାକାଶ ପ୍ରାଧିକରଣ । ଏହା ପୃଥିବୀର ଛଅଟି ବଡ ସରକାରୀ ମହାକାଶ ପ୍ରାଧିକରଣ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଅନ୍ୟତମ ଯଥା ।

Usage & history

The Oriya script is the official orthography used to write the Odia language of the Odisha (Orissa) state in India, as well as minority languages such as Khondi and Santali, and a number of Dravidian and Munda minority languages spoken in that region. u,487 It is also used in Orissa for transcribing Sanskrit texts.

ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର

The Oriya script is a descendant of the Brahmi script, via Siddham. Earliest recorded instances of the script go back to the 11thC. The language was initially written in the Kalinga script, from which the Oriya script developed.

The rounded shapes of the letters, especially the top bar, are ascribed to the practise of writing on palm leaves, where rounded lines are less likely to split the leaf than straight ones.

A cursive version of the script, called Karani ( କରଣୀ ଅକ୍ଷର ), was used by scribes in the royal courts.

The language and script were previously referrred to in English as Oriya, but in 2011 India changed the spelling to Odia in the constitution. sl11

Sources Scriptsource and Wikipedia .

Comparison table here

Basic features

The Odia script is an abugida . Consonants carry an inherent vowel which can be modified by appending vowel signs to the consonant. See the table to the right for a brief overview of features for the modern Odia orthography.

Odia runs left to right in horizontal lines.

Words are separated by spaces.

The 36 consonant letters used for Odia include repertoire extensions for 2 sounds by applying the nukta diacritic to characters. There are 2 additional, newer characters used for w and v . ❯ consonants

Consonant clusters are most commonly rendered usingsubjoined forms, usually for the second character, but sometimes for the initial. Certain clusters use fused forms, and a couple are conjoined. A visible virama is used for borrowed words. Initial RA is rendered as a reph over the top right of the following consonant. ❯ clusters

Syllable-final consonant sounds may be represented by 2 dedicated combining marks ( anusvara & visarga ). Velar consonant cluster initials may be written either using a regular character or using anusvara. ❯ finals

Odia consonants have an inherent vowel sound. Other, non-inherent vowel sounds following a consonant are written using vowel signs and other symbols.

Vowels have short lengths only, although there are vestigial orthographic letters for long sounds that now represent alternatives for the short sounds.

The inherent vowel is ɔ . There are 9 vowel signs , and 10 independent vowels . All vowel signs are combining characters and are stored after the base character, including 1 pre-base form , and 3 circumgraphs . There are no composite vowels, in principle, however the 2 circumgraphs are decomposed into 2 parts each. ❯ vowels

Standalone vowels are written using independent vowel letters. Additional symbols are used to express length and nasalisation. ❯ standalone

There is a set of 4 vocalics , each with vowel sign and independent forms, but only one vocalic is used in modern Odia. ❯ vocalics

Vowels may be nasalised, using the candrabindu diacritic. ❯ nasalisation

Odia has native digit shapes, but may also use ASCII digits. ❯ numbers

Danda (from the Devanagari block) is used at the end of a sentence, and usually preceded by a space. Otherwise, most of the punctuation is ASCII. ❯ phrase

Character index

Basic consonants, extended consonants, combining marks, not used for odia language, punctuation, cldr additions.

The following represents the repertoire of the Odia language.

Click on the sounds to reveal locations in this document where they are mentioned.

Phones in a lighter colour are non-native or allophones. Source Wikipedia .

Vowel sounds

Plain vowels.

Hausa has 3 syllable types: CV, CVV, and CVC, where VV can be a long vowel or a diphthong. c The long vs. short vowel distinction is phonemically important, however when a syllable with a long vowel acquires and final consonant, the vowel is shortened.

Consonant clusters may occur where syllables are side by side, but not within a syllable. Gemination is, however, a distinctive feature. c

Semivowels ʷ and ʲ may occur after an initial consonant.

Consonant sounds

Click on the characters to find where they are mentioned in this page.

Descriptions of the Oriya alphabet vary. CLDR § lists the following 'index' characters. Note the composite letter at the end of the list.

The inherent vowel is ɔ . There are 9 vowel signs , and 10 independent vowels . All vowel signs are combining characters and are stored after the base character, including 1 pre-base form , and 3 circumgraphs . There are no composite vowels, in principle, however the 2 circumgraphs are decomposed into 2 parts each.

Standalone vowels are written using independent vowel letters. Additional symbols are used to express length and nasalisation.

There is a set of 4 vocalics , each with vowel sign and independent forms, but only one vocalic is used in modern Odia.

Vowels may be nasalised, using the candrabindu diacritic.

For a mapping of sounds to graphemes see vowel_mappings .

Inherent vowel

ɔ following a consonant is not written, but is seen as an inherent part of the consonant letter, so kɔ is written by simply using the consonant letter. This vowel sound is transcribed as a . d

କ kɔ [ U+0B15 ORIYA LETTER KA ]

Vowel-signs

Non-inherent vowel sounds that follow a consonant are mostly represented using vowel signs, eg.

କି ki [ U+0B15 ORIYA LETTER KA + U+0B3F ORIYA VOWEL SIGN I ]

Odia vowel signs are all combining characters. All vowel signs are stored after the base consonant, and the rendering process puts them in the correct place for display. This also applies for the pre-base vowel sign, and the 3 circumgraphs (where a single code point produces glyphs on more than one side of the consonant base). In principle, Odia has no composite vowels (where multiple items combine to express a vowel), but the circumgraphs do decompose.

An orthography that uses vowel signs is different from one that uses simple diacritics or letters for vowels in that the vowel signs are generally attached to the orthographic syllable , rather than just applied to the letter of the immediately preceding consonant. This means that pre-base vowel signs and the left glyph of circumgraphs appear before a whole consonant cluster if the cluster is rendered as a conjunct (see prebase_vowels ).

Six vowel signs are spacing marks, meaning that they consume horizontal space when added to a base consonant.

See also vocalics .

Combining marks used for vowels

Odia uses the following dedicated combining marks for vowels.

The 'primary' vowels have 'short' and 'long' written forms that hark back to the earlier Indic script origins, but modern Odia phonetics don't distinguish between long and short vowel sounds.

Pre-base vowel sign

The sound e is written using େ [ U+0B47 ORIYA VOWEL SIGN E ] , which appears to the left of the base consonant letter or cluster.

This is a combining mark that is always stored after the base consonant. The rendering process places the glyph before the base consonant.

When an orthographic syllable begins with a consonant cluster that is rendered as a conjunct, the vowel sign is rendered before the start of the cluster , eg. fig_prebase shows 3 sets of consonant clusters, each followed by e when spoken, but the vowel sign appears to the left of each cluster.

Circumgraphs

Three vowels are produced by a single combining character with visually separate parts, that appear on different sides of the consonant onset.

All 3 of these circumgraphs can be written as a single character, or as two. See vs_encoding .

Other symbols used for vowels

The following 'lengthening marks' may be used to create vowel sounds as part of a decomposed circumgraph, although the Unicode Standard recommends the use of the precomposed forms.

See vs_encoding for more details.

In Sanskrit, ଽ [ U+0B3D ORIYA SIGN AVAGRAHA ] can be used to show vowel elongation, ws

Composite vowels

The only composite vowels occur when the circumgraphs are encoded as pairs of characters (see vs_encoding ).

Standalone vowels

Odia represents standalone vowels using a set of independent vowel letters. The set includes a character to represent the inherent vowel sound, ɔ .

Nasalisation

Vowels may be nasalised using ଁ [ U+0B01 ORIYA SIGN CANDRABINDU ] .

Where 2 vowels appear together, the nasalisation sign is rendered above the second, eg. ଜ୍ୱାଇଁ

Consonants with no following vowel

Odia uses   ୍ [ U+0B4D ORIYA SIGN VIRAMA ] , called halant , (the Odia equivalent of the Sanskrit virama) to indicate that the inherent vowel is not pronounced after a consonant, eg. the following explicitly represents just the sound k . କ୍ k͓

Word-final consonants without a following inherent vowel use the halant, If there is no halant, the vowel is pronounced, eg. compare ଫୁଲ ଇ-ମେଲ୍

Consonant clusters also use this character, but if the cluster forms a conjunct then the virama is not rendered visibly (see clusters ).

Vowel sounds to characters

This section maps Odia vowel sounds to common graphemes in the Odia orthography, grouped according to whether they appear in a vowel sign ( vs ) , or as a standalone vowel ( s ). Click on a grapheme to find other mentions on this page (links appear at the bottom of the page). Click on the character name to see examples and for detailed descriptions of the character(s) shown.

ି [ U+0B3F ORIYA VOWEL SIGN I ]

ୀ [ U+0B40 ORIYA VOWEL SIGN II ]

ଇ [ U+0B07 ORIYA LETTER I ]

ଈ [ U+0B08 ORIYA LETTER II ]  

ୁ   [ U+0B41 ORIYA VOWEL SIGN U ]

ୂ   [ U+0B42 ORIYA VOWEL SIGN UU ]

ଉ [ U+0B09 ORIYA LETTER U ]

ଊ [ U+0B0A ORIYA LETTER UU ]

େ [ U+0B47 ORIYA VOWEL SIGN E ]  

ଏ [ U+0B0F ORIYA LETTER E ]

ୋ [ U+0B4B ORIYA VOWEL SIGN O ]

ଓ [ U+0B13 ORIYA LETTER O ]

ଅ [ U+0B05 ORIYA LETTER A ]

ା [ U+0B3E ORIYA VOWEL SIGN AA ]

ଆ [ U+0B06 ORIYA LETTER AA ]

Diphthongs and other combinations

ୈ [ U+0B48 ORIYA VOWEL SIGN AI ]

ଐ [ U+0B10 ORIYA LETTER AI ]

ୌ [ U+0B4C ORIYA VOWEL SIGN AU ]

ଔ [ U+0B14 ORIYA LETTER AU ]

Only one vocalic is regularly used, in vowel sign form, in modern Odia.

Other vocalics exist in the script, in independent and vowel sign forms, but are used for Sanskrit transcriptions.

The 36 consonant letters used for Odia include repertoire extensions for 2 sounds by applying the nukta diacritic to characters. There are 2 additional, newer characters used for w and v .

Consonant clusters are most commonly rendered usingsubjoined forms, usually for the second character, but sometimes for the initial. Certain clusters use fused forms, and a couple are conjoined. A visible virama is used for borrowed words. Initial RA is rendered as a reph over the top right of the following consonant.

Syllable-final consonant sounds may be represented by 2 dedicated combining marks ( anusvara & visarga ). Velar consonant cluster initials may be written either using a regular character or using anusvara.

For a mapping of sounds to graphemes see consonant_mappings .

The velar and palatal nasals only occur in homorganic clusters. d,406

କ୍ଷ [ U+0B15 ORIYA LETTER KA + U+0B4D ORIYA SIGN VIRAMA + U+0B37 ORIYA LETTER SSA ] is regarded as a letter of the alphabet.

The letters ୱ [ U+0B71 ORIYA LETTER WA ] and ଵ [ U+0B35 ORIYA LETTER VA ] were added to Unicode version 4.

The subjoined forms of ୱ [ U+0B71 ORIYA LETTER WA ] and ବ [ U+0B2C ORIYA LETTER BA ] may look the same. For a discussion of the possible historical relationship between these characters see Everson/Stone e02 .

Observation: The Library of Congress transcription page says that when ବ [ U+0B2C ORIYA LETTER BA ] occurs as the second consonant of a consonant cluster (except when geminated), it is transliterated v loc . It appears, however, that it also keeps the b sound after the letters m and r .

ଵ [ U+0B35 ORIYA LETTER VA ] is described by Wiktionary as "used sporadically for the phonetic Va/Wa as an alternative for the officially recognised letter ୱ, but has not gained widespread acceptance".

Repertoire extension using nukta

The sounds ɽ and ɽʰ are written by combining ଼ [ U+0B3C ORIYA SIGN NUKTA ] with an existing consonant.

The nukta should always be typed and stored immediately after the consonant it modifies, and before any combining vowels or diacritics.

Unicode also has precomposed forms of these letters, but they decompose under Unicode Normalisation Form C (NFC). Therefore, the Unicode Standard recommends the use of the decomposed sequence.

The nukta may also be used to produce other non-native sounds. Wiktionary describes the following:

• କ଼ [ U+0B15 ORIYA LETTER KA + U+0B3C ORIYA SIGN NUKTA ] for q .
• ଖ଼ [ U+0B16 ORIYA LETTER KHA + U+0B3C ORIYA SIGN NUKTA ] for x .
• ଝ଼ [ U+0B1D ORIYA LETTER JHA + U+0B3C ORIYA SIGN NUKTA ] for ʒ .
• ଷ଼ [ U+0B37 ORIYA LETTER SSA + U+0B3C ORIYA SIGN NUKTA ] for ɻ .

Final consonants

A syllable-final nasal sound can be written using ଂ [ U+0B02 ORIYA SIGN ANUSVARA ] , eg. ଜଂତୁ ଜଂଗଲ ଏବଂ

It is optional whether the nasal sound is written using anusvara or by using a conjunct. fig_anusvara shows two ways of writing ଅଂକ . u,488

A word-final h consonant can also be written using ଃ [ U+0B03 ORIYA SIGN VISARGA ] . n,54 (In the middle of a word, it creates a geminated consonant.)

Observation: According to Wikipedia, that sound is a h , but according to Nakanishi it is a glottal stop.

Geminated consonants in the middle of a word can be written using ଃ [ U+0B03 ORIYA SIGN VISARGA ] , n,54 eg. ଦୁଃଖ

Consonant clusters

The absence of a vowel sound between two or more consonants is visually indicated in one of the following ways.

• Stacking : Reduce a non-initial consonant in size and shape and position it below the first.
• Conjoining : The two consonants sit side by side, but the second consonant has a special shape.
• Ligation : Create a fusion of the letter shapes, where it may be difficult to identify one or more of the components.
• The letter RA has its own idiosyncratic way of combining with other consonants, whether it precedes or follows them.
• Show a visible virama below the non-final consonants in the cluster.
• Use the anusvara .

See also finals and gemination .

Conjunct formation

See a table of 2-consonant clusters. The table allows you to test results for various fonts.

In Unicode, conjunct formation is achieved by adding   ୍ [ U+0B4D ORIYA SIGN VIRAMA ] between the consonants. The font hides the virama glyph automatically when a conjunct is formed.

The overwhelming majority of conjuncts in Odia are achieved by subjoining a reduced form of the non-initial consonant below the initial.

In most cases the non-initial consonant is just reduced in size, but in some cases the shape is changed, either by removing the circular top line, or in a more fundamental way.

However, when TA is the initial consonant, it is sometimes the initial that is reduced and subjoined. In other combinations, however, it retains its full form.

RA in clusters

A trailing RA has a fairly regular appearance as a subjoined glyph below the preceding consonant, although that line may join with the preceding letter shape, and therefore cause a slight change to it.

However, like many other Indian scripts, ର [ U+0B30 ORIYA LETTER RA ] at the beginning of a cluster is represented idiosyncratically, and appears as a small, superscript glyph over the top right of the following consonant.

Observation: Unlike Devanagari, it appears that the RA doesn't move over a following vowel sign, such as ା [ U+0B3E ORIYA VOWEL SIGN AA ] .

Ligated forms

Certain combinations of consonants form conjuncts by producing a merged glyph one or both of the original letters may be unrecognisable.

The following is a list of combinations that produce such an effect. Click on the items to see the component letters.

Conjoined consonants or a visible halanta

Three letters in particular tend not to stack, but sit alongside the initial consonant in the cluster.

As can be seen above, the conjoined forms for ʤ and j are identical.

The letter NYA also sits alongside the cluster initial, but the halanta may be shown below the initial letter.

Observation: Noto, Nirmala, and Kangila fonts all show the halanta below the initial consonant in the first example at fig_conjoined , but Oriya MN and Oriya Sangam MN fonts don't show it.

Triple-consonant clusters

Oriya has a number of clusters involving 3 consonants. For example, the following words contain triple-consonant clusters. As always, click on the example to see the composition. ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ତୀକ୍ଷ୍ଣ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର

Consonant sounds to characters

This section maps Odia consonant sounds to common graphemes in the Odia orthography. Click on a grapheme to find other mentions on this page (links appear at the bottom of the page). Click on the character name to see examples and for detailed descriptions of the character(s) shown.

ପ [ U+0B2A ORIYA LETTER PA ]

ବ [ U+0B2C ORIYA LETTER BA ]

ଫ [ U+0B2B ORIYA LETTER PHA ]

ଭ [ U+0B2D ORIYA LETTER BHA ]

ତ [ U+0B24 ORIYA LETTER TA ]

ଦ [ U+0B26 ORIYA LETTER DA ]

ଥ [ U+0B25 ORIYA LETTER THA ]

ଧ [ U+0B27 ORIYA LETTER DHA ]

ଟ [ U+0B1F ORIYA LETTER TTA ]

ଡ [ U+0B21 ORIYA LETTER DDA ]

ଠ [ U+0B20 ORIYA LETTER TTHA ]

ଢ [ U+0B22 ORIYA LETTER DDHA ]

କ [ U+0B15 ORIYA LETTER KA ]

ଗ [ U+0B17 ORIYA LETTER GA ]

ଖ [ U+0B16 ORIYA LETTER KHA ]

ଘ [ U+0B18 ORIYA LETTER GHA ]

ଚ [ U+0B1A ORIYA LETTER CA ]

ଜ [ U+0B1C ORIYA LETTER JA ]

ଛ [ U+0B1B ORIYA LETTER CHA ]

ଝ [ U+0B1D ORIYA LETTER JHA ]

ଯ [ U+0B2F ORIYA LETTER YA ]  

ଵ [ U+0B35 ORIYA LETTER VA ]

ଶ [ U+0B36 ORIYA LETTER SHA ]

ଷ [ U+0B37 ORIYA LETTER SSA ]

ସ [ U+0B38 ORIYA LETTER SA ]  

ହ [ U+0B39 ORIYA LETTER HA ]

ଃ [ U+0B03 ORIYA SIGN VISARGA ]

ମ [ U+0B2E ORIYA LETTER MA ]

ଂ [ U+0B02 ORIYA SIGN ANUSVARA ]

ନ [ U+0B28 ORIYA LETTER NA ]

ଞ [ U+0B1E ORIYA LETTER NYA ]

ଣ [ U+0B23 ORIYA LETTER NNA ]

ଙ [ U+0B19 ORIYA LETTER NGA ]

ୱ [ U+0B71 ORIYA LETTER WA ]

୍ବ [ U+0B4D ORIYA SIGN VIRAMA + U+0B2C ORIYA LETTER BA ]

ର [ U+0B30 ORIYA LETTER RA ]

ଋ [ U+0B0B ORIYA LETTER VOCALIC R ] as part of the vocalic ru (standalone)

ୃ [ U+0B43 ORIYA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R ] as part of the vocalic ru (vowel sign)

ଡ଼ [ U+0B21 ORIYA LETTER DDA + U+0B3C ORIYA SIGN NUKTA ]

ଡ଼ [ U+0B5C ORIYA LETTER RRA ] (precomposed) 

ଢ଼ [ U+0B22 ORIYA LETTER DDHA + U+0B3C ORIYA SIGN NUKTA ]

ଢ଼ [ U+0B5D ORIYA LETTER RHA ] (precomposed) 

ଲ [ U+0B32 ORIYA LETTER LA ]

ଳ [ U+0B33 ORIYA LETTER LLA ]

ୟ [ U+0B5F ORIYA LETTER YYA ]

Deceased honorific. ୰ [ U+0B70 ORIYA ISSHAR ] is used before the name of a deceased person.

Encoding choices

Visually, several of the standalone vowels and some vowel signs look as if they could be composed of smaller parts. This section compares approaches and considers the relevance of Unicode Normalisation Form D (NFD) and Unicode Normalisation Form C (NFC) to give guidance on which approach is best.

Encoding vowel-signs

The three circumgraphs can be written as a single character, or as two characters. In 2 of those cases, the second character is a lengthening mark.

The single code point per vowel sign is preferred, however the parts are separated in Unicode Normalisation Form D (NFD), and recomposed in Unicode Normalisation Form C (NFC), so both approaches are canonically equivalent.

Whichever approach is used, the vowel signs must be typed and stored after the consonant characters they surround, and in left to right order.

Independent vowels

The approach listed in the table below is not equivalent when the text is normalised, and therefore only the precomposed approach in the left column should be used. u,487

In addition to the problem previously mentioned, combinations on rows 2 and 3 don't have the joining bar and so won't display correctly.

Odia has its own set of native digits.

The CLDR standard-decimal pattern is #,##,##0.### . The standard-percent pattern is #,##,##0% . c

ASCII digits may also be used. msg

Odia also has a number of pre-decimal characters representing fractions.

These are used additively, with larger values appearing before smaller, eg. ୳୵ [ U+0B73 ORIYA FRACTION ONE HALF + U+0B75 ORIYA FRACTION ONE SIXTEENTH ] represents the value 5/16. u,490

The CLDR standard format for currency is ¤#,##0.00;¤-#,##0.00 , and the symbol for the Lao currency, Kip, is ₭ [ U+20AD KIP SIGN ] . c

Text direction

Odia text runs left to right in horizontal lines.

Show default bidi_class properties for characters in the Odia orthography described here.

Glyph shaping & positioning

This section brings together information about the following topics: writing styles ; cursive text ; context-based shaping ; context-based positioning ; baselines, line height, etc. ; font styles ; case & other character transforms .

You can experiment with examples using the Odia character app .

Odia text is not cursive (ie. joined up like Arabic).

The orthography has no case distinction, and no special transforms are needed to convert between characters.

Writing styles

Urdu is normally written in a nasta'liq writing style. Key features include a sloping baseline for joined letters, and overall complex shaping and positioning for base letters and diacritics alike. There are also distinctive shapes for many glyphs and ligatures.

مستحق  •  شخص  •  کیفیت

This is achieved in Unicode by applying the correct font – the underlying characters used are not different for nasta'liq vs. other styles.

کوئی شخص محض حاکم کی مرضی پر اپنی قومیت سے محروم نہیں کیا جائے گا اور اس کو قومیت تبدیل کرنے کا حق دینے سے انکار نہ کیا جائے گا۔

Context-based shaping & positioning

Odia text relies on OpenType rules to correctly position glyphs and shape them according to the surrounding text.

One major area where this applies is in the use of conjunct forms for consonant clusters .

See a table of 2-consonant clusters for Oriya.

The following is a selection of other examples of contextual shaping and positioning.

Positioning u in clusters. When a below-base vowel sign occurs with a cluster with a conjoined form it is attached to the larger glyph, rather than to the consonant it actually follows in memory and speech, eg.

Position & shape of i . After a certain consonant glyphs, in some fonts, the vowel sign for i appears in a different position and with a different shape. The first example in the table below shows the typical shape.

Other glyph variants. Nakanishi lists a number of alternative shapes for glyphs.

Explicit shaping controls

Context-based positioning.

@ pre-base vowels are visually ordered, and therefore do not need to be positioned by the font.

@ Vowel-signs, tones, and one consonant, on the other hand, are combining characters that need to be correctly positioned relative to the base character, and multiple marks can be combined with a single base character.

@ When a vowel and a final consonant sign both appear above a consonant, they are placed side by side, eg. ᬱᬫ᭄ᬧᬶᬂ sm͓piŋ̇̽ (samping) side .

@ Include info about multiple combining characters.

Baselines, line height, etc.

@ Lao has no special requirements for baseline alignment between mixed scripts and in general.

Font styling & weight

Case & other character transforms.

@ Lao has no case distinction or other correspondences between glyphs.

@ Armenian is bicameral, and applications may need to enable transforms to allow the user to switch between cases.

Grapheme clusters

Usually a typographic character unit correlates with the Unicode concept of grapheme clusters, but not in the case of conjuncts (in common with several other Indic scripts).

Conjuncts and any dependent combining characters should never be split.

This creates a problem when dealing with Unicode grapheme clusters, because they stop after reaching a virama. So conjuncts usually contain multiple grapheme clusters. This produces incorrect segmentation as seen on the right in fig_grapheme_conjunct . Applications need to tailor the grapheme cluster rules to avoid splitting conjuncts.

Unfortunately, this is harder than it seems, because whether a conjunct is formed or not usually depends on the capabilities of the font – it cannot be determined solely by looking at the code points in memory. If a font doesn't contain the glyphs to create a conjunct it will render the consonant cluster with a visible virama. In that case, the grapheme cluster approach is appropriate.

Punctuation & inline features

Word boundaries.

Hyphens may be used to separate parts of a compound word, msg,40 eg. ଡ୍ରପ୍-ଡାଉନ୍

Phrase & section boundaries

Odia uses a combination of ASCII and native punctuation.

। [ U+0964 DEVANAGARI DANDA ] and ॥ [ U+0965 DEVANAGARI DOUBLE DANDA ] are from the Unicode Devanagari block. Odia uses a space before these punctuation marks, which avoids confusion with ା [ U+0B3E ORIYA VOWEL SIGN AA ] , eg. … ଲୋପ ପାଇଗଲା ।

Bracketed text

Odia commonly uses ASCII parentheses to insert parenthetical information into text.

( [ U+0028 LEFT PARENTHESIS ] and ) [ U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS ] are used for parentheses. msg

Quotations & citations

Odia texts typically use quotation marks around quotations. Of course, due to keyboard design, quotations may also be surrounded by ASCII double and single quote marks.

Single quotation marks are used for quotations within quotations.

Abbreviation, ellipsis & repetition

Abbreviations.

Odia abbreviations use a period after the first syllable, but sometimes include more than one syllable, msg,45 eg. ବଶେଷ୍ୟ → ବ. ଉଦାହରଣ → ଉ.ଦା.

Odia uses … [ U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS ] for ellipsis, msg,40 eg. ଆଇକନ୍ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରନ୍ତୁ…

In Sanskrit, ଽ [ U+0B3D ORIYA SIGN AVAGRAHA ] is used to indicate elision, ws eg. ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟୋଽଧ୍ୟାୟଃ

Inline notes & annotations

Other punctuation.

CLDR lists the following non-ASCII punctuation marks for Odia.

Other inline text decoration

Line & paragraph layout, line breaking & hyphenation.

Lines are mostly broken at inter-word spaces.

Like most writing systems, certain characters are expected not to start or end a line. For example, periods and commas shouldn't start a line, and opening parentheses shouldn't end a line.

Show (default) line-breaking properties for characters in the modern Odia orthography.

Hyphenation/word-breaking

Because of the length of Tamil words, hyphenation is useful during layout, but it isn't easy to do because of the complexity of Tamil words.

Hyphenation must take place at syllable boundaries. A hyphen is added at the end of the line when a word is hyphenated.

Prabhakar p proposes rules that single characters should be avoided at line start/end, especially characters with nukta at line start, and a word with 5 characters including 3 consecutive consonants can't be split. He says that due to the fact that Tamil is highly inflexional, morphological or pattern based approaches are needed, rather than simple dictionary lookup.

Text alignment & justification

Text spacing.

This section looks at ways in which spacing is applied between characters over and above that which is introduced during justification.

Odia uses the so-called 'alphabetic' baseline, which is the same as for Latin and many other scripts.

The Lao characters are generally about the same size as the Latin x-height. fig_baselines shows glyphs from the Noto Serif fonts. The basic height of Lao letters is just slightly larger than the Latin x-height, however ascenders and vowel signs, especially when accompanied by tone marks, rise well above the Latin ascenders. Below the baseline descenders and vowel signs stay within the Latin descender depth.

Counters, lists, etc.

You can experiment with counter styles using the Counter styles converter . Patterns for using these styles in CSS can be found in Ready-made Counter Styles , and we use the names of those patterns here to refer to the various styles.

The oriya numeric style is decimal-based and uses these digits. rmcs

Styling initials

Page & book layout.

This section is for any features that are specific to Odia and that relate to the following topics: general page layout & progression ; grids & tables ; notes, footnotes, etc ; forms & user interaction ; page numbering, running headers, etc .

General page layout & progression

Grids & tables, notes, footnotes, etc, forms & user interaction, page numbering, running headers, etc, historical information, orthographic development & variants.

In 2019 the design of Adlam letter glyphs was overhauled in a proposal to the Unicode Consortium, which resulted in changes to the code chart. p

Typical changes involved standardising the shapes across cursive forms, better distinctions between lower and uppercase forms, removal of some ascenders to avoid diacritic collisions, and then addition of some small ascenders to help distinguish joined forms.

There were also some significant shape changes, particularly to make supplementary letters look more like those used for similar, standard sounds, or to make letters easier to read.

Although there are not many Adlam Unicode fonts, and they will be changed, legacy forms are likely to persist for some time alongside the new forms.

The 2017 release of the Noto Sans Adlam font (still in use in early 2020) contained a set of glyphs that sometimes matched one or other of the shapes shown in variant_shapes , and sometimes used completely different shapes from either. The Noto fonts were updated to the new shapes in September 2020.

Click here to also show in variant_shapes shapes produced by the Noto Sans Adlam font at the start of 2020. Red underlines highlight some characters that don't resemble either of the other charts.

Historical approaches to justification

In the early stages of Adlam typography it was quite common to see full justification of printed text that was produced by stretching baselines, rather than by adjusting inter-word spaces. This was influenced by the use of keyboards based on Arabic code points. Handwritten documents, however, were not justified in this way.

Observation: The Winden Jangen site has scans of a number of books which apply full justification. The method of justification appears to be elongation of the baseline, with no affect on the inter-word spacing. See fig_justification . In narrow columns this can produce some exaggerated stretching, as seen in fig_justification_wide . There are many passages in the samples available that apply this exaggerated stretching. Some content also applies justification to the last line in a paragraph, which sometimes produces even wider elongations.

Online resources

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
• The Bible in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

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CBSE Sample Papers for Class 10th Odia: PDF, Books

Aparna Singh ,

Mar 4, 2024 | CBSE 10th

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Get the PDF files for CBSE sample papers for Class 10th Odia, marking schemes, reference books, and links for additional sample papers.

The CBSE sample papers for class 10th Odia is designed and engagingly. The marks allotment as per questions is also justified, and the students will not have a hard time solving the papers. They will perceive the new exam pattern with a bifurcated syllabus and prepare accordingly.

In many parts of India, language is prioritised in second languages under the CBSE syllabus, and Odia is one of them. It is the state language of Odisha and is also used for official documentation. This makes the CBSE sample papers for class 10th Odia a central paper for the learners of Odisha. It is paramount because it will enable the students to prepare for service exams accordingly.

Sample papers also aid in reducing the stress of the students as they get to understand the pattern of the question marking schemes and can also skip some questions and reduce a lot of time and effort. Class 10th is a very critical juncture in the life of students, and therefore having a guide can be very resourceful and motivational. Furthermore, solving sample papers gives a sense of accomplishment to the students as they get a purpose for completing the syllabus. 

Table of Content

CBSE Sample Paper for Class 10th Odia

Cbse class 10th odia marking scheme, features of cbse sample papers class 10th odia.

• About Odia Question Paper

CBSE Class 10th Odia Reference Books

Latest News on CBSE 10th

• CBSE Class 10th Results 2022 Released
• CBSE 10th Result 2022 Out: Use CBSE Roll Number Finder to Check Results
• CBSE Class 10th Board Result 2022 on UMANG App
• CBSE Board 10th Results 2022: Region-wise Passing Percentage, Trivandrum Tops the List

Students may use sample papers to analyze their strengths and weaknesses, and they must focus on weak areas to improve their marks. Students do better when they practice sample papers and focus on strengthening their most vulnerable sections. Students must download the complete CBSE class 10th sample paper in PDF file format to prepare for the board examinations and score good marks. 

The question paper contains 11 questions which are of 80 marks. The time allotted for the CBSE board exam is 3 hours. Before we go through the sample papers, please go through the exam pattern given below:

You can checkout blueprint with section-wise marks for CBSE class 10th Odia below:

Download Marking Scheme for CBSE Class 10th Odia

Read More: BSE Odisha 10th Model Paper

The features of CBSE Sample Papers Class 10th Odia is listed below:

• Subject experts have prepared the sample papers.
• It has objective and subjective questions.
• The paper is set for 80 marks.
• It is divided into sections.
• The sections combined have 1, 2, 5 & 8 marks, respectively.

About O dia Question Paper

It is said that learning in one's mother tongue can be very helpful at times as it becomes a comfort zone. This comfort zone of students will be an advantage. This could be treated as the beginning of language studies.

Odia is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 3.2% of India's population. It is also spoken in other states in India, such as West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh. Odia language is a part of the CBSE class 10th syllabus. The syllabus includes prose, poetry, and grammar lessons in this language, which NCERT explores in depth.

The CBSE class 10th Odia language syllabus consists of four sections:

• Reading: In this section, more emphasis is given to reading exercises.
• Writing: In this section, more emphasis is given to writing comprehension
• Grammar: In this section, the emphasis is on the parts of speeches and their correct uses.
• Literature: In this section, the emphasis is laid on understanding literature.

Studying a language is not just about the grammar of that language. It is also a cultural study in itself, and it helps to research the very people through the language only if one is interested in language studies in the first place. However, this is possible when the learner pays attention to the language. The CBSE sample papers for class 10th Odia language are a way to assimilate that knack into the learners' minds by constantly practising the sample papers.

Below are the names of the reference books to learn the CBSE 10th Odia language. With the help of these preferred books, students can easily understand and can practise their grammar and writing skills ideally:

• Sahitya Sindhu (Class-X)-2012 (1st Edition) Published by - Board of Secondary Education, Odisha
• Madhyamika Byakarana (Class X) – 2012 (1st Edition) Published by – Board of Secondary Education, Odisha

Related Links

• CBSE Roll Number Finder 2022
• CBSE Revaluation 2022

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Essay on Diwali Festival in Odia Language : In this article " ଦୀପାବଳୀ ଉତ୍ସବ ରଚନା ", " Deepavali rachana in odia re  for students of class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

Odia Essay on " Diwali Festival ", " ଦୀପାବଳୀ ଉତ୍ସବ ରଚନା " for Students

ଉପକ୍ରମ : ଆଗ୍ନୀନ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣିମାର ଜ୍ୟୋସ୍ମାଧବଳ ରଜନୀଠାରୁ ବିଦାୟ ନେଇ କୁମାରୀ କଣ୍ଠର ସୁମଧୁର ସଂଗୀତ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଧରଣୀ ବକ୍ଷରୁ ଅପସରି ଯାଏ ଶରତ ଋତୁ । ଗନ୍ଧ ବିଭୋର ଶେଫାଳି ଫୁଲ ରାତ୍ରି ଶେଷର ଶୀତଳ ପ୍ରହରରେ ତୋଳି ଦିଏ ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧାଞ୍ଜଳି । ବିରହିଣୀ ନାରୀ ତୁଲ୍ୟ ନଦୀପଠାରେ ପ୍ଲାନ ହୋଇ ଆସେ ହାସ୍ୟମୟୀ କାଶଫୁଲର ଅଙ୍ଗ ଲାବଣ୍ୟ । ଶୁଭୁ ଶରତକୁ ବିଦାୟ ଜଣାଇ ଧବଳ ବକପୁଞ୍ଜ ପକ୍ଷ ମେଲି ଉଡିଯାଆନ୍ତି ସୁଦୁର ଦିଗବଳୟ ଧାରକୁ । ବିନ୍ଦୁ ବିନ୍ଦୁ ଶିଶିରପାତ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଧରଣୀରେ ଉପଗତ ହୁଏ ହେମନ୍ତ ରତୁ । ଜଗତ୍‌ଜନନୀ। ମହାମାୟାଙ୍କୁ ବିଦାୟ ଦେଇ ପାର୍ବଣ ଶେଷର ନିରାନନ୍ଦ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ନୀରବ ହୋଇଯାଇଥିବା ଜନପ୍ରାଣୀ ପୁଣି ଥରେ ଆଶାର ଆଲୋକରେ ଉଜ୍ଜଳି ଉଠନ୍ତି । କାର୍ତ୍ତିକ ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା ରାତ୍ରିର ନିରନ୍ଧ୍ର ଅନ୍ଧକାର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆଲୋକର ଦିହୁଡ଼ି ଜାଳି ଉପଗତ ହୁଏ ଦୀପାବଳୀ । ଦୀପାବଳୀ ହେଉଛି ହିନ୍ଦୁମାନଙ୍କର ଏକ ପାରମ୍ପରିକ ପର୍ବ । ଏହା ହେଉଛି ଆଲୋକର ପର୍ବ, ଆନନ୍ଦ ଓ ଉତ୍ସାହର ପର୍ବ ।

ଦୀପାବଳୀର ତାତ୍ପର୍ଯ୍ୟ : କେଉଁ ସୁଦୂର ଅତୀତ କାଳରୁ ପାରମ୍ପରିକ କ୍ରମେ ହିନ୍ଦୁମାନେ ଏହି ପର୍ବକୁ ଅନ୍ତରର ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧା ଓ ଭକ୍ତିର ସହିତ ପାଳନ କରିଆସୁଛନ୍ତି । କାର୍ତ୍ତିକ ମାସ ଅମାବାସ୍ୟା ତିଥିଟି ହିଁ ହେଉଛି ଦୀପାବଳୀ । ପୂର୍ବପୁରୁଷଙ୍କ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଭକ୍ତପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧା ନିବେଦନ କରି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ହିନ୍ଦୁ । ପରିବାରରେ ଏହି ଦିନ ଦୀପଦାନ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ । ଘୃତାକ୍ତ କାଉଁରିଆ କାଠିର ଅଗ୍ରଭାଗରେ ଅଗ୍ନି ସଂଯୋଗ କରି ତାହାକୁ ଶୂନ୍ୟକୁ ଦେଖାଇ ଗୃହସ୍ଥମାନେ ପିତୃପୁରୁଷମାନଙ୍କ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଆହ୍ବାନ କରି କହନ୍ତି, “ବଡବଡୁଆ ହୋ, ଅନ୍ଧାରରେ ଆସ, ଆଲୁଅରେ ଯାଅ । ଗଙ୍ଗା । ଯାଅ, ଗୟା ଯାଅ, ଶ୍ରୀ ପୁରୁଷୋତ୍ତମ ଯାଅ, ବାଇଶି ପାହାଚରେ ଗଡ଼ ଗଡ଼ାଉଥାଅ ।” ମନେହୁଏ ସତେ ଯେପରି ଅଶରୀରୀ ପୂର୍ବଜମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଆତ୍ମଜମାନଙ୍କର ଭକ୍ତିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଶ୍ରଦ୍ଧାଞ୍ଜଳି ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବାକୁ ବର୍ଷରେ ଥରେ ଏହିଦିନ ଅନ୍ଧାରରେ ଆସି, ଗଙ୍ଗା, ଗୟା ଓ ଶ୍ରୀକ୍ଷେତ୍ର ଭଳି ପବିତ୍ର ସ୍ଥାନ ଦର୍ଶନ କରି ଶେଷରେ ଆଲୋକ ଡ଼େଇ ଫେରିଯାଆନ୍ତି ।

ଏହି ଦିବସରେ ପୂର୍ବପୁରୁଷମାନଙ୍କ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଗୟାରେ ପିଣ୍ଡଦାନର ପରମ୍ପରା ପ୍ରଚଳିତ । ପୂର୍ବପୁରୁଷମାନଙ୍କର ସ୍ମରଣ ଓ ଆବାହନ ହେଉଛି ଏହି ପର୍ବର ପ୍ରଧାନ ତାତ୍ପର୍ଯ୍ୟ । ଦରିଦ୍ର କୁଟୀରବାସୀଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ପ୍ରାସାଦବାସୀ ଧନୀକଙ୍କ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସମସ୍ତେ ଏହି ରାତ୍ରିରେ ନିଜର ଗୃହାଙ୍ଗନକୁ ଦୀପାଲୋକରେ ଆଲୋକିତ କରିଥା’ଛି । ଉତ୍ତର ଭାରତର କେତେକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଏହି ଦିବସରେ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ଏବଂ ଗଣେଶଙ୍କର ମୂର୍ତ୍ତି ପୂଜାର ବିଧ ପ୍ରଚଳିତ ଅଛି । ଘରଦ୍ବାର ସଫାକରି, ରଙ୍ଗିନ ମୁରୁଜରେ ଚଟାଣରେ ଝୋଟି ଅଙ୍କନ କରି, ନବବସ୍ତ୍ର । ପରିଧାନ କରି, ପୁଣି ପ୍ରିୟ ଓ ପ୍ରତିବେଶୀମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ମିଷ୍ଟାନ୍ନ ବଣ୍ଟନ ପୂର୍ବକ ସେମାନେ ଦୀପାବଳୀର ଶୁଭେଚ୍ଛା ଜ୍ଞାପନ କରନ୍ତି । ସେଥ ସହିତ ମାଟି ଦୀପର ସୁସଜିତ ଆଲୋକମାଳା ଏବଂ ଆନନ୍ଦର କଳରୋଳ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ହାବେଳି, ଫୁଲଝରି ଓ ଘଡ଼ିବାଣର ସଶବ୍ଦ ସମାରୋହ ସାନ୍ଧ୍ୟା ପରିବେଶକୁ ଅଧୁକ ରଙ୍ଗମୟ କରେ ।

ଉତ୍କଳ ଖଣ୍ଡରେ ଦୀପାବଳୀ ସହିତ କାଳିପୂଜା ହେଉଛି ଏକ ବିଶେଷ ପର୍ବ । ମହାମାୟା ଦୁର୍ଗାଙ୍କ ଭଳି ପୂଜାମଣ୍ଡପରେ ମହାକାଳୀଙ୍କର ମୃଣ୍ମୟୀ ପ୍ରତିମା ସ୍ଥାପନ କରି ଏହି ଅବସରରେ ଯଥାବିଧ ପୂଜାର୍ଚ୍ଚନା କରାଯାଏ । ପୂଜା ପରେ ସାଡ଼ମ୍ବର ଶୋଭାଯାତ୍ରାରେ ମେଢ଼କୁ ନେଇ ଜଳରେ ବିସର୍ଜନ କରାଯାଏ ।

ଦୀପାବଳୀର ପୌରାଣିକ ପୃଷ୍ଠଭୂମି : ଦୀପାବଳୀର ଧାର୍ମିକ ତାତ୍ପର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ବହୁ କଥା କୁହାଯାଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହା ପାଶ୍ଚାତରେ ଏକ ପୌରାଣିକ କିମ୍ବଦନ୍ତୀ ନିହିତ ଥିବାର ଜଣାଯାଏ । ଲଙ୍କା ବିଜୟ କରି ରାମ, ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମଣ, ସୀତା ଓ ହନୁମାନ ଅଯୋଧାକୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିବାପରେ ଆନନ୍ଦ ବିଭୋର ଅଯୋଧାବାସୀ । ସମଗ୍ର ନଗରକୁ ଆଲୋକମାଳାରେ ବିଭୂଷିତ କରି ବିଜୟ ଉତ୍ସବ ପାଳନ କରିଥିଲେ । ସେମାନଙ୍କ ବିଚାରରେ ବର୍ଷର ସବୁଠାରୁ ଅନ୍ଧକାର ରାତ୍ରିକୁ ଆଲୋକମୟ କରି ଅସତ୍ୟର ଅନ୍ଧକାର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସତ୍ୟରୁପେ ଆଲୋକର ଆବାହନ କରିବା ହେଉଛି ଏହି ଉତ୍ସବର ତାତ୍ପର୍ଯ୍ୟ ।

ଆଲୋକସଜା ଓ ଆସବାଜି : ଆଧୁନିକ କାଳରେ ଜନସାଧାରଣ ଦୀପାବଳୀର ଧାର୍ମିକ ବା ଆଧାୟିକ ମହତ୍ତ୍ବ ପ୍ରତି ସଚେତନ ନ ରହି ଏହାକୁ ଏକ ଆଲୋକ ଓ ଆସବାଜିର ପର୍ବ ବୋଲି ବିଚାର କରିଥାଆନ୍ତି । ମାଟିର ଦୀପାବଳୀ ଓ ମହମବତିଠାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ବଣ୍ଡିଳ ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ ଆଲୋକରେ ଯେତେବେଳେ ପୁରପଲ୍ଲୀ ସହର ବଜାର ଉଭାସିତ ହୋଇଉଠେ, ସେତେବେଳେ ମନେହୁଏ, ସତେ ଯେପରି ସ୍ୱର୍ଗ ସହିତ ମର୍ତ୍ତ୍ୟଲୋକ ଏକ ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତାରେ ଅବତୀର୍ଣ୍ଣ ହୋଇ ନିଜର ଔଜଲ୍ୟରେ ଦେବଲୋକକୁ ଚମକୃତ କରିଦେଇଛି ।

ଆଲୋକ ସହିତ ଆତସବାଜିର ପ୍ରତିଯୋଗିତା ହେଉଛି ଏହି ପର୍ବର ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ବିଶେଷ ଆକର୍ଷଣ । ପରିବାରର ଛୋଟ ଛୋଟ ଶିଶୁଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ଯୁବକ ଓ ତରୁଣଙ୍କ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସମସ୍ତେ ବାଣ ଫୁଟାଇବା ଆମୋଦ ଓ ଉନ୍ମାଦନାରେ ଏକାକାର ହୋଇ ଯାଆନ୍ତି । ଉଭାସିତ ଆଲୋକମାଳା ସହିତ ଫୋଟକା ବାଣର ଘନଘନ ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଆକାଶ ପୃଥବୀ ପ୍ରକମ୍ପିତ ହୋଇଉଠେ । ମନେହୁଏ କେଉଁ ଏକ ଭୟାବହ ସଂଗ୍ରାମରେ ଜୟଯୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇ ବିଜୟୀ ଯୋଦ୍ଧାମାନେ ଆନନ୍ଦରେ ଉବେଳ ହୋଇଉଠିଛନ୍ତି ।

ଛୋଟ ଛୋଟ ଶିଶୁମାନଙ୍କର ହାସ୍ୟାଜଳ ମୁଖମଣ୍ଡଳକୁ ଉଭାସିତ କରି ସେମାନଙ୍କ ହାତରେ ଥିବା ଫୁଲଝରିରୁ ଝରି ପଡୁଥିବା ରୂପେଲି ଆଲୋକ କଣିକା ଏକ ଆମୋଦପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମଧୁର ପରିବେଶ ସୃଷ୍ଟିକରେ । ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଭୟ ମିଶ୍ରିତ ନିରୀହ ମୁଖମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ପରିତୃପ୍ତିର ହସ, ପୁଣି ଅଧୁକ ଉପଭୋଗ ପାଇଁ ବୟସ୍କମାନଙ୍କ ନିକଟରେ ସାଗ୍ରହ ଅନୁରୋଧ ଏକ ସ୍କୁଚିହୀନ ନିର୍ବୋଷ ଆନନ୍ଦରେ ପରିବାରକୁ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କରିଦିଏ । ଦୀପାବଳୀର ପୂର୍ବ ଓ ପର ଏହି ଭଳି କେତେଦିନ ଧରି ଏହି ପର୍ବ ଚାଲିଥାଏ ।

ଦୀପାବଳୀର ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣ : ଦୀପାବଳୀକୁ କେବଳ ଏକ ଧାର୍ମିକ, ଆଧାତ୍ସକ ବା ଆମୋଦଯୁକ୍ତ ସାମାଜିକ ପର୍ବ ବୋଲି ବିଚାର କରାଯାଉଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହା ପାଶ୍ଚାତରେ ଏକ ବିଜ୍ଞାନସମ୍ମତ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣ ନିହିତ ଅଛି । ବର୍ଷର ଶେଷ ଭାଗରେ ଶିଶିର ଶୀତଳ ହେମନ୍ତ ଋତୁର କ୍ରମ ଆଗମନ ହେଉଥିବା ସମୟରେ ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ କୀଟପତଙ୍ଗ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ହୋଇଯାଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଦୀପାବଳୀର ଆଲୋକସଜା ଓ ଆତସବାଜିର ବିସ୍ତୋରଣ ଜନିତ ବାରୁଦ ଗନ୍ଧରେ ସେମାନେ ମୃତ୍ୟୁବରଣ କରନ୍ତି । ଫଳରେ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳ କୀଟପତଙ୍ଗମୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇ ଏକ ନିର୍ମଳ ପରିବେଶ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ ।

ଦୀପାବଳୀ ଓ ପରିବେଶ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ : ଆନନ୍ଦମୁଖର ଦୀପାବଳୀ ଆଧୁନିକ କାଳରେ ତା’ର ଧାର୍ମିକ ଓ ଆଧାୟିକ ଉପାଦେୟତାଟିକୁ ହରାଇ କେବଳ ଏକ ଆମୋଦଯୁକ୍ତ ବିଳାସରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଛି । ନିର୍ବିଚାର ଭାବରେ ଯେତିକି ବାଣଫୁଟାଇ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ଅଙ୍ଗାରକାମ୍ଳ ବାଷପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କରାଯାଉଛି, ତାହା ପରିବେଶ ପ୍ରତି ସଂକଟ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଛି । ଅନାବଶ୍ୟକ ଭାବେ ଦେଶରେ ଏହି ଦିବସରେ କୋଟି କୋଟି ଟଙ୍କାର ବାରୁଦ ପୋଡ଼ି ନଷ୍ଟ କରାଯାଉଛି । କେଳବ ସନ୍ଧ୍ୟା ମୁହୁର୍ଭଟି ନୁହେଁ, ବିଳମ୍ବିତ ରାତ୍ରି ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଚାଲୁରହିବା ଫଳରେ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ସହିତ ଶବ୍ଦ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ହୋଇ ଅଶ୍ଵସ୍ତିକର ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରୁଛି ।

ଦୀପାବଳୀର ଆନନ୍ଦକୁ ନିରାନନ୍ଦରେ ପରିଣତ କରିଥାଏ ଛୋଟ ବଡ଼ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା । ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ବହୁ ଶିଶୁ ଏଭଳି ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣାର ଶିକାର ହୋଇ ସାରା ଜୀବନ ଅକର୍ମଣ୍ୟ ହୋଇ ରହୁଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଜନସାଧାରଣ ଏହି ଦିଗରେ କୃଚିତ ସଚେତନ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି । ଆତସବାଜି ଫୁଟାଇବାରେ କେତେକ ଆଇନଗତ କଟକଣା ଜାରି କରାଯାଉଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଉତ୍ସବ ପାଗଳ ଜନସାଧାରଣ ସେଥିପ୍ରତି ଭୂକ୍ଷେପ କରୁନାହାଁନ୍ତି ।

ଶେଷକଥା : ଆଲୋକ ହେଉଛି ଆନନ୍ଦର ଉତ୍ସ, ଆଲୋକ ହେଉଛି ଜୀବନର ପ୍ରତୀକ । ଅନ୍ଧକାରରୂପୀ ଅଜ୍ଞତା, ଅବିଚାର ଓ ଅଶ୍ମଳତାକୁ ଆଲୋକର ସ୍ପର୍ଶରେ ଦୂରକରିବାକୁ ଯୁଗ ଯୁଗ ଧରି ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରି ଆସିଛି । ଦୀପାବଳୀ ହେଉଛି ତାହାର ପ୍ରତୀକ । ଭୋଗବାଦୀ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ତା’ର ଅସଲ ତାତ୍ପର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ହୃଦୟଙ୍ଗମ ନ କରି କେବଳ ଏକ ଐଶ୍ୱର୍ଯ୍ୟଯୁକ୍ତ ଅହଂକାରରେ ଏହି ଉତ୍ସବକୁ ପାଳନ କରିବାକୁ ଯେଭଳି ଭନ୍ତିଖ ହୋଇଉଠିଛି, ତାହା ସ୍ପୃହଣୀୟ ନୁହେଁ ।

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OPSC OAS Compulsory Papers: Odia and English

Paper-i: odia language.

The pattern of Questions shall be broadly as follows:

• Comprehension of a given passage
• Precis writing
• Translation from English to Odia and vice-versa
• Usage and Vocabulary
• Short Essays

Total : 250 Marks

Paper-II: English Language

• Short Essay
• Each of the Papers i.e. Paper-I (Odia Language) and Paper-II (English) will be of Matriculation standard and shall be qualifying in nature. The marks obtained in these tow papers shall not be counted for ranking.
• The aim of the papers on Odia Language and English is to test the candidates’ ability to read and understand discursive prose, and to express his ideas clearly and correctly in Odia and English language.
• Qualifying marks in these papers is 25% of the total marks in each papers.

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OPSC OAS 2023: Notification | Exam Pattern | Prelims Syllabus

Essay on My State Odisha

Students are often asked to write an essay on My State Odisha in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on My State Odisha

Introduction.

Odisha, formerly known as Orissa, is an eastern Indian state. It is surrounded by West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh. Its capital is Bhubaneswar.

Natural Beauty

Odisha is known for its scenic beauty. It has a long coastline with beautiful beaches like Puri and Gopalpur. It also boasts of lush green forests, home to diverse wildlife.

Culture and Heritage

Odisha’s culture is rich and diverse. The state is famous for its classical dance Odissi, and its temples, especially the Sun Temple of Konark and Jagannath Temple in Puri.

The economy of Odisha is primarily based on agriculture, industries like steel and aluminium, and tourism. The state is also a major producer of rice in India.

250 Words Essay on My State Odisha

Geographical landscape.

Odisha, formerly known as Orissa, is a culturally rich state located in the eastern part of India. It is renowned for its lush green landscapes, extensive coastline, and a plethora of tribal cultures. The state is surrounded by West Bengal to the northeast, Jharkhand to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west and northwest, and Andhra Pradesh to the south.

Cultural Heritage

The cultural heritage of Odisha is deep-rooted in its classical music, dance, drama, and art. Odissi, one of the oldest surviving dance forms of India, originated in Odisha. The state’s art and architecture are prominently reflected in the ancient temples of Bhubaneswar, Puri, and Konark, famously known as the “Golden Triangle” of eastern India.

Economy and Industry

Primarily an agrarian economy, Odisha is also rich in mineral resources like coal, bauxite, and iron ore, making it a significant player in India’s industrial sector. The state has made substantial progress in sectors such as steel, aluminum, power, refineries, and ports, contributing significantly to its economic development.

Education and Social Indices

Odisha has made significant strides in education, with numerous universities and colleges offering a wide range of courses. However, the state still grapples with challenges related to literacy rates and quality education, particularly in rural and tribal areas.

Environmental Concerns and Sustainability

Odisha’s extensive coastline and varied topography make it prone to natural disasters like cyclones and floods. The state’s focus on sustainable development and disaster management is crucial for preserving its rich biodiversity and ensuring the well-being of its residents.

In conclusion, Odisha is a state that beautifully blends tradition with modernity. It is a testament to India’s diverse culture, rich history, and economic potential.

500 Words Essay on My State Odisha

Odisha, located on the eastern coast of India, is a state rich in history, culture, and natural beauty. It is a land of diverse landscapes, from coastal beaches to forested mountains, and a hub of ancient architecture and vibrant traditions.

Historical Significance

Odisha’s history traces back to the ancient Kalinga kingdom, which was a prominent maritime and trading power. The famous Kalinga War, fought between Emperor Ashoka and the Kalinga kingdom, led to a significant turning point in Ashoka’s life, prompting him to embrace Buddhism. The Ashokan edicts, scattered across the state, are a testament to this transformation and an integral part of Odisha’s historical legacy.

Odisha is a melting pot of various cultures, each with its unique customs and traditions. The state is renowned for its classical dance form, Odissi, which is one of the oldest surviving dance forms in India. Odisha’s rich literary tradition, with works in Oriya language dating back to the 13th century, is another significant aspect of its cultural heritage.

Architectural Marvels

Odisha houses some of the most magnificent architectural marvels in the form of temples. The Sun Temple at Konark, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is one of the most iconic examples of ancient Indian architecture. The intricately carved stone wheels and the chariot-shaped structure are a testament to the exceptional craftsmanship of the era. Similarly, the Jagannath Temple in Puri, one of the four sacred ‘Char Dham’ pilgrimage sites for Hindus, holds immense religious and architectural significance.

Odisha’s diverse geography offers a rich array of natural beauty. The state’s coastline, stretching over 480 kilometers, boasts beautiful beaches like Puri and Gopalpur. The Chilika Lake, Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon, is a paradise for bird watchers, hosting a plethora of migratory birds during winter. The lush green forests of Simlipal and Satkosia are home to a wide range of flora and fauna, providing an immersive experience for nature enthusiasts.

Economic Potential

Odisha’s economy has shown promising growth over the years. The state is rich in mineral resources, including coal, iron ore, and bauxite, making it a significant player in India’s mining sector. Odisha’s coastline and ports present ample opportunities for maritime trade and the development of a blue economy. The state’s focus on sectors like tourism, agriculture, and IT also points towards a balanced and sustainable economic future.

Odisha, with its rich history, cultural heritage, architectural marvels, and natural beauty, is a state that captivates the heart and mind. Its economic potential, coupled with its diverse resources, positions it as an important state in India’s growth story. As we delve deeper into understanding Odisha, we find a compelling narrative of resilience, transformation, and progress, making it a fascinating subject of study for college students.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

• Essay on Odisha
• Essay on Importance of Ocean
• Essay on Ocean

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!

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How to Do Hanging Indent in Word for Your Essay? [For Students]

Referencing can be a really dreadful task, especially when you're required to follow specific formatting styles like APA, MLA, or Chicago. These styles often demand hanging indents for organizing the bibliography page, and getting them right can be a challenge. In this article, we'll show you how to add hanging indents in Microsoft Word, making it easier for students to format their references correctly.

Hanging Indents in APA, MLA and Chicago Style

When crafting essays in some of the most widely used academic styles, like APA, MLA, and Chicago, proper formatting is key. One essential element for a well-organized bibliography in all three of these academic styles is the hanging indent .

A hanging indent is a specific text formatting technique where the first line of a paragraph remains flush with the left margin, while all subsequent lines are indented a designated amount. In the context of bibliographies, this creates a visually distinct presentation for each source.

The first line of each citation (typically the author's name) starts at the left margin, while subsequent lines (publication details, title, etc.) are indented by half an inch.

Similar to APA, the first line (usually the title of the work) stands out at the left margin, and subsequent lines containing author information and publication details are indented by half an inch.

The first line of each reference (often the author's name) remains flush with the left margin, while the following lines with publication details are indented slightly (specific indentation amount may vary depending on the reference type).

To ensure accessibility across various devices, including mobile, Windows, and Mac, I'll be using WPS Office for this demonstration. I've found WPS Office to be an incredibly user-friendly office suite, and the fact that it's available for free makes it even more appealing, especially for students. By following along with the steps using WPS Office, you can avoid any potential confusion and seamlessly navigate through the demo.

WPS Office is also compatible with all Word document versions and offers the convenience of converting your papers to PDF without losing formatting, making it a versatile and reliable choice for academic and professional tasks alike.

How to Do Hanging Indent Quickly in Word for Your Essay

Working on essays and formatting them according to the required academic style is crucial because grades depend on it. Moreover, many academic styles require hanging indents in references, so learning how to create hanging indents in Word can be very useful and rewarding!

Since hanging indent is a feature that is not readily visible in the interface, it can be a bit challenging to find while formatting citations in Word. Let's dive right in and explore two different methods to add hanging indents in Word using WPS Office, which can be extremely helpful for students in the long run.

Using Paragraph Option

Let's see how we can add a hanging indent in Word using the paragraph options.

Step 1 : Let's open the document in WPS Office where we need to do the formatting.

Step 2 : Select the text using your mouse on which you want to apply hanging indent formatting.

Step 3 : Right-click to open the context menu, and then click on "Paragraph" to access the paragraph options.

Step 4 : Now, in the Indentation section, navigate to the "Special" field and select "Hanging" from the options.

Step 5 : Ensure that the indent is set to "0.5" in the "By" field. Pay attention to the unit of measurement next to the "By" field and make sure it is set to "inch".

Step 6 : Once the indentation settings have been adjusted, click on OK.

Using the Ruler

Another method that involves using the ruler to add a hanging indent is a rather interactive approach. Let's explore the steps to add a hanging indent using the ruler.

Step 1 : Select the text on WPS Office that you want to format.

Step 2 : After selecting the text, go to the "View" tab in the ribbon menu and ensure that the "Ruler" option is checked to display the ruler.

Step 3 : Now, on the ruler, drag the bottom triangle to add the hanging indent. Ensure that you move the ruler by just 0.5 inches to apply the formatting according to the academic style.

Shortcut for Hanging Indents in Word

Here's a breakdown on how to quickly apply hanging indents in Microsoft Word using keyboard shortcuts, whether you're on Windows or Mac:

Shortcut for Windows:

Step 1 : Open your Microsoft Word document on your Windows system.

Step 2 : Highlight the text you want to format with a hanging indent.

Step 3 : Press Ctrl + T on your keyboard.

Shortcut for Mac:

Step 1 : Open your Microsoft Word document on your Mac.

Step 2 : Select the text you want to format with a hanging indent.

Step 3 : Press Shift + Command + T on your keyboard.

Bonus Tips: How to Convert Word to PDF Without Losing Format

APA, MLA, and Chicago formatting can be tricky, but the real test comes when converting your work to a PDF. Often, this final step disrupts your carefully crafted format, leading to frustration. WPS PDF is a student-friendly tool that simplifies this process, helping you maintain consistent formatting without the stress. It ensures your paper looks as it should, preventing those moments when you're tempted to pull your hair out.

WPS Office is a complete tool that allows you to create, edit, and format documents with ease. It supports all major Word document formats, so you don't need to worry about compatibility issues. With its simple interface and robust features, WPS Office is perfect for students and writers who need to follow strict formatting guidelines.

Let's explore how users can convert their Word documents into PDF format using WPS Office.

Step 1 : Open your written essay document in WPS Office.

Step 2 : Click on the Menu button located in the top left corner.

Step 3 : In the menu, click on "Save as", and then select "Other formats" from the flyout menu.

Step 4 : Now, you will see the Save option. Choose "PDF Format" from the "File Type" field.

Step 5 : Finally, click Save to convert your Word document to PDF .

FAQs About Hanging Indents in Word

Q1. where is hanging indent in word on mac.

Hanging indent is present in the paragraph options on Mac. Simply click on the "Format" menu, then choose "Paragraph," and you'll find it there.

Q2. Why is my hanging indent not working?

Possible Reasons for Hanging Indent Issue:

Hard or soft returns after each line : This disrupts the natural flow of the text, causing the hanging indent to apply to the entire text instead of just the selected part. Remove any hard or soft returns after each line to overcome this issue. Lines should wrap naturally without any inserted returns to ensure the hanging indent works properly.

Incorrect application of the hanging indent : Incorrectly following the steps to apply the hanging indent can lead to the entire text being indented instead of just the desired portion. Follow these steps carefully to ensure that you add the indent correctly:

Step 1 : Navigate to the Format menu.

Step 2 : Choose "Align & Indent" followed by "Indent options".

Step 3 : Within the Indent options, select "Special".

Step 4 : Click on the arrows in the Special menu and choose "Hanging".

Step 5 : Finally, press the "Apply" button.

Q3. Do you need a hanging indent?

Hanging indents make it easier to spot the gaps between different citations and find authors' names in a bibliography. It's important to format your works cited or bibliography correctly. This format enhances readability by visually separating each entry, making it quicker to find author names. It also ensures a neat and organized look, which is essential for maintaining a professional appearance. While hanging indents are standard for styles like Chicago, APA, or MLA, it's always a good idea to check your assignment guidelines to see if this formatting is required before you begin writing.

Learn Indent Essentials with WPS Office

Formatting is crucial when writing an academic paper, and understanding the significance of elements like hanging indents is key, especially in major formatting styles like MLA, APA, and Chicago. Learning how to apply hanging indents and properly cite references is essential to avoid losing marks unnecessarily. With WPS Office, managing formatting becomes effortless, thanks to its user-friendly features and integrated AI for document handling. Download WPS Office now to streamline your document creation and ensure your academic papers meet the required standards.

• 1. How to create a hanging indent in WPS Writer
• 2. How to increase or decrease indent in WPS Writer
• 3. How to set hanging indentation in word?
• 4. How to Double Space in Word for Your Essay: A Guide for Students
• 5. How can we make text paragraphs indent automatically
• 6. How to indent the second line in WPS Writer

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