essay on folk dance of odisha

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9 folk dances that make Odisha a dancer’s paradise

Odisha Sun Times Bureau Bhubaneswar, July 27:

Folk dances of Odisha are spectacular and a visual delight . The earthy rhythmic foot tapping music fills your senses and urges you to shake a leg or two even though you do not understand the song sometimes. The beat of the drums, the lilting songs, the graceful body movements filled with unique poses, simple steps combines to become a dancing delight. The bright and gorgeous costumes, accessorized with colourful beads, silver ornaments with charming and colourful headgears, jangling and clanging with every sinuous movement brings in the freshness of the traditional rural flavor.

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Odisha Sun Times talks about eight such dance forms below that form the artistic heritage of Odisha:

Sambalpuri folk dance

Dalkhai , Rasarkeli , Jai phula , are performed by women and young girls and as the name suggests, owes its origin to the western part of Odisha. The stanza of the songs start with – Dalkhai bo, Rasarkeli bo, Jai phula bo , referring to the girlfriend of the dancer. This is usually performed in the villages during festivals like Dussera, Bhaijiuntia, Phagun Puni, Nuakhai etc. R angabati is one of the Sambalpuri songs which has become famous worldwide.

2. Paika dance

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Paika dance is a very energetic dance form where only young boys or men perform this art. Derived from the Sanskrit word Padatika meaning the infantry, this dance form has originated from eastern Odisha. It is filled with traditional physical exercises and is performed with a sword and shield in hand to the accompaniment of the dhol . Performers dressed as ‘Paikas ‘ or warriors enact battle scenes through dance. The steps are executed with precision and agility which is the highlight of this folk art form.

3. Chaitee Ghoda

This folk dance is performed by the fishermen caste or the Kaibartas during the month of ‘Chaitra ‘ (March-April). It is in honour of their deity Vasuli devi. The dancer rides a bamboo horse which is beautifully decorated with colourful frilled cloth pieces, beads and small bells and is performed to the tune of dhol and mahuri. The dancer makes a circuitous journey of the village and villagers participate in it.

4. Danda nacha

In the months of March and April even with the terrible heat wave sweeping across the state, Danda nacha (a dance which punishes of the body with religiosity) is celebrated across the state with much fervour. The Pani danda which is performed in the water and the dhuli danda which is performed on the ground are strenuous but done in full dedication. Drums and cymbals are used in this dance which is dedicated to Goddess Kali is performed by men only.The danda nacha is celebrated in different parts of south Odisha particularly in Ganjam district.

5. Kela Keluni :

The Kelas are an wandering group of people who make their living by catching snakes. The Kela –Keluni folk dance is a very interesting folk dance which is full of humour. The story revolves around the situation of the Kela who is married to two Kelunis and how he manages to survive trying to keep both his wives happy. In this the Kela usually plays the ghuduki a typical string instrument. Late Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra had composed and performed the Kela Keluni dance with his wife Laxmipriya devi and Jayanti Ghosh.

6. Chhau nacha:

Chhau is derived from the Sanskrit word chhaya which means shadow. The Mayurbhanja Chhau has transcended across the globe and stolen hearts. This dance form enacts stories from mythology like the great epics of Ramayan, Mahabharat ,folk and tribal elements. The two main Rasas which dominate the dance is the Vira rasa and the Rudra rasa . Songs are accompanied by musical instruments like the Mohuri , Chad-Chadi ,Dhol, Dhumsa .

7. Ranapa nacha:

Dancing on Ranapa (stilt) is still performed by the cowherd communities of South Odisha. The young men tie their feet to the bamboo stilts and mesmerise the audience by executing symmetrical steps to the music of the Dhol and Mahuri. The songs are filled with praises about Lord Krishna and his exciting boyhood exploits.

8. Ghumra nacha :

Ghumra is a folk dance of the Kalahandi district of Odisha. It is believed that to kill the demon king Mahisasur , one of the war-musical instruments collected was the Ghumura instrument which was formed by the fusion of the dambaru of Lord Shiva and the veena of goddess Saraswati. The ghumra is a pitcher-shaped drum which is tied around the dancer’s neck. They play on the drum while dancing to the accompaniment of songs which describe stories of hunting to everyday joys and sorrows of the people. The dancers execute intricate movements, jumps and pirouettes in a fast tempo.

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Folk Dances Of Orissa – Traditional Dances Of Orissa essay

Folk dances of orissa – traditional dances of orissa.

Apart from the classical Odissi dance , numerous folk dances are in vogue in Orissa. These were the ancient sources of popular entertainment in the rural areas. They are closely associated with fairs, festivals and religious ceremonies. Some of the famous folk dances of Orissa are described below:

Danda Nata Dance

Danda Nata Dance is the most ancient of all folk-dances of Orissa. It is a part of the mass culture of Orissa where Lord Shiva and his consort Gouri are propitiated. It is variously known as Jhamu, Yatra etc.

Danda literally means a staff and Nata means dance. Those who participate in Danda Nata are called ‘Bhokta’ (Devotees). For three days beginning from two days before Pana Sankranti, the Bhoktas walk on a bed of red-hot live charcoal (fire walking), stand on edged swords, pierce iron nails on their skin and tongues, as marks of their severe penance to draw the attention of deities to expiate them from all sins and bless them with boons.

Patua Dance

For the entire month of Chaitra, the village streets echo with the sound of Ghanta (Brass gongs) played by Ghanta Patuas. This ritual dance is closely associated with mother goddess, particularly Sarala. The traditional sevak community of the deities performs this ritual dance. They dress themselves as females. The deity is represented by Ghata (the sacred pitcher) which is placed over the head by the dancer to a fixed wooden stand. The Ghata is decorated with sandal paste, vermillion, and flowers. Balancing the Ghata on the head, the dancer dances with bare feet to the accompaniment of percussive instruments like Mardala (a variety of Pakhwaj) and (ghanta).

Kela Ketuni Dance

The Kelas are a nomadic class of people in Orissa. There are various groups in the community. Kela means ‘Snakecharmer’. The Kela Keluni dance is performed in which Kela and his wife Keluni participates. The Kela plays a string instrument which is called Ghuduki’. The couple sings and dance. The Folk dance of the Keluni is fast in which hips and heads are swayed.

Ranapa Dance

Ranapa Dance is a traditional Odiya Dance which is prevalent in the cow-herd communities. Young boys of the community perform this dance during the festivals of Dot-Yatra and Giri-Govardhan Pooja. They wear anklets which produces jingling sound. They sing about the childhood days of Lord Krishna.

Chhow Dance

This folk dance of Orissa has evolved out of the extant war dances of the area. Orissan Chhow has a large collection of over hundred dance forms. The traditional orchestra of Chhow consists of musicians and drummers. It is performed generally during the Chaita Parava. The Chhow dance grew up with royal patronage in the past. Now a day’s people and government patronize it.

Chaitighoda

This is called Dummy Horse dance. The fishermen community of Orissa celebrates this annual festival of theirs from March to April. In this dance, a dummy horse is made with bamboo-strips and the frame is then covered with a coloured cloth. The head of the horse in wood is fixed to the frame. It is then painted with bright colours and is decorated with flowers. In a big cavity inside the horse frame, a dancer places himself and displays different galloping movements of a horse. Two more characters (Rauta and Rautani) appear on the stage and sing and dance with dummy horse dancer. The couple sings of mutual love. In a group of Chaitighoda dance, there are three dancers, a Jodinagara player, a Dhol player and a Mahuri player. The performance starts late at night and continues till morning.

Ghoomra Dance

The folk dance is performed to the accompaniment of a drum. The earthern drum covered in the mouth with a skin of a reptile is called Ghoomra. It is a vibrant dance, performed by males only. Young men fix a ghoomra on the chest with strings around the body and beat the drums in unison and dance. The dancers wear their indigenous costume.

Mask Dances

In Orissa, there are three varieties of mask dances – human masks, divine masks and animal masks. All the mask dances are associated with religious festivals and religious processions. The masks are made of papier-mâché and are painted with bright colours.

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Odissi Dance: A Timeless Journey of Expression and Tradition

Exploring the Rich Heritage, Artistry, and Global Impact of India's Classical Dance Form

India, with its rich tapestry of cultural diversity, is home to a myriad of classical and folk dance forms. Among these, Odissi stands out as a captivating classical dance form that embodies grace, storytelling, and artistic expression. Rooted in the cultural heritage of the eastern Indian state of Odisha, Odissi dance is a captivating journey into the traditions and history of the region.

Historical Origins

Odissi, the enchanting dance form that it is today, has its origins deeply embedded in the rich tapestry of Indian history. It can be traced back to the ancient temples of Odisha, where it was nurtured and refined over centuries. The word “Odissi” itself is a testament to its roots, as it derives from “Orissi,” the former name of the state.

Odissi’s historical journey can be summarized in three key phases:

1. Temple Dance: Odissi has its roots in the temple dances of Odisha, particularly those dedicated to Lord Jagannath, one of the most revered deities in the region. Dancers, known as “Devadasis” or temple servants, performed these dances as offerings to the gods. These early renditions of Odissi were deeply spiritual and ritualistic, with a strong emphasis on devotion.

2. Decline and Revival: As history unfolded, Odissi faced a period of decline during the colonial era when temple traditions waned. However, in the early 20th century, Odissi experienced a remarkable revival thanks to the efforts of dedicated individuals who sought to preserve and promote this art form. Scholars and artists like Kelucharan Mohapatra played pivotal roles in this revival, contributing to the renaissance of Odissi.

3. Contemporary Significance: Today, Odissi has transcended its temple origins and become a cherished classical dance form, appreciated not only in India but also on the global stage. Its rich history and cultural significance have earned it recognition as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, solidifying its place as a treasure of Indian heritage.

Key Elements of Odissi

Mudras (Hand Gestures)

At the heart of Odissi lies a language of gestures and expressions, known as “mudras.” These intricate hand movements are a hallmark of the dance form. Odissi features a vast repertoire of mudras, each with its own specific meaning and significance. Dancers use mudras to convey emotions, depict characters from mythology, and narrate stories with unparalleled precision and grace. The hands flow through a series of graceful shapes, conveying a spectrum of emotions, from love and devotion to anger and sorrow.

Abhinaya (Expression)

Odissi is not just about dance steps; it is a medium of storytelling and emotional expression. Dancers use their entire bodies, including their eyes, face, and body postures, to communicate and emote. “Abhinaya,” the art of expression, plays a pivotal role in Odissi performances. The dancers become vessels through which stories come alive, captivating audiences with their ability to convey complex narratives and emotions.

Footwork and Postures

The dance form’s precision is further exemplified through its intricate footwork and body postures. Dancers perform precise and rhythmic foot movements, creating intricate patterns on the floor. These footwork patterns, known as “bhramaris,” add a dynamic dimension to Odissi, enhancing its visual appeal. Additionally, the use of “tribhangi” or three-part bending of the body, with subtle curves at the neck, waist, and knees, adds to the aesthetic beauty of Odissi.

Costumes and Jewellery

Odissi’s visual allure is heightened by its traditional costumes and jewellery. Female Odissi dancers typically wear vibrant silk sarees with elaborate designs, which are often accompanied by intricately designed jewellery, including “temple jewellery.” The attire and jewellery are not merely adornments but are essential elements of the dance, enhancing the overall aesthetic and grace of the performance.

Themes and Storytelling

Odissi, as a classical dance form, is a medium of storytelling through movement, expression, and rhythm. Its repertoire includes a wide range of themes, many of which are drawn from Hindu mythology and folklore. Here are some common themes and narratives portrayed in Odissi performances:

1. Mythological Tales: Odissi often brings to life the epic stories of Hindu mythology, such as tales from the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Dancers embody characters like Lord Krishna, Lord Rama, Sita, Radha, and Draupadi, portraying their emotions, dilemmas, and triumphs.

2. Devotional Expressions: The dance form has deep spiritual roots, and many Odissi performances are dedicated to expressing devotion and love for the divine. These pieces convey a sense of surrender and reverence, evoking a profound connection with the audience.

3. Romantic Narratives: Odissi is known for its lyrical and romantic compositions. These pieces often depict the love stories of Radha and Krishna, capturing the essence of divine love through the graceful movements of the dancers.

4. Nature and Seasons: Odissi also draws inspiration from the beauty of nature and the changing seasons. Dances representing the monsoon, blooming flowers, or the tranquil landscapes of Odisha are celebrated for their artistic expression and connection to the environment.

5. Social and Cultural Commentaries: In addition to traditional themes, contemporary Odissi choreographers have explored social and cultural issues through the dance form. These performances use Odissi as a medium to comment on topics like gender equality, environmental conservation, and societal change.

Music and Instruments

The music that accompanies Odissi dance is an integral part of the experience. Odissi music is characterized by its soulful melodies, rhythmic patterns, and lyrical compositions. Traditional Odissi music is performed live and includes vocalists, instrumentalists, and percussionists. Key instruments used in Odissi music include:

1. Mardala: This traditional percussion instrument, resembling a drum, plays a crucial role in Odissi music. The mardala’s rhythmic beats complement the dance movements, adding depth and energy to the performance.

2. Flute: The enchanting notes of the flute often feature prominently in Odissi music, creating a serene and melodic atmosphere.

3. Sitar, Violin, and Harmonium: These string and keyboard instruments contribute to the melodic aspects of Odissi music, providing a rich backdrop for the dancers.

Training and Education

The art of Odissi demands not only innate talent but also years of rigorous training and dedication. Dancers, often starting at a young age, embark on a journey of learning and refinement under the guidance of experienced gurus (teachers). Here are some key aspects of the training and education process in Odissi:

1. Guru-Shishya Parampara: Odissi has a strong tradition of the “guru-shishya parampara” or teacher-student relationship. Dancers receive individualized instruction from their gurus, allowing for a personalized approach to skill development.

2. Learning the Basics: Students begin with learning the fundamentals, including basic footwork, hand gestures (mudras), and body postures. Developing a strong foundation is essential for mastering the more intricate aspects of Odissi.

3. Physical Fitness: Odissi dancers must maintain physical fitness to execute the demanding movements and maintain stamina during performances. Training often includes exercises to improve flexibility, strength, and endurance.

4. Abhinaya (Expression): The art of expression is a critical component of Odissi training. Students learn to convey a wide range of emotions through their eyes, face, and body, practicing storytelling techniques.

5. Repertoire Building: As students progress, they learn and rehearse various Odissi compositions, each with its own choreography, music, and thematic content. These compositions range from traditional pieces to contemporary creations.

6. Costume and Makeup: Dancers are taught how to wear and adorn themselves in the traditional Odissi attire, including the intricacies of makeup application. This aspect of training is crucial as the costume and makeup are integral to the overall performance.

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7. Live Music Integration: Dancers also learn to synchronize their movements with live music, including the rhythmic beats of the mardala and the melodies of the accompanying instruments. This coordination is a hallmark of Odissi performances.

8. Practice and Dedication: Odissi requires a high level of dedication and practice. Dancers often spend years honing their skills, perfecting every aspect of their performance to achieve the desired level of excellence.

Regional Variations

Odissi, while having a distinct classical form, also exhibits regional variations. These variations have evolved over time, adding diversity to the dance form and reflecting the cultural nuances of different regions in Odisha. Some notable regional variations include:

1. Mahari: The Mahari tradition of Odissi is associated with the temple dancers who historically performed in Odisha’s temples. This style emphasizes devotion and temple rituals.

2. Gotipua: Gotipua is a male-only form of Odissi, where young boys perform in female attire. This tradition has its roots in the Jagannath temple in Puri and showcases intricate acrobatic movements.

3. Nartaki: Nartaki, as the name suggests, is associated with professional female dancers and was performed in royal courts. It is known for its graceful and expressive movements.

Modern Revival and Recognition

Odissi’s journey from its temple origins to its modern revival and global recognition is a testament to its enduring cultural significance. Over the years, the dance form has not only preserved its traditional charm but has also adapted to the changing times.

1. Revival in the 20th Century: The early 20th century marked a significant turning point for Odissi. Visionaries like Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra and others played a crucial role in reviving and codifying Odissi’s techniques and repertoire. Their efforts helped rejuvenate interest in the art form, ensuring that it did not fade into obscurity.

2. UNESCO Recognition: In 2008, Odissi received recognition as an “Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity” by UNESCO. This recognition catapulted Odissi onto the global stage, drawing attention to its cultural significance and artistic beauty.

3. National and International Festivals: Odissi is a prominent feature at various national and international dance festivals, where it shares the stage with other classical and contemporary dance forms. These festivals provide a platform for Odissi artists to showcase their talent to diverse audiences.

4. Global Appeal: Odissi’s elegance and emotive power have captured the hearts of audiences worldwide. It is not uncommon to see Odissi performances in cultural festivals, universities, and dance academies outside of India, further cementing its place as a global art form.

5. Contemporary Relevance: While deeply rooted in tradition, Odissi has also evolved to remain relevant in contemporary times. Choreographers continue to create new compositions that address modern themes and societal issues, infusing the dance form with fresh perspectives.

6. Educational Institutions: Several dance academies and institutions in India and abroad offer dedicated training in Odissi. This accessibility has contributed to a wider appreciation and understanding of the art form.

Odissi, with its intricate movements, expressive storytelling, and deep cultural roots, is a living testament to India’s rich artistic heritage. Its journey from the sacred precincts of temples to the world stage exemplifies its timeless appeal and enduring relevance. As Odissi continues to captivate audiences, both in India and around the globe, it serves as a reminder of the power of art to transcend time and borders.

In a world that is constantly changing, Odissi stands as a symbol of cultural continuity and artistic excellence. Its legacy is not just a piece of history but a living, breathing art form that continues to enchant and inspire generations of dancers and art enthusiasts alike. In experiencing Odissi, we embark on a journey through time and tradition, discovering the profound beauty and storytelling magic that this classical dance form offers.

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Dances of Odisha

by odiadmin
September 1, 2023

Folk Dances of Odisha

Odisha has been shaped by the syntheses of various faiths and cultures. Therefore, the state’s cultural canvas comprises of many hues, each playing an important role in shaping its performing artsand folk dances. Odisha is a state in eastern India with a rich cultural heritage. The state is home to a diverse range of folk dances, each with its own unique history and tradition.

Gotipua Dance

Gotipua is a traditional dance form in Odisha, India. It is widely regarded as the precursor to Odissi dance, and is characterized by its acrobatic moves and graceful poses. The dancers, who are young boys, dress up as feminine characters and perform to the accompaniment of traditional music. Gotipua is a popular dance form in Puri and the heritage craft village of Raghurajpur, which also houses the Gotipua Dance Academy.

The history of Gotipua dance dates back to the 16th century, when it was performed by maharis, or temple dancers. However, the dance declined in popularity during the British colonial period. In the early 20th century, a group of dancers in Raghurajpur revived the dance form and gave it a new lease of life. Today, Gotipua dance is performed all over India and is gaining popularity in other parts of the world as well.

The Gotipua dancers undergo rigorous training from a young age. They learn the basics of dance, such as the steps, poses, and facial expressions. They also learn about the mythology and symbolism of the dance. The dancers typically perform in a group, and their costumes are elaborate and colorful. The music for Gotipua dance is played on traditional instruments such as the mardala, flute, and ektara.

Gotipua dance is a beautiful and graceful dance form that is a treasure of Odisha’s cultural heritage. It is a reminder of the state’s rich history and traditions, and it continues to be enjoyed by people of all ages.

Chhau Dance

Chhau dance is a traditional dance form from the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, India. It is a masked dance that depicts the movement of a soldier involved in the battlefield. The dancers wear elaborate costumes and masks, and their movements are synchronized and rhythmic. Chhau dance is believed to have been the dress rehearsal of the Paikas, the warrior clan of Odisha.

The history of Chhau dance dates back to the 17th century. It is believed to have originated from the martial arts practices of the Paikas. The dance was originally performed by men, but it is now also performed by women. Chhau dance is performed during festivals such as Dussehra and Holi. It is also performed at other special occasions, such as the inauguration of a new temple or the coronation of a new king.Chhau dance is a vibrant and energetic dance form that is a celebration of the warrior spirit of Odisha. It is a reminder of the state’s rich history and traditions, and it continues to be enjoyed by people of all ages.

Here are some other interesting facts about Chhau dance:

The masks used in Chhau dance are made from wood or papier-mâché. They are often decorated with elaborate designs and symbols
The music for Chhau dance is played on traditional instruments such as the dholak, mardala or Madala, and flute.
Chhau dance is a demanding dance form, and the dancers must undergo rigorous training.
Chhau dance is a valuable part of Odisha’s cultural heritage. It is a way for people to connect with their past and celebrate their present. It is also a source of joy and entertainment for people of all ages.

Ghumura Dance

Ghumura is a traditional dance form from the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, India. It is a vigorous and acrobatic dance that depicts the movement of a soldier involved in the battlefield. The dancers wear colorful costumes and masks, and their movements are synchronized and rhythmic. Ghumura is believed to have been the dress rehearsal of the Paikas, the warrior clan of Odisha.

The history of Ghumura dance dates back to the 17th century. It is believed to have originated from the martial arts practices of the Paikas. The dance was originally performed by men, but it is now also performed by women. Ghumura dance is performed during festivals such as Nuakhai and Dasahara. It is also performed at other special occasions, such as the inauguration of a new temple or the coronation of a new king. Ghumura dance is a vibrant and energetic dance form that is a celebration of the warrior spirit of Odisha. It is a reminder of the state’s rich history and traditions, and it continues to be enjoyed by people of all ages.

Ranappa Dance

Ranappa is a folk dance from the Ganjam district of Odisha, India. The name “Ranappa” literally means “dancing on a stilt”. The dancers perform on stilts that are about 6 feet tall, and they enact chapters from the childhood of Lord Krishna during the performance.

The Ranappa dance is a popular form of entertainment in the Ganjam district . It is performed during festivals such as Holi and Rath Yatra. The dancers are usually young men, and they undergo rigorous training to learn the skills required for the dance.

The Ranappa dance is a vibrant and energetic dance form that is a celebration of the joy and innocence of childhood. It is a reminder of the state’s rich history and traditions, and it continues to be enjoyed by people of all ages.

Here are some other interesting facts about Ranappa dance:

The stilts used in Ranappa dance are made from bamboo or wood.

The dancers wear colorful costumes and masks, and they carry props such as swords and shields.

The music for Ranappa dance is played on traditional instruments such as the dholak, mardala, and flute.

Ranappa dance is a demanding dance form, and the dancers must undergo rigorous training.

Ranappa dance is a valuable part of Odisha’s cultural heritage. It is a way for people to connect with their past and celebrate their present. It is also a source of joy and entertainment for people of all ages.

Chaiti Ghoda Dance

Chaiti Ghoda is a folk dance from the coastal belt of Odisha, India. It is performed by the fishing community during the Chaiti month (March-April) as a thanksgiving to the sea god for a good harvest. The name “Chaiti Ghoda” literally means “horse of the month of Chaitra”.

The dancers dress in elaborate costumes and masks, and they ride on a dummy horse. The dance is performed to the beat of drums and cymbals, and the dancers move in a rhythmic and synchronized manner.

The Chaiti Ghoda dance is a celebration of the joy and abundance of the harvest season. It is a reminder of the state’s rich cultural heritage and the importance of the fishing community to the economy of Odisha.

Here are some other interesting facts about Chaiti Ghoda dance:

The dummy horse is made from wood or bamboo and is decorated with flowers and leaves.

The dancers wear colorful costumes that represent the sea god.

The music for Chaiti Ghoda dance is played on traditional instruments such as the dholak, mardala, and flute.

Chaiti Ghoda dance is a demanding dance form, and the dancers must undergo rigorous training.

Chaiti Ghoda dance is a valuable part of Odisha’s cultural heritage. It is a way for people to connect with their past and celebrate their present. It is also a source of joy and entertainment for people of all ages.

Sambalpuri Dance

Sambalpuri dance is a folk dance from the western Odisha, India. It is one of the most popular folk dances of the state. The dance is characterized by its earthy elements and colorful costumes accompanied by rhythmic beats.

The dancers wear colorful costumes that represent the Sambalpuri tribe. The costumes are made from natural materials such as silk, cotton, and jute. The dancers also wear heavy jewelry, which adds to the earthy and colorful look of the dance.

The music for Sambalpuri dance is played on traditional instruments such as the dholak, mardala, and flute. The music is lively and upbeat, and it perfectly complements the energy of the dance.

Sambalpuri dance is a celebration of the joy and vitality of life. It is a reminder of the state’s rich cultural heritage and the importance of the Sambalpuri tribe to the economy of Odisha.

Here are some other interesting facts about Sambalpuri dance:

The dance is performed by both men and women.

The dance is often performed during festivals such as Nuakhai and Raja Parba.

The dance is a demanding dance form, and the dancers must undergo rigorous training.

Sambalpuri dance is a valuable part of Odisha’s cultural heritage. It is a way for people to connect with their past and celebrate their present. It is also a source of joy and entertainment for people of all ages.

Danda Nata: This dance is performed by men and women and is characterized by its vigorous movements and acrobatics. It is often performed during the harvest festival.

Dalkhai dance: This dance is performed by women and girls and is characterized by its graceful movements and simple steps. It is often performed during festivals such as Dussehra and Holi.

These are just a few of the many folk dances of Odisha. Each dance reflects the unique culture and history of the state, and all of them are a joy to watch. There are many other folk dances in Odisha, each with its own unique style and story. Some of these dances are performed by specific communities or tribes, while others are more widespread. Regardless of their origin, all of these dances are an important part of Odisha’s cultural heritage and help to preserve the state’s rich traditions.

If you are ever in Odisha, be sure to catch a performance of one of the state’s many folk dances. You will be amazed by the beauty, grace, and energy of these dances, and you will come away with a deeper appreciation for the culture of Odisha.

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Folk Dances of Odisha

April 3, 2023

The state of Odisha and the beautiful colours of art and craft also shelter the magical beats of folk dances. Every district, tribe, and region has something of its own. The one thing that is common in all of them despite being from different regions is the influence of Jagannath culture. Let’s have a look at some of the famous folk dances of the land…

Sambalpuri Dance: The dance style finds its origin in Western Odisha, particularly in the Sambalpur district. The dancers are mainly females accompanied by supporting male dancers. The dance joins in the tribal style and even handicrafts into it. The sarees that the dancers were are a regional handicraft of Sambalpur, famous as ‘Sambalpuri Sarees’. The music is even folk music using instruments that produce natural music. A particular regional music orchestra known as ‘Dulduli” music is used most of the time. The dance style is practiced in times of functions and festivals and even for narrating ancient war stories. As a result, it strongly holds the glorious history of Odisha.

Chhau Nacha: This is a semi-classical folk dance of Odisha mainly concentrated in the district of Mayurbhanj. The name is thought to be derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Chaya’(meaning shadow) or ‘Chadma’ (meaning disguise) or ‘Chauni’ (meaning military camp). The dance style narrates stories of ancient glories and other folk tales. The dance styles are mainly seen during festivals, especially during the Chaita festival. The dancers use masks in some regions, but the Mayurbhanj Chau does not have the mask on dancers as a result giving them the edge in facial expressions. This folk dance has made its place among the masses and even got international recognition as UNESCO listed it in the ‘Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity’.

Odissi: The dance style that has its start from ages and has grown to be the prime Identity of Odisha. Its influence is seen everywhere, starting from temples to courts of kings. Its pieces of evidence are even found in ancient texts like ‘Natya Sastra’. Its poses are even found in sculptures. The dance style passed through the ages, empires, and a variety of mindsets where at times it was suppressed. But it never lost its grace. In the Puri temple, in earlier times this art form was performed both for the deities and the king. The most interesting fact is that the dance style is for both males and females and even has varieties like ‘Gotipuo’. The dance form also joins with the crafts of Odisha as the ornaments that are worn by the Odissi dancers are mainly silver filigree works. The dance style has evolved well with time and has made a place among the masses.

Paika Nacha: The style, is a war-style dance that commemorates the ancient warrior culture of Odisha. The Ganga and Gajapati kings made provisions of reserved warriors for their kingdom to help the main troops during the time of war. These warriors practiced war styles in their leisure time. Over time the wars and their positions dissolved and the general practice took the form of a dance style. In the form, the dancers in soldier attires dance to the beats of the musical instruments and demonstrate the war styles. The dancers for this art form are generally male and instead of ornaments, they have mainly weapons, like swords and shields in their hands. The art style shows the proud soldier and war culture of Odisha.

Danda Nacha: During the 6 th century AD the king of Boudh started a dance art style that was meant to popularise Hinduism idealizing Lord Shiva. The art style crossed the length of time and even today prevails as a folk dance that also retains its religious values. The dance derives its name from the instruments used, a ‘Danda’ that eventually symbolizes Lord Shiva. The dancers dance to the beats of drums maki g is one of the best drum dances in the world. It prevails in the present time in the districts of Balangir, Dhenkanal, Ganjam, Puri, and Cuttack. This dance form is a perfect combination of music, folk culture, and theatre.

Apart from all these, several others prove that the Land of Odisha has not only created art and craft to awestruck people but also regional engaging beats to dance to.

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States › Odisha › Dances

Dances & Music of Odisha

The eastern Indian state of Odisha has a rich heritage of dance and music that is a delight for all arts and culture lover. Odissi music is a classical style of music that comprises all the essential elements, such as talas and ragas, common to Karnatic and Hindustani Music. Initially Odissi music has the tradition of chhandas that were low in musical outline. Jayadeva was the first Odia poet to compose musical lyrics that were meant to be sung and he also suggested the classical ragas existing during that time in which the lyrics were to be sung. From the 16th Century, musical treatises, named Natya Manorama, Sangita Kalalata, Gita Prakasha and Sangitamava Chandrika, were written and compiled in the state. In the 19th Century, two treatises Sangita Narayana and Sangita Sarani were written. Odissi sangita is a combination of four classes of music chitrakala, chitrapada, dhruvapada and panchal. The main ragas in Odissi sangita are Bhairavee, Baradi, Dhanashri, Kalyana, Karnata, Nata, Panchama, Shree Gowda and Shokabaradi.

Your cultural tour to the state is incomplete without experiencing Odishas famous dance forms Odissi, Chhau, Gotipua, Danda Nata, Sambapuri, Dalkhai, Chaitighoda, and Medha Nacha. Odissi is an Indian classical dance and archeological evidence indicates that it is the oldest surviving dance form in the country. As per literature from 200 BC, the history of Odissi dance dates back to 2,000 years. Chhau is a semi classical Indian dance with tribal, martial and folk origins. Gotipua dance is a folk dance that originated from Raghurajpur village in Puri District.

The Danda Nata is the most ancient folk dance in which devotees do penance by piercing their skin or tongues with iron nails, standing on sharp-edged swords, and walking on red hot charcoal. The Sambalpuri folk dance originated from the vibrant Sambalpur district in which the performers sing Dalkhai to the beats of timkis, drums and nisans. Chaitighoda is a folk dance of fishermen in which a dancer inside a horse costume gallops like a horse and is accompanied by two other characters the Rautani and the Rauta. Medha Nacha is a folk dance in which a performer puts a paper machie mask and dances to the beats of music in a procession. There are some tribal dance such as Karma and Changu that are performed by Gonds, Binjahal, Kharia, Oraon, Kisan, Kol and Juang tribes.

If planning to experience the rich dance of musical heritage of Odisha, you must plan your holidays from December to March, the time during which all music and dance festivals are organized. Konark Festival, organized by Odisha Tourism from December 1-5, showcases Odissi as well as other Indian classical dance performances. Mukteshwar Dance Festival, usually organized from January 14-16, focuses only on Odissi dance and stages various Odissi performances. Rajarani Music Festival, organized from January 18-20, features Odissi and Hindustani music performances. Dhauli-Kalinga Mahotsav, organized from February 6-8, features a combination of martial arts with classical and folk dances. Konark Music and Dance Festival, organized from February 19-23, features classical dance and music performances.

Popular Dances of Odisha

Chhau Dance

A traditional dance form in Odisha, which is used to enacts the episodes from the Hindu epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata, is Chhau Dance. The indigenous dance forms are integrated with martial arts to form this dance form.

Chaiti Ghoda

Chaiti Ghoda dance, also known as the Horse Dance is mainly performed during the festivities related to the fishing communities of Odisha. This interesting-to-watch dance form is only performed by Kaibarta Caste.

One of the most popular folk dances of Odisha performed in the Ganjam district is Danda Nata. In this form of dance, devotees undergo a penance to appease Lord Shiva by physically touring their body.

Medha Nacha

Medha Nacha is another type of mask dance performed mainly in the coastal districts of Odisha. Oversized masks of kings, queens, and devils made by paper pulp are used by dancers to perform this beautiful dance form in India.

Changu Dance

Performed by almost all the regional tribes of Odisha, Changu Dance is a rural variety of the tambourine. This dance is mainly performed by women however men only sing songs and groove with female dancers with simple steps.

Karma Dance

Performed during the festival of Karma Puja by the people of Gond and Oraon tribes, the tribal dance of Karma is presented in front of Karam Tree that represents the God of Fate.

Odissi Dance

Renowned as the most revered classical dance form in Odisha, Odissi Dance is a typical dance form where religious and mythical stories and poems emoted by the dancers through expressions, body movements, and gestures.

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Ghumura Dance – Exploring The Vibrant Culture of Odisha

Ghumura folk dance of odisha.

Ghumura Dance is a traditional folk dance form that originated in the Kalahandi district of Odisha, a state located in eastern India. It is primarily performed by the Ghumura tribes, who are believed to be descendants of the Kalahandi royal family.

The dance is performed in a circular formation by a group of dancers, and it is accompanied by the beats of the Ghumura, a traditional musical instrument made of brass or copper. The dance movements are energetic and synchronized and are based on the activities of agriculture, such as plowing, sowing, and harvesting.

Ghumura Dance is an important part of Odisha’s cultural heritage and is performed during various festivals and occasions, including Durga Puja, Diwali, and other cultural events. The dance has a rich history and has been passed down through generations, with new movements and elements being added over time. Efforts are being made to preserve and promote Ghumura Dance as a part of Odisha’s cultural heritage.

Costume of Ghumura dance

The costumes worn by the Ghumura dancers are an important aspect of the dance form. The male dancers typically wear a dhoti and a shirt, along with a colorful turban or headgear. The female dancers wear a saree or a long skirt, a blouse, and traditional jewelry, including necklaces, earrings, and bangles.

The costumes are usually vibrant and colorful, with intricate designs and embroidery work. The costumes are an essential component of the Ghumura Dance performance, and they add to the overall aesthetic and visual appeal of the dance.

History of Ghumura dance

Ghumura dance is a traditional dance form from the state of Odisha in India, mainly performed by the Gowda community. This dance form is believed to have originated in the Sonpur district of the state and is an integral part of the region’s cultural heritage.

This dance is performed during various festivals and occasions including the Dussehra festival, harvest festival, and weddings. The dancers usually perform in a group and are accompanied by instruments such as dhol, drums, tasa, and harmonium.

this is characterized by its energetic movements and colorful costumes. Male dancers wear a dhoti, shirt, and turban, while female dancers wear saris and jewelry. The dance is performed in a circle, with the dancers moving in a rhythmic and synchronized manner. The dance movements are based on the activities of agriculture, such as plowing, sowing, and harvesting.

The history of the Ghumura dance can be traced back to ancient times when it was performed as a ritual to worship the god of agriculture. The dance form has been passed down through generations and continues to be an important part of Odisha’s culture. The dance has also undergone many changes over time, adding new elements and movements.

In recent years, efforts have been made to preserve and promote Ghumura dance as a part of Odisha’s cultural heritage. Many dance troupes and organizations have been formed to promote the dance, and it is now performed in different parts of the state and even outside India.

Origin of Ghumura Dance

Ghumura dance is a traditional dance form that originated in the Kalahandi district of Odisha in India. The dance is primarily performed by the Ghumura tribes, believed to be descendants of the Kalahandi royal family. The origin of the Ghumura dance can be traced back to ancient times, and the dance form has been passed down through generations.

According to legend, the Ghumura dance was created by the king of Kalahandi to celebrate his victory over the demons. The dance was initially performed as a form of worship to the goddess of power and is still performed during various festivals and occasions, including Durga Puja, Diwali, and other cultural events.

Ghumura dance is characterized by its energetic movements and the use of traditional musical instruments, such as the Ghumura and Dhol. The dance is performed in a group, with the dancers moving in a synchronized manner in a circular formation. The costumes worn by the dancers are bright and colorful and are adorned with traditional ornaments and jewelry.

The uniqueness and impact of the dance

Dance is a unique form of expression that has the power to captivate, inspire, and move people in ways that words cannot. It is an art form that combines movement, rhythm, and emotion to convey a message or tell a story. The impact of dance is profound, both for the performer and the audience.

One of the key elements of dance is its ability to convey emotion. Through body movements, dancers can express a range of emotions, from joy and elation to sadness and despair. This emotional connection is what makes dance so powerful, as it can touch people on a deep and personal level.

Another aspect of dance that makes it unique is its ability to bring people together. Whether it’s a traditional folk dance, a social dance like the tango, or a contemporary piece performed by a professional dance company, dance has the power to connect people across cultures, languages, and backgrounds.

The impact of dance can also be seen in its therapeutic benefits. Many people use dance as a form of therapy to improve their mental and physical health. Dancing has been shown to reduce stress and anxiety, improve cardiovascular health, and even alleviate symptoms of depression.

In addition to its emotional and therapeutic benefits, dance also has a significant cultural impact. Many dances are rooted in tradition and are an important part of cultural heritage. By performing and preserving these dances, we are able to keep our cultural traditions alive and pass them down to future generations.

Ghumura’s Genesis

Ghumura is a traditional folk dance and music form that originated in the state of Odisha in India. The exact genesis of Ghumura is unclear, as Ghumura dance has been a part of the cultural traditions of the region for centuries. According to local folklore, Ghumura was first performed by the king of Kalahandi, who wanted to create a dance form that would be performed in honor of the goddess Mahadei.

The dance was performed by men wearing elaborate costumes and masks, who would dance and sing to the beat of the dhol and the medal, two traditional percussion instruments. Over time, Ghumura evolved to include a variety of dance movements, including intricate footwork, acrobatic leaps, and rhythmic swaying. The dance also became more secular in nature and was performed on a variety of occasions, including weddings, festivals, and other celebrations.

Today, Ghumura is recognized as one of the most important folk dances of Odisha and is an important part of the region’s cultural heritage. The dance is performed by both men and women and has evolved to include a variety of musical styles and instruments. Despite its evolution over time, Ghumura has remained true to its roots, and continues to be an important symbol of Odisha’s rich cultural traditions.

Ghumura is a traditional folk dance form that originated in the state of Odisha in eastern India. Its genesis can be traced back to ancient times, and it is believed to have evolved from tribal dance forms that were performed during religious and cultural festivals.

The exact dates of Ghumura’s genesis are not clear, as it has been a part of the cultural fabric of Odisha for centuries. However, there are several important dates associated with the development and recognition of Ghumura as a distinct dance form:

Today, Ghumura is performed during various cultural and religious festivals in Odisha and is celebrated for its vibrant music, intricate footwork, and energetic movements. The dance continues to evolve and adapt, while still retaining its traditional roots and cultural significance.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Ghumura Folk Dance:

Q1: what is ghumura folk dance.

A1: Ghumura is a traditional folk dance form that originates from the state of Odisha, India. It is characterized by rhythmic movements, vibrant costumes, and the use of traditional instruments. The dance form is performed by a group of dancers, often in large numbers.

Q2: What is the cultural significance of the Ghumura Dance?

A2: Ghumura Dance holds great cultural significance in Odisha. It is often performed during festivals, religious ceremonies, and social gatherings. Ghumura dance form is associated with warrior traditions and is believed to invoke spiritual and divine blessings.

Q3: How is Ghumura Dance performed?

A3: Ghumura Dance involves intricate footwork, coordinated body movements, and synchronized formations. The dancers typically form circles or lines and perform rhythmic steps, hand gestures, and energetic movements. The dance is accompanied by the beats of traditional instruments like the Ghumura, Dhol, and Mridanga.

Q4: What is the history behind Ghumura Dance?

A4: Ghumura Dance has a rich history dating back centuries. It is believed to have originated as a martial dance form performed by warrior communities in ancient Odisha. Over time, it transformed into a folk dance that showcases the cultural heritage of the region.

Q5: What are the traditional costumes worn during Ghumura Dance?

A5: The Ghumura dancers of Ghumura Dance wear vibrant and ornate costumes. The men typically wear colorful dhotis (loincloths), kurta (long shirts), and headgear adorned with feathers. The women wear traditional Odissi-style sarees with intricately designed blouses.

Q6: Where can one watch Ghumura Dance performances?

A6: Ghumura Dance performances can be witnessed in various parts of Odisha, particularly during festive occasions and cultural events. The dance is often performed in villages and towns of the Kalahandi and Sambalpur regions of the state.

Q7: Can anyone learn Ghumura Dance?

A7: Yes, Ghumura Dance can be learned and practiced by anyone interested in the art form. It requires dedicated training under experienced instructors who specialize in Ghumura Dance techniques and movements.

Q8: How does Ghumura Dance preserve cultural heritage?

A8: Ghumura Dance is a significant cultural expression that helps preserve the traditions, mythology, and history of Odisha. By showcasing traditional costumes, rhythmic movements, and musical accompaniment, Ghumura Dance keeps alive the cultural heritage of the region.

Q9: Are there any variations of the Ghumura Dance?

A9: Yes, there are variations of the Ghumura Dance across different regions of Odisha. Each region has its unique style, choreography, and variations in the steps and formations performed.

Q10: How can one support the promotion of the Ghumura Dance?

A10: Supporting local artists, attending Ghumura Dance performances, spreading awareness about the dance form, and encouraging cultural exchange can contribute to the promotion and preservation of Ghumura Dance. Additionally, supporting initiatives that focus on preserving and documenting the traditions and history of Ghumura Dance can be helpful.

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Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies (JHSSS) Website: www.jhsss.org ISSN: 2663-7197

Original Research Article Dalkhai : A popular folk Dance of Western Odisha Dr. Raghumani Naik Assistant Professor of History, NSCB ( Govt.Lead) College( Affiliated to Sambalpur University), India Corresponding Author: Dr. Raghumani Naik, E-mail: [email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History Dalkhai, one of the important and popular folk dances of Western Odisha is Received: June 21, 2020 performed at Bhai Jiuntia in the districts of Bargarh , Sambalpur Jharsuguda , Accepted: July 22, 2020 Deogarh, Bolangir, Sonepur and Boudh. It is a religion based traditional folk dance Volume: 2 linked to the agrarian culture of society. Dalkhai is said to be “the Goddess of Issue: 4 Fertility” worshipped by the native like Mirdhas, Kondhs, Kuda, Gonds, Binjhals etc. Basically, it is group dance accompanied with a song which adores ‘Goddess KEYWORDS Dalkhai Devi – a physical manifestation of Goddess Durga.’ The word “Dalkhai” connotes a stem from the branch of a tree worshipped as Goddess Durga or Dalkhai, Western Odisha, Tribes, Shakti by unmarried girls between Saptami and Dussehra puja for wishing long Ornaments, Costumes life of their brothers. Dalkhai dance and song require a set of musical instruments like Dhol, Tasha, Nishan, Tamki and Muhuri. Costume for this dance comprises Sambalpuri saree, bangles, katriya, bandriya, nose tude, and colour scarf. In fact, Dalkhai stands unique in many respects. This type of unique dance is fading away from the memory of the people. So, the purpose of this research work is to highlight the significant of this traditional dance among the people. For this topic descriptive, analytical and oral interview have been adopted to get relevance data. Introduction 1 Western Odisha is highly distinctive for multi-farious features. Though it does not have a separate political identity, it has it’s specialty in the socio-cultural aspects. Western Odisha comprises the districts like Kalahandi, Nuapada, Bolangir, Sonepur, Bargarh, Sambalpur, Debgarh, Jharsuguda, Sundergarh, Boudh. Apart from this, as stated by the geologists and environmentalists, “The locality is filled with mines and minerals, flora and fauna with a developed modern agricultural output.”

This region is full of dense forests and mountains, hills and plateaus, rivers and plain lands. Hills and mountains cover 50% of the total land. The southern mountains are part to East range mountain whereas the northern mountains are part to Chhotnagpur and Vindhyanchal regions. Among them, Kathpar-Purubadi mountains of Guragarh (Nuapada), Dongarla mountain of Kalahandi, Gandhamardan of (Bolangir-Bargarh), Barpahad range of Bargarh, Khajuria, Pradhanpat and Khaidanta range of Deogarh, Makadanacha Badmagad, Kumiritar, Belchakhani, Khandadhar of Deogarh are prominent.

This region is mostly habited by socially and economically backward people. Western Odisha contains 24.34% of the total population of Odisha. Tribal population comprises 40% total population of Western Odisha. These people are emotionally linked to religious performances and rituals which directly and indirectly promote socio-cultural development. Folk dance in Western Odisha has gained popularity in different names and in conformity with the taste and aptitude of the native people. So are the folk dances like Ghumura in Kalahandi, Dalkhai in Sambalpur, Dhap in Kalahandi, Bajasal in Kalahandi, Nachnia in Bolangir, Badi in Nuapada and Kalahandi, Danda in Bolangir.1( Behera-2016).

Published by Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development. Copyright (c) the author(s). This is an open access article under CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

48 JHSSS 2(4):48-55

For centuries together, Odisha had been a traditional ground for Natyashastra and Bharata Muni. Stretching from the Eastern to the Western Odisha, there are varieties of dance forms that reflect its cultural identity. One such small but unique land in Western Odisha is Sambalpur which abounds with lush green forests, colourful wildlife, captivating waterfalls, rich tribal culture, folk songs and dances. The region is well known for Dalkhai, the most popular form of folk dance of the Adivasis.

As a cultural performance, dance is heart throbbing and it attracts anybody regardless of time and place. Dance can be performed at any occasion whether it is associated with hunting or puja (worship) of gods and goddesses or meant for entertainment. Every dance and music has its own relevance to the life of people. Dances are many kinds such as Bharatanatyam , Kuchipudi , Odissey, Sambalpuri and its forms are Classical, modern, folk etc. Odisha in general and Western Odisha in particular are famous for folk dances.

There are many folk dances in Odisha such as Ghumura Dance, Changu Dance, Baagh Naach or Tiger Dance, Goti Pua Dance, Nachni Dance, Odissi Dance, Ruk Mar Nacha ( Chhau Dance ), Dhap Dance, Karma Naach, Dasakathia Dance, Jhoomar Dance, Chadya Dandanata Dance, Ghanta Patua Dance, Ghumara Sanchar Dance, Kandhei Dance, Kelakeluni Dance, Sakhi Nata Dance etc which have been entertaining the teeming masses since old age2 ( Mohapatra -2017). These dance types have carved a niche in the consciousness of the people across Odisha.

Folk dances in Western Odisha stand a class apart for its typicality. Dance as a form of art is not merely for pleasure, rather it is an act of the folkloric expression of the folks in Odisha, particularly in western Odisha. The dance gets involved with the folk song, music with multi dramatic and expressional effects, highly a reflection of their socio-economic structure. Considering the folk dance as a mere means of pastime, may never be sufficient, rather it has every strength of binding the people, their cultures, costumes and traditions together. The transformation in form and representation of style in these folk dances are an integral part of the folk culture. This has been handed down from generations to generations with an expressional mode.

Dalkhai dance or Bhai jiuntia (Unmarried girls worship goddess Dalkhai Devi wishing long age of their brothers) is the most significant and the most popular dance form in Western Odisha mainly covering Bargarh, Sambalpur, Bolangir, Sonepur Kalahandi, Nuapada, Jharsuguda and Deogarh, Sundargarh and Boudh district . (For its social uniformities, relationships, cultural and traditional aspects, linguistics and dialectical integrations)3(Op.cit Behera ).

It is a socio - religion based traditional folk dance linked to the agrarian aspect of society. Dalkhai is said to be “the Goddess of Fertility” performed by the tribes like Mirdhas, kuda, Kondhs, Gonds, Binjhals etc. Dalkhai dance has various forms such as Mayelajada, Rasarkeli, Gunjikuta, Jamaduli, Banki, Sainladi, Jaifula etc. considering its style, theme and performance4.(Padhan-2018) Literature Review An attempt has been made in the present article to provide a general frame work relating to Dalkhai: A popular folk Dance of Western Odisha. A few books have been written regarding this article include J.K.Behera’s Tribal and Traditional form dances of India where he has elaborately discussed various folk dances of Odisha but he has given a little reference to this dance only. In the work of A. Mohapatra’s ‘ The Essence of Popular Folk Dances of Odisha but he has mentioned a bird eye view of Dalkhai dance of western Odisha. Lidia,Cuzy in her work, Marginalised Music, Religion and Politics from Western Odisha has written the legends and origin of Dalkhai dance but she has not mentioned musical instruments, nature of dance and traits of dance. C S Pasayat’s two volumes ‘Tribal and Folk Culture, and Tribe, Caste and Folk culture has written dances like Karma, Sambalpuri, Madli, Bajasalia, Goudbadi, Dandari, Dhap, Ghumura, Go spade dance and Chhaki dance in details but he has given a little reference regarding this dance. Therefore, it is the prime duty of the research scholar to highlights this type of popular dance form to the people which is not covered by many writers. Methodology Descriptive and Library documentation method have been adopted with analytical and historical perspective for the present study. The archival materials journals, newspapers; magazines, seminar paper, conference articles, books and internet archives and e-books etc. are considered for the present study. Oral interview with the trainers of Dalkhai dance is another method adopted by the scholar to get relevance information for this work. Through this method information origin of Dalkhai dance, legends, musical instruments for this dance, posture, nature of dance, motif of Dalkhai, thematic Vision and Worship Style and costume etc have been collected for this article.

49 Dalkhai: A popular folk Dance of Western Odisha

Results The aboriginal communities, the bonafide harbingers of the dance are willy nilly weaned from it whereas various cultural and recreational groups, clubs, government and non- government organizations play vital role in promoting Dalkhai dance. It is because of the effort of all these agencies that the dance has gained both national and international recognition. The dance form looks forward to touching new height in the time to come. The folk dance Dalkhai is getting modernized by and by. The colourful modern costumes of Dalkhai and the uniqueness of the dance win over the heart of the spectators. The heart throbbing musical instruments are unmatching to the musical tools of other dances. Discussion Dalkhai dance, songs and its musical instruments are unique among the other traditional dances of western Odisha. Let us briefly discuss the popular folk dance so that the reader will fully acquaint of it.

Origin and History of Dalkhai Dance

Dalkhai is a group dance accompanied with a song and group dancing connected with the worship of goddess Dalkhai Devi, Durga, the demon killing mother and the embodiment of power. The word “Dalkhai” connotes a stem from the branch of a tree. The “Dala” (branches) are symbolically adored as Goddess Durga or Shakti. Her abode is known as Dalkhai kuthi or abode of goddess Durga. Therefore, the name Dalkhai is derived from the name of the deity as the dance is performed in her name.

In the past, people used to worship some unrecognized deity to protect them from the outrage wild animals and the outbreak of other mishaps. In the course of time, the deity became synonymous with Bana Durga( Forest or Jungle Goddess) or Durga and people continued to worship Her age after age.

Its origin goes back to antiquity. It traces to the district of Nuapada, in Western Odisha.5 ( Ibid)

Saying goes that it had been originally performed by the locals during Dussehra to appease the Goddess who would protect their corns from insects 6 (Ibid).

Another myth of local narration about the Dalkhai dance relates to stories of seven sisters and seven brothers venerated at Dalkhai or Sula Kutti , the altar of the goddess Dalkhai, or called “altar of the sixteen”7 ( Cuzy-2013).

As per folk tale, the story goes that, “once upon a time a Rusi (Holy man, Sage or Saint) told the seven sisters that in case you cannot bath in the Ganga, you will die. One time, the seven sisters could not find any water to bath during seven days and thus decided to commit suicide on the seventh day. But before they could carry out the deed, the seven brothers came to the jungle and rescued the seven sisters from suicide by marrying them. The seven brothers, who all were sons of a king ( Raja Putra), then took the seven sisters entered the kingdom and after that, they performed the Dalkhai dance (“Ussa”) 8 (Ibid). Afterwards, the seven sisters continued to perform sixteen Pujas or worship year wise. When fasting, the sisters danced in order to forget the hunger.” 9 ( Ibid)

The legend highlights the value of marriage for individual and social continuity by depicting it literally as a life saving event. The fable also preserves a variety of names of local goddesses which over time have been suppressed in the general narrations about the dalkhai dance. They were Durga ,Samalai, Dula samalai, Chara bahati, Maha Lakshma, Borul Ma ,Adi mata, Shiva Parvati, Ahalya Mata, Rohelia, Chanchala, Kosala/ Bimali, Subrokeshi, Chandra tara/Promila, Subratara and Bhima Goura10 ( Ibid).

50 JHSSS 2(4):48-55

Since time immemorial, Dalkhai Devi had been worshipped among the tribals. Later on people of other communities were found attracted towards it. People irrespective age or gender sing and dance in Dalkhai. During the time of its initiation, love between Lord Krishna and Radha constituted the theme of Dalkhai dance. With the passage of time the magnitude of public involvement grew. Consequently, the popular theme, of Dalkhai rested on ‘ladylove’.

Etymological and metaphorical levels of the term Dalkhai The term Dalkhai is said to have been derived from Dala meaning branch. During Dalkhai dance, the Dala (branches) are symbolically planted as of Dalkhai Devi or Durga, who is associated with Shakti, the female power. This Dala also stand for brushwood, evoking the picture of young shy girls dancing in the brushes. Dalkhai dance is performed accompanied with a musical dialogue in which young men profess their love in one bit of the dialogue whereas the virgins retaliated in the next bit.

Some tell that, the Dalkhai dance is performed on Dussehra days in order to prevent the paddy from insects. The vibration of dhol of the concert accompanying the Dalkhai dance is believed to affect the air and disturb the flights of the insects, so they are fended off the paddy. The term Dalkhai does not only designate the ritual dance and the local goddess Dalkhai, in whose honour it is performed, but it may simultaneously refer to other goddesses such as the pan Indian goddess Durga, Shakti Devi, the local goddess of power, Bandurga, the local forest-goddess, or Samalai the regional goddess of the Sambalpur district .11 (Op.cit, Behera, p-18) The cult of worship of Goddess in India often implies a polysemic inclusion of diversified goddess concepts. One goddess is regarded and venerated as an integral part of another. While displaying one personality she may simultaneously incorporate other manifestations of her divine identity. Posture of Performance This dance is performed at a fixed spot, usually at river side where an idol of Goddess Durga is installed under a tree and worshipped. The unmarried young women known as ‘Kuanris’, start the performance with a folk song, which is followed by the Dalkhai dance. The performers go on fast at the time of performing Dalkhai dance. This dance commences at Saptami and ends with the Dussehra festival of Durga Puja. Mostly the songs are romantic modes.

It is interesting to note that the virgins form a semi- circular chain y spreading each other’s hands across waist. They can dance in this semi- circular form for as many as 36 hours at the tune of a set of beating and blowing instruments. At the same time, they are engaged in musical dialogue with their counter parts who stand around the chain and take delight in its performance.

The male musicians or drummers also called ‘Dholia’ beats the Dhol at the outset of the performance. The men play the music and flirt is around with them. The women/young girls gracefully join their legs together and bent their knees to create steps of Dalkhai dance. They also move forward and backward in a half sitting posture for the dance. Both boys and girls move in clockwise and anti-clockwise during the performance and hands are moved forward and backward alternately. In this way, always Dalkhai folk dance goes with Dalkhai song and i.e. also intermittently. During song, the dancers sway their body, dangle their hands, steps their feet as per the rhythm of the music and the Dholia (the drummer) who beats the Dhol slowly. The rhythmical movements of the body and the steps are the reflection of the oneness of the mind12 (Ibid). At that time one can find the description of nature, seasons, gods, and goddess. Even one can chance to listen satire and teasing also. This dance is also performed during Nuakhai , an agrarian festival and marriage ceremony etc. Nature of Dance and Singing of Song After a brief stimulating spell of instrumental exercise, the Dalkhai song starts smartly with the invocative “Dalkhai’ (or ‘bo’). It proceeds with the mild, rhythmic beats of the drums till it comes to the last line of the stanza. The repetition of the last foot of the last line predicts the approaching halt. At the same time with the halt, starts the explosive playing of the instruments as well as the group dance. The singers - cum- dancers belong to the women while the instrument players are men.

The length of compositions is not regulated. It has been found to vary from three to fifteen, at times eighteen lines, apart from the initial singing of the signature ( refrain)’ Dalkhai re’ or ‘bo’ once or twice at the commencement and once at of fourteen beats to be followed by two beats . Thus, virtually these two lines are sixteen beats, divisible as four- measures or feet. Each foot, then, should consist of four beats, but each of the appears to be of three fractions. Under last tempo such compositions give the impression of moving in three beat feet. In the last line of a three-lined Dalkhai composition the third

51 Dalkhai: A popular folk Dance of Western Odisha

foot is song twice and the word’Kai’ (an interrogative meaning is it ? but having no contextual value), or some other two- lettered word is added. Then the signature (refrain) ‘Dalkhai re’ is sung once and the singing comes to a halt.

Motif of Dalkhai / Bhai Jiuantia In some parts of Western Odisha this Dalkhai folk dance known as Bhai Jiuntia (observed by the women or maidens praying the Goddess for a longer and healthy life for their brother(s). During the hours of worship, the Dalkhai dance is performed. It has a special form of song and rhythm preceded and followed by an expression phrase ‘Dalkhai bo…’ or Dalkhai re -- which acts as an address for both the dancers , musicians and the audience to get ready for the performance -

Dalkhaire------Dalkhaire----

Ghadi mariude dasarajanha

Kuanri tukel manankara manauchhana

Sulakuthi kede sundara dise

Fule fule saja heichhe sate

Sahe aathaduba, chauladhari—2

Dalkhai Devi ke bandheikari-2

Kuanri tukel mane dhanare -2

Sate ken ---

Upasakari, make sumari dada bhailagi ken

Dalkhai re ---

(The Autumn Moon comes up at the stroke of his hour,

Boundless are the damsels with excitement galore.

They deck the shrine of the Goddess,

With flowers abundant.

A hundred and eight springs of sacred grass,

They adore Her with white rice of the same amount.

My Sweet heart!

They truly invoke her,

At the end of day’s fasting,

Wishing for the well being of their brothers.)

The men bellow the word ‘Dalkhai bo!’ at the time of dancing and singing. This is the reason why the dance is known as the Dalkhai dance. The themes on which the dance is performed are the eternal love story of Radha and Lord Krishna. The dancers are either male or female both but the musicians are male only. Thematic Vision and Worship Style The entire dance has originated from the womb of tradition; its superstitions edge cannot be ignored. It is a believed that, if the Goddess is satisfied then peace, prosperity and harmony will rule the world. In some districts, particularly in the tribal and forest areas, animal sacrifice is made to satisfy the Goddess. The place, where the sacrifice is perpetuated is known as ‘Dalkhai Gudi’. The worshippers eat and drink heavily. They dance holding an Aanla branch. It is observed on each Thursday of the Odia month Aswina (between September-October) and in Sambalpur region it is worshipped on the eighth day of the first fortnight of Aswina.

52 JHSSS 2(4):48-55

So, thematically, Dalkhai songs present a variegated poetic picture. Nature, common natural objects and phenomena with ‘man’ at the centre –stage, social behavior and situation and particularly human passion, which is a source of ecstasy and continuance of the race, are variously celebrated in Dalkhai songs. Musical instruments require both for the Dance and Song Dalkhai dance and song cannot be thought of without the accomplishment of music produced by a set of beating and blowing instruments. These are briefly described below:

a) Dhol (A cylindrical drum) – It made of a hollowed cylindrical shaped wood on either side of which there is taut membrane. The drummer uses his both hands and sometimes a stick to produce a sweet sound. Being the prime musician, the Dhulia initiates the concert, monitors through and ends it. It his at his beating that the semi-circular chain of dancers moves its feet, hands, makes required contortion and pauses.

It is an age old instrument of Indian folk music . It is made from the trunk of a tree. Both the side of the Dhol player is of same size. The person who beats the dhol is called Dholia. The whole depends on the master musician like ‘Dholia’ or drum beater who makes, influences, encourages the dancers to stop and dance to hop and jump, to straight and bend etc. He plays an important role in the whole dance. Primary importance is given to different movements of hands, legs, knees and hips. The dance sometimes goes slow and fast depending upon the sound of the Dhol. Also, as the dance proceeds, the dancers make circles in clock–wise and anti–clockwise direction.

b) Nishan-It is a bowl shaped drum made of iron sheet and tautly membrane. The sound produced by Nishan is heart throbbing. This is mostly beaten in the worship of Durga and in the battle field, c) Tasha- It is also semi – circular drum made of membrane and hollowed wood and is played by two thin bamboo sticks. The sound of Tasha creates an atmosphere of horror, fear and excitement.

53 Dalkhai: A popular folk Dance of Western Odisha d) Tamki- It is the smaller form of Tasha and is played by two sticks. Its sound is shriller than that of Tasha.

Nagra – (the mogul nakara) is a small one side drum play by two sticks. It is mainly a rhythmic instrument used in dance and music of aboriginal Santals. e) Mahuri – (Trumpet) – it is made of earthen pipe properly plaited with brass. It produces a shrill sound that evokes awe and fear. This instrument is mainly blown at the time of worshipping a Goddess.

-A traditional wind instrument (Flute) as an auspicious instrument for all marriage ceremony and gods and goddesses worship. Muhuri a wind instrument is the centre of all musical instruments. f) Jhanj- ( cymbol) Jhanj is the percussion instrument.( Taal) g. Ghungoor or Ghungroo - Anklet bells, which jingle sound excite the dancers. h. Sehnai- it provides tonal accomplishment

This dance requires costume of similar colour and design for both male and female and musicians. Women and girls put on colourful printed Sambalpuri sarees known as kapta. They place a towel of red or pink colour on their shoulders holding the ends with the hands. They wear some ornaments like Guna ( nose tud), Jhalka (ear ring) Khagla (necklace) Katria, Bandriya, Bahati ( arm bangles), Tudal and Paenri or Ghunsi Or Payal ( leg ornaments), Antasuta ( bracelet like ornament in belly and Khosa ( unique hairstyle opposite of plait ) on their heads to give the look of perfect dancers.( Op. Cit, Padhan, p-264)

Touch on Modernity in Dalkhai Time brings change. Dalkhai dance is no exception to it. With the passage of time, this dance form has stepped out from its traditional anchor and has assimilated in it the taste and aptitude of the modern viewers. Its religious flavor has warned. On the other hand, it has got its nourishment on the cultural value. The aboriginal communities, the bonafide harbingers of the dance are willy nilly weaned from it whereas various cultural and recreational groups, clubs, government and non- government organizations play vital role in promoting Dalkhai dance. It is because of the effort of all these agencies that the dance has gained both national and international recognition. The dance form looks forward to touching new height in the time to come. Conclusion Time has brought a change to its traditional scope i.e. its delimitation to the worship of Goddess Dalkhai. The folk dance Dalkhai is getting modernized by and by. Various cultural teams are performing this dance across the country and even at the international level. The colourful modern costumes of Dalkhai and the uniqueness of the dance win over the heart of the spectators. The demand of the dance has now a day increased a lot and this is the time to enjoy watch, and observe how far is destined to go (Op.cit, Behera, pp-15-18).

54 JHSSS 2(4):48-55

References [1] Behera, J.K. (2016). Tribal and Traditional form Dances of India. P. 8 [2] Mohapatra. A. (2017). The Essence of Popular Folk Dances 0f Odisha, pp.29-31 [3] Padhan, F. (2018). Proceeding of the ICCSR sponsored National Seminar on tribes of Western Odisha: economy, society and culture, p- 263). [4] Guzy, L. (2013). Marginalised Music: Music, Religion and Politics from Western Odisha, India (Vol. 8). LIT Verlag Münster.

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folk dances of odisha

There are many forms of dance in odisha.

Ghumura dance

Chhau is a traditional dance drama form prevalent in Eastern India. There are three major forms of Chhau each known by its respective geographical location. These are Seraikella Chhau of Jharkhand Mayurbanj Chhau of Orissa and Purlieu Chhau of West Bengal. Although they are all known as Chhau, their style differs considerably in terms of their culture background and their dance characteristics. The complexity and fascination of this tradition lies in the fact that it represents the folk classical continuum.

Mayurbanj Chhau

The fame of Mayurbhanj Chhau has crossed geographical limitations and has claimed world wide fans for its beauty, vigour and marvel of the art. Though Chhau is famous not only in India but World over the origin of word Chhau is yet in mystery. Chhau is believed to have found its origin from “Chhaya” the shadow. But the Chhau performers of Purulia use Mask while dancing and that mask is told as “Chhau”. Perhaps Chhau Dance might have derived its name from that mask,the Chhau. Some chhau pundits opine the Chhau has got its name from “Chhaushree”. Inarguably, the word chhau has been derived from the word ‘CHHAUNI’ the camp camped at the time of military operation. The folks say that chhau was performed to entertain the Oriya warriors inside the camp and has spread now knowing no boundaries.

In 2010 the Chhau dance was inscribed in the UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.The Government of Odisha established a Government Chhau Dance Centre in 1960 in Seraikella and the Mayurbhanj Chhau Nritya Pratisthan at Baripada in 1962. These institutions engage in training involving local gurus, artists, patrons and representatives of Chhau institutions and sponsor performances. The Chaitra Parva festival, significant to the Chhau Dance, is also sponsored by the state government. The Sangeet Natak Akademi has established a National Centre for Chhau Dance at Baripada, Odisha.

Gotipua dance

In Oriya language, Goti means single and Pua means boy.Gotipua dance has been performed in Orissa by young boys who dress up as female to praise Lord Jagannath and Lord Krishna .

The young puas are dressed like devadasis of the medieval times. They let their hair grow, in order to knot it for the dance performance. Flowers adorn the bun of hair that the boys beautifully make up. Their faces are painted with white and red powder to lighten their complexion. Kajal is used generously to accentuate the eyes of the performers. A round Bindi is placed on the forehead and is decorated with sandalwood around it. They wear a ‘Kanchula’, which serves as a blouse on the upper body. An embroidered silk cloth called ‘Nibibandha’ is tied around the waist of the boys. Each of the dance schools have their unique identity of the costume and make over of the boys into girls.

The dance troupe usually comprises of four to five boys. The Goti Pua performance begins with a vandana to the Gods, Gurus and the Mother Earth. The artists start with a 3 step salutation to the above. It is followed by Sa Re Ga Ma, which is a celebration of beauty and the intricate technique involved in the Goti Pua dance. Then the artists display Abhinaya, an enactment on the love story of Lord Krishna, with his consort Radha. It is an interlude of the actual nritya. The grand finale stores ‘Bandha Nrutya’ which involves special acrobatic and flexible postures by the dancers. The Bandha or the acrobatics that the artists present require rigorous practice and special skills possessed by the boys.

Term nacnī refers to female performers who sing and dance professionally in rural areas, accompanied by male ḍhulkī and nagarā drummers who move around the stage with her. Women who perform as nacnīs are considered “kept women” and are usually paired in an informal “marriage” with a male manager and dancing partner, typically of a higher caste. In this pairing, nacnīs are thought to embody the goddess Radha while the male dancing partner is a stand-in for Krishna. The performers are considered out-caste and in many ways transgress usual Indian caste and gender distinctions both on and off stage, taking on a certain power role among their “fans” and often engaging in “typically male” behavior, such as drinking and smoking.This style of performance is rapidly disappearing.

Baagh Naach (Tiger dance)

The Baagh Naach originates from the state of Orissa. It is a popular folk dance of the state. It is mainly performed in the parts of Binka and Sonepur villages of Subarnapur district of the state. This dance is displayed in the Hindu month of Chaitra, on religious festivals or special occasions in the village or the tribe. In this dance, the artists impersonating a tiger, paints himself in yellow and black stripes, resembling that of the animal. Hence,the name Baagh Naach, meaning Tiger Dance has been attributed to the dance form. It is also commonly known as the Sambalpuri folk dance of Orissa.

Dalkhai dance originates from the Sambalpur district of the East Indian state of Orissa. It is the most popular dance form of the Western part of Orissa. The men shout the word ‘Dalkhai Bo!’ at the beginning and end of each stanza sung in the dance. This is the reason why the dance is known as the Dalkhai dance. The men dancing along with the girls address them during the performance and flirt with them. The themes on which the dance is performed are the eternal love story of Radha and Lord Krishna, episodes from the Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata and description of nature.

This Sambalpuri folk dance is mostly performed by the Kandha tribe of Kosal region. Both men and women participate in the dance. Men of one village dance with women of another village. Usually unmarried boys and girls take part. The dance is performed during marriage ceremony and more often for the sake of recreation. The dance is named so because of the accompanying instrument called ‘Dhap.’ The dhap is in the shape of a Khanjari made up of wood with one side open and the other side covered with a piece of animal skin. The dhap dancer holds the dhap with his left hand, the sling slung over his left shoulder, and beats with his right as well as left hand.

Karma Naach

Karam or Karma literally means ‘fate’ in Kosli Odia. This pastoral Sambalpuri folk dance is performed during the worship of the god or goddess of fate (Karam Devta or Karamsani Devi), whom the people consider the cause of good and bad fortune. It begins from Bhadra Shukla Ekadasi (eleventh day of the brightmoon of the month of Bhadra) and lasts for several days. This is popular among the scheduled class tribes (e.g., the Binjhal, Kharia, Kisan and Kol tribes) in the districts of Balangir, Kalahandi, Sundargarh, Sambalpur and Mayurbhanj. This dance is in honour of Karamsani, the deity who bestows children and good crops. After the puja is done it is followed by singing and dancing in accompaniment of drum (maandal), cymbal etc. The dance performance full of vigour and energy combined with charm of the youth decked with colourful costumes in exuberance of red cloth, set in peacock feathers, skillfully designed ornaments made of small conch shells, brings the onlookers as well as the performers to a mood of trance and ecstasy. In this dance both men and women take part and continue to engross themselves for the whole night. The skillful movement of the young boys with mirror in hand indicates the traditional pattern of love-making in course of dancing and singing.

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Folk Dances Of Odisha That Will Mesmerize You!

Even if you don't always comprehend the lyrics, the earthy, rhythmic foot tapping music fills your senses and makes you want to sway a leg or two.

Odisha’s folk dances are breathtaking and a visual treat. Even if you don’t always comprehend the lyrics, the earthy, rhythmic foot tapping music fills your senses and makes you want to sway a leg or two. A dance joy is created by the combination of the drum rhythm, melodic music, elegant body motions packed with unusual positions, and easy steps. The vivid and exquisite costumes, along with vibrant beads and silver accessories, together with the attractive and colourful headpieces that jangle and clang with each flowing motion, evoke the essence of the old rural culture.

Sambalpuri Dance

As the name implies, Sambalpuri Folk Dance originated in the western region of Odisha and is performed by ladies and young girls. Dances include Dalkhai, Rasarkeli, and Jai Phula. The lyrics “Dalkhai bo, Rasarkeli bo, Jai phula bo” introduce each stanza and allude to the dancer’s girlfriend. Typically, communities celebrate holidays like Dussera, Bhaijiuntia, Phagun Puni, Nuakhai, etc. with performances like this. One of the Sambalpuri songs that has gained international recognition is Rangabati.

Paika Dance

This very energising dancing style is exclusively performed by young guys or men. Eastern Odisha is where this dance style began. Its name is derived from the Sanskrit term Padatika, which means the infantry. It is full of customary physical activities that are done to the sound of the dhol while holding a sword and shield. Dancers who are costumed as “Paikas,” or warriors, act out battle scenarios. The best thing about this folk art form is how precisely and nimbly the steps are performed.

Chaitee Ghoda

In the month of “Chaitra,” which falls between March and April, the Kaibartas, or fishing caste, conduct this folk dance. It is a celebration of their goddess, Vasuli Devi. To the accompaniment of dhol and mahuri, the dancer mounts a bamboo horse that is exquisitely adorned with colourful frilled fabric pieces, beads, and tiny bells. The residents take part in the dancer’s roundabout tour around the village.

Danda Nacha

Despite the extreme heat wave that swept the state in March and April, Danda Nacha, a dance that punishes the body with religious passion, is celebrated with great enthusiasm throughout the state. Exhausting yet completely dedicated are the Pani danda, performed in the water, and the Dhuli danda, conducted on the ground. This dance, which honours Goddess Kali, is performed by men alone and features drums and cymbals.In the Ganjam area of south Odisha, in particular, people celebrate the danda nacha.

Kela Keluni

The Kela Keluni are a nomadic ethnic tribe that live off of collecting snakes. The humorous and intriguing Kela-Keluni folk dance is a sight to behold. The main theme of the narrative is the predicament of the Kela, who is married to two Kelunis, and how he makes ends meet while attempting to satisfy each of them. The ghuduki, a common string instrument, is typically played in this by the Kela. The Kela Keluni dance was written and performed by the late Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra, together with Jayanti Ghosh and his wife Laxmipriya Devi.

Chhau Nacha

The Sanskrit word chhaya, which meaning shadow, is the root of the name Chhau. The Mayurbhanja Chhau has won people over and won hearts all over the world. Folk and tribal themes, as well as stories from mythology like the great epics of Ramayana and Mahabharat, are enacted in this dance genre. The Vira rasa and the Rudra rasa are the two primary rasas that rule the dance. Musical instruments such as the Mohuri, Chad-Chadi, Dhol, and Dhumsa are used to accompany songs.

Ranapa Nacha

The cowherd people of South Odisha continue to dance on the ranapa (stilt). The crowd is mesmerised by the young guys as they perform symmetrical steps to the tunes of the Mahuri and Dhol, tying their feet to the bamboo stilts. The songs are replete with compliments on Lord Krishna and his thrilling childhood adventures.

Ghumra Nacha

The Odia traditional dance Ghumra hails from the Kalahandi area. One of the combat instruments that was gathered to defeat the demon king Mahisasur is said to have been the Ghumura instrument, which was created by fusing the veena of goddess Saraswati with the dambaru of Lord Shiva. A pitcher-shaped drum called a ghumra is fastened around the dancer’s neck. They dance to songs that tell tales of hunting adventures as well as the joys and hardships of daily life, all while playing the drum. The dancers move quickly while doing complex leaps and pirouettes.

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DALKHAI : A UNIQUE FOLK TRADITION OF WESTERN ODISHA

2020, isara solutions

Western Odisha a greenish area of Odisha state covers eleven district of Odisha .This area has rich folk tradition and cultural heritage .This location is unique and something special and different from other part of Odisha . Its tribal culture gives this location a new identity. This area is well known for its folklore . Folklore includes folksong, folktale, folk music, folk arts and craft ,myths, riddle, proverb, folk dance ,folk festival etc .The folk culture is the store house of traditional knowledge so it is still preserved in rural life of western Odisha . Dalkhai is a popular folksong , dance and festival of this area . Some folklorists say Dalkhai festival is observed in the month of October in western Odisha . Dalkhai songs and dance is so simple and spontaneous that anybody can sing and dance .It transmits generation to generation orally . This dance is performed both in single and group ,both male and female can take part in this song and dance but in maximum cases women are more involved more than men .Group dances especially women group(male may be included) are more common . Men join in this performance as music players. The Dalkhai song reflects many social problems , rituals, life style , gender issue, moral education ,description of nature , praying to god and goddess etc. We can find non-formal education from folksongs and dances of western Odisha . From Dalkhai song we can acquire life skills. In this paper i want to analyse the Dalkhai song and dance and how it gives impact to life and living of western Odisha as well as what is the impact of modernity on Dalkhai.

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Odissi Dance: Celebrating Tradition and Embracing Modernity

Odissi is an ancient Indian classical dance that originated from the temples of Odisha. It is a dance form predominantly performed by women and expresses religious and spiritual ideas, particularly Vaishnavism. Odissi draws its theoretical underpinnings from the ancient Sanskrit text Natya Shastra and is evidenced in the dance poses on Kalingan temple sculptures. It faced suppression under British rule but was revived and rebuilt after India gained independence. Odissi is a genre of dance and drama that combines symbolic costumes, body movements, expressions, and gestures to convey stories and devotional poems from Hindu texts. It encompasses various elements such as footwork, torso movements, hand gestures, and head movements, creating a symmetrical and rhythmic performance. Odissi has two main styles: one focused on the spiritual dance of the temple by women and the other performed by boys dressed as girls, with athletic and acrobatic movements. Odissi’s modern productions explore experimental ideas, cultural fusion and diverse themes. Interestingly, Odissi was featured on Michael Jackson’s hit single “Black or White” in 1991.

History of Odissi Dance :

Odissi is one of the oldest surviving forms of classical Indian dance. It originated from the state of Odisha (formerly known as Orissa) in eastern India. The history of Odissi dance spans several centuries and has evolved and flourished through different periods. Here is an overview of the history of the Odissi dance from its origins to the present day:

Origin and early development: The roots of Odissi go back to the ancient temples of Odisha, where it was performed as a devotional ritual known as “Mahari” or “Maharis Nritta”. Maharis were temple dancers dedicated to serving the deities through music and dance. They performed in the temples as a form of worship, expressing mythological stories through their movements.

Decline and revival: During the British colonial era, Odissi faced a decline in popularity. The British administration discouraged traditional dance forms, considering them immoral and vulgar. Many dancers were forced to abandon their art and the tradition was in danger of being lost. However, scholars, artists, and gurus who recognized its cultural importance made efforts to revive Odissi in the mid-20th century.

Gurus Contribution: Several prominent gurus played important roles in the renaissance and reformation of Odissi. Guru Pankaj Charan Das, Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra and Guru Deba Prasad Das were instrumental in reconstructing the dance form and establishing a codified technique and repertoire. They drew inspiration from ancient texts, sculptures, and temple traditions to recreate Odissi as a recognized classical dance form.

Coding and Technique: The gurus worked on codifying the Odissi technique, which involved defining basic movements, postures (bhangis), hand gestures (mudras), facial expressions (abhinaya), and footwork patterns (pada bhedas). ). They developed a structured curriculum and training methodology to pass on knowledge to future generations.

Expansion and Recognition: With the efforts of the gurus and their disciples, Odissi gradually gained recognition and popularity. It began to be performed not only in temples but also on cultural stages and festivals. Odissi’s unique characteristics, including her lyrical grace, sculptural poses, intricate footwork and expressive storytelling, captured the attention of audiences in India and internationally.

Contemporary Odissi: In recent times, Odissi has continued to evolve and adapt to contemporary sensibilities while retaining its traditional roots. New themes, choreographic innovations, and collaborations with other art forms have brought new perspectives to the dance form. Many talented dancers and choreographers have emerged, each contributing their unique style and artistic expression to Odissi’s rich tapestry.

Today, Odissi is performed and taught throughout the world, with numerous academies and institutions dedicated to its preservation and promotion. It is recognized as one of the eight classical dance forms of India, revered for its beauty, grace and spiritual depth, and continues to enchant audiences with its timeless allure.

Types of Odissi :

Odissi is a classical Indian dance form that originated in the state of Odisha. He is known for his graceful movements, intricate footwork, and expressive storytelling. Over time, various styles and interpretations of Odissi have emerged. These are some of the outstanding styles within the Odissi dance:

Mahari: Odissi’s Mahari style has its roots in the devadasi tradition, which involved dedicated temple dancers serving deities in Odisha’s temples. This style emphasizes the abhinaya (expressive) aspect of the dance and incorporates temple-specific poses and rituals.

Gotipua: Gotipua is a traditional Odissi style that involves young children dressed up as dancers. It developed during the medieval period when girls were not allowed to perform on stage. The style features acrobatic moves, fast footwork, and dynamic group formations.

Nartaki: Nartaki is an Odissi style that developed in the royal courts of Odisha. It is characterized by graceful, fluid movements, delicate footwork, and precise hand gestures. Nartaki emphasizes the lasya (elegant) aspect of Odissi and is known for his lyrical quality.

Kelucharan Mohapatra Style: Kelucharan Mohapatra is one of the most celebrated gurus of Odissi dance. The Odissi style of his is widely followed and has had a significant influence on the modern Odissi repertoire. It combines elements of different styles and focuses on precision, fluidity, and expressiveness.

Debaprasad Das Style: Debaprasad Das was a renowned Odissi dancer who developed his unique style, which is marked by his creative innovations and interpretations. His style incorporates strong footwork, dynamic movements and an emphasis on the masculine Odissi look.

Guru Pankaj Charan Das Style: Guru Pankaj Charan Das was a pioneering figure in the revival and popularization of Odissi in the 20th century. His style emphasizes the graceful and lyrical aspects of Odissi, with precise footwork, intricate hand gestures, and emotional expressions.

These are just a few examples of the various styles within the Odissi dance form. Each style has its own distinctive characteristics and has contributed to the rich and evolving Odissi tradition over the years.

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Folk Culture of Odisha Of A Rich Tapestry of Traditions and Expressions

Table of Contents

Folk Culture of Odisha Of A Rich Tapestry of Traditions and Expressions-Odisha, an Indian state on the east coast, has a rich and varied folk culture that is a reflection of the state’s cultural heritage, history, and blending of different influences. Odisha’s folk culture, which includes traditional art forms, folk dances, music, rituals, and festivals, is a living example of the people’s ingenuity and resiliency.

1. Performing Arts:

A. Odissi Dance: – The temples of Odisha are the birthplace of Odissi, one of the most well-known classical dance styles in India. It is an elegant and expressive dance that combines expressive facial expressions, deft footwork, and hand gestures (mudras). Dancers portray characters from Hindu epics in odissi narratives, which frequently draw inspiration from mythological tales.

B. Gotipua Dance: – Gotipua is a unique dance style that was created in Odisha’s temple traditions and is performed by young boys who dress like female dancers. While sharing some similarities with Odissi, it still has its own unique qualities. The dancers’ amazing agility and flexibility captivate audiences with their deft moves.

C. Chhau Dance: – Chhau is a martial dance form that combines elements of dance, mime, and mock combat. It has three major styles, originating from the regions of Mayurbhanj, Seraikela, and Purulia. The dancers wear elaborate masks and costumes, depicting characters from Hindu mythology, and perform during festivals and special occasions.

2. Music and Folk Songs:

A. Odissi Music: – Odissi music, deeply rooted in classical traditions, encompasses vocal and instrumental forms. It has distinctive ragas and talas, and compositions often revolve around devotional themes. The state is home to accomplished musicians and vocalists who contribute to the preservation and evolution of Odissi music.

B. Jhumar Songs: – Jhumar is a traditional folk music form of Odisha, characterized by its rhythmic beats and melodic tunes. These songs are often associated with the cultivation of crops and depict the daily lives and experiences of the rural population. Jhumar performances are integral to various festivals and celebrations.

C. Sankirtan: – Sankirtan is a devotional musical tradition in which groups of singers gather to sing praises to deities. The songs are accompanied by traditional instruments like mridanga and cymbals. Sankirtan is an essential part of religious ceremonies and festivals in Odisha.

3. Craft Traditions:

A. Pattachitra: – Pattachitra is a traditional scroll painting art form that flourishes in the coastal districts of Odisha. The artists use natural pigments and depict mythological themes, religious stories, and scenes from daily life on specially treated cloth. Pattachitra is a visual narrative that combines art and storytelling.

B. Dhokra Art: – Dhokra, an ancient form of metal casting, is prevalent in tribal communities of Odisha. The artisans create intricate brass or bell metal artifacts, including figurines, jewelry, and utilitarian items. Each piece is unique, reflecting the skilled craftsmanship and cultural motifs of the region.

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C. Appliqué Work: – The art of appliqué involves sewing pieces of fabric onto a base fabric to create vibrant and decorative patterns. This craft is particularly associated with the Pipili region, and its colorful appliqué products, such as canopies and umbrellas, are a common sight during festivals like Rath Yatra.

4. Folklore and Storytelling:

A. Pala: – In the traditional storytelling art form of palan, stories from Hindu epics are told by performers in a dramatic and melodic way. Pala performances are a kind of moral instruction and entertainment that are frequently presented during religious festivals.

B. Rasa Lila: – Rasa Lila is a form of traditional theater that depicts the divine love between Lord Krishna and the gopis (milkmaids). The performances involve colorful costumes, lively music, and dance, creating a festive and devotional atmosphere.

C. Jatra: – Jatra, a popular folk theater tradition, involves the retelling of mythological stories, historical events, and social issues. The performances are marked by elaborate stage setups, vibrant costumes, and energetic musical accompaniment. Jatra serves as a medium for entertainment as well as social commentary.

5. Religious Practices and Festivals:

A. Rath Yatra: – Rath Yatra, the chariot festival of Lord Jagannath, is a grand celebration in Puri that attracts millions of devotees and tourists. The main deities are placed on elaborately decorated chariots and pulled through the streets. The festival is a symbol of communal harmony and draws people from diverse backgrounds.

B. Nuakhai: – Nuakhai is an agricultural festival celebrated predominantly in western Odisha. It marks the harvest season, and the first grains of the newly harvested crop are offered to deities before being consumed. Nuakhai is a time for feasting, family gatherings, and community celebrations.

C. Durga Puja: – Durga Puja is a widely celebrated festival, especially in urban areas. The elaborate decorations, cultural programs, and the immersion of Durga idols contribute to the festive atmosphere. The festival brings communities together and showcases the artistic and cultural vibrancy of Odisha.

The folk culture of Odisha is a vibrant and dynamic tapestry that weaves together a myriad of traditions, artistic expressions, and religious practices. From the intricate movements of Odissi dance to the melodic tunes of Jhumar songs, the state’s cultural landscape is a testament to the resilience and creativity of its people. The rich heritage of Odisha is further exemplified in its craft traditions, with Pattachitra paintings, Dhokra metal casting, and colorful appliqué work showcasing the skilled craftsmanship deeply rooted in the cultural fabric.

Folk Culture of Odisha Of A Rich Tapestry of Traditions and Expressions-Folklore and storytelling in Odisha take various forms, from the dramatic narratives of Pala to the devotional and festive performances of Rasa Lila and Jatra. These storytelling traditions not only entertain but also serve as vehicles for cultural education and moral lessons. Additionally, religious practices and festivals like Rath Yatra, Nuakhai, and Durga Puja play a crucial role in fostering communal harmony, bringing communities together, and celebrating the diversity of Odisha’s cultural identity.

As Odisha continues to evolve in the modern era, its folk culture remains a living and breathing entity, adapting to contemporary contexts while preserving its deep-rooted traditions. The cultural vibrancy of the state serves as a source of identity and pride for its inhabitants, contributing significantly to the broader cultural mosaic of India.

What is the significance of Odissi dance in Odisha’s folk culture?

Odissi dance is one of the most renowned classical dance forms in India, originating in the temples of Odisha. It is characterized by intricate footwork, expressive gestures, and storytelling. The dance form plays a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage and showcasing the artistic prowess of the state.

How does Dhokra art contribute to Odisha’s craft traditions?

Dhokra is an ancient form of metal casting prevalent in tribal communities of Odisha. Artisans create intricate brass or bell metal artifacts, reflecting cultural motifs and skilled craftsmanship. Dhokra art is not only a testament to traditional craftsmanship but also a means of economic sustenance for many communities.

What role do festivals like Rath Yatra and Nuakhai play in Odisha’s folk culture?

Rath Yatra is a grand chariot festival in Puri, celebrating Lord Jagannath. It is a symbol of communal harmony and attracts millions of devotees. Nuakhai, on the other hand, is an agricultural festival marking the harvest season and involves feasting, family gatherings, and community celebrations. Both festivals are integral to Odisha’s cultural identity.

How do storytelling traditions like Pala and Jatra contribute to cultural education in Odisha?

Pala and Jatra are traditional storytelling art forms that entertain and educate. Pala narrates stories from Hindu epics, providing moral lessons and cultural education. Jatra, a folk theater tradition, serves as a medium for social commentary, addressing mythological stories, historical events, and contemporary social issues.

What is the cultural significance of Durga Puja in Odisha?

Durga Puja is a widely celebrated festival in Odisha, especially in urban areas. The elaborate decorations, cultural programs, and the immersion of Durga idols contribute to the festive atmosphere. The festival brings communities together and showcases the artistic and cultural vibrancy of the state.

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Tribal folk song of odisha.

Author: Namita Mishra

Issue Date: 2016

Publisher: Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

Description: The folk music genre called 'Geet Kudia' from Orissa is discussed in this paper.

Type: Performing arts

Received From: Centre for Cultural Resources and Training

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9 folk dances that make Odisha a dancer's paradise
8. Ghumra nacha: Photo courtesy: america.pink. Ghumra is a folk dance of the Kalahandi district of Odisha. It is believed that to kill the demon king Mahisasur, one of the war-musical instruments collected was the Ghumura instrument which was formed by the fusion of the dambaru of Lord Shiva and the veena of goddess Saraswati. The ghumra is a ...
Folk dance forms of Odisha
Ghumura dance is also one of the most researched folk dance form in Orissa. Ruk Mar Nacha (& Chhau dance) is originated and performed in the Mayurbhanj District of Odisha and also in Nilagiri of Baleswar district it has its base in the martial arts tradition. The dance is a stylized mock battle in which two groups of dancers armed with swords ...
Folk Dances Of Orissa
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Folk Dance, Art & Crafts, Theatre, Songs, Rituals, Legends And Ballades Etc. Odishan Folk Culture Is Still Preserved In Our Rural Life And Agrarian Society. Folk Dances Imbibe New Influences And At The Same Time Maintain Tradition And Continuity. Folk Dances Are Still Popular Among Different Communities Of Odisha.
Odissi Dance: A Timeless Journey of Expression and Tradition
Dances representing the monsoon, blooming flowers, or the tranquil landscapes of Odisha are celebrated for their artistic expression and connection to the environment. 5. Social and Cultural Commentaries: In addition to traditional themes, contemporary Odissi choreographers have explored social and cultural issues through the dance form. These ...
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Tribal and Traditional Folk Dances of Odisha
Tribal and Traditional Folk Dances of Odisha. Author: Jayanta Kumar Behera Issue Date: 2016 Publisher: Centre for Cultural Resources and Training Description: The tribal folk dances of the state of Odisha is studied for its representation of folklore in the expression of people and socio-economic structure of tribal lives. Type: Performing arts Received From: Centre for Cultural Resources and ...
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KEYWORDS - ODISHA, GHUMURA, KALAHANDI, FOLK DANCE, INSTRUMENT Introduction Folk art, drama, dance and songs etc. have nourished a rich cultural tradition in Odisha. Though many of them have become extinct and some are languishing, still there are surviving expressions preserved and fostered by the rural folk. Each of the folk arts whether ...
The Socio-Cultural Value of Odia Folkdance: Pala
Pala is a unique folk theatre of Odisha. It is a syncretic art form which assimilates dance, drama, music, and oratory. It is also viewed as a communion of Hindu and Muslim faiths, and at the same time as an assimilation of various Hindu sects. In this paper, I endeavor to give a seemingly coherent shape to the bits and pieces I have gathered ...
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Chhau Nacha: This is a semi-classical folk dance of Odisha mainly concentrated in the district of Mayurbhanj. The name is thought to be derived from the Sanskrit word 'Chaya' (meaning shadow) or 'Chadma' (meaning disguise) or 'Chauni' (meaning military camp). The dance style narrates stories of ancient glories and other folk tales.
Popular Dance and Music Forms of Odisha
The Sambalpuri folk dance originated from the vibrant Sambalpur district in which the performers sing Dalkhai to the beats of timkis, drums and nisans. Chaitighoda is a folk dance of fishermen in which a dancer inside a horse costume gallops like a horse and is accompanied by two other characters the Rautani and the Rauta.
Odissi Dance
Odissi or Orissi is one of the pre-eminent classical dance forms of India which originated in the Hindu temples of the eastern coastal state of Odisha in India. Its theoretical base trace back to 'Natya Shastra', the ancient Sanskrit Hindu text on the performing arts. Age-old tradition of Odissi is manifested from Odisha Hindu temples and ...
Dances Of Odisha / Orissa, Dance Forms Of Odisha / Orissa
Odissi Dance : Odissi dance is the typical classical dance form of Odisha and has its origin in the temples. The rhythm, the bhangis and mudras used in Odissi dance have a distinctive quality of their own. Odissi dance deals largely with the love theme of Radha and Krishna. It is a lyrical form of dance with its subtelety as its keynote.
Ghumura Dance
In 1956, Ghumura was recognized as a traditional folk dance of Odisha by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, the national academy of music, dance, and drama in India. This recognition helped to further popularize the dance form and bring it to the attention of a wider audience. In 2009, the government of Odisha declared Ghumura as the state's official ...
(JHSSS) Dalkhai: a Popular Folk Dance of Western Odisha
Folk dance in Western Odisha has gained popularity in different names and in conformity with the taste and aptitude of the native people. So are the folk dances like Ghumura in Kalahandi, Dalkhai in Sambalpur, Dhap in Kalahandi, Bajasal in Kalahandi, Nachnia in Bolangir, Badi in Nuapada and Kalahandi, Danda in Bolangir.1( Behera-2016).
folk dances of odisha
folk dances of odisha. There are many forms of dance in odisha. Ghumura dance. Ghumura Dance is one of the most leading folk dance forms Kalahandi district of Odisha. It is classified as folk dance as the dress code of Ghumura resembles more like a tribal dance. ghumura is the indigenous dance of Kalahandi and its origin can be traced to the ...
The Essence of Popular Folk Dances of Odisha
ESSAYS ON INDIAN HISTORY , " Pre-Colonial to Post-Colonial. Edited by Dr. Rahul Kumar Mohanta . ... In Odisha, Folk Dances Have Flourished Since Ancient Times. Folk Dances Are Made Up Of Many Parallel And Successive Elements, Which Have Been Combined And Transformed By The People. Every Folk Dance Is Rooted In A Particular Region, And Is DOI ...
Folk Dances Of Odisha That Will Mesmerize You!
Odisha's folk dances are breathtaking and a visual treat. Even if you don't always comprehend the lyrics, the earthy, rhythmic foot tapping music fills your senses and makes you want to sway a leg or two. A dance joy is created by the combination of the drum rhythm, melodic music, elegant body motions packed with unusual positions, and easy ...
DALKHAI : A UNIQUE FOLK TRADITION OF WESTERN ODISHA
Its tribal culture gives this location a new identity. This area is well known for its folklore . Folklore includes folksong, folktale, folk music, folk arts and craft ,myths, riddle, proverb, folk dance ,folk festival etc .The folk culture is the store house of traditional knowledge so it is still preserved in rural life of western Odisha .
List of folk dances of Odisha
Indian tightrope girl performing folk art Baunsa Rani. This is the main list of folk dances of the Indian state of Odisha.It is a non-categorized, index list of specific dances. There may also be listed dances which could either be considered a specific dance or a family of related dances, depending on your perspective.
Odissi Dance: Celebrating Tradition and Embracing Modernity
Odissi is an ancient Indian classical dance that originated from the temples of Odisha. It is a dance form predominantly performed by women and expresses religious and spiritual ideas, particularly Vaishnavism. Odissi draws its theoretical underpinnings from the ancient Sanskrit text Natya Shastra and is evidenced in the dance poses on Kalingan temple sculptures.
Folk Culture of Odisha Of A Rich Tapestry of Traditions and Expressions
Odisha's folk culture, which includes traditional art forms, folk dances, music, rituals, and festivals, is a living example of the people's ingenuity and resiliency. 1. Performing Arts: A. Odissi Dance: - The temples of Odisha are the birthplace of Odissi, one of the most well-known classical dance styles in India. It is an elegant and ...
Tribal Folk Song of Odisha
Tribal Folk Song of Odisha. Author: Namita Mishra. Issue Date: 2016. Publisher: Centre for Cultural Resources and Training. Description: The folk music genre called 'Geet Kudia' from Orissa is discussed in this paper. Type: Performing arts. Received From: Centre for Cultural Resources and Training. Dublin Core View.

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