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Local Area Network (lan)

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Local Area Network Essays

Roles of core technologies in an effective it system, installing or improving additional networks, popular essay topics.

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Telecommunications. Local Area Networks

A computer network may be defined as a channeled group of computers. A commonly used network model used by most computers is referred to as the Internet Protocol Suite.

Introduction

Computer networks are broadly classified into different classes according to various factors as stated below:

• According to their connection method; these include; -power line communication, Ethernet, optical fiber, and wireless Local Area Network (LAN). In wireless LAN technology, nonwired devices use radiofrequency for connectivity whereas Ethernet devices use physical wiring for connections. Ethernet uses switches, bridges, hubs, and routers for connectivity.
• According to scale; the key distinguishing factor in this classification type is the size of the network. The divisions include Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), and Local Area Network (LAN).
• According to a functional relationship: a functional relationship exists between elements in the network systems. Examples of such relationships include client-server networking and peer-to-peer networking systems.
• According to network topology: a network topology is defined as how computers and devices are organized in a network. These types of topologies include; mesh topology, bus topology, star topology, and ring topology. These arrangements signify how components included in a network relate logically to one another.
• Protocol: network systems employ different communication protocols across their devices.

Local Area Network

This study is going to extensively look at the study of Local Area Networks. This is a network that majorly covers a small geographical area. Data transfer rates in LANs are fast. Currently, Ethernet LAN technologies will operate at a data transfer rate of about 10 GB/s.Within a LAN it is also possible to create a set of interconnected networks. This is referred to as an intranet.

An intranet uses IP-based tools including browsers which are usually under the control of a single entity from the administrator. Also uses the Internet Protocol. This administrative entity and allows only specific users. Basic Hardware Components of a Local Area Network

These are building blocks that make up a network. They are used to interconnect internet devices such as repeaters, network cards also called network interface cards, routers, switches, and hubs. The various functions of these devices include:

Repeater: It is defined as an electronic device that will receive and transform a signal and retransmits it to a higher level so that it covers a long distance to avoid degradation. Repeaters don’t work to interpret data being transmitted since they work with the actual physical signal. Repeaters operate at the first layer of the Open System Interconnection model known as the physical layer.

Network Card or Network Interface Card: This device enables computers over a computer network to communicate. It also permits computers to access physically to the networking medium. Users are also allowed to be connected through this medium by either using cables or wirelessly.

Bridges: this device will connect multiple network segments. They do not copy traffic to all ports. They work by learning the association between ports and addresses through examination of source addresses of frames seen on various ports. Hubs: a hub is a device that connects that simply copies data to the nodes connected to it a hub will normally have multiple ports.

Routers: a router is a networking device that forwards data packets along with networks. It does this by using headers and forwarding tables that determine the best path in which to forward packets. They will also act as a medium of connectivity between the unlike and like media.

Ancillary Equipment Used in Networking

These are defined as equipment that ensures the correct working of a networking system. They diagnose failures in the system. They also circumvent problems. These devices include:

UPS (Uninterruptible Power supply) can be put anywhere in the system. It may be a line-charged battery that will take the element through a short power drop-out. It can also be an extensive channel of generators and magnificent battery banks which will the network over a long period in time after power shortage

Monitoring and diagnostic devices: Depends on the critical and skills of networks among operators. This factor makes the network need to have temporary or permanent connected measures of performance and diagnosis.

Wireless networking

Wireless technology is a modern alternative to networks that use cables. A wireless network transmits data by microwave and other radio signals. Wireless networks offer even more benefits than wired ones. Most agree that wireless networking represents the future of computer and Internet connectivity worldwide. Wi-Fi continues to be the pre-eminent technology for building general-purpose wireless networks. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) that are secure will provide the vices of security including network encryption and authentication. This can be implemented using IPsec.A VPN client software is used to log into the network.

Security can also be implemented using the VPN SSL. This relies on a web browser to log onto the privatized network. The advantage of this over IPsec VPN is that it is cheaper to set up and maintain since they utilize the SSL network protocols that are inbuilt to standard web servers and browsers. Another advantage includes the SSL operations that are always at a higher level than IPsec. This is advantageous again to network administrators in that they are exposed to a variety of options in aid of controlling access to network resources. A major disadvantage of SSL VPNs is the interfacing with resources that cannot be accessed from web browsers is difficult.

One wireless network is

• Efficient – One scalable network conserving spectrum and power
• Simple – One system to learn, operate and maintain
• Universal – One platform supporting many field protocols and applications simultaneously

These key attributes provide the following benefits:

• Best integrated industrial security available today
• Simultaneously connects to installed industrial protocols
• Single plant-wide wireless infrastructure for the lowest total cost of ownership
• Most flexible and upgradeable plant-wide wireless system available today

Extremely reliable mesh system – field-proven for best uptime.

S.p Meyn (2007). Control techniques for complex networks, Cambridge University Press.

R.Srikart, (2007). The Mathematics of Internet congestion control.Birkhouser.

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Wide Area Network (WAN) vs. Local Area Network (LAN): Key Differences and Similarities

LAN is limited to a 1 km radius, while WAN can cover hundreds of kilometers.

Local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN) are both critical components of your IT infrastructure. But there are key differences between the two, and these differences (as well as similarities) will determine how you deploy each to its optimal potential. In this article, we explain the difference between WAN vs. LAN in more detail, and we also discuss a few ways they resemble each other.

Table of Contents

What are wide area network (wan) and local area network (lan), wide area network (wan) vs. local area network (lan): key differences.

• Key Similarities Between WAN and LAN

A wide area network (WAN) is defined as a telecommunications network that helps to connect devices (end-user devices and servers) that are situated several kilometers or even hundreds of kilometers away from each other .

A WAN may be public – for example, the internet is a type of WAN as it enables connectivity and data exchange between devices situated on opposite ends of the world. You may also have a private WAN in an enterprise, useful for securely sharing data and resources between geographically distributed headquarters, branch offices, retail stores, logistical hubs, and other similar locations. The key factor characterizing WAN is that it spans a geographically wide area.

A local area network (LAN) is defined as a telecommunications network that helps connect devices (end-user devices and servers) that are situated close to each other, typically inside a radius of one kilometer.

LAN is widely used in both consumer and enterprise use cases. For example, you may have a collection of connected devices like a smart refrigerator, a laptop, a voice recognition-enabled TV, and a smart home console inside a person’s house. This setup uses LAN technology to enable data exchange between these devices so that the homeowner can access and control their functionalities seamlessly. In contrast, a medium-sized office campus may have hundreds of laptops and workstations, several meeting room systems, connected printers, and attendance kiosks, servers, and other devices, also set up using LAN. as long as the devices are within a compatible geographic range, you can connect them via LAN technology. This need for proximity is the key factor characterizing LAN.

Networking technology is a foundational pillar for your enterprise as it connects the various internal cogs of your business and enables data exchange with external systems. Processes like collaboration , data analysis, payments and transactions, supply and procurement, etc., all rely on networking technology – primarily on local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN). According to Statista, the network infrastructure segment will generate over $195 billion in revenues in 2021, which will grow to over $227 billion by 2025.

See More: What Is Broad Network Access? Definition, Key Components, and Best Practices

LAN and WAN are fundamentally different from each other and must be strategically implemented. Let us explore these differences in more detail.

  Key Differences Between WAN and LAN

1. LAN technology is older in origin than WAN

The first primitive variants of LAN were developed in the 1960s and 70s to support the need for data exchange between computers in academic institutions. The Cambridge Ring in 1974 and an early ethernet by Xerox in 1973-74 are among the first commercial examples of LAN technology. In contrast, WAN is a relatively new concept popularized in the 1980s. It was only when computers became available to business users outside of academic and defense use cases that there was a need for wide-area connectivity, even if it wasn’t as secure. That’s why, even though the U.S. Airforce created the first known WAN in the 1950s, it became popular much later with the rise of the internet.

2. WAN covers 10x larger area than LAN or more

This is the primary difference between WAN and LAN. As mentioned, LAN typically covers an area of a one-kilometer radius or less, which can span a single house, an office building, an educational campus, a large retail outlet like a shopping mall, etc. WAN, on the other hand, is not limited by geographic restrictions. Depending on the medium used and the amount invested, a wide area network may stretch to cover thousands of kilometers. For instance, VoLTE technology like 4G or 5G uses a wireless medium to connect smartphones with data centers regardless of where they are situated.

3. LAN supports significantly faster data transfer than WAN

This is an important difference for enterprises, and you may need to design the network architecture in a manner that you gain from optimal LAN speeds. Depending on your telecommunication carrier and the infrastructure in place, you may enjoy speeds up to 1000 Mbps or more. Devices like Wi-Fi analyzers , amplifiers, and extenders can further increase LAN data transfer speeds. In comparison, WAN is significantly slower (approximately 150 Mbps) due to several reasons:

• There is a loss in speed as data packets travel through a long distance.
• Internet service providers (ISPs) typically cap the maximum speed in publicly owned WAN.
• WAN infrastructure is exposed to the elements, and speeds may suffer from natural disruptions.

See More: Top 10 Network Access Control Software Solutions in 2021

4. The average LAN setup is more secure than most WAN environments

Since a local area network is restricted to a relatively small space, they are more secure. LAN connects a few hundred devices at best, and they are all locally secured. In contrast, your computer is connected to millions of other devices through a public WAN network, which inevitably increases security risks. To address this challenge, enterprises can use virtual private networks (VPNs) and IP security (IPsec) protocols to protect data shared via WAN.

5. When owned by private entities, LAN is easier to maintain than WAN

As mentioned, enterprises may set up, use, and maintain their own local area networks and wide area networks. WAN isn’t limited to the public internet. However, maintaining LAN and its components is significantly easier and more cost-effective than WAN. This is because WAN relies on complex infrastructures such as leased lines and multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) that are costly to maintain, particularly when extending connectivity to remote areas. IT personnel efforts involved in LAN maintenance are a fraction of WAN maintenance efforts, as there is no need to travel.

6. LAN can provide you with better performance due to more bandwidth availability

LAN typically comes with more bandwidth availability, which means that it will continue to perform even when many devices are connected to the network. You can configure LAN to provide you with symmetric speeds – i.e., equal bandwidth allocation for both upload and download jobs. This is crucial for reliable cloud performance, as cloud utilization requires the real-time flow of two-way data traffic. In the case of wide area networks, the bandwidth available per user is much lower, and resource-intensive apps may struggle to perform when operating on a public WAN. The answer to this challenge is to set up your own WAN infrastructure for the enterprise.

See More : Top 10 Best Virtual Private Network (VPN) Software Platforms in 2021

7. LAN and WAN rely on different connectivity technologies

The underlying connectivity technologies powering LAN and WAN are also slightly different. LAN uses wired ethernet and wireless or Wi-Fi signals to set up a connection between multiple devices. Depending on the nature of the device and its distance from the central router and modem, you can use a combination of the two for your home or office LAN. WAN uses ethernet and Wi-Fi, as well as other connectivity technologies such as:

• Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) to accelerate and regulate the flow of network traffic over long distances and complex routing pathways
• Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) to enable data transmission of multiple traffic types like data, video, and telephony signals without having to use separate overlays
• Frame relay to enable uninterrupted data traffic to end devices
• 25, which is a protocol designed for data communication in wide area networks

8. LAN is more cost-effective to implement than WAN

Just as LAN is easier to maintain, it is also less expensive to set up than WAN. Whether end consumers or IT professionals, most of us have implemented a basic local area network at some time or the other. Modern Wi-Fi routers and telecommunication services come with easy-to-use platforms where you can connect your devices, enforce network security measures, and optimize speeds in less than an hour. In an enterprise environment with 100+ devices, you will need only basic IT expertise to set up LAN.

WAN, on the other hand, is a different matter altogether. Private WAN is extremely complex to design and implement, keeping in mind your application and device requirements. WAN implementation almost always involves an external networking technology partner.

9. Unlike LAN, WAN may be publicly owned

LAN is always a privately owned network environment. There is an end consumer or enterprise customer that purchases or leases LAN services from one or more service providers. In contrast, you may have a private WAN infrastructure and a public WAN infrastructure. The global internet environment is a good example of a public WAN, where no single entity has ownership. Its various components and sub-environments are owned and maintained by individuals, enterprises, governments, and service providers. This is not possible for a local area network.

See More: How SD-WAN Is Simplifying and Accelerating Multi-Cloud Adoption

10. LAN may offer greater fault tolerance than WAN

Fault tolerance is the network’s ability to continue to provide you with connectivity, even when one or more of its component systems suffers a fault. Typically, local area networks provide greater fault tolerance, and a brief period of downtime does not bring network operations to a standstill. WAN, however, is circuit-based and has more component systems. This makes it more prone to suffering faults, which can be difficult to trace and resolve due to its complex architecture. That’s why WAN downtime is typically considered a much more severe problem in an enterprise than LAN downtime, with higher prioritization.

11. The use of software-defined (SD) technology is more prevalent in WAN than LAN

In recent years, SD-WAN has become a hugely popular technology, owing to its efficiency and cost-effectiveness. SD-WAN allows you to implement a singular cloud-based platform with software components to govern the network instead of visiting remote sites and setting up expensive hardware. The majority of network management tasks can also be performed remotely using SD-WAN. In comparison, SD-LAN is an emerging technology offered by only a handful of carriers.

According to Market Research Future, the global SD-WAN market will reach $19.093 billion by 2026. In contrast, the cloud-managed LAN or SD-LAN market will be worth approximately $1.183 billion only by 2025.

12. LAN is a component of a larger WAN environment

This is a critical differentiating factor between WAN and LAN. Multiple local area networks together form a wide area network, making the latter a component of the former. For example, each individual consumer may have a separate local area network at their home. Multiple personal LANs may be connected via a wide area network managed by the region’s government. Thousands of LANs around the globe form the public internet, which is also a wide area network. In an enterprise context, each office location may be connected via LAN, and all LANs may communicate with the company’s headquarters and with each other through a secure private WAN.

See More: 5G vs. Fiber Optics: Which One Suits IoT Connectivity the Best?

Key Similarities Between WAN and LAN?

While wide area networks and local area networks may be different, they also resemble each other in many areas. The most important similarities between LAN and WAN include:

Similarities Between WAN and LAN

1. Both involve two or more nodes that are being connected

As a prerequisite for both WAN and LAN, you need two or more computing nodes that are being connected. This could be two end-user devices, an end-user device and a server, smart office or home appliances, or any other networked endpoint. You cannot have either a WAN or LAN environment without at least two separate nodes in place, which are at some distance from each other.

2. Both use TCP/IP protocols

While LAN and WAN have different underlying technologies, as discussed in the previous section, both rely on the transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) model. TCP/IP is a collection of internet connectivity standards and protocols first developed by the department of defense in the 1960s. It segments a network environment into four discrete layers: the application, transport, internet, and network access layers. Both WAN and LAN rely on TCP/IP.

3. Both LAN and WAN may be wireless or wired in nature

You may leverage both LAN and WAN to connect devices using wires or through wireless transmission. Fiber-optic, coaxial, and twisted-pair cabling are the three main types of wires used for LAN and WAN connectivity. Wireless WAN and LAN environments both rely on 3G, 4G, 5G, and Wi-Fi signals to enable network connectivity.

4. Both LAN and WAN can be used by consumers and enterprises alike

Consumers typically use publicly owned WAN infrastructure, although visitors in an enterprise or official establishment may also use private WAN connectivity. Consumers may also have privately owned local area networks in their homes and may lease LAN services from local providers. Enterprises may design local area networks for individual offices and operational locations or for mid-sized to large campuses. They may also have privately owned WAN spanning multiple cities or even connecting different countries for secure data transmissions.

5. They are both susceptible to security vulnerabilities (at varying degrees)

Technically, both local area networks and wide area networks are open to security risks at some level or the other. This is because once you connect a device to a network, a fresh threat vector is added through which malicious entities may initiate an attack. The only way to have a 100% secure device is to close off all connectivity and perform all processes entirely on-premise. Since this is impossible to achieve in a modern digital landscape, both LAN and WAN have to be secured through VPNs, network access control , software and hardware firewall , and secure network policies.

6. Both can gain from the cloud

Software-defined networking (SDN) applies cloud-based networking mechanisms to both WAN and LAN. SD-WAN and SD-LAN can help enterprises reduce their hardware footprint as well as the need for on-site IT personnel. This would result in significant cost and effort savings, and it is easier to govern both LAN and WAN environments through a centralized cloud portal.

See More: Cloud Controlled Wireless and Cloud Managed Wi-Fi: What’s the Difference?

In conclusion: The top WAN and LAN providers to consider

Enterprises need both LAN and WAN infrastructure to drive seamless connectivity, power business applications and enable processes that bring about clear business outcomes. Here are the top providers in each space that can help you strengthen your WAN and LAN environments:

Top WAN providers

• Silver Peak , a provider of WAN appliances, WAN optimization, and SD-WAN solutions
• Aryaka , a cloud-first managed SD-WAN service provider
• Meraki , Cisco’s portfolio of WAN hardware and software solutions
• Masergy , a leading cloud and MPLS-based WAN provider

Top LAN providers

• Mist , a provider of AI-powered wireless and wired LAN
• Cisco , a leading LAN hardware and security company
• Aruba , an HPE subsidiary specializing in wireless LAN solutions
• Extreme Networks , a cloud-based LAN management provider

Apart from this, you can always partner with leading telecommunication companies in your region to find WAN and LAN solutions tailored for your enterprise. As networking infrastructure becomes central to how individuals and companies operate, your connectivity environment will drive business success. That’s why it is vital to understand the difference between wide area networks and local area networks (as well as their similarities), so you can leverage the potential of each solution.

Do you agree that enterprises should invest in both LAN and WAN infrastructure? Tell us on LinkedIn Opens a new window , Twitter Opens a new window , or Facebook Opens a new window . We would love to hear from you!

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• What Is Local Area Network (LAN)? Definition, Types, Architecture and Best Practices
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Local Area Network

Introduction

Researchers have become particularly interested in the Information Technology aspect of Apple Corporation. Analysis of Apple Corporation reveals that the company has made many attempts to break and block its dissemination on the same. Today the attention to issues related to local area networks has increased. Moreover, numerous objectives were initiated that have helped in the development and growth of the corporation through the local area network.

Background of Apple Corporation

Social issues have been focused on effectiveness and significance of introducing positive or negative attributes to any corporation. They focus on changes and developments of strategies in an organization that would enable it to gain significant competitive advantage and stay a step ahead of its competitors and its inside operations. It is important to note that the main aim of a business must never be solely to make money. Instead, businesses should focus on the public good, responsibility, and smooth flow of operations within the corporation. This means that local area network in every business case helps it gain financial benefits in order to improve and maintain its competitive advantage in terms of profitability and growth of the business.

Rationale to Use LANs in the Organization

It is necessary to note that a local area network is basically a computer network within a specified area or company. The key issue related to the use of local area networks is to interconnect computer networks and ensure high data transfer rates in order to enhance  telecommunication line, thus  increasing the value for the costumer. LANs used in the organization include the old system used on telephone systems. However, in recent times the company has introduced a network topology, which has a unique interconnection pattern layout. In this case, the Internet protocol is standard at upper layers of local area networks. At the Apple Corporation, local area networks are connected by computers within the work station in order to execute programs. This way, the management and staff are able to access data from any computer available at work stations. Additionally, the management and the staff of the company can also transfer information using communications, which allow chat sessions and e-mail sending.

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Apple network relies on Ethernet system, which is the most common and effective system. It is important to note that Ethernet is based on a star or bus topology that is used to transfer rates and support data within the organization. In this way, this method helps the company handle many functions at the same time (Ngo, 2012). Ethernet systems used in the company are standard. This ensures their effective and efficient control. This means that these systems help identify and create channels of distinctive forms in order to create value. As a result, the value changes customer’s perception, which in turn improves and strengthens a relationship between financial performance and corporate activities. Responses on customer satisfaction, stakeholder relationships, customer donations, brand loyalty, brand evaluations of a product among many others largely rely on the value delivered to the customer and are proofs of the local area network's success. Local area networks have received a lot of attention from many different researchers. This research is undertaken in order to understand the most significant ways in which this system can benefit companies. Findings of the research undertaken have shown that local area network effect smooth running of the company, increases consumers awareness, increases customer satisfaction, improves corporate image, and purchase intention.

Local Area Network helps simplify networking capabilities of computers and other shared resources, such as printers and files, within an organization. One of the most commonly used local area networks is the Ethernet. It is affordable and can be used in networks that are more advanced. It comprises of wiring standards, which include signalling variants. It is connected to a shared medium and a coaxial cable. The system divides data into smaller frames in order to check errors and address destinations. In this way data is protected from damage, and in case there is any damage, it is re-transmitted and detected. It is important to note that since data sent through Ethernet is in the form of frames, the system contains data footer, header, and data section. In this way the system uses network adopters to appropriately discard and read the frame and address the sender and recipients. In order to broadcast the devices within the network, Ethernet performs preliminary detection to determine the level of transmission in progress (Geier 2012). This simply means that Ethernet allows standard and simultaneous transmission.

Ethernet uses many different devices. These include a repeater, Ethernet cables, and a bridge device. A repeater helps connect multiple cables in order to allow data from greater distances to be spanned. In this case, Ethernet helps meet company’s needs, improve communication, and make functions of the corporation more efficient. Ethernet uses bus topology, ring topology, star topology, tree topology, and mesh topology in its functions.

Bus Topology

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Bus topology can easily be compared to a backbone. This is because bus topology helps connect all required devices. It has functions, which are related to a backbone and shares information with mediums with shared communication. It helps send and broadcast messages from one device to another. The system broadcasts the message and sends it to the intended recipient. It is a very simple and easy system to install. Additionally, this system does not require too much cabling as compared to many other systems.

Ring Topology

Ring topology is a system that allows communication to travel in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction. This system is implemented using a token ring, sonnet, or a FDDI. It is most commonly used on campuses and in office buildings.

Star Topology

Star topology is mostly used in homes. It comprises and features a hub node from a central point connection. This system requires a lot of cabling and connections.

Tree Topology

Tree topology is a combination of bus and star topologies. It is a very simple system that is simply connected to tree devices. This system greatly supports network expandability.

Mesh Topology

Mesh topology comprises of route concepts. This simply means that the mesh system uses different paths to reach the destination source.

Differences between Hubs and Switches

Switch is a device that is used to forward and filter devices between local area network's portions and segments. Functions of hub and switch are different in many ways but are sometimes integrated into a unique and single device. It is important to note that central network in any organization requires a server to handle and equip data types, which are also known as frames. The main difference between the switch and the hub is the manner in which these devices deliver the frames. In a hub, the data or frame is broadcasted from the port regardless of the number of ports. This simply means that this device does not distinguish to which port should be sent to. Additionally, it is important to note that the hub shares bandwidth with its ports. This means that hub's bandwidth is available to the maximum even when only one PC is being broadcasted. It is important to note that hubs are nodes that are connected to networking cables. All hyper hubs are uplinked and connected together. However, this depends on the hyper link port. Additionally, it decreases performance as the user number is increased.

On the other hand, a switch keeps MAC addresses record of most devices connected to the same. In this case, a switch can identify the system within the port from this information. In this way, every time a frame is received, the switch identifies and knows which port to send it to. This means that the user can have full access to bandwidth maximum amount. The switch drastically increases network speed from the available bandwidth. It also enhances performance of the network, web servers, and work stations when it is connected directly to 10/100Mbps. Additionally, switches intensify applications to the file server or work station if they are connected to 10/100Mbps.

The cost of switches is more or less the same as the cost of hubs. The price is related to the performance value. This simply means that the higher the performance, the higher the price.

Comparison between the Cabling (UTP, STP, or Fibre Optic) Used in the Organization

A cable is a channel or medium through which data or information travels or is sent from one network device to another. Each network uses different cables in relation to user needs and network’s topology. The unshielded twisted network cable comes in two different types namely: unshielded and shielded. The unshielded twisted device is the most common and popular. It has four different pairs of wires within the packet or jacket. Each twist per inch within each pair is used to limit and reduce interference from electrical devices and other adjacent pairs. The untwisted shielding pair connector is a plastic connector that is inserted only one way. The difference between the two is the copper pair twisting tightness.

Shielded twisted pair or STP cable is common and popular in environments with electrical interference, for example, electrical frequency or radio interference. These cables have a metal shield that blocks the outside interference from computers and fluorescent lights amongst many others. This cable uses a token ring topology. Coaxial cabling has a plastic layer, which is essential in providing insulation between conductors.

Fibre optic cables have outer insulating jackets, which are made from unique TVC or teflon. The fibre helps prevent breakage and strengthens the cable. Additionally, the fibre centre is shielded and cushioned using plastic coating. Another characteristic that is different from other cables is that the core fibre is made of plastic fibres or glass. The fibre optic cable is highly effective. This is because it has the ability to transmit signals over longer distances as compared to other cables. It is also important to note that fibre optic connectors are used as St Connectors. This is because it is easier to connect in concealed and hidden spaces.

Apple Corporation is an international company that uses the best local area networks in order to achieve the best results in the market. Local area networks in this case have helped improve communication and technology within the company. Local area networks help simplify networking capabilities. They also help protect data from damage. The system uses different topologies and cables in relation to data types, types of networks, and company needs.

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Local Area Network Essay Example

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Local area network

The first question about attacks in layer 2 has been covered well. The author has covered this question well. Man-in-the-middle attacks are common in this layer and yet this type of attack has been ignored in module 3. ARP spoofing is a common attack that is seen in this layer. The characteristic of a network communication protocol is to send a reply to a host using ARP. The attacker will pose to be the host and send a message to the target machine. This way they shall have got access to the target machine. The author has given an example of how the attack occurs. The second question has been answered well although the issue of the extent of spanning tree has not been mentioned. Spanning tree attacks are easy to be solved in LAN than in internetworks. This issue was not addressed well. The author has talked of checking the MAC address to see if it has one IP address associated with it. He has not given the process. This is still sufficient as the process of doing this can be given or researched by interested parties. The second question has also been tackled well since the author gives another significant answer to spanning tree attacks. One thing I will add to this is the fact that spanning tree attacks are becoming common with the networks increased by the day. This attack is common and is targeting networks which are busy. The other attacks that have been answered in question three are sufficient although there are basic attacks. I have a feeling that the author did not talk of other significant attacks that make use of protocols. This answer was good although not complex enough and not insightful. Question 3 has been extensively tackled by the author. The author first describes how routers play a vital role in networking. The author rightly brings the issue of DNS attacks. One common attack with this is the denial of service attacks. My additional comments is that there is a need to have firewalls to prevent routers from attacks. Use of these security measures will prevent routers from being compromised. There is the issue of DMZ location. This is a mechanism where the routers are put in safe places. This way, routers will be secured. Question 4 has been answered well. The use of intrusion detection to mitigate attacks is a common phenomena. This is a good step where this mechanism is used to detect any foreign detection in the network. One thought I will add here is that the intrusion detection mechanism should be added to the entry points of the network.

Boncella, R. (2006). Secure socket layer (SSL). In H. Bidgoli, A handbook of information security . New York: John Wiley and Sons. Bosworth, S. (2009). Computer security handbook (5 ed., Vol. 2). New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Huang, S., MacCallum, D., & Du, D.-Z. (2010). Network security. New York: Springer. Poole, O. (2012). Network security: A practical guide. New York: Routledge.

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Local Area Network Case Study

Research on Background of Apple Corporation

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Rationale to Use LANs in the Organization

It is important to note that a local area network is basically a computer network within a specified area or company. The key issue related to the use of local area networks is to interconnect computer networks and ensure high data transfer rates in order to enhance telecommunication line, thus increasing the value for the costumer. LANs used in the organization include the old system used on telephone systems. However, in recent times the company has introduced a network topology, which has a unique interconnection pattern layout. In this case, the Internet protocol is standard at upper layers of local area networks. At the Apple Corporation, local area networks are connected by computers within the work station in order to execute programs. This way, the management and staff are able to access data from any computer available at work stations. Additionally, the management and the staff of the company can also transfer information using communications, which allow chat sessions and e-mail sending.

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Local Area Network

Local Area Network helps simplify networking capabilities of computers and other shared resources, such as printers and files, within an organization. One of the most commonly used local area networks is the Ethernet. It is affordable and can be used in networks that are more advanced. It comprises of wiring standards, which include signalling variants. It is connected to a shared medium and a coaxial cable. The system divides data into smaller frames in order to check errors and address destinations. In this way data is protected from damage, and in case there is any damage, it is re-transmitted and detected. It is important to note that since data sent through Ethernet is in the form of frames, the system contains data footer, header, and data section. In this way the system uses network adopters to appropriately discard and read the frame and address the sender and recipients. In order to broadcast the devices within the network, Ethernet performs preliminary detection to determine the level of transmission in progress. This simply means that Ethernet allows standard and simultaneous transmission.

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Bus topology

Bus topology can easily be compared to a backbone. This is because bus topology helps connect all required devices. It has functions, which are related to a backbone and shares information with mediums with shared communication. It helps send and broadcast messages from one device to another. The system broadcasts the message and sends it to the intended recipient. It is a very simple and easy system to install. Additionally, this system does not require too much cabling as compared to many other systems.

Ring topology

Ring topology is a system that allows communication to travel in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction. This system is implemented using a token ring, sonnet, or a FDDI. It is most commonly used on campuses and in office buildings.

Star topology

Star topology is mostly used in homes. It comprises and features a hub node from a central point connection. This system requires a lot of cabling and connections.

Tree topology

Tree topology is a combination of bus and star topologies. It is a very simple system that is simply connected to tree devices. This system greatly supports network expandability.

Mesh topology

Mesh topology comprises of route concepts. This simply means that the mesh system uses different paths to reach the destination source.

How It Works

Differences between Hubs and Switches

Switch is a device that is used to forward and filter devices between local area network’s portions and segments. Functions of hub and switch are different in many ways but are sometimes integrated into a unique and single device. It is important to note that central network in any organization requires a server to handle and equip data types, which are also known as frames. The main difference between the switch and the hub is the manner in which these devices deliver the frames. In a hub, the data or frame is broadcasted from the port regardless of the number of ports. This simply means that this device does not distinguish to which port should be sent to. Additionally, it is important to note that the hub shares bandwidth with its ports. This means that hub’s bandwidth is available to the maximum even when only one PC is being broadcasted. It is important to note that hubs are nodes that are connected to networking cables. All hyper hubs are uplinked and connected together. However, this depends on the hyper link port. Additionally, it decreases performance as the user number is increased.

On the other hand, a switch keeps MAC addresses record of most devices connected to the same. In this case, a switch can identify the system within the port from this information. In this way, every time a frame is received, the switch identifies and knows which port to send it to. This means that the user can have full access to bandwidth maximum amount. The switch drastically increases network speed from the available bandwidth. It also enhances performance of the network, web servers, and work stations when it is connected directly to 10/100Mbps. Additionally, switches intensify applications to the file server or work station if they are connected to 10/100Mbps.

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Comparison between the Cabling (UTP, STP, or Fibre Optic) Used in the Organization

A cable is a channel or medium through which data or information travels or is sent from one network device to another. Each network uses different cables in relation to user needs and network’s topology. The unshielded twisted network cable comes in two different types namely: unshielded and shielded. The unshielded twisted device is the most common and popular. It has four different pairs of wires within the packet or jacket. Each twist per inch within each pair is used to limit and reduce interference from electrical devices and other adjacent pairs. The untwisted shielding pair connector is a plastic connector that is inserted only one way. The difference between the two is the copper pair twisting tightness.

Shielded twisted pair or STP cable is common and popular in environments with electrical interference, for example, electrical frequency or radio interference. These cables have a metal shield that blocks the outside interference from computers and fluorescent lights amongst many others. This cable uses a token ring topology. Coaxial cabling has a plastic layer, which is essential in providing insulation between conductors.

Fibre optic cables have outer insulating jackets, which are made from unique TVC or teflon. The fibre helps prevent breakage and strengthens the cable. Additionally, the fibre centre is shielded and cushioned using plastic coating. Another characteristic that is different from other cables is that the core fibre is made of plastic fibres or glass. The fibre optic cable is highly effective. This is because it has the ability to transmit signals over longer distances as compared to other cables. It is also important to note that fibre optic connectors are used as St Connectors. This is because it is easier to connect in concealed and hidden spaces.

Apple Corporation is an international company that uses the best local area networks in order to achieve the best results in the market. Local area networks in this case have helped improve communication and technology within the company. Local area networks help simplify networking capabilities. They also help protect data from damage. The system uses different topologies and cables in relation to data types, types of networks, and company needs. Live Chat Order now

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Designing a Local Area Network, Research Paper Example

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Computer and Technology: Designing a Local Area Network

The nature of our institution allows us to adopt a local Area Network. This type of network allows one to connect the various network internetwork devices over a short distance. The college best suits this kind of network design since the need for high data transfer rate is paramount. The cost of designing and laying out this kind of network is not very high as compared to other kinds of networks, this factor will enable the institution have a better network, but at a lower cost. The following is a copy of the floor plans and layout specification:

Cabling is a very important aspect in networking; there are different types of cables that can be used in a Local Area Network depending on the distance of one network device to the other. Fiber optic cables will be used to connect networking devices over long distances; these cables are made up of central glass matter covered with several layers of protective layers that enable data to be transferred at higher rates over long distances. This cable will be used in connecting the servers to switches which are far apart. Although these cables are expensive as compared to other types of cables, they must be used because of their high data transfer rate and the long distance other cables can not cover.

Twisted pair cables will also be used when implementing our Local Area Network, since they come in two varieties i.e. shielded and unshielded pair cables, the unshielded pair cable will be the most sought after cable during the laying down of this network.  This cable is made up of four pairs of wires, with each pair twisting over each other to eliminate electromagnetic interference. These cables will help us in connecting network devices that are not over 100 meters apart.  It is important to note that these cables are not very expensive as compared to the fiber optic cables; therefore making them the most utilized cables during our networking. In areas where signal interference is prone to occur, coaxial cables will be used. Other than being highly resistance to electromagnetic interference, these cables are capable of transferring data over long distances.

Since the network will be MADE UP of many computers and other networking devices, two basic network topologies will be adopted when developing the network. The two types of network topologies are;

• Server based
• Peer to peer

It is important that we examine these topologies in detail in relation to the set up of the entire college. The college is made up of different departments, each department has specific types of data and files it will need to access. This calls for the need to have different servers to cater for the different needs of these departments. Each department will have a special file server that will be used to keep its files and database; this server will only be accessed by members and students of that particular department. By allocating each department its server, the network will work efficiently since collision detection and avoidance will be archived. Data and files meant for one department will only be accessed by authorized members and students of that department. This calls for a need of having a server based topology where a special computer will store files that are specifically meant for a specific department.

Other servers that will be entwined in the network include print servers; this server will enable any person to print his or her documents through the network. The web server will enable the students and the entire fraternity accesses the World Wide Web for information. Moreover, an E-mail server will be installed; this server will allow the college fraternity exchange mail and information through the network

Students and instructors would want to access general information from the network; this will force the institution to adopt a peer to peer topology. This topology will allow the entire fraternity to access information that is kept on any machine connected to the network. This will also allow the students and instructors get access to the limited computer recourses like printers, scanners and fax machines. However, this topology has some setbacks like data security and low speeds when the traffic becomes clogged.

Different network devises will be used when setting up the entire network to facilitate communication between different computers place in different location. Each server room will have a hub; this device will connect the many Ethernet segments and make them work as a single entity. It is important to note that this device works on the first level of the OSI model since it offers a provision for workstations and servers to share information. A switch will be placed in every room that has more than one computer; this device that operates at OSI layer 2 will facilitate transfer of data from one computer to the other. It will also ensure that information sent reaches its intended destination. Since the network will be segmented, a bridge will be placed at a central position in the college. This device that operates at the data link layer in the OSI model will enable the different networks communicate.  Since data packets will move through the network, a router must be installed; this device will allow packets from different sources reach their destination.

Each computer on the network will require a unique number called an IP address, this unique code enables each computer on the entire network be recognized individually. Each computer our network will be manually assigned a unique IP address, this kind of IP addressing is referred to as Static IP addressing. The first three digits of the IP will be the same for all the hosts; however, the last digit must be different for every host. After that, each computer on the network will be assigned a unique host name; the outline of the IP addressing will be set up as shown below;

• Host network address (192.168.1.0)
• Broadcast address (192.168.1.128)
• Subnet mask (255.255.255.0)
• The domain name

Below is a list of items that will be used to develop the entire network:

In conclusion, the above network is supposed to perform its general and specific objectives to the maximum. A network administrator who will have the mandate of overseeing the smooth operation of the network shall be available. Any misuse of the network by students and instructors will not be allowed, the administrator shall have the rights to view the contents accessed by the users at all times. This will go a long way in safeguarding the entire network from security breaches and misuse of the network.

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Essay: Local Area Networks

Samples / Science and Technology April 12, 2011

Sample Essay

Words 1,432

PLEASE answer the question below with a minimum 5 sentences for each question. I will upload the book and that it will be the resource/reference that you going to use NO other one. Here are the questions:

1- How does shielded wire prevent EMI and RFI? (Minimum 5 sentences)

Shielded wire usually consist wiring wrapped in a metal sheath. This sheath offers protection to copper conductors carrying the signal from EMI and RFI. The metal shielding absorbs all spurious signals. These spurious signals are then grounded. The protection to this metal sheath is usually provided by Teflon jacket on top it (Computer Prep, 2002).

2- What is the difference between standard voice-grade cabling and data-grade cabling? (Minimum 5 sentences)

The difference between standard voice-grade cabling and data-grade cabling is of distance and speeds. For example, voice grade twisted pair cable can support speeds of up to 19Kbps for distances up to 6 miles. However, the maximum cable length for the cable is defined by network specification. Data grade cables support much higher speeds. The current limit for data grade cable is 100 Mbps for commonly used twisted pair wire (Computer Prep, 2002).

3- How is coaxial cable usually grounded? (Minimum 5 sentences)

A Coaxial cable is mad up of copper conductor which is protected by three layers of insulation. These layers are Dielectric insulator, Metal jacket and Polyethylene cover. Dielectric insulator is used to separate the core of the cable from upper layer. The Polyethylene cover provides protection to the inner layer. The metal jacket layer in the middle is made up of braided copper or aluminum. This layer acts as ground for the cable (Computer Prep, 2002).

4-Describe the OSI reference model. (Minimum 5 sentences)

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model provides guidance on the design and implementation of protocol stacks. The OSI reference model uses a seven-layer approach for this purpose. Each layers of this model sets out a particular set of actions that must be done before the data is passed to the next layer. Each of the layer also add additional layer specific information to the data as it is passed through it. The seven layers of OSI model are Application, Presentation , Session, Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical (Computer Prep, 2002).

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Watch CBS News

Earthquake, aftershocks rattle NYC and beyond: "One of the largest" East Coast quakes in the last century

By Jesse Zanger

Updated on: April 5, 2024 / 11:56 PM EDT / CBS New York

NEW YORK - New York City and its surrounding area were hit by a significant earthquake and multiple aftershocks Friday.

A 3.8 magnitude aftershock hit 37 miles west of New York City near Gladstone, New Jersey, around 6 p.m. Friday. It struck 9.7 kilometers deep and was felt as far away as Long Island, where there were reports of houses shaking.

It was initially reported to be 4.0 magnitude, but was later confirmed to be 3.8.

New York Gov. Kathy Hochul said there were no immediate reports of significant damage after that aftershock, which came on the heels of Friday morning's 4.8 magnitude earthquake - one of the largest quakes to hit the region in a century. 

The quake hit at approximately 10:23 a.m., startling everyone. It struck 4.7 kilometers below the surface and  was centered in Readington Township, N.J. , about 40 miles west of New York City, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. 

Walls rattled and shelves shook throughout the area. Videos captured  various views of the moment the earthquake hit . 

The impact was felt throughout the Tri-State Area, as well as in  Philadelphia  and as far away as  Baltimore . The USGS said the impact was felt all the way from Maine to Washington, D.C.

There were multiple aftershocks after the earthquake hit. Before Friday evening's 3.8, there were several earlier in the day. An hour after the initial impact, a 2.0 aftershock struck west of Bedminster, N.J. At around 12:30 p.m., there was a 1.8 magnitude aftershock, another 2.0 aftershock at 1:14 p.m., and another 2.0 aftershock shortly before 3 p.m. 

"Aftershocks of these sizes are normal and are not expected to cause further damage," Hochul wrote on X. 

"One of the largest earthquakes on the East Coast in the last century" 

"We're taking this extremely seriously and here's why. There's always the possibility of aftershocks. We have not felt a magnitude of this earthquake since about 2011 ," Hochul said. "This is one of the largest earthquakes on the East Coast to occur in the last century." 

Hochul said she has started a damage assessment across the state , and spoke with New Jersey Gov. Phil Murphy, since the quake's epicenter was located in the Garden State. 

"It's been an unsettling day, to say the least," Hochul said. 

Murphy, who was at a conference out of state when the quake hit, touted the response locally . 

"The reaction was swift and very impressive by the likes of the Port Authority, our State Police opening up its emergency operations center, local and county officials," Murphy said. 

He said the top infrastructure concern is the Hudson River tunnels, though so far there were no reports of major damage. 

"The rail tunnels were built in, finished in 1911, which is why we're building two new ones," Murphy said. 

NYC Mayor Adams: "New Yorkers should go about their normal day"

New York City officials said there have been no reports of major impacts across the city. 

New York City Mayor Eric Adams said though there's always a concern about aftershocks , "New Yorkers should go about their normal day. First responders are working to make sure the city's safe." 

In the event of an aftershock, Adams said people should "drop to the floor, cover your head and neck, and take cover under a solid piece of furniture next to an interior wall, or in a doorway." 

Adams also said he's been in touch with the White House. 

"Earthquakes don't happen every day in New York, so this can be extremely traumatic - the number of texts, calls and inquiries that people sent out not only to our administration, but to family members. Check in on them. We know how this can impact you," Adams said. 

"We activated our protocols for this earthquake. We immediately started coordinating with all city, state, federal and our utility partners. Public notifications were sent out both by Notify NYC and our wireless emergency alert system," New York City Emergency Management Commissioner Zachary Iscol said. 

"We are putting on additional construction and engineering professionals from this point on over the weekend, so if reports do come in, we will be ready to respond," Department of Buildings Commissioner James Oddo said. 

City officials say if people sees cracks in their home or business as a result of the earthquake , they should call 311. 

New York City public schools were told to continue operations and hold dismissal as normal.

"Parents do not need to pick up their child early as a result of today's earthquake. Additionally, all after-school programs will continue as planned," New York City Schools Chancellor David Banks said. " All of our students across the school system are safe . All of our staff are safe. We have no reports of any structural damage to any of our school facilities, while many schools in fact felt some tremors from the earthquake." 

Adams said he was at a Youth Gun Summit at Gracie Mansion and did not feel the quake himself. 

"I would encourage all New Yorkers to use this as a wakeup call to make sure that they are prepared for future seismic activity. Know what to do - know not to evacuate outside your building. Know if you are outside to stay away from power lines or things that can collapse. Make sure you have emergency supplies on hand. Make sure you have a plan for your family," Iscol said. 

Traffic, transit and airport impacts of the quake

The quake caused temporary ground stops at John F. Kennedy and Newark Liberty airports. There were delays as well at LaGuardia as crews checked for damage to the airports and runways

The MTA said it is inspecting all New York City-area bridges and tunnels . Officials also said subway tunnels were checked. 

"Initial inspections show there was not damage to any MTA infrastructure, but we will continue to monitor the situation closely," the MTA posted on X. 

Amtrak and MTA service remained on their full schedule, Hochul said. 

New Yorkers, area residents shaken up by unusual earthquake

The experience was more than enough to rattle some New Yorkers . 

"I was laying in my bed, and my whole apartment building started shaking. I started freaking out," one New York City resident told CBS New York's Elijah Westbrook. 

"My class was scared. So my friends, they went next to me and gave me a hug," 6-year-old Trinity Morales told CBS New York's Jennifer Bisram. 

"I was sound asleep. I got home late last night, had a little bit of water in the basement, so I was up until like 4:30. I was sound asleep at 10:23. This thing rattled me up," CBS New York's Lonnie Quinn said. "I initially thought it was wind, because my windows were rattling and shaking. Looked outside, the trees were not blowing. I thought, what is that?" 

Cracks in walls were visible in an apartment in Berkeley Heights, N.J. 

The Empire State Building had bit of fun after the quake . 

"I AM FINE," the building posted on X. 

More history of earthquakes in New York

It's not the first time the East Coast and New York City have been hit with a quake. A 5.0 quake was measured in New York City in 1884. 

By way of comparison, a 4.0 earthquake is the equivalent of 33,000 pounds of explosive going off at any one time. A 5.0 earthquake is the equivalent of a million pounds of explosives. The record for New Jersey is a 5.3.   

There's a major fault line in New Jersey called the Ramapo Fault, which stems from the Appalachian mountains, and there are at least five smaller fault lines under Manhattan island. 

The quake comes just a few months after the USGS warned nearly 75% of the United States could face damaging quakes in the next 100 years . 

In 2011, a 5.8 quake struck in Virginia and rattled the entire East Coast .   

Jesse Zanger is the managing editor of CBSNewYork.com.

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Gas prices rose from last week: See how much

Regional gas prices rose for the second consecutive week and reached an average of $3.36 per gallon of regular fuel on Monday, up from last week's price of $3.36 per gallon, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

The average fuel price in the Lower Atlantic region has risen about 17 cents since last month. According to the EIA, gas prices across the region in the last year have been as low as $2.88 on Dec. 18, 2023, and as high as $3.66 on Aug. 7, 2023.

A year ago, the average gas price in the Lower Atlantic region was 1% lower at $3.32 per gallon.

>> INTERACTIVE: See how your area's gas prices have changed over the years at data.starnewsonline.com .

The average gas price in the United States last week was $3.52, making prices in the Lower Atlantic region about 4.4% lower than the nation's average. The average national gas price is down from last week's average of $3.52 per gallon.

The U.S. Energy Information Administration's tally of prices in the Lower Atlantic states includes Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia.

The USA TODAY Network is publishing localized versions of this story on its news sites across the country, generated with data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration . Please leave any feedback or corrections for this story  here . This story was written by Ozge Terzioglu.

Midwest region gas prices fell from last week: See how much here

Regional gas prices fell last week and reached an average of $3.37 per gallon of regular fuel on Monday, down from last week's price of $3.41 per gallon, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

The average fuel price in the Midwest region has risen about 10 cents since last month. According to the EIA, gas prices across the region in the last year have been as low as $2.77 on Jan. 8, 2024, and as high as $3.77 on Aug. 14, 2023.

A year ago, the average gas price in the Midwest region was 1% higher at $3.39 per gallon.

>> INTERACTIVE: See how your area's gas prices have changed over the years at data.southbendtribune.com .

The average gas price in the United States last week was $3.52, making prices in the Midwest region about 4.3% lower than the nation's average. The average national gas price is down from last week's average of $3.52 per gallon.

The U.S. Energy Information Administration's tally of prices in the Midwest states includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee and Wisconsin.

The USA TODAY Network is publishing localized versions of this story on its news sites across the country, generated with data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration . Please leave any feedback or corrections for this story  here . This story was written by Ozge Terzioglu.