history of internet assignment pdf

Browse Course Material

Course info, instructors.

Prof. Hari Balakrishnan
Prof. George Verghese

Departments

Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

As Taught In

Computer Networks
Digital Systems
Signal Processing
Telecommunications

Learning Resource Types

Introduction to eecs ii: digital communication systems, lecture 23: a brief history of the internet.

Description: This lecture offers a historical account of the development of the Internet and Internet Protocol (IP). The ideal case for area networking is presented, followed by the creation of the domain name system (DNS).

Instructor: Hari Balakrishnan

Download video
Download transcript

You are leaving MIT OpenCourseWare

We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us!

Internet Archive Audio

This Just In
Grateful Dead
Old Time Radio
78 RPMs and Cylinder Recordings
Audio Books & Poetry
Computers, Technology and Science
Music, Arts & Culture
News & Public Affairs
Spirituality & Religion
Radio News Archive

Flickr Commons
Occupy Wall Street Flickr
NASA Images
Solar System Collection
Ames Research Center

All Software
Old School Emulation
MS-DOS Games
Historical Software
Classic PC Games
Software Library
Kodi Archive and Support File
Vintage Software
CD-ROM Software
CD-ROM Software Library
Software Sites
Tucows Software Library
Shareware CD-ROMs
Software Capsules Compilation
CD-ROM Images
ZX Spectrum
DOOM Level CD

Smithsonian Libraries
FEDLINK (US)
Lincoln Collection
American Libraries
Canadian Libraries
Universal Library
Project Gutenberg
Children's Library
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Books by Language
Additional Collections

Prelinger Archives
Democracy Now!
Occupy Wall Street
TV NSA Clip Library
Animation & Cartoons
Arts & Music
Computers & Technology
Cultural & Academic Films
Ephemeral Films
Sports Videos
Videogame Videos
Youth Media

Search the history of over 866 billion web pages on the Internet.

Mobile Apps

Wayback Machine (iOS)
Wayback Machine (Android)

Browser Extensions

Archive-it subscription.

Explore the Collections
Build Collections

Save Page Now

Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future.

Please enter a valid web address

Donate Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape

History of the Internet : a chronology, 1843 to the present

Bookreader item preview, share or embed this item, flag this item for.

Graphic Violence
Explicit Sexual Content
Hate Speech
Misinformation/Disinformation
Marketing/Phishing/Advertising
Misleading/Inaccurate/Missing Metadata

plus-circle Add Review comment Reviews

12 Favorites

Better World Books

DOWNLOAD OPTIONS

No suitable files to display here.

IN COLLECTIONS

Uploaded by [email protected] on December 27, 2018

1 Lessons from the History of the Internet

Published: October 2002
Cite Icon Cite
Permissions Icon Permissions

This chapter focuses on the critical lessons that can be derived from the building of the ARPANET in the 1960s to the outburst of the World Wide Web in the 1990s. It notes that the historical production of a given technology shapes its content and uses in ways that last beyond its original inception. It explains that the history of the Internet helps people understand the path of its future history-making. This chapter also provides a summary of events that led to the constitution of the Internet in its current form, that is, as a global network of computer networks made user-friendly by the World Wide Web, an application running on top of the Internet. It then discusses the procedures to ensure communication and coordination functions in the network — the shared protocol development, agreements on standards, and assignment of Internet names and addresses.

Signed in as

Institutional accounts.

GoogleCrawler [DO NOT DELETE]
Google Scholar Indexing

Personal account

Sign in with email/username & password
Get email alerts
Save searches
Purchase content
Activate your purchase/trial code
Add your ORCID iD

Institutional access

Sign in with username/password
Recommend to your librarian
Institutional account management
Get help with access

Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:

IP based access

Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.

Sign in through your institution

Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutionâ€™s website and Oxford Academic.

Click Sign in through your institution.
Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.
When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.
Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.

If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutionâ€™s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.

Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.

Society Members

Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:

Sign in through society site

Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see â€˜Sign in through society siteâ€™ in the sign in pane within a journal:

Click Sign in through society site.
When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.

If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.

Sign in using a personal account

Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.

A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.

Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.

Viewing your signed in accounts

Click the account icon in the top right to:

View your signed in personal account and access account management features.
View the institutional accounts that are providing access.

Signed in but can't access content

Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.

For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.

Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions.

About Oxford Academic
Publish journals with us
University press partners
What we publish
New features
Open access
Rights and permissions
Accessibility
Advertising
Media enquiries
Oxford University Press
Oxford Languages
University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press
Cookie settings
Cookie policy
Privacy policy
Legal notice

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

We're Hiring!
Help Center

The history of the Internet according to itself: A synthesis of online Internet histories available at the turn of the century

Related Papers

Tomas Baiget

Nkosana Dube

Jeffrey A Hart

This is a draft of the first chapter of a book on the history and politics of the Internet that is to be published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Computing Research Repository

vinton cerf

Larry Stillman

Communications of The ACM

Researchers, practitioners and their use of the archived web

Niels Brügger

Niels Finnemann

By situating the Internet within the general history of media, the paper aims at a characterization of the general properties of the Internet. First, a general model of the five most significant matrices of media in the history of mankind is presented and discussed. Second, the paper addresses some of the issues arising from the interrelationships between media in a given matrix as well as the transition from one matrix into another. Third, the paper presents various definitions and approaches to the analysis of the Internet; and finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of properties constituting the Internet as a narrative and discursive space.

Peter Binipom Mpuan

History Of The Internet ¶

Introduction ¶.

By definition the Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol . How did this technology come to be so popular and so widely used around the world? Was it always so large and extensive, filled with information about just about anything you can possibly imagine and accessible from almost anywhere, anytime? The answer is no and it is important to understand where it came from to understand how to utilize it to its fullest potential now.

The Internet’s origin have their roots in a military project, the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. This was created around 1958 as part of an attempt to regain the lead in technology from the Soviet Union which had recently launched Sputnik.

SAGE Computer Room

J.C.R. Licklider was selected to head the committee which controlled the SAGE project. He envisioned universal networking as a unifying human revolution. Licklider recruited Lawrence Roberts to head a project which implemented a network. Roberts had worked with the U.S. Air Force on a packet switching system as opposed to a circuit switching system. On October 29, 1969, Licklider and Roberts interconnected the first two nodes between UCLA and SRI International at Menlo Park, California. This was the beginning of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) which was one of the key networks which our Internet today was based off of. Soon after the first international packet-switched network service was created between U.S. and U.K.

Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed the first description of TCP (covered more deeply in the Introduction to Networking lesson) in 1973. The term “Internet” was first used in 1974 to describe a single global TCP/IP network detailed in the first full specification of TCP written by Cerf and his colleagues. The first TCP/IP-wide area network was created on January 1, 1983 when all hosts on the ARPANET were switched over from the older protocols to TCP/IP.

In 1984, the National Science Foundation (NSF) commissioned the construction of a 1.5 megabit/second network which became known as NSFNET . In 1989 the US Federal Networking Council approved the interconnection of the NSFNET to the commercial MCI Mail system.

Soon after, other commercial e-mail services were connected such as OnTyme, Telemail, and CompuServe . Three Internet Service Providers (ISPs) were also created: UUNET , PSINET , and CERFNET . More and more seperate networks were created that eventually interconnected with this large, growing network of networks.

The ability of TCP/IP to work over virtually any pre-existing communication networks allowed for a great ease of growth, although the rapid growth of the Internet was due primarily to the availability of commercial routers from companies such as Cisco Systems , Proteon and Juniper , the availability of commercial Ethernet equipment for local-area networking and the widespread implementation of TCP/IP on the UNIX operating system.

Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost a decade, the network did not gain public face until the 1990s. On August 6, 1991, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, (CERN) , which straddles the border between France and Switzerland, publicized the new World Wide Web project. The web was invented by English scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.

An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW. It was eventually replaced in popularity by the Mosaic web browser. By 1996 usage of the word “Internet” had become commonplace, and consequently, so had its use as a reference to the World Wide Web. Over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks have remained seperate).

Today’s Internet ¶

Aside from the complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contrracts and technical specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network. Indeed, the Internet has severely matured since its birth many years ago. Today almost 1.5 billion people use the Internet. That’s almost a quarter of the entire world (a lot of people).

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the authority that coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers on the Internet, including domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and protocol port and parameter numbers. A globally unified namespace is essential for the Internet to function. Because the Internet is a distributed network comprising many volunatirly interconnected networks, the Internet, as such, has no governing body.

ICANN Headquarters

One of the most common uses people have for the Internet is the World Wide Web. Whenever you say you are “on the Internet” you are using the World Wide Web. When you are surfing the Internet through different pages you are moving through the World Wide Web. However, that is not the only use for the Internet. E-mail is another very popular use for the Internet. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender’s and the recipient’s control. Remote access is another very common use for the Internet. The Internet allows computer users to connect to other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world. File sharing is also popular. It allows people to send files through e-mail, FTP, peer-to-peer networks, etc.

Exercises ¶

Worksheets ¶.

Define Key Terms
Create Timeline

References ¶

Wikipedia - World Wide Web

Trending Blogs
Geeksforgeeks NEWS
Geeksforgeeks Blogs
Tips & Tricks
Website & Apps
ChatGPT Blogs
ChatGPT News
ChatGPT Tutorial

History Of Internet

Internet of Everything
internet vs Internet
History of TCP/IP
Internet Administration
Internet: Boon or Bane?
Types of Internet Connection
How Does the Internet Work?
Overview of Internet of Behavior (IoB)
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
How To Delete Incognito History?
Modern Indian History NCERT Notes For UPSC
History of Python
Types Of Internetwork
History Most Important Questions
Source Of Ancient Indian History
response.history - Python requests
How to See Incognito History on Windows?
JavaScript History object
Administration and Ownership of Internet

Let’s begin with a question, So, what is the Internet? The answer must sound very easy however, most people won’t be able to answer it. The Internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that communicate with each other over the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) . It is a network of networks made up of private, public, academic, and government networks ranging from local to global in extent and connected by a diverse set of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.

The Internet holds a huge range of information as well as services like Email, Voice-over IP, Television, Games, File Sharing, Shopping, etc.

History of the Internet

Initially in the 1960s, the Internet was started as a medium for sharing information with government researchers. During the time computers were larger in size and were immovable. In case anyone had to access the information stored in any computer, they had to travel to the location of the computer or the other way to have magnetic computer tapes that could be transported through the postal system of that time.

Alongside, Escalated Cold War played a major role in the creation of the internet . The Soviet Union had deployed the Sputnik satellite which led the Defense Department of the United States to examine the possibilities of communicating information despite nuclear. The situation resulted in the development of ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) , which, later on, evolved into the Internet . In the initial days, ARPANET became a huge success with restricted participation where it was accessible to academic and research institutions that had contracts with the US Defense Department. The scenario led to the formation of new networks in order to facilitate the need for information sharing with other people.

Earlier there wasn’t any standard mechanism for the computer networks that would enable them to communicate with each other. Transfer Control Protocol (TCP/IP) which was developed in 1970, was adopted as a new communication protocol for ARPANET in 1983. The technology enabled various computers on different networks to communicate with each other and this is how the Internet was officially born on January 1, 1983.

An Overview From 1985 to 1995

The invention of DNS , the widespread usage of TCP/IP, and the popularity of email all contributed to an increase in internet activity. Between 1986 and 1987, the network expanded from 2,000 to 30,000 hosts. People were increasingly using the internet to send messages, read news, and exchange files. However, sophisticated computing knowledge was still required to dial into the system and use it efficiently, and there was still no agreement on how documents on the network should be formatted.

The internet needed to be more user-friendly. In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee , a British computer scientist, proposed a solution to his employer, CERN, the international particle-research facility in Geneva, Switzerland. He proposed a new method for organizing and connecting all of the information available on CERN’s computer network, making it quick and easy to access. His idea for a “network of information” evolved into the World Wide Web.

The release of the Mosaic browser in 1993 introduced the web to a new non-academic audience, and people began to learn how simple it was to make their own HTML websites. As a result, the number of websites increased from 130 in 1993 to over 100,000 at the beginning of 1996.

By 1995, the internet and the World Wide Web had become an established phenomenon, with over 10 million global users using the Netscape Navigator. The Netscape Navigator was the most popular browser at that point in time.

What is DNS?

DNS is short for Domain Name System . It functions as the internet’s version of a phone book, converting difficult-to-remember IP addresses into simple names. Cheaper technology and the introduction of desktop computers in the early 1980s facilitated the rapid development of local area networks (LANs). As the number of machines on the network grew, it became impossible to keep track of all the different IP addresses.

The development of the Domain Name System (DNS) in 1983 solved this problem. DNS was invented at the University of Southern California by Paul Mockapetris and Jon Postel. It was one of the breakthrough inventions that helped in paving the way for the World Wide Web.

TCP/IP or Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

TCP/IP is an acronym that stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. The terms refer to a set of protocols that regulate how data flows via a network.

Following the development of ARPANET , new computer networks began to join the network, prompting the need for an agreed-upon set of data-handling standards. Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf, two American computer scientists, in the year 1974 invented a new way of transmitting data packets in a digital envelope known as ‘Datagram’. Any computer can read the datagram’s address, but only the ultimate host system can open the envelope and read the message within.

This technology was dubbed the transmission-control protocol by Kahn and Cerf. TCP enabled computers to communicate in the same language, allowing the ARPANET to evolve into a global interconnected network of networks, an example of ‘internetworking’—written as the “internet” in short.

IP stands for Internet Protocol and when paired with TCP, aids in the routing of internet data. Every internet-connected device is assigned a unique IP address. The number, known as an IP address, can be used to find out the location of any internet-connected device.

Please Login to comment...

Improve your Coding Skills with Practice

What kind of Experience do you want to share?

Talk to our experts

1800-120-456-456

History of Internet

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a short form for an interconnected network. It has become a vital part of our lives, helping us connect with people worldwide. The Internet is made of a large number of independently operated networks. It is fully distributed with no central control. Each independently-operated system is motivated to ensure that there is end-to-end connectivity of every part of the network.

(Image will be Uploaded soon)

The Internet is simply a wire that runs underground and allows two computers to communicate with each other. A server is a particular computer that is connected directly to the Internet. When we talk about specific web pages, they are simply files that are stored on the server’s hard drive. Every server has a unique protocol address or an IP address. IP addresses are essential for computers to find each other.

A short note of the history of the Internet will help you understand when, where, and how the Internet was developed.

History of the Internet

The first question that pops into your mind is probably, “Who started the internet?”. The Internet was developed by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s. They began the design of what we today know as the ‘internet.’ It was the result of another research experiment which was called ARPANET, which stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. This was initially supposed to be a communications system for the Defense Team of the United States of America - a network that would also survive a nuclear attack. It eventually became a successful nationwide experimental packet network. But when was the first Internet started? It is believed that on 6 August 1991, when the World Wide Web opened to the public.

How Does the Internet Work?

Computers that we use every day are called clients because they are indirectly connected to the Internet through an internet service provider. When you open a webpage on your computer, you connect to the webpage, and then you can access it. Computers break the information into smaller pieces called packets, which are reassembled in their original order.

If we put the right address on a packet and send it to any computer which is connected as part of the internet, each computer would figure out which cable to send it down next so that it would get to its destination. With several computers on a network, it may create confusion even with unique addresses. This transfer of messages is handled by the Packet Routing Network, and hence a router is required to set up.

The Transfer Control Protocol is another system that makes sure no packet is lost or left behind because it might create a disrupted message at the receiving end.

The below are the steps for how the message is transferred.

First, Computer1 sends a message by IP address to Computer2

The message sent by Computer1 is broken into small pieces- packets.

These small pieces- packets are transferred concerning Transfer Protocol so that the quality is maintained.

Finally, these small pieces- packets reach Computer2 and are reassembled at their IP address.

The Internet works in a more complex manner than these above-given steps, but this might give a basic idea of how the internet works.

Father of the Internet: Tim Berners-Lee

Tim Berners-Lee was the man, who led the development of the World Wide Web, the defining of HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), HTML (hypertext markup language) used to create web pages, and URLs (Universal Resource Locators). The development of WWW, HTTP, HTML and URLs took place between 1989 and 1991. Tim Berners-Lee was born in London and he graduated in Physics from Oxford University in 1976. Currently, Tim Berners-Lee is the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium, the group that sets technical standards for the web.

Tim Berners-Lee, Vinton Cerf is also named as an internet daddy other than Tim Berners-Lee. After being out for 10 years from high school, he began co-designing and co-developing the protocols and structure of what became the internet.

History of HTML

In 1945, Vannevar Bush first introduced the basics of hypertext. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, HTML (hypertext markup language), HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and URLs (Universal Resource Locators. Along with his colleagues at CERN (an international scientific organization based in Geneva, Switzerland), Tim Berners-Lee was the primary author of HTML (hypertext markup language).

Evolution of the Internet

Although the Internet was developed much earlier, it only became popular in households in the 1990s. The emergence of the Internet can be tracked by how many businesses and homes started changing the way they worked and started connecting their laptops and other devices to the Internet. However, the concept of hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) as we know it today, was created only during this time. This meant that people could access the same web pages on their devices now and share information.

There has been a dramatic growth in the number of internet users since its inception. As a result, the number of computer networks that are connected has grown exponentially too. It started with only connecting less than ten computers initially. Today, 440 million computers can be connected directly, making life easier for people across the globe. Sharing information and knowledge has become extremely easy for those that have access to the Internet. The country with the highest number of internet users is China, with 1.4 billion users, followed by India with 1.3 billion and the United States of America with a little over 0.3 billion users.

The Two Main Types of Computer Networks

There are different computer network types, depending on how large they are and how much geographical area they cover. The most common types are Local Area Network (LAN) and Wireless Local Area Network (WAN).

Local Area Network: This is a group of devices such as computers, servers, switches, and printers that are located in the same building. These are near each other. The most common use of LAN is in houses or offices. A common type of LAN is an Ethernet LAN, where two or more computers are connected to the Internet through switches.

Wireless Local Area Network: This is a local area network that uses wireless communication instead of wired communication. In WLAN, two computers use wireless communication to form a local area network. A wifi router is very common in this case. There are no cables involved in this case.

Advantages of Internet

The internet has become a popular name since the introduction of its easy installation and setup. The Internet was first invented for only military and government uses. But now, it is found in every house across the world. The following are the advantages of the internet.

It is a great medium of sharing and has increased connectivity.

With the internet, banking has now become easier. Long tiresome waiting lines have been eliminated since the introduction of e-banking platforms.

E-commerce websites are one of the great advantages of the internet. One can buy groceries, clothes, household items, and much more with the internet.

The Internet is also a great source of entertainment. One can watch videos and movies, listen to music, and play games, without any hassle.

Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have brought the world closer.

The education system has also transformed. With the internet, any student across the world can attend online classes.

The most powerful motivator for the Internet to work is the fact that knowledge and information have to be shared amongst people. The article provided useful information about the internet such as its history, working and evolution etc.

FAQs on History of Internet

1. Are there Other Types of Computer Networks?

There are other computer networks like Personal Area Network (PAN) and Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). Personal Area Network is the smallest network of computers, made up of a wireless router. It might be restricted to only one single building and is the most basic network. A metropolitan area network or MAN is a kind of computer network that connects computers that are present within a geographical area that is the size of a metropolitan area. It is generally more prominent than the Local Area Network. Another common type of computer network is a Wide Area Network that connects computers located within the radius of a kilometer.

2. What is the Difference Between the World Wide Web and the Internet?

We might hear the Internet and the World Wide Web being used interchangeably, but both are not the same thing. While the Internet is a global network of computers, the World Wide Web or WWW is only some information that can be accessed through the Internet. So the Internet is a more significant entity and a prerequisite for WWW. We can also consider the Internet to be the infrastructure while WWW is only the service. WWW is the online content that is made available to us through HTML format and the HTTP protocol.

3. Is the Internet dangerous?

With the emergence of the Internet, new forms of exploitation have existed, including spam e-mail and malware, and harmful social behaviour, such as cyberbullying and doxxing. Many organizations collect extensive information from users, which is a violation of privacy. If you are associated with some organization or you have a big account balance, there is always a risk of being attacked by cybercriminals. The possibility of being attacked by cybercriminals can be avoided by being aware of these cyber traps laid by these cybercriminals.

4. Who controls the Internet?

The Internet is theoretically decentralized and hence controlled by no single entity, many argue that tech companies like Google, Facebook, and Amazon represent a small concentration of organizations that have extraordinary influence over the information and money on the Internet. Some parts of the Internet are blocked through censorship in some countries. No one controls the internet in its entirety. Like the global telephone network, no one can lay claim to the whole thing nor individual, company or government. Although, lots of individuals, companies and governments own certain bits of it.

COMMENTS

PDF Brief History of the Internet
internetsociety.org Internet Society A Brief History of the Internet 3. The first recorded description of the social interactions that could be enabled through networking was a series of memos written by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August 1962 discussing his "Galactic Network" concept.
PDF HISTORY OF THE INTERNET
users connect to the Internet with dial-up accounts to ISPs using a modem and special communications software. Uses for the Internet The Internet has a special significance for the library community because it allows patrons --both children and adults -- who do not have computers to keep up with the Internet for business and academic purposes.
PDF The Past and Future History of the Internet
the nascent Internet to flourish. Ethernet technology (developed by Bob Metcalfe at Xerox PARC in 1973) is now probably the dominant network technology in the Internet and PCs and workstations the dominant computers. The increasing scale of the Internet also resulted in several new approaches. For example, the Domain Name System was invented ...
(PDF) Internet History
The aim of this essay is to outline and analyze milestones in the history of the Internet. As technology advances, it presents new societal and ethical challenges. Section II concerns the ...
PDF An Early History of the Internet
1 Later that year on October 4, I experienced a widely shared feeling of surprise and embarrass-ment when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first artificial Earth satellite. In response, President Eisenhower created ARPA on Febru-ary 7, 1958 to regain and maintain U.S. techno-logical leadership.
PDF Internet: Technology, Protocols and Services
Nov. 1, 1988: Internet worm 1989: Internet passes 100,000 nodes 1989: ﬁrst proposal for World-Wide Web 1989: NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.544Mbps) A Short History of the Internet: 1990's high-speed networks: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) at 150 Mb/s and higher focus on new applications wireless local area networks commercialization
PDF History of the Internet
Internet, computer scientists begin to consider new methods of naming and addressing users and networks. The Domain Name System, first defined by Paul Mockapetris, Jon Postel, and Craig Partridge is created to divide Internet names between host names (x.com) and user names ([email protected]).
PDF A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE INTERNET distribute
In this chapter, we summarize the issues that the internet's creation poses for . scholars of politics and international relations. We begin by describing the inter-net's origins. Initially, the internet had an "American flavor" due to the fact that American research dollars funded the internet and the fact that it developed in America.
Brief History of the Internet
This "Brief History of the Internet" was written in 1997 and explores these sections: Origins of the Internet. The initial internetting concepts. Proving the ideas. Transition to widespread infrastructure. The role of documentation. Formation of the broad community. Commercialization of the technology. History of the future.
Lecture 23: A Brief History of the Internet
assignment Problem Sets. grading Exams. notes Lecture Notes. menu_book Online Textbook. ... A Brief History of the Internet. Viewing videos requires an internet connection Description: This lecture offers a historical account of the development of the Internet and Internet Protocol (IP). The ideal case for area networking is presented, followed ...
History of the Internet : a chronology, 1843 to the present
A chronology of telecommunications from Babbage's earliest theories of a "Difference Engine" to the impact of the Internet in 1998 to future trends "While books about the Internet abound, books on its history do not. This work is a readable chronology of one of the biggest technological advances of the 20th century.
1 Lessons from the History of the Internet
The history of the Internet helps us to understand the paths of its future history-making. However, before embarking on interpretation, to simplify the reader's task, I will summarize the main events that led to the constitution of the Internet in its current form; that is, as a global network of computer networks made user-friendly by the ...
PDF History of the Internet
Modern Internet -Birth of the Web. •After 95, connectivity is provided by large ISPs who are competitors. •They connect at Internet eXchange Point (IXP) facilities •Later, large content providers connect. •Web bursts on the scene in 93. •Key idea: Hyperlink •Growth leads to DNs, IANN in 98 •Most bits are video (soon wireless ...
(PDF) HISTORY OF THE INTERNET
View PDF. HISTORY OF THE INTERNET The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. [1] The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s ...
(PDF) The history of the Internet according to itself: A synthesis of
Running Head: THE HISTORY OF THE INTERNET ACCORDING TO ITSELF The history of the Internet according to itself: A synthesis of online Internet histories available at the turn of the century Steven E. Opfer Norfolk State University THE HISTORY OF THE INTERNET ACCORDING TO ITSELF 2 Abstract This paper attempts to provide readers with a familiarity of the history of the Internet so that scholars ...
The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives
Most histories of the Internet, both scholarly and popular, focus on its origins in the ARPANET network built by the U.S. Advanced Projects Research Agency in the late 1960s. In this paper it is shown that the ARPANET was just one of many private and public initiatives that helped shape the Internet of today.
PDF Histories of Networking vs. the History of the Internet Andrew L
Russell, "Histories of Networking vs. the History of the Internet" Draft: September 26, 2012 5 Lipartito, who embrace contingency, see failure as historically significant, and study innovation as a social process rather than as a chronology of inventions.5 My second objection to the category of "Internet history" is that it is too narrow,
History Of The Internet
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the authority that coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers on the Internet, including domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and protocol port and parameter numbers. A globally unified namespace is essential for the Internet to function.
PDF Introduction to ICT and UNIT 5 EVOLUTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF INTERNET
64. Introduction to ICT and Cyberspace5.9 E-COMMERCE. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has changed the life style of the society. With the help of e-commerce, it is possible to buy, sell and exchanging the products, services and information via computer networks, primarily through the Internet.
History Of Internet
History of the Internet. Initially in the 1960s, the Internet was started as a medium for sharing information with government researchers. During the time computers were larger in size and were immovable. In case anyone had to access the information stored in any computer, they had to travel to the location of the computer or the other way to have magnetic computer tapes that could be ...
(PDF) A Brief History of the Internet
Abstract. The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this ...
History of Internet: Working of Internet, Evolution and ...
The following are the advantages of the internet. It is a great medium of sharing and has increased connectivity. With the internet, banking has now become easier. Long tiresome waiting lines have been eliminated since the introduction of e-banking platforms. E-commerce websites are one of the great advantages of the internet.
PDF Introduction to Internet and WWW
World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of websites or web pages These stored websites in web contain servers and connected to local computers through the internet. enables the retrieval and display of text and media to your device. The web World Wide Or 'Web' is a part of the Internet. The Web is viewed through.

Browse Course Material

Departments

As Taught In

Learning Resource Types

You are leaving MIT OpenCourseWare

Internet Archive Audio

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Save Page Now

History of the Internet : a chronology, 1843 to the present

plus-circle Add Review comment Reviews

DOWNLOAD OPTIONS

IN COLLECTIONS

SIMILAR ITEMS (based on metadata)

1 Lessons from the History of the Internet

Signed in as

Personal account

Institutional access

IP based access

Sign in through your institution

Society Members

Sign in through society site

Sign in using a personal account

Viewing your signed in accounts

Signed in but can't access content

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

The history of the Internet according to itself: A synthesis of online Internet histories available at the turn of the century

Related Papers

RELATED PAPERS

History Of The Internet ¶

Today’s Internet ¶

Exercises ¶

References ¶

History Of Internet

History of the Internet

An Overview From 1985 to 1995

What is DNS?

TCP/IP or Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

Please Login to comment...

Improve your Coding Skills with Practice

What kind of Experience do you want to share?

What is the Internet?

History of the Internet

How Does the Internet Work?

Father of the Internet: Tim Berners-Lee

History of HTML

Evolution of the Internet

The Two Main Types of Computer Networks

Advantages of Internet

FAQs on History of Internet

COMMENTS