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LLB Research Report - RRLLB81

Under Graduate Degree	Semester module	NQF level: 8	Credits: 12
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LME3701
The purpose of this module is to provide professional development curricula in the sub-field of legal research. Specifically, it equips students with the value, knowledge, and skills vital to apply legal research skills, methodologies, techniques and technologies, which contribute to the design and production of evidence based research, in a variety of legal professional capacities. It incorporates African epistemology and indigenization of research processes by recognising that the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 is the basis for all legal action and that the Bill of Rights advocates principles of Ubuntu, fairness, openness, responsiveness, social responsibility, and humanisation of law. RRLLB81 is the practical culmination of the theoretical knowledge obtained from LME3701 on the 3rd level of the Bachelor of Law. Students who have been accredited with this module will be able to write-up research results and deliver a theory-driven legal argument in written format which complies with the conventions of legal research.

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FACULTY OF LAW LEGAL RESEARCH PROPOSAL AND REPORT WRITING GUIDANCE

Related Papers

Parth Indalkar

Sidharth Chauhan

This is the plan for a required course titled 'Research Methods and Legal Writing' that was taught during the July-October 2019 term at NALSAR Hyderabad for postgraduate students in the One-Year LL.M. programme. It was co-taught by Dr. Chimirala Uma Maheshwari and Sidharth Chauhan.

Okuma Nwachukwu

Legal Research Methodology: Guide to Scientific Approach for Nigerian Law Institutions" was developed to fill the perceived methodology gaps I encountered during the process of writing my LL.B project. This book offers an exhaustive assessment of the scientific and methodological aspects of legal research, underscoring its significance to contemporary legal investigators. The book examines all aspects of legal writing and is designed to be a hands-on guide for law researchers at different academic stages, including LL.B, LL.M (Masters), PhD, and those writing for journals and conferences. It primarily aims to illuminate the scientific aspects of legal research, facilitating their application to scholarly inquiries, and rendering legal research more systematic, universally acceptable, and enduring.

chinenye okwueze

Cathleen Wharton

English for Specific Purposes

Christine A Feak

nicoleta medrea

This paper aims to outline the major steps in drawing up legal articles as a response to the students’ request for guidance when having to complete assignments such as academic articles. The major principles used in academic legal writing are tailored to the specifics of article writing and reference is made to resources that the authors may use when embarking on academic legal writing.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

Anjali Mohandas

Generally, research means to search again. Research is an investigation that is based on the source of law. Legal research is not only about reading books, principles, regulations, etc but the whole idea behind doing research is to dig more deeply and examine a subject that you need to know. The research report acts as Skelton of that particular research that includes the all-important aspect of that research. This paper discusses the basic elements of the research report and how to prepare and present a legal research report

Pretoria Student Law Review

Danie Brand

Tomy Michael

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Law - LLB and other law degrees (Undergraduate) Senior Student Support: Research Methodology

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Introduction

Photo by Clay Banks on Unsplash

On this tab, under E-books on Legal Research , Books on Legal Research and Books and E-books on the Research Process , there is a listed selection of book and e-book titles available in hard copy or electronically on legal research, research methodology and the research process. Please take note that these titles are not necessarily based on the South African legal system, but the same research principles apply in other jurisdictions too. To find additional resources, search in the Library Catalogue or do an advanced search in UJoogle .

Also refer to the Recommended Databases and Reputable Internet Links for the Respective Modules and S ubject-Specific Shelf Codes sections to find relevant material for your module in the databases that UJ is subscribed to, as well as in the b ooks available in the Law Library.

Under the Reputable Internet Links section, there are links to some South African and international university LibGuides, and articles that deal specifically with the legal research process and search techniques. You will also find lists of reputable Internet links and Open Access sources that can be used for your respective modules.

Reputable Internet Links

South Africa:

Journal articles and guides on Legal Research

Finding free legal information on the Internet
An Introduction to African Legal Resources (Columbia University Law School)
Researching South African Law (NYU Law School)

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Oxford University LibGuide on legal skills and legal research techniques
UCLA School of Law: Legal Research Search Techniques

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E-books on Legal Research

Books on Legal Research

Remember that for purposes of your final year research paper, you may only utilise the following methodologies:

Doctrinal analysis;
Jurisprudential perspectives;
Socio-legal research and
Comparative legal analysis.

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Books and E-books on the Research Process

The UJ Library catalogue keyword search function can be used to find general electronic and hard copy books on:

Academic Writing
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Towards a collective open access publishing service : scoping report, publication metadata, available languages and formats, english (en).

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Published: 2024
Corporate author(s): Directorate-General for Research and Innovation ( European Commission )
Themes: Information technology and telecommunications , Research policy and organisation
Subject: access to information , dissemination of information , EU research policy , information technology , innovation , open access publishing , open science , open source software , report , scientific research

978-92-68-20059-910.2777/204155KI-05-24-625-EN-N


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Innovation Networks in the Industrial Revolution

How did Britain sustain faster rates of economic growth than comparable European countries, such as France, during the Industrial Revolution? We argue that Britain possessed an important but underappreciated innovation advantage: British inventors worked in technologies that were more central within the innovation network. We offer a new approach for measuring the innovation network using patent data from Britain and France in the late-18th and early-19th century. We show that the network influenced innovation outcomes and demonstrate that British inventors worked in more central technologies within the innovation network than French inventors. Drawing on recently developed theoretical tools, and using a novel estimation strategy, we quantify the implications for technology growth rates in Britain compared to France. Our results indicate that the shape of the innovation network, and the location of British inventors within it, explains an important share of the more rapid technological change and industrial growth in Britain during the Industrial Revolution.

We thank Enrico Berkes, Davide Cantoni, David de la Croix, Quoc-Ahn Do, Martin Fiszbein, Carola Frydman, Leander Heldring, Rick Hornbeck, Naomi Lamoreaux, Joel Mokyr, Bang Nguyen, Sebastian Ottinger, Uwe Sunde, Claudia Steinwender, Alex Trew, Fabian Waldinger, and seminar participants at Northwestern, NBER Summer Institute, Chicago Fed, Mannheim, LEAP, UW Milwaukee, Peking University, “Productivity Revolutions” workshop Manchester, EEA Barcelona, EHES Vienna, Louvain, EHS Newcastle, Bayreuth, and LMU Munich for helpful comments. This paper subsumes an earlier draft titled “Why Britain? The Right Place (in the Technology Space) at the Right Time.” Rosenberger gratefully acknowledges financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) Project 491578970. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

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Positive energy districts: fundamentals, assessment methodologies, modeling and research gaps.

1. Introduction

State of the art on positive energy districts, 2. methodology.

Setting: a café-like environment with small, round tables, tablecloths, colored pens, sticky notes and any interaction tool available.
Welcome and Introduction: the host offers a welcome, introduces the World Café process, and sets the context.
Small-Group Rounds: three or more twenty-minute rounds of conversations occur in small groups. Participants switch tables after each round, with one person optionally remaining as the “table host” to brief newcomers.
Questions: each round starts with a context-specific question. Questions may remain constant or be built upon each other to guide the discussion.
Harvest: participants share their discussion insights with the larger group, often visually represented through graphic recording.
Objectives of the workshop and preparation. The first step of the World Café approach is to identify the main objectives. For this workshop, there was the need to investigate the current landscape of PED research, as well as to have a benchmark and collect feedback on the current research activities within Annex 83. Questions were structured in order to frame the current state-of-the-art understanding of the topic. A mapping of the potential different stakeholders in the PED design and implementation process was carried out at this stage. As a result, municipalities, community representatives, energy contractors, real estate companies and commercial facilitators, as well as citizens, were identified as main target groups. Later, the follow-up discussions were built around these main actors. Further, the mapping of the stakeholders’ involvement was carried out for better understanding the complexity of relationships, roles and synergies as well as the impact on the design, implementation and operation stages of PEDs.
Positive Energy Districts’ definitions and fundamentals ( Section 3.1 ).
Quality-of-life indicators in Positive Energy Districts ( Section 3.2 ).
Technologies in Positive Energy Districts: development, use and barriers ( Section 3.3 ).
Positive Energy Districts modeling: what is further needed to model PEDs? ( Section 3.4 ).
Sustainability assessment of Positive Energy Districts ( Section 3.5 ).
Stakeholder engagement within the design process ( Section 3.6 ).
Tools and guidelines for PED implementation ( Section 3.7 ).

3.1. Positive Energy Districts Definitions and Fundamentals

3.2. quality-of-life indicators in positive energy districts, 3.3. technologies in positive energy districts: development, use and barriers, 3.4. positive energy districts modeling: what is further needed to model peds, 3.5. sustainability assessment of positive energy districts, 3.6. stakeholder engagement within the design process, 3.7. tools and guidelines for ped implementation, 4. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Question #1	Question #2	Question #3
What are the essential PED DNAs? Can generic PED archetypes be created based on them?	What are the categories of quality-of-life indicators relevant for PED development?	How would you use a database tool to learn about PED development process (e.g., using static information for dynamic decision-making)?
Which future technologies would you expect to be adopted in PEDs and cities?	What can be the challenges and the barriers in the future (regarding e.g., control, smart solutions, modeling, technologies) to PED development and diffusion?	What is your expectation for urban and district energy modeling? How can models help to shape PEDs and cities?
What is the impact of stakeholders in the PED design/decision process, what are their interests and how are stakeholders likely to be involved in the overall process?	What costs do you expect to bear and what revenues do you expect to realize from the PED implementation? Which aspects should be included in the organizational/business models?	What would you prioritize in terms of energy aspects or efficiency and social implications of living in a PED? Which aspects are more relevant for you?
Annex 83 together with other PED initiatives is developing a database of PEDs and PED-Labs: what would be your main interest in consulting the database?	Having the outcomes from PED guidelines analysis, what information would be the most interesting for you to see?	Who can benefit from the PED research studies and Annex 83 results? Which stakeholders are interested?

Categories	Key Characteristics
Facts and Figures	Physical sizes/population size
	Geographical location
	Climate
	Density
	Built form
	Land use
	Energy demand
	Renewable energy potential
Technologies	Renewable energy supplies
	Energy-efficiency measures
	Energy distribution (e.g., co-generation, district network)
	Energy storage
	Mobility solutions
Quality of Life	User comfort
	Social-economic conditions
	Health impacts (e.g., air pollution, noise pollution)
	Accessibility to green space
	Accessibility to services (e.g., bike lane, public transportation)
	Local value/sense of community
Others	Regulations/Policies
	Stakeholder involvement
	Local targets and ambitions
	Local challenges
	Impacts of PEDs

Type	Quality Categories
Tangible	Indoor and outdoor environmental quality	Physical quality and comfort of the environment
	Indoor and outdoor environmental quality	Security and safety
	Level and accessibility of servicing	Public and active transport facilities including walkability, energy services (access to affordable energy including access to energy efficiency), sustainable waste management
		Access to daily life amenities including education, culture, sports, coworking and study places, provisions for children, but even common gardens or community kitchens
		Aesthetic quality
		Functional mix
		Future-proofness
		Acceptable cost of life (affordability, inclusivity)
		Equity and just transition
		Functional links to realizing circularity and reducing emissions
	Citizen engagement	Involvement in decision-making
	Citizen engagement	Social diversity in participation
	Access to greenery	The possibility to reconnect with nature
	Access to greenery	Sufficient open space
	Information flow	From creating awareness over enhancing knowledge and literacy up to capacity of control
		Transparency on energy flows and information for the end prosumer
		Insight in applicable PED solutions and in healthy lifestyles
Intangible	Sense of well-being
	Quality of social connections
	Sense of personal achievement
	Level of self-esteem
	Sense of community
	Degree of cooperation and engagement for the common interest
	Time spent with friends (outdoor)
	Budget available at the end of the month to spend freely
	Not being aware or realizing of living in a PED

Technology Groups	Solutions
Energy efficiency	New energy-efficient buildings and building retrofitting.
	Nature-based solutions (natural sinks) and carbon capture solutions (CCS)
	Efficient resource management
	Efficient water systems for agriculture (smart agriculture, hydroponics, agrivoltaics, etc.)
	Organic photovoltaics and a circular approach (second life materials, like batteries)
Energy flexibility	Hardware	Storage (long-term and short-term)
		Monitoring systems (sensors, smart meters, PLCs *, energy management systems, etc.)
		Vehicle to grid
		Heat pumps
		Electronic devices like IoT * technologies
		Buildings fully automated with real time monitoring behind-the-meter and automated actions
		Cybersecurity, data rights and data access
		Demand management and remote control of devices
	Software	Edge computing
		Machine learning
		Blockchain
		Digital twins
		5G
		City management platform and platforms for city planning (space, refurbishment, climate change, etc.)
E-mobility	Promotion of shared vehicles over individual car use, lift sharing, and alternative ways (like micromobility) to collective transports
Soft mobility	Promotion of a lifestyle that require less use of cars, i.e., “soft mobility” solutions like low emission zones or banning the entrance of some type of car (e.g., Singapore and Iran have policies in place to allow only certain car groups to drive freely in certain periods)
Soft mobility	E-vehicle charging stations and vehicle-to-grid solutions
Low-carbon generation	Photovoltaics
	Energy communities
	Electrification of heating and cooling (H&C) using heat pumps, district heating networks utilizing waste heat, or solar thermal technologies
	Virtual production
	Fusion technology

Challenges and Barriers	Key Topics
Capacity building and policy issues	Political and legal barriers
	Regulatory frameworks and policy constraints
	Tailored legislation
	Bridging the knowledge gap
	Inadequate data sharing practices
	Securing sufficient financial resources
	Lack of clear regulations defining PED classification
	Active involvement of policymakers
	Widespread dissemination of knowledge
	Collaborative data-sharing efforts
	Securing adequate funding
	Establishing supportive policies and regulations
Social challenges and considerations	Cultural barriers
	Access to affordable and sustainable energy for all
	Building social agreements and fostering collaboration
	Energy literacy
	Addressing personal behavior acceptance
	Transition strategy for inclusivity
	Social inclusion and trust-building
	Data sharing and privacy concerns
	Overcoming public opposition and promoting knowledge dissemination
Financial barriers	Long-term storage investment and space competition
	Insufficient investment
	High upfront costs
	Allocation of costs among stakeholders
	Incentives for participation
	Addressing investment challenges for different stakeholders
	Accounting for battery costs
Data management	Data standardization
	Data security measures and protocols
	Sustainability and maintenance of data infrastructure
	Privacy regulations and data anonymization techniques
Sustainable business models and ownership structures	Standardization of control technologies and replication strategies
	Grid management approaches
	Deep penetration of sustainable technologies
	Implementation of predictive models Long-term maintenance activities and resident data collection
	Balancing diverse requirements
	Addressing grid operation challenges
	Managing multiple independent energy districts
	Inclusivity strategies for digital technology reliance
	Managing production peaks and defining the role of buildings and districts
	Effective management strategies for grid congestion and stability

Categories of Innovation	Innovation Types	Possible Revenues/Advantages in PED Business Model/Governance	Possible Costs/Drawbacks in PED Business Model/Governance
Configuration	Profit Model	Providing thermal comfort instead of a certain amount of thermal energy to inhabitants	Misconducts or rebound effect
	Network	Inclusion of the PED into larger projects and international networks, possibility of co-financing and knowledge sharing	Misalignment or delay of the PED project to the original timeline due to constrains related to international activities and networking
	Structure	Participation of the real estate companies/investors in the development and management of the energy infrastructure and EV mobility services as well as building management	Lack of knowledge, involvement in activities out of the usual business of investors
	Structure	Free or almost free thermal energy supply from “waste energy” sources	Failure of the network due to unliteral decisions of a member in ceasing the provision of energy
	Process	Involvement of future inhabitants in the design phase of the energy community since the early stage, to share the sense of belonging and ownership	Reluctancy of inhabitants to participate in additional expenses or being involved in “entrepreneurial” activities or bored by the participation in boards and governance structures
Offering	Product Performance	Investors and companies involved in the PED development take profit from their role of frontrunner placing them before the competitors or entering in new market niches	Hi-tech BA and BEM systems may result costly in O&M, because of digital components, cloud and computing services, rapid aging of technology
Offering	Product System	Including EV available for PED users may generate new incomes and reduce the need of individual cars. The integration of EV in the energy system may offer “flexibility services”	Lack of knowledge, involvement in activities out of the usual business of investors/real estate companies. Low interest of users in participating to the flexibility market, because of discomfort (unexpected empty battery of the EV)
Experience	Services	Provision of high tech and high-performance buildings, with outstanding energy performances (lower heating/cooling costs) and sophisticated Building Automation and Energy Management systems	Sophisticated Building Automation and Energy Management systems may result “invasive” to users, asking for continuous interaction with complicate systems, or leaving them not enough freedom to choose (e.g., opening the windows is not possible to achieve some energy performance)
	Channel	The PED is promoted as a rewarding sustainable investment, this allows the city to attract more clean investments (public funds, investment funds, donors), speeding up the energy transition	The communication of the characteristics of the PED is not done in the proper way
	Brand	Gold class rated buildings may have an increased value on the market, resulting in higher selling and rental costs, occupancy rate. The high architectural quality is appreciated by the market	The Branding/certification of the PED is not recognized by the market as an added value.
	Brand		The development of the PED takes longer as expected. Technology failures during the implementation or operation phase create a bad reputation and discourage future similar activities
	Customer Engagement	The PED is available as a digital twin, users are engaged via a dedicated app, allowing interaction, communication, reporting, monitoring of bills, etc.	The PED is perceived by users (e.g., social housing tenants) as a hassle and not responding to their needs, because they have not been involved in the identification of peculiar traits since the beginning

Category	Beneficiaries
Citizens and communities	Citizens, inhabitants, residents, general public, local communities and neighborhoods, municipalities and provinces, energy communities, and socially disadvantaged groups.
City decision-makers and planners	City decision-makers, city planners, local authorities, policy-makers, public administrations, politicians, local and national governments.
Research	Scientists, publishers, and research organizations.
Private companies and technology developers	Private companies of RES technologies, ICT companies, start-ups and new companies, entrepreneurs, technology developers and other companies involved in local development (tech development and evaluation).
Energy providers	Energy providers, grid operators.
Education stakeholders	Students and teachers.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)	NGOs and other civil society groups

Category	Comments
Strategies	Most comments dealt with the strategies on how to achieve PEDs, that should focus on success factors of PED initiatives, technologies and stakeholders rather than a standardized approach
References	Useful information, special attention to Liwen Li, planning principles for integrating community empowerment into zero-carbon transformation
Definitions	Help to reduce uncertainty
Boundaries	Energy balance calculations, mobility, definition (of buildings)
Finance	Financial mechanisms, support schemes
Citizen engagement	From engagement to empowerment
Management	Process management, organizing involvement, information provision
Policy	Incentives, regional policies
Flexibility/Grid interaction	Timesteps, credit system
Form	Dissemination through video and other forms (not only written information)

Category	Comments
Lessons learned	Special reference to real life implementation
Results	Data analysis and potential research on the field
	Metadata as the useful information that can the real goal of consultation
	Benchmarking to compare PEDs
	Need to normalize results depending on a number of factors (size, location…) to really compare different initiatives
	Privacy and data protection
Sets of technologies and solutions	-
Economic parameters	As a way to benchmark the different PED technologies
Citizen engagement	Energy poverty
	Prosumers
	From engagement to empowerment
Definition and boundaries	Need to standardize and have a reference framework to establish the energy balance
Contact persons	It is very valuable to have a contact address to ask more about the initiative
Regulatory framework	Drivers and Enablers

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Share and Cite

Kozlowska, A.; Guarino, F.; Volpe, R.; Bisello, A.; Gabaldòn, A.; Rezaei, A.; Albert-Seifried, V.; Alpagut, B.; Vandevyvere, H.; Reda, F.; et al. Positive Energy Districts: Fundamentals, Assessment Methodologies, Modeling and Research Gaps. Energies 2024 , 17 , 4425. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174425

Kozlowska A, Guarino F, Volpe R, Bisello A, Gabaldòn A, Rezaei A, Albert-Seifried V, Alpagut B, Vandevyvere H, Reda F, et al. Positive Energy Districts: Fundamentals, Assessment Methodologies, Modeling and Research Gaps. Energies . 2024; 17(17):4425. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174425

Kozlowska, Anna, Francesco Guarino, Rosaria Volpe, Adriano Bisello, Andrea Gabaldòn, Abolfazl Rezaei, Vicky Albert-Seifried, Beril Alpagut, Han Vandevyvere, Francesco Reda, and et al. 2024. "Positive Energy Districts: Fundamentals, Assessment Methodologies, Modeling and Research Gaps" Energies 17, no. 17: 4425. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174425

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