phd medical microbiology salary

• Microbiology and Immunology

Why a PhD in Microbiology & Immunology?

Microbiology and Immunology are two broad, exciting and rapidly evolving scientific fields that are at the forefront of life science, biological and medical research. The areas of Microbiology and Immunology are strongly interconnected and are fundamental for many scientific concepts and healthcare and life science discoveries. 

Immunology is the study of the immune system across all organisms in health and disease. Immunology helps us understand how and why people get sick. Discoveries in Immunology have been essential in the development of life-changing therapies for patients and vaccinations.

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, also called pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Microorganisms continuously modify their genes and can therefore become resistant to the hosts' immune system or antimicrobial therapies. Understanding how microorganisms thrive, survive and attack the immune system is highly relevant for health sciences and the development of antimicrobial treatment options.

In Graduate school you will learn in depth about the innate and adaptive immune system in health and disease, immune signaling pathways, cell development and trafficking, autoimmunity, different pathogens and host defense against pathogens, and cancer immunology. Furthermore you will acquire skills in diverse areas, such as critical thinking, practical laboratory skills, resilience, public engagement and communication skills as well as networking.

Microbiology & Immunology graduates pursue careers in diverse areas. About half of the graduates follow careers in academia, while others follow careers in healthcare, the industry, federal agencies, education, scientific communication and editing, or patent law. Microbiology & Immunology research is an international subject and many students decide to go abroad for their postdoctoral training. As such, you will meet and communicate with people from many different countries in the lab and beyond.

Taken together, if you are curious and innovative and are looking for a young and dynamic field of study that opens the possibilities for a broad range of meaningful careers, a PhD in Microbiology & Immunology will be right for you!

Job Prospects

As our knowledge of the molecular and immunological mechanisms of diseases rapidly increases, so does the need for trained scientists who can apply and further advance new innovations. The immunology job market is expected to grow by 11.4% between 2016 and 2026, far more than the average occupation.

What is the salary for a Microbiology & Immunology PhD?

Since there are so many different career options for Microbiology & Immunology Graduates it is difficult to determine an average salary. Typical salaries can range from $60,000 to $250,000 per year.

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Offered By: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology

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About the PhD in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program

Through a departmental core curriculum as well as research area-specific courses, laboratory rotations, qualifying examinations, mentored research, and professional development, all MMI PhD students are prepared to engage in cutting edge research and scholarship that advances knowledge. MMI PhD students hone their scholarship, research and professional skills. Course and laboratory work can address problems in microbial pathogenesis, immunology, disease transmission, and diseases related to malaria, mosquito and arboviral biology.

Students can choose to complete the traditional MMI PhD program or the MMI PhD program concentration in Rigorous, Reproducible, and Responsible Research Investigation in Immunology & Microbiology (R 3 IM). The concentration in Rigorous, Reproducible, and Responsible Research Investigation in Immunology & Microbiology (R 3 IM) conveys a broad background in immunology and infectious diseases research, with a special emphasis on critical thinking, logic, ethics, and written and oral skills to help graduates become communicators of complex scientific concepts and agents of change in their workplaces and communities.

What Can You Do With a Graduate Degree In Molecular Microbiology And Immunology?

Visit the  Graduate Employment Outcomes Dashboard to learn about Bloomberg School graduates' employment status, sector, and salaries.

Sample Careers

• Postdoctoral Fellow, Research Associate
• Science Communicator or Writer
• Scientist (academia, industry)
• Specialist in Science Regulatory Affairs
• Faculty, Professor
• Science Advocate (nonprofit agencies)
• Public Health Service (NIH, CDC, FDA)
• Science Policy Fellow

Curriculum for the PhD in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology

Browse an overview of the requirements for this PhD program in the JHU  Academic Catalogue  and explore all course offerings in the Bloomberg School  Course Directory .

Current students can view the MMI student handbook on the MMI portal site.

Topic Areas

MMI faculty are recognized experts in a wide variety of infectious diseases research areas, allowing our PhD students to study the biology of disease based on their research interests and career goals. Our PhD students gain a comprehensive understanding of infectious diseases that provides a foundation to launch careers that directly tackle critical public health challenges.  

Topic Areas include: 

• Bacterial pathogenesis
• Cell biology 
• Fungal pathogenesis 
• Medical entomology/Disease ecology
• Parasite pathogenesis 
• Rigor, Reproducibility, and Responsibility in Scientific Practice
• Tick-borne diseases
• Vaccine development 
• Vector biology
• Viral pathogenesis

Admissions Requirements

For general admissions requirements, please visit the How to Apply page.

Standardized Test Scores

Standardized test scores (GRE) are  optional  for this program. The admissions committee will make no assumptions if a standardized test score is omitted from an application, but will require evidence of quantitative/analytical ability through other application components such as academic transcripts and/or supplemental questions.  Applications will be reviewed holistically based on all application components.

Vivien Thomas PhD Scholars

The  Vivien Thomas Scholars Initiative (VTSI)  is an endowed fellowship program at Johns Hopkins for PhD students in STEM fields. It provides full tuition, stipend, and benefits while also providing targeted mentoring, networking, community, and professional development opportunities. Students who have attended a historically Black college and university (HBCU) or other minority serving institution (MSI) for undergraduate study are eligible to apply. To be considered for the VTSI, you will need to submit a SOPHAS application, VTSI supplementary materials, and all supporting documents (letters, transcripts, and test scores) by December 1, 2023. VTSI applicants are eligible for an  application fee waiver , but the fee waiver must be requested by November 15, 2023 and prior to submission of the SOPHAS application.

All full-time PhD students will receive the following support for all years of the program: stipend, full tuition, individual health insurance, University Health Services clinic fee, vision insurance, and dental insurance.

Need-Based Relocation Grants Students who  are admitted to PhD programs at JHU  starting in Fall 2023 or beyond can apply to receive a $1500 need-based grant to offset the costs of relocating to be able to attend JHU.   These grants provide funding to a portion of incoming students who, without this money, may otherwise not be able to afford to relocate to JHU for their PhD program. This is not a merit-based grant. Applications will be evaluated solely based on financial need.  View more information about the need-based relocation grants for PhD students .

Questions about the program? We're happy to help.

Ashley Choi , Senior Academic Coordinator

Alex Kim , Senior Academic Program Coordinator  Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E5014 Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Fax: (410) 955-0105

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Creative and innovative research is the hallmark of our graduate program in the University of Michigan Medical School Department of Microbiology and Immunology. This challenging program is designed to provide a nurturing environment in which graduate students can fully develop and express their intellectual talents, research skills, and teaching abilities.

These goals are accomplished through an integrated program of independent research, graduate courses, seminars and teaching. Entering students select from a wide range of stimulating courses designed to complete their preparation for advanced study and research. Molecular and cellular immunology, microbial pathogenesis, molecular virology, microbial physiology, cellular and molecular networks, biochemistry and molecular genetics are some of the topics covered in our courses.

To facilitate development of skills necessary for a career in modern research and teaching, many courses are oriented towards discussion of the primary research literature.

Students can enter the PhD program in the Fall terms only.

The Program in Biological Sciences Department (PIBS), coordinates first-year graduate studies for 14 biomedical Ph.D. programs at the University of Michigan Medical School, including the Doctoral Program in Microbiology & Immunology. All admissions are handled through PIBS.

Please visit the PIBS webpage for an online application. All application materials should be sent to the PIBS Office.

Learn more & apply

Students accepted into the Microbiology and Immunology PhD program are provided with a stipend, full tuition, and healthcare. The department typically accepts between 5–8 students a year. The department is located on the U-M Medical Campus, adjacent to the University Hospitals and Cancer, Cardiovascular and Geriatric Centers.

• NIH training grant in Cellular Biotechnology
• NIH training grant in Cancer Biology
• NIH training grant in Human Genetics
• NIH training grant Molecular Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis
• Dr. F. G. Novy fellowship
• Dr. Frances W. Chin endowed fellowship
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• Research assistantships

Applicants to the doctoral program are automatically considered for financial aid. In addition, applicants are encouraged to seek competitive national sources of fellowships. Because funding opportunities are more limited for foreign students, foreign applicants are urged to investigate fellowships provided by their governments or other local sponsors. All students admitted to the PhD program are supported by one of the above internal or external sources. Funding is guaranteed for all PhD candidates in good standing until completion of the thesis defense.

Department specific questions can be directed to:

Natalie Deeb, MPH Graduate Student Program Manager [email protected]

Each year, the Ward J. MacNeal Educational and Scientific Memorial Trust Distinguished Dissertation Award is given to a Microbiology and Immunology PhD graduate trainee for overall excellence.

Our graduated students defended innovative and rigorous dissertations. See who they are, what they did and where there are now.

During the first year as a member of Program in Biomedical Sciences (PIBS), students participate in brief research projects by rotating in up to four laboratories with approximately two-month rotations during the PIBS year. Laboratories for the rotation period are selected by the student in consultation with faculty members. Such research experiences provide exposure and training in the diverse research interests of our faculty and have proven valuable to students in their selection of a thesis research advisor after the first year. Beginning in the second year, students have the opportunity to develop their teaching abilities by contributing to instructional Medical School courses offered by our department.

As a vital part of graduate training, students refine communicative skills by presenting discussions of research literature in a weekly seminar course, Microbiology 812. Additionally, numerous journal clubs are organized by students and faculty around special topics, including molecular pathogenesis, virology, and immunology. Graduate students also meet regularly to discuss their research activities amongst themselves in an informal, relaxed setting. These activities are complemented by frequent departmental colloquia presented by recognized scientists from leading research institutions around the nation. Students are encouraged to participate in OMIS (Organization of Microbiology and Immunology Students), which sponsors events such as the annual department picnic, as well as holding regular meetings to discuss student issues within the department.

Meet current doctoral students in the University of Michigan Medical School Department of Microbiology and Immunology PhD program.

Students complete a two-step evaluation within two years of matriculation. The first checkpoint is an oral examination that occurs after the first year of classes to test mastery of coursework and analytical thinking. The students are examined on their broad and specific knowledge of three assigned papers. In addition, students will use one of the three papers as a platform to propose future experiments in outline form, which will be discussed during the exam.

The second checkpoint occurs in the second year of study and requires the student to write a six-page proposal of future work on the topic of their thesis research. During the student's first committee meeting, the committee will evaluate the student's knowledge of the literature and methodology relevant to this thesis proposal. PhD candidacy is achieved by successfully completing the formal course work and the two checkpoints.

The research experiences of students are expected to lead to productive scholarship in the form of peer-reviewed journal publications and conference presentations. Degree candidates will meet annually with their faculty committee to ensure satisfactory progress towards completion of the thesis project; first author publication of a primary research article is required for graduation. Students will receive constructive evaluations from the committee members after each committee meeting.

The PhD degree is granted upon completion of a scholarly body of work, submission of a written thesis and presentation of an oral defense based on the student's original, independent research. This program is designed to require approximately five years for completion, and graduates of our department have gone on to pursue outstanding postdoctoral positions and scientific careers.

Learn more about PhD program requirements and evaluation checkpoints.

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Certification Guides

Career guides, interviews & features, guide to microbiology careers, search for schools.

When you click on a sponsoring school or program advertised on our site, or fill out a form to request information from a sponsoring school, we may earn a commission. View our advertising disclosure for more details.

Microbiologists study a world of living microorganisms invisible to the naked eye. Microbiology is changing the world at the microscopic level through an intersectional approach that incorporates mathematics, physics, chemistry, and genetics. The applications of microbiology affect the water we drink, the food we eat, the medicine we take, and the consumer products we use every day.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (2022) projects jobs for microbiologists to increase 9 percent between 2021 and 2031, on par with the national average. But that only paints a small part of the picture: the study of microbiology can lead to a plethora of diverse career paths, ranging from the environmental to the clinical to the industrial.

And microbiology has grown by leaps and bounds since the revolutionary discoveries of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. Merged with advances in modern technology, microbiology is now one of the fastest-moving disciplines in the life sciences, fueling new developments in drugs, vaccines, and industrial enzyme research.

The ten careers profiled below meet the following criteria:

• They all have active job listings across the United States
• They include a balanced mix of educational entry points (associate’s degree, bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, and PhD)
• They offer an earnings potential above the national mean of $58,260 per year (note that microbiology research associate falls just below this figure, on a median scale, due to a lack of specified salary data)
• They are supported by the American Society of Microbiology (note genetic counselors, due to their status as an emerging field, do not yet meet this criterion)

Become an Agricultural and Food Scientist

Agricultural and food scientists use microbiology to study the deterioration of food, soil degradation, the causation of plant and animal diseases, and possible methods of increasing soil fertility. They may inspect agricultural or food production sites for compliance with safety and sanitary regulations, develop food and crop processing policies that maximize safe outputs, and study methods for preference optimization in harvests and food products.

Jobs and Pay

The BLS (2022) projects that the need for agricultural and food scientists will grow 8 percent between 2021 and 2031, adding over 3,000 jobs. Salary data suggests that the 13,510 agricultural and food scientists make an average of $84,150 annually. The percentiles are as follow:

• 10th percentile: $45,010
• 25th percentile: $60,130
• 50th percentile (median): $78,340
• 75th percentile: $101,180
• 90th percentile: $130,540

According to a survey by O*NET (2023), 57 percent of agricultural and food scientists have a bachelor’s degree, while 13 percent have a doctoral degree. An undergraduate degree in microbiology, complemented with a master’s degree in agricultural science, can provide a well-rounded education for this industry.

• The master of science in agriculture program at Cal State Poly Pomona provides students with the interdisciplinary skills necessary to work in research, academia, or industry. Students may choose to concentrate in either food science, agricultural science, plant science, or animal science. Except for the plant science concentration, all degree paths consist of 45 credits and build upon a student’s strong scientific undergraduate background in microbiology. The WASC Senior College and University Commission accredit the school.

Become a Biosafety Specialist or Officer

Biosafety specialists inspect laboratories and other facilities to ensure the area and practices within that area follow all safety regulations. Those with a microbiology background are best equipped to determine what poses an unseen hazard in a specific setting.

In addition to inspection, biosafety specialists conduct training and run tests that can impact a facility’s policies and practices. Biosafety specialists may report to a biosafety officer responsible for planning, developing, and managing biosafety programs and policies. Biosafety officers may work for a single facility or may work for a larger organization, wherein they set wide-ranging policies for preventing and responding to biosafety emergencies.

Specific job data for biosafety specialists and officers is scarce, but BusinessWire (a Berkshire Hathaway company) has reported that openings for biosafety testing will grow 12.4 percent between 2021 and 2026. The BLS classifies biosafety specialists as occupational health and safety specialists. The 106,340 professionals in this field earn $78,740 per year on average. The percentiles are:

• 10th percentile: $44,040
• 25th percentile: $59,490
• 50th percentile (median): $77,560
• 75th percentile: $98,650
• 90th percentile: $118,510

Biosafety specialists need a bachelor’s degree at a bare minimum, with certain advanced roles (like biosafety officer) requiring a master’s degree.

• Arizona State University offers a bachelor of science in microbiology at its Tempe, Arizona campus. Students may apply for the accelerated joint bachelor’s/master’s program, which consists of 138 credits and may be completed in five years. The program covers the background and current findings of microbiology, as well as the critical thinking skills and hands-on laboratory skills necessary to take on leadership roles within the discipline. The school is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.

Become a Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Director

A clinical microbiology laboratory director is responsible for the operation and administration of a microbiology laboratory. They hire and mentor staff, plan and direct experiments, raise funds through research grants, find new avenues for revenue enhancement, and in some cases, fulfill the expectations or objectives of a corporate entity. They may work in a hospital, academic, or private laboratory setting.

Precise job figures for clinical microbiology laboratory directors are not available,. However, they can be classified as natural sciences managers according to the BLS (2022). The 74,760 jobs in this field are expected to grow 6 percent by 2031. On average, natural sciences managers earn $156,110 per year. The percentiles are:

• 10th percentile: $75,040
• 25th percentile: $101,400
• 50th percentile (median): $137,900
• 75th percentile: $202,910
• 90th percentile: More than $208,000 per year

Clinical microbiology laboratory directors generally need a PhD and postdoctoral training.

• The University of Arizona offers a PhD program in microbiology that accommodates students’ research interests. Graduates demonstrate proficiency in research, experimental design, and scientific achievement within microbiology. There is no uniform study plan, but instead, one is tailored to each candidate with the assistance of a mentor. The program consists of 63 credits and takes place at the school’s Tucson campus. The Higher Learning Commission accredits the University of Arizona.

Become a Genetic Counselor

Genetic counseling is a young but rapidly growing profession. Genetic counselors work with patients and healthcare providers to diagnose genetic risks. They conduct informational sessions with patients and families, offer counseling on any genetic risks and conditions, recommend further testing, and support inpatient and outpatient care at satellite clinics. While this is primarily a patient-facing role, genetic counselors need to utilize a solid understanding of microbiology, microbial genetics, biology, and other life sciences to facilitate their assessments.

According to data from BLS (2022), genetic counseling jobs are expected to grow by 18 percent by 2031. The average annual wage for the 2,740 genetic counselors in US is $86,640. The percentiles for wages are:

• 10th percentile: $49,120
• 25th percentile: $76,300
• 50th percentile (median): $80,150
• 75th percentile: $100,200
• 90th percentile: $121,070

Genetic counselors need to obtain a master’s degree and board certification in genetic counseling to secure employment. Still, many genetic counselors begin their educational journey with a bachelor’s degree in microbiology or a related life science discipline.

• In just 22 months, students can complete the master’s of science in genetic counseling at the University of Arizona . Students must complete intensive classroom coursework followed by real work clinical experiences with genetic counselors and physicians. This combination of education ensures that graduates are ready to work one on one with clients providing high-quality genetic counseling. This program is accredited by the American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC), which means graduates are eligible to sit for board certification.

Become an Industrial Microbiologist

Over 40 percent of all microbiologists work in a research and development setting, and that’s where industrial microbiologists thrive, applying their knowledge of microbiology to the creation of safe and effective products. They may work with medical devices, pharmaceutical drugs, cosmetics, or other consumer goods. Typical responsibilities include microbial testing, laboratory services, and investigative research under the direction of an industrial company.

According to the BLS (2022), microbiology at large is expected to grow about 9 percent between 2021 and 2031, adding almost 1,900 jobs. The average salary for the 19,430 microbiologists working in the US is $87,820 per year. The percentiles for wages are:

• 10th percentile: $47,630
• 25th percentile: $59,860
• 50th percentile (median): $79,260
• 75th percentile: $110,010
• 90th percentile: $136,780

A bachelor’s degree and laboratory experience is a common requirement for employment as an industrial microbiologist.

• Weber State University offers a bachelor’s in microbiology with an industrial microbiology emphasis at its Ogden, Utah campus. While the baseline curriculum provides an extensive education in the field of microbiology, the industrial microbiology emphasis focuses on how microorganisms impact human industry. The program consists of 120 credits and is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities.

Become a Microbiology Consultant

Microbiology consultants are the hired guns of the microbiology world. They may work in several different settings, such as laboratories, industrial companies, pharmaceutical companies, think tanks, or environmental agencies. In each instance, they assess the microbiological impacts of their client’s work and share specialized expertise to finetune operations and meet desired outcomes. A consultant’s projects may be relatively short in duration (e.g., assisting in an environmental impact report) or long (e.g., bringing a particular pharmaceutical drug all the way from inception to production).

Due to their freelance nature, which may take them to several employers for differing durations, official job data for microbiology consultants is scarce. However,

The BLS does list data for management analysts, who are often also called management consultants. According to the data, 31 percent of management analysts work in professional, scientific, and technical services, encompassing microbiology consultants. There are 768,450 consultants employed across all industries in the US, earning $100,530 per year on average. The percentiles for wages are:

• 10th percentile: $50,190
• 25th percentile: $64,150
• 50th percentile (median): $93,000
• 75th percentile: $124,430
• 90th percentile: $163,760

Microbiology consultants typically have a bachelor’s degree in microbiology and a master’s degree in their area of specialization, such as virology, parasitology, environmental microbiology, or microbial genetics. Some consultants may have a PhD instead of a master’s degree.

• West Virginia University offers a master’s degree in applied and environmental microbiology. It builds students’ expertise in a growing subdiscipline of microbiology and gives them foundational knowledge in associated fields like biochemistry, genetics, and biology. Courses cover food microbiology, sanitary microbiology, microbial biology, and several self-directed studies in advanced topics. The program consists of 30 credits and takes place at WVU’s Morgantown, West Virginia campus. The Higher Learning Commission accredits WVU.

Become a Microbiology Professor

Microbiology professors teach microbiology at the college level and above. Typical classroom responsibilities include designing lesson plans, hosting lectures, counseling students, and grading exams. In addition to their classroom duties, microbiology professors typically conduct research at their host university, apply for grants, write academic papers, and design self-directed studies into both the niche and frontier areas of the microbiology discipline.

According to data collected by BLS (2022) for all postsecondary teachers, jobs in this field are expected to grow 12 percent by 2031, adding some 159,400 jobs. Salary figures vary widely based upon whether one is teaching at a junior college, state university, or private university. Data from the BLS puts the average salary for 47,690 postsecondary biological sciences teachers at $98,710 per year. The percentiles for wages are:

• 10th percentile: $48,720
• 25th percentile: $61,750
• 50th percentile (median): $81,440
• 75th percentile: $123,730
• 90th percentile: $169,410

Those who wish to teach microbiology at the postsecondary level typically need a PhD to do so.

The PhD in microbiology and immunology program at Georgetown University is designed to prepare students for research and academia careers. An emphasis is placed on the relationship of microorganisms to disease. Students work with a program advisor to determine their specific curriculum, complete with laboratory rotations and a final thesis. The program consists of a minimum of 34 credits and is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

Become a Microbiology Research Associate

Microbiology research associates assist in planning and conducting studies on microorganisms present in various substances, often in the aid of safe and effective industrial production. Pharmaceutical companies, agricultural companies, or industrial manufacturers may employ them. Some of their key responsibilities include microbial culture preparation, determining viable cell counts, and carrying out microbial challenge tests.

There is no reliable data on job figures specifically for microbiology research associates. According to the BLS (2022), jobs for biological technicians (a closely related field) are expected to grow 9 percent between 2021 and 2031. The 76,150 biological technicians in the US earn $51,770 per year on average. The percentiles for wages are:

• 10th percentile: $31,170
• 25th percentile: $37,820
• 50th percentile (median): $48,140
• 75th percentile: $61,530
• 90th percentile: $78,090

Most microbiology research associates have a bachelor’s degree in microbiology and laboratory experience. Here is a sample program:

• The University of Florida has a hybrid bachelor’s in microbiology and cell science that gives students a strong background in basic science while also preparing them for future study if they wish to pursue it. Students can research in areas like molecular genetics, cell biology, immunology, parasitology, virology, pathogenesis, and bioinformatics. Online courses are supplemented by two in-person labs taught in accelerated five-day cycles. This degree completion program requires applicants to complete 60 credits of general education at an accredited institution. The school itself is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) Commission on Colleges.

Become a Microbiology Technician

Microbiology technicians work in laboratories and assist microbiologists in detecting bacteria and other microorganisms present in various substances. Under the direction of microbiologists, they perform tests, analyze results, and maintain and operate sophisticated laboratory equipment. In smaller laboratories, the type of tests may range widely, while in larger laboratories, tests (and the technicians they employ) may be more specialized.

The need for clinical laboratory technologists and technicians of all kinds is expected to grow 7 percent between 2021 and 2031—a rate that’s on par with the national average—creating over 21,800 new jobs. According to the BLS, the average salary for the US for 318,780 clinical laboratory technologists and technicians is $56,910 per year. The percentiles for wages are:

• 10th percentile: $30,280
• 25th percentile: $37,990
• 50th percentile (median): $57,800
• 75th percentile: $74,530
• 90th percentile: $79,340

An associate’s degree is the minimum requirement for employment, with some laboratories preferring a bachelor’s degree instead. Other employers request their technicians be certified through the American Society for Clinical Pathology , which provides the MLT credential, and reward those who are certified with higher starting salaries. Here are two programs to prepare for this career:

• Columbus State Community College offers hybrid AAS in medical laboratory technology that prepares students to sit for the ASCP’s MLT certification. Courses in several life sciences, including microbiology, are covered in the five-semester program. The lectures are online, while the laboratories are conducted at the school’s laboratories in Columbus, Ohio. The National Accrediting Agency accredits the program for Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NAACLS).
• SUNY Broome offers a hybrid AAS for clinical laboratory technicians that may be completed in as few as four semesters. The program mainly focuses on chemistry and life sciences fundamentals, but also includes courses in microbiology and a diagnostic microbiology laboratory. At the end of their studies, all students complete 360 hours of clinical training in hospital laboratories affiliated with SUNY. While many of the courses may be taken online, the school does require its students to live within the immediate geographic area. The National Accrediting Agency accredits the program for Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NAACLS).

Become a Water Resource Specialist

Water resource specialists help safeguard one of the Earth’s most precious resources. Working for private companies, agricultural concerns, and local governments, they monitor water quality by conducting investigations into pollution, wastewater discharge, and water storage. Utilizing their microbiology background, water resource specialists locate causes of water pollution and develop strategies for water conservation, regulatory compliance, and watershed health and rehabilitation.

Water resource specialists are classified as hydrologists by the BLS (2022). Between 2021 and 2031, it is estimated that there will be no change in the number of jobs in this field. The 6,390 hydrologists in the US earn $94,780 per year on average. The percentiles for wages are:

• 10th percentile: $51,120
• 25th percentile: $64,670
• 50th percentile (median): $84,030
• 75th percentile: $106,440
• 90th percentile: $135,170

Over 40 percent of surveyed water resource specialists had a master’s degree, while 55 percent had a bachelor’s degree, according to O*NET. Here’s a sample program to prepare for this career:

• Miami University offers an on-campus combined bachelor’s/master’s degree program in microbiology that can be completed in five years. Students may choose to emphasize environmental microbiology, and the school offers a wide range of laboratory experiences. The program consists of 120 credits for the bachelor’s degree and 30 for the master’s degree. Miami University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.

Matt Zbrog is a writer and researcher from Southern California. Since 2018, he’s written extensively about emerging topics in medical technology, particularly the modernization of the medical laboratory and the network effects of both health data management and health IT. In consultation with professors, practitioners, and professional associations, his writing and research are focused on learning from those who know the subject best. For MedicalTechnologySchools.com, he’s interviewed leaders and subject matter experts at the American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA), the American Society of Clinical Pathology (ASCP), and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

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Microbiologist salary

The average salary for a microbiologist in the United States is around $79,260 per year.

Microbiologists earn an average yearly salary of $ 79,260 . Wages typically start from $ 47,630 and go up to $ 136,780 .

29 % above national average ● Updated in 2021

Microbiologist earnings by seniority

Approximate values based on highest and lowest earning segments.

Microbiologist salary by state

How do microbiologist salaries compare to similar careers.

Microbiologists earn about the same as related careers in the United States. On average, they make less than physical therapists but more than food science technologists.

Source: CareerExplorer (Aggregated)

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Clinical training

Mayo Clinic's campus in Rochester, minnesota, offers two Clinical Microbiology Postgraduate Fellowships: the Ph.D. (CPEP) program and the M.D. (ACGME) program.

CPEP program

The two-year Clinical Microbiology Ph.D. (CPEP) Postgraduate Fellowship leads to certification by the American Board of Medical Microbiology (ABMM) in Medical and Public Health Laboratory Microbiology.

Second year

During your first year of training, you will rotate through the bacteriology, mycobacteriology, mycology, molecular microbiology, virology, parasitology, and infectious disease serology laboratories. These rotations emphasize the practical aspects of clinical microbiology. You become proficient in pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical phases of diagnostic testing, including processing specimens, performing procedures at the bench, and result reporting and interpretation.

The first year also has a strong didactic component, with interactive lectures, small group discussions, and one-on-one education. As a fellow, you will gain additional knowledge and experience through providing case-based clinical presentations and error/event analysis. In addition to microbiology-specific education, training is provided in leadership management and the pathology of infectious diseases.

You will have a broad range of experiences during your second year of training:

• Division of Infectious Diseases. As a fellow, you will spend at least three months rotating with our infectious disease clinicians. While there, you will learn how results from the clinical microbiology laboratory are interpreted and applied for patient care. Additionally, you will learn to integrate clinical and microbiological data for diagnostic, interpretive, and prognostic purposes.
• Hospital infection control. During this two-week assignment, you learn about the specific functions and daily responsibilities of a nurse epidemiologist. This includes recognizing and controlling nosocomial infections and using proper methods to sterilize hospital equipment and supplies.
• Minnesota Department of Health. During the second year of training, you will spend two weeks training in St. Paul, Minnesota, at the Minnesota Department of Health Infectious Disease Laboratory . You will work in laboratory management, epidemiology, and the state laboratory quality assurance program. At the bench level, you will learn procedures for collecting and processing food and stool specimens for pathogenic microorganisms, the principles of water bacteriology, and detection techniques for the rabies virus.
• Test development and research. After completing the previous rotations, you will spend the rest of your second year participating in the development and implementation of a new diagnostic test or completing an independent research project. 
• External Laboratory Directorship Rotation. Fellows may select a one-month rotation in the clinical microbiology laboratory at either the Mayo Clinic campus in Scottsdale, Arizona, or Jacksonville, Florida.

ACGME program

The Clinical Microbiology M.D. (ACGME) Postgraduate Fellowship is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and meets the certification requirements of the American Board of Pathology (in Medical Microbiology). 

This one-year training program generally matches the first year of the CPEP Fellowship, but your schedule can be modified based on your prior training, experience, and specific areas of interest. Individuals with anatomic pathology experience have the opportunity to actively participate in the infectious diseases pathology consult service. 

Didactic training

As a fellow in the Clinical Microbiology, M.D. (ACGME) or Ph.D. (CPEP) Postgraduate Fellowship, you will participate in the following didactic training opportunities:

• Clinical microbiology rounds.  Presentation and discussion of current cases and interesting laboratory aspects.
• Clinical microbiology journal club.  Monthly one-hour meeting led by fellows.
• Infectious disease conference.  Weekly one-hour presentation given by consultants or fellows.
• Laboratory Leadership and Management course.  Series of sessions given by consultants from the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology.
• Test development conference. Monthly one-hour meeting for brief updates about special projects carried out by fellows and others in the division.
• Core curriculum.  Intensive core curriculum didactic course in all areas of diagnostic microbiology.
• Infectious diseases pathology core curriculum. Interactive, case-based course in covering the histopathology and cytopathology of infectious diseases.
• Small group reading/review sessions. One-hour sessions, three times per week, with consultants for board preparation. 

To support your educational experience, you have access to Mayo Clinic's medical library as well as the learning resources available in the fellows' resource room, where individual desks and computers are provided for each trainee.

Research and test development training

Research is an important component of the Clinical Microbiology, M.D. (ACGME) or Ph.D. (CPEP) Postgraduate Fellowship. You will complete a research project in which you will develop or evaluate new tests, assess existing tests, evaluate new or existing antimicrobial agents, and/or analyze the clinical value of specific laboratory tests.

Early in the program, you will meet with consultants to discuss available projects to allow for time to begin your project and collect sufficient data for submission of meeting abstract(s) and completion of your project by the end of the program. An introduction to the IRB system, the Mayo Clinic library, and the department's Biorepository Laboratory services will also be provided.

We have a tremendous number of resources to support research at Mayo Clinic, including readily-accessible statistical support, graphic design and media services, and publication services. We also have the DLMP Research Innovation Office (RIO) which provides support for drafting and submitting IRB protocols. These services facilitate research, taking care of the administrative aspects, and allowing the fellow to focus on the scientific aspects of the project.

You will have the opportunity to submit abstracts to regional, national, or international meetings in clinical microbiology/infectious diseases, and/or publish your studies in peer-reviewed journals.

Call frequency

You will be responsible for taking call on a weekly (i.e., 24/7 calls for seven days) rotational basis. This includes:

• Assisting in the resolution of laboratory problems
• Contacting clinical services about important laboratory findings or problems
• Obtaining clinical histories of patients with important or unusual laboratory findings
• Presenting these problems and histories at laboratory rounds

Teaching opportunities

As a fellow, you will help to teach pathology residents and other trainees rotating in clinical microbiology. 

You will be responsible for reviewing and discussing clinical cases with residents during the clinical microbiology rotation. The resident participates in all aspects of the services, including laboratory rotations, taking call, and presenting at rounds. 

You will also provide didactic lectures and assist with wet lab activities in a supervisory/teaching role for medical students, the clinical laboratory science program, and global health training sessions.

You will be evaluated at the completion of each rotation, which may range in length from four to 16 weeks. Evaluations assess fellow competence in:

• Patient care
• Medical knowledge
• Professionalism
• Systems-based practice
• Practice-based learning and improvement
• Interpersonal and communication skills

Evaluations are also completed for all fellow presentations, such as laboratory rounds and journal club.

The program director will meet with you quarterly to review your evaluations and discuss professional growth. In addition, allied health staff and residents are asked to evaluate your performance periodically. You will be able to view your evaluations electronically. Final written summative evaluations are completed for each fellow upon completion of the Clinical Microbiology, M.D. (ACGME) or Ph.D. (CPEP) Postgraduate Fellowship.

Elli Theel, Ph.D. Program Director (Ph.D. Program inquiries)

Bobbi Pritt, M.D. Program Director (M.D. Program inquiries)

Laura Wilder Education Coordinator Email:  [email protected]

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PhD Microbiology: Eligibility, Admission 2024, Fees, Syllabus, Entrance Exams, Scope

PhD in Microbiology is a doctoral degree programme that deals with the study of various microorganisms and its functioning and the programme focuses on the interactions of microorganisms with the environment and immune system of the human body. The Ph.D programme is designed to provide advanced knowledge in microbiology and other related disciplines.

Students can expect job opportunities in various fields such as academics, the medical industry, and the public sectors. Generally, the PhD Microbiology duration is three years or more to complete the course and also lab research. Applicants require a Master’s degree in Microbiology with similar or related disciplines with a valid aggregate score specified by the institute.

Students can also choose various courses such as microbiology, molecular biology, immunology, and biochemistry to pursue a PhD in microbiology. The top institutes offering PhD Management courses are Sankara Nethralaya Chennai, IGIMS Patna, and TNMC Mumbai. The average salary of a Microbiologist in India is Rs. 3 LPA, depending on the company.

Highlights: Ph.D Microbiology

Eligibility criteria for ph.d. microbiology.

Before applying to the PhD in Microbiology course in reputed colleges, aspirants must check the PhD in Microbiology eligibility criteria. Every college has different eligibility criteria which should be fulfilled by candidates. PhD in Microbiology eligibility criteria are mentioned below.

• A postgraduate degree with minimum marks of 55 percent from a recognised university in Microbiology or similar disciplines.
• Students belonging to the reserved categories will get 5 percent relaxation in admission.
• Candidates must appear for an entrance examination conducted by the exam authorities, the most popular entrance examination that is considered by many institutes for Ph.D courses is UGC NET.

Admission Process for PhD Microbiology

Admission process of a Ph.D Microbiology course depends on the institute, the admission is based on both entrance examination and merit-based admission. One of the popular exams conducted for admission to PhD courses is UGC NET. Students must score at least minimum marks in the entrance examinations to be eligible for PhD in Microbiology admission.

• Candidates interested in applying for the admissions must visit the official website of the desired institute and fill the application form carefully.
• They are also advised to meet the eligibility criteria required for admissions.
• Students must appear for the relevant entrance examinations and score valid marks required by the institute.
• They should also submit required documents specified by the institute along with the course fees.

Top Entrance Exams for Ph.D Microbiology

Students wishing to apply for a PhD Microbiology course must appear for relevant entrance examinations as per the requirements of the desired institute. They must also meet the cutoff to secure their admissions. Mentioned below are the top entrance exams required for the Ph.D courses in India.

UGC NET : University Grants Commission National Eligibility Test popularly known as UGC NET is a national-level entrance examination conducted by the National Testing Agency twice a year. The exam is conducted in Online mode and is conducted in various languages.

• UGC NET Admit Card
• UGC NET Syllabus
• UGC NET Exam Pattern
• UGC NET Result
• UGC NET Cutoff
• UGC NET Preparation Tips
• UGC NET Eligibility
• UGC NET Application

CSIR UGC NET : CSIR UGC Test for JRF and Eligibility for Lectureship also known as CSIR UGC NET is a national-level entrance examination conducted twice a year by the National Testing Agency (NTA) in online mode. The exam is conducted in both English and Hindi Languages.

• CSIR UGC NET Cutoff
• CSIR UGC NET Eligibility
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• CSIR UGC NET Exam Pattern
• CSIR UGC NET Admit Card
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• CSIR UGC NET Result
• CSIR UGC NET Date
• CSIR UGC NET Syllabus

Cutoff for Top Colleges

The cutoff depends on various factors such as the entrance examination, difficulty level of the entrance examination, number of the applications, and the status and prestige of the institute. Cutoff is released every year by the institute for the programmes they will be offering, the cutoff marks are helpful for candidates to pursue the course at their desired institute.

Skills Required for Ph.D Microbiology

Candidates should possess some necessary skills to become successful researchers and lecturers in their future. A candidate with the right skills and abilities can work in top and reputed organisations. Some of the important skills required for the PhD in Microbiology courses are listed below:

• Analytical Skills
• Researching Skills
• Good written and spoken English
• Problem-Solving Skills

Syllabus of Ph.D Microbiology

The syllabus of the PhD Microbiology course depends on the institute, but it remains almost the same for every institute. The course curriculum of Ph.D Microbiology consists of various papers that the student has to clear, some of the important papers are Research Virology and Medical Microbiology. Mentioned below is the syllabus of Karpagam Academy of Higher Education.

Fee Structure for Ph.D. Microbiology

The fee structure for Ph.D. Microbiology may vary depending on the institute and its location. Students should check the fee structure of Ph.D. Microbiology courses are on the official website of the desired college. The average fees of a Ph.D. Microbiology course range from Rs. 95,000 to Rs. 1.66 Lakhs.

Scope of Ph.D Microbiology

PhD in Microbiology has a lot of scope in India and abroad, candidates after completing the course will have numerous opportunities in the medical and healthcare fields. Researchers have great demand and respect in the present world. Graduates can work as faculties at educational institutions and can also choose various career options.

Students can work in various sectors such as hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, laboratories, and the pharmaceutical industries. They can also pursue various case studies on microorganisms and their functioning, and conduct various experiments on infectious diseases occurring due to various microorganisms like Bacteria, Viruses, and Fungi.

Career Options After Ph.D Microbiology

There are various career options available for PhD in Microbiology and many companies hire PhD graduates. Candidates can mainly work in academics after or before pursuing postgraduate courses and some of the prominent job roles available for PhD in Microbiology are as follows:

Pharmacologist: A pharmacologist researches, develops, and evaluates medications to treat, prevent, and cure illnesses. He or she examines chemicals, gases, dust, food colorings, and other substances to see if they are dangerous. An animal, plant, or human specimen will be used in the pharmacologist's drug study and testing.

Food Technologists : Food technologists create techniques for preparing, preserving, and packaging food in a safe manner by studying its physical, chemical, and biological makeup. They test foods to make sure they adhere to industry and governmental requirements while also looking for methods to enhance their flavours and nutritional content.

Microbiologist : Microbiologists are biological scientists who study microbes to better understand how they affect our lives and how we might use them for our own benefit. They carry out research, record their findings, produce articles and reports, and manage lab employees.

Research Associate : A research associate's work includes overseeing teams, projects, and documentation. He or she works on a variety of research topics, some starting from scratch and others requiring middleman assistance. He or she runs tests and records the results.

Top Recruiters:

• Johnson and Johnson
• Emcure Pharmaceuticals

Benefits of Studying Ph.D Microbiology

Candidates pursuing a PhD in Microbiology will have a wide range of job opportunities in the medical field and the course offers various career opportunities in academics and laboratories. Students who want to become researchers and research scientists can enrol in a PhD in Microbiology course.

Candidates can also work in various industries like pharmaceutical companies, food industries, and healthcare companies. There are various career options available for PhD in Microbiology courses such as Pharmacologist, Food Technologist, Microbiologist, and Research Associate.

Average Salary of a Ph.D Microbiology

Students after completing the Ph.D. Microbiology courses must know the salaries associated with the popular career options. The average salary of a PhD Microbiology course depends on the location of the company, job profile applied by the candidate, and the experience and skills of the candidate. Mentioned below are the average salaries of a Ph.D. Microbiology course:

Source: AmbitionBox

List of Top 10 Ph.D. Microbiology Colleges in India with Fees

Many colleges offer Ph.D. Microbiology courses in India, students are advised to carefully follow the admission procedure and meet the eligibility requirements of the course. PhD Microbiology courses are offered by many private and government institutes in India, some of the top institutes are mentioned below:

Top Private Ph.D Microbiology Colleges in India with Fees

There are several private institutions that offer PhD in Microbiology courses. These PhDs in Microbiology colleges and universities are well known for their high academic standards. Some of India's top private PhD in Microbiology colleges are listed in the table below.

Top Government Ph.D Microbiology Colleges in India with Fees

PhD in Microbiology courses are offered by many government institutes in India, government institutes are known to provide quality education and charge nominal fees. The fee may vary depending on the institute, students can check the fees of the Ph.D Microbiology course on the official website of the desired college.

Ph.D Microbiology is a course at the doctorate level, the minimum duration of the course is three-years and the maximum is six-years. Students can check the official website of the desired institute to find all the course details such as the eligibility criteria, admission process, and fee details of the course.

Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

The PhD in Microbiology course eligibility is that students must have completed their master's degree in microbiology or any related field from a recognised board or university in India.

Yes, PhD in Microbiology courses are valid research and evidence-based courses in India. The duration of the PhD in Microbiology course is three years to five years.

Problem-solving, critical thinking, team work, and research skills are the important skills required for a PhD in Microbiology academic and professional career.

Candidates can learn various topics in a PhD in Microbiology like research methodology, virology, immunology, and microbiology.

The various career opportunities available in PhD in Microbiology courses are research associate, biochemist, microbiologist, and research scientist.

PhD in Microbiology can be pursued in both full time or part time modes of education. Whereas distance education for Ph.D. is not allowed in India.

The highest package earned by a candidate after completing a PhD in Microbiology is Rs. 12 LPA (approx), it can vary depending on the company and the job roles.

The tuition fee for the PhD in Microbiology course can range from Rs. 95,000 to Rs. 1.66 Lakhs.

The top  recruiting areas for candidates are hospitals, education institutions, clinics, food industry, and pharmaceutical companies.

There are many benefits of PhD in Microbiology courses such as they can work in many fields such as research, laboratories, education, food services, public health, and biotech companies.

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Scientist I - III, Anaerobic Microbiology

Job posting for scientist i - iii, anaerobic microbiology at arkeabio.

ArkeaBio is a pioneer in developing technology to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the agricultural sector. Backed by Breakthrough Energy Ventures , ArkeaBio is using innovative vaccine technologies to create solutions to reduce the on-farm methane emissions responsible for 6% of global GHG emissions. ArkeaBio technology will be integrated into proven delivery systems and farming practices to safely reduce global methane emissions from multiple ruminant species across a variety of geographies and agronomic systems.

Job Summary 

We are looking for candidates who are driven to help shape the company and are excited to support our mission.

Description 

Reporting to the Head of Screening Selection , the  Scientist (I - III), Anaerobic Microbiology is responsible for supporting ArkeaBio's vaccine development pipeline with a strong focus on culturing anaerobic microorganisms and developing in vitro screening assays for assessing the effects of antibody binding on those anaerobic microorganisms. 

Key Responsibilities

The Scientist (I - III), Anaerobic Microbiology requires a passionate, learning focused individual that can synthesize literature, data, and results into hypothesis-driven research directions and then execute on deliverables in support of those research directions. They are someone who can work collaboratively within a team as well as develop and deliver on research plans in support of ArkeaBio's vaccine development pipeline. A successful Scientist (I - III), Anaerobic Microbiology will perform the following:

• Culture anaerobic microorganisms from the rumen in monoculture and/or co-culture
• Develop in vitro assays for characterizing interactions with anaerobic microorganisms from the rumen, preferably the assays are plate-based assays amenable to automation
• Collaborate with the technical organization to generate hypotheses, develop innovative characterization strategies, and execute on those strategies to answer key vaccine development questions
• supplying cells to other members of the technical team in support of team-wide research efforts
• contributing to high-throughput screening efforts to identify high value targets
• participate in additional characterization efforts, e.g., binding characteristics, of identified high value antigen targets
• Develop a deep understanding of rumen anaerobe microbiology biochemistry
• Maintain detailed and organized written records in accordance with regulatory needs
• Communicate experimental progress as verbal presentations and written status updates to relevant stakeholders
• Prepare and present scientific findings to the organization in support of vaccine candidate advancement into clinical development

Qualifications / Skills 

• A PhD in the biological sciences, or equivalent work experience as a Scientist
• or equivalent work experience
• Strict anaerobic culturing experience is a requirement, with a strong preference for demonstration of reproducible growth assays   
• Methanogen culturing experience is a plus
• Experience with protein binding assays and ELISAs is a plus
• Background understanding of antibodies is a plus
• A driven individual who has a demonstrated track record of proactively identifying problems and driving to timely, innovative solutions to overcome challenging biological problems
• Strong scientific focus with extensive knowledge of the scientific literature in the field
• Ability to effectively manage and deliver on research projects
• Excellent communication skills, problem-solving, critical thinking, and organizational skills; ability to communicate findings and knowledge across the organization
• Exceptional analytical, documentation, customer service, problem-solving, and reporting skills
• Self-starter with a proven commitment to excellence
• Comfortable working on fast-paced, combined local and remote teams
• Proficiency with at least one programming language, e.g. , python, R, etc. is a plus
• Curiosity with a passion for learning
• Exhibit flexibility and willingness to work closely with members of the technical team

ArkeaBio is deeply committed to diversity, equity, and inclusion in all of its practices, especially when it comes to growing our team. Our culture promotes inclusion and embraces the personal and organizational benefits of working with people from all walks of life.  

It is the policy of ArkeaBio to provide equal employment opportunities to all employees and employment applicants.

ArkeaBio offers 100% paid health, vision, dental and life insurance, up to a 4% matching contribution to a 401(K) retirement account and flexible time off.

ArkeaBio has a 13,000 square foot lab in Charlestown, MA, and offers a flexible work environment.

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