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A Case Study of Urban Regeneration in Manchester - Salford Quays

Urban Regeneration in a Major UK City

Home > Manchester Case Study > A Case Study of Urban Regeneration in Manchester – Salford Quays

A Case Study of Urban Regeneration in Manchester – Salford Quays

Salford Quays is a waterfront area on the Manchester Ship Canal in Salford, Greater Manchester. It was previously the site of Manchester Docks and faces Trafford across the canal. The area faced severe decline when the docks ceased operations. Since then, the area has transformed into a vibrant commercial, residential, and cultural district through regeneration.

Why was the regeneration needed in Salford Quays?

The 1982 closure of Manchester Docks left Salford Quays largely deserted, with extensive unused land and abandoned infrastructure. This decline reflected broader economic shifts away from industrial activities in the UK.  The focus of the regeneration was to boost the local economy and enhance residents’ quality of life.

What were the main features of the project?

The redevelopment plan for Salford Quays focused on revitalising the waterfront to support new commercial, residential, and leisure spaces. Significant road and transport links investments include extending the Metrolink tram system to improve connectivity with Manchester city centre and surrounding areas.

Cultural landmarks such as The Lowry—a theatre and gallery complex—and the Imperial War Museum North are crucial in redefining the area’s identity. These venues are important because they attract visitors and serve as community hubs.

Commercial and residential spaces proliferated, with numerous office buildings and housing developments constructed. BBC and ITV’s relocation of significant operations to MediaCityUK within Salford Quays attracted other businesses in the media and digital sectors, creating a vibrant employment hub.

Environmental improvements include investment in public spaces, walkways, and water features. Salford Quays’ redevelopment plan focused heavily on maintaining and enhancing the area’s waterfront, a significant natural feature.

A significant aspect of the redevelopment was including green spaces, parks, and recreational areas. These green spaces promote biodiversity and provide recreational opportunities for the community.

New buildings, including residential units, office spaces, and cultural venues, feature energy-efficient technologies, use sustainable materials, and are energy efficient. Some buildings have green roofs and energy-efficient glazing, contributing to a reduced carbon footprint.

How successful has the regeneration been in Salford Quays?

The regeneration significantly boosted the local economy by attracting investment, creating jobs, and increasing property values. Salford Quays is now a key part of Greater Manchester’s economic landscape , hosting diverse businesses.

Salford Quays has become a cultural and entertainment destination, hosting various cultural institutions and events that enhance the area’s vibrancy and appeal.

The development of residential areas alongside commercial and cultural venues has created a balanced urban community, offering improved lifestyle options for residents. The area’s amenities and green spaces contribute to a high quality of life.

While the project is hailed as a success, it has faced criticism because of concerns about rising property prices and living costs, raising issues about affordability and the displacement of existing communities. Additionally, some argue the benefits of regeneration have not been evenly distributed, highlighting the need for ongoing efforts to ensure inclusive growth.

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• Salford Quays

Delve into the geographical marvel of Salford Quays, a striking illustration of urban regeneration in England. This piece offers an in-depth examination of its location, transformation, and effects of redevelopment. Understand the context of Salford Quays within Greater Manchester and explore its distinctive transformation from a historic port to a modern hub. Uncover the benefits and challenges associated with the regeneration of Salford Quays through this comprehensive analysis.

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Salford Quays: A Geographical Overview

Salford Quays, one of the up-and-coming hotspots in the North West of England, is a unique and fascinating geographical area you should learn about. Its vibrant mix of culture, history, and modernisation makes it a magnet for locals and tourists alike.

Known as the home to some of the UK's most prominent media and cultural institutions, Salford Quays offers a unique blend of past and present, all set against the backdrop of functional, yet aesthetically pleasing modern architecture.

Location: Salford Quays, England

You'll find Salford Quays resting comfortably in the city of Salford, Greater Manchester, England. The quays are part of an area which was once Manchester Docks. A defining feature of Salford Quays is its waterfront setting.

Imagine standing at a point on Trafford Road, with a clear view of the Manchester Ship Canal. At one side lies MediaCityUK, bustling with the vibrancy of modern media. On another side, The Lowry exhibits art across various styles and times. All around you, there’s water providing a serene balance to the hum of a busy city life.

"Quay", which you’ll see regularly when discussing areas like Salford Quays, refers to a platform lying alongside or projecting into water for loading and unloading ships.

The Context of Salford Quays in Greater Manchester

Understanding Salford Quays isn’t complete without considering its embeddedness in the broader entity of Greater Manchester. Time has seen the area evolve dramatically. The transformation from a once buzzing seaport to the cultural and media centre of today is compelling.

• Dating back to the Industrial Revolution, Manchester Docks was active as a major inland port.
• In the 1970s, its inherent function declined and the docks closed in 1982.
• The area was later revitalised as Salford Quays, a centre for culture and media.

Moreover, the geographical entity to which Salford Quays belongs, Greater Manchester, holds immense significance to the area. As one of the leading metropolitan areas of the United Kingdom, surrounding locations, such as Manchester city centre to the east, directly influence the dynamics of the Quays.

"Greater Manchester" is a metropolitan county and combined authority area in North West England, with a population of 2.8 million. It encompasses one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom and comprises ten metropolitan boroughs: Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan, and the cities of Manchester and Salford.

Lastly, to say Salford Quays plays a crucial role in the region’s economy isn't an exaggeration. The area is a hub for several businesses; notably, it's the headquarters for internationally recognised media organisations such as the BBC and ITV.

All of these elements combined establish Salford Quays not just as a geographical location, but as a significant player in Greater Manchester’s landscape.

The Transformation of Salford Quays

Like a butterfly emerging from a chrysalis, Salford Quays has undergone a remarkable metamorphosis. This change didn't happen overnight. It's the result of decades of concerted urban regeneration efforts following the decline and eventual closure of the Manchester Docks.

Its remarkable journey of transformation is an exemplary tale of teeming growth, decay, and ultimate regeneration.

Historical Perspective on Salford Quays Regeneration

To truly appreciate the rejuvenation of Salford Quays, it's key to delve into its past. It's an area steeped richly in history, bearing witness to the rise and fall of the Industrial Revolution as experienced in the docks, alongside a wonderful repackaging into the prominent media hub of today.

During the late 19th century and early 20th century, the Manchester Docks, initially built to outstrip Liverpool's docking advantage, were key components in the heart of England's industrial prowess. They made Manchester and Salford a significant passageway for goods from around the globe.

Picture a time when the docks were bustling with workers toiling hard, and ships filled with goods from across the world docking and offloading cargo. This once vibrant hub, however, began to lose steam in the mid-20th century due to the shift from canals to railways and roads for transportation of goods. The decline eventually led to the closure of the docks in 1982.

After the closure, most of the area remained derelict with abandoned warehouses and old dock facilities which presented a less than appealing outlook. But this was set to change. The Salford City Council saw an opportunity for regeneration. Thus began the transformation journey of the docks into the vibrant area that you now know as Salford Quays.

"Regeneration" refers to the process of renewal and redevelopment in areas of moderate to high-density urban activity. Urban regeneration can involve the reconfiguration of city centres and urban neighbourhoods, the reuse of old and derelict buildings, and the remodelling of public spaces.

With the concerted effort of the city council, extensive renovations kicked off in the 1980s and continued through the 90s. This brought about the modernisation of the area with a specific focus on arts, culture, and media.

Major Highlights of Salford Quays Development

The rebirth of Salford Quays as a go-to region for media, arts and sophistication involves several soil-turning events. These highlight the constant strive for improvement, progress and innovation within the area.

The regeneration propelled Salford Quays into the spotlight for several national and international media organisations. The most prominent development is MediaCityUK.

"MediaCityUK" is a 200-acre mixed-use property development site at Salford Quays, housing the operations of major media giants like the BBC, ITV, Associated Press and more.

This vision was realised in multiple steps. Companies and organisations were attracted to strategically move to the Quays due to the state-of-the-art facilities, geographical nearness to Manchester city, and the revitalised atmosphere — the perfect blend for fostering creativity, growth, and progressive partnership opportunities.

Undoubtedly, these milestones have contributed to an economic, cultural, and social revival of an area otherwise left behind, making Salford Quays an exemplar of successful urban regeneration.

Evaluating the Regeneration of Salford Quays

The regeneration of Salford Quays is a fascinating case study of urban renewal. Now a thriving cultural, financial, and architectural landmark, it's necessary to delve deeper and evaluate the merits and challenges brought by transformation to have a complete understanding of the area's standing.

Benefits and Successes of Salford Quays Regeneration

Witnessing the Salford Quays evolution from disuse to prominence is like watching a beautiful story unfold. The successes of regeneration can be seen from various points including economic, societal, and cultural perspectives.

When you consider the boost to the economy, the central attraction point of the project, MediaCityUK, directly fosters the growth of entrepreneurial businesses, promotes job creation, and draws investment into the region. Moreover, it has put Greater Manchester on the map as a desirable media hub outside of London.

The neighbourhood does not only rely on its media sectors for its allure. The proliferation of businesses across diverse sectors including retail, hospitality, and leisure facilities only goes to fortify its attractiveness.

• It boasts food outlets, shopping centres, and bars.
• The prestigious Lowry Theatre and Gallery is also located here.
• Sporting events are frequent at the Quays, notably at the Helly Hansen Watersports Centre.

"Helly Hansen Watersports Centre" is a thriving watersports venue in the heart of Salford Quays, offering a wide range of recreational and leisure activities including canoeing, sailing, wakeboarding and open water swimming.

Envision a vibrant waterside environment teeming with people. The air is buzzing with activity as local business owners engage with customers, visitors admire the fantastic sculptures and architecture, youngsters fill the skatepark with energy, and theatre-goers anticipate the evening's performance at The Lowry. Simultaneously, a nearby wakeboarding event is in full swing, showing the spectrum of interests that Salford Quays caters to.

Addressing the Problems and Challenges in Salford Quays Regeneration

Despite many successes, the story of Salford Quays regeneration isn't without its challenges. A balanced evaluation of the regeneration necessitates a look at the problematic aspects that arose as the area transformed.

Arguably, the most significant issue faced is the risk of gentrification. The extensive redevelopment has led to a surge in property prices, which raises concern about the affordability of housing for the existing local community.

"Gentrification" refers to the phenomenon of improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle-class taste, which often leads to the displacement of lower-income families and small businesses.

Additionally, while the Quays has prospered as a commercial and cultural hub, it has faced criticisms for not integrating enough with the surrounding deprived neighbourhoods. Critics argue there isn't enough done to engage and provide socio-economic benefits to these communities.

With the view of MediaCityUK from the adjacent neighbourhood, Ordsall, the stark contrast is almost palpable — high tech, digital media environment on one side, and on the other, a neighbourhood struggling with socio-economic issues. This visual representation encapsulates the disconnect critics refer to when discussing the challenges of the regeneration process in Salford Quays.

Overcoming these identified challenges definitely requires careful, considerate planning and implementation, with a more inclusive approach to regeneration. Only by addressing these issues can Salford Quays truly fulfil its potential as a holistic model for urban regeneration, one that delivers increased prosperity not just within its borders but extends these benefits to the wider community.

Salford Quays - Key takeaways

• Salford Quays, located in the city of Salford, Greater Manchester, England, is a prime example of successful urban regeneration in England.
• Historically, the area served as Manchester Docks during the Industrial Revolution but declined and closed down in the 1980s. The area was later revitalised into a cultural and media centre.
• Salford Quays is home to several media and cultural institutions, with MediaCityUK being a key development, housing major media giants like the BBC and ITV.
• Although successful in the regeneration, Salford Quays faced challenges such as gentrification, resulting in higher property prices, and criticism for not integrating enough with the deprived neighbourhoods around it.
• The concept of "urban regeneration" refers to the renewal and redevelopment in areas of moderate to high-density urban activity, including the reuse of old and derelict buildings, and the remodelling of public spaces.

Flashcards in Salford Quays 15

28 April 2000

MediaCityUK is a 200-acre mixed-use property development site housing operations of media giants like the BBC, ITV and Associated Press, attracting companies due to state-of-the-art facilities and geographical proximity to Manchester city.

"Quay" refers to a platform lying alongside or projecting into water for loading and unloading ships.

The main challenges include the risk of gentrification leading to a surge in property prices and criticisms for not integrating enough with the surrounding deprived neighbourhoods to provide socio-economic benefits.

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Geographical

Official magazine of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG)

Discovering Britain: Exploring Salford Quays

8 May 2024 5 minutes

Rory Walsh on the slow transformation of Manchester Docks into a media and arts hub

Trail • urban • north west england • guide.

A breeze tugs at my coat when I get off the tram. Across a large plaza, the glass façades of the BBC buildings shimmer in the morning sun. After waving back at Pudsey Bear near the entrance, I pass the Tardis in the lobby, dodge a Dalek, then pause by the EastEnders bench. The black leather Mastermind chair is surprisingly comfy but not as much as the red BBC Breakfast sofa. On the desk in front of it are two large mugs. I reach to pick one up. It’s stuck down, another prop. At Salford Quays nothing is as it seems. 

‘There is a theme-park, fairytale feel,’ says Angela Connelly, senior lecturer in the School of Architecture at Manchester Metropolitan University. Connelly regularly visits Salford Quays, especially the research library at The Lowry . ‘I led a walk here for the Twentieth Century Society,’ she continues. ‘Reaction was quite varied. Some people liked what they saw; others hated it. They said it was fake, or postmodern – in architecture that’s often a derogatory term.’ 

Salford Quays includes houses, museums, shops, galleries and the television and radio studios of MediaCityUK . Before the pandemic, around 7,000 people worked at MediaCityUK for more than 250 companies. On MediaCityUK Bridge, Connelly and I take in the view. A few puffy clouds hang in the pale blue sky. To our right stands the origami outline of the Imperial War Museum North. Opposite, on our left, is The Lowry’s geometric puzzle. Between them and below us lies the expanse of the Manchester Ship Canal. 

As recently as 2007, we would have been overlooking scrubby brownfield land used mainly for car parking. A century earlier, the scene would be different again. From the early 1890s to the early 1980s, the quiet stretch of water below us was full of ships. Salford Quays was part of the Manchester Docks. During their prime, Manchester was Britain’s third-largest port, after London and Liverpool. This was despite being almost 65 kilometres inland. Salford Quays’ surreal feel can be traced to the docks’ strange location. 

As we follow the canal, Connelly relates how the docks developed. ‘By the 1840s, Manchester’s cotton industry was booming. But the city was landlocked and relied upon coastal ports for trade. The nearest was Liverpool, almost 50 kilometres away. Manchester’s leading businessmen thought Liverpool’s fees were too expensive. So, they suggested building an inland port, using a canal to bypass Liverpool.’ 

After decades of debate, the Manchester Ship Canal opened on 21 May 1894. From the Mersey, ships cruised along it through 58 kilometres of rural Cheshire and Lancashire. The Ship Canal gave Manchester direct access to the Irish Sea and beyond. The docks soon carried more than a million tonnes of cargo per year. ‘In the 1920s, a guidebook called the Seven Wonders of Manchester was published,’ Connelly continues. ‘The Ship Canal was number one.’

However, the Ship Canal wasn’t the success that the investors hoped. A speed limit restricted traffic and ships often left empty. A decisive change emerged in the 1960s: containerisation. Containers reduced the need for armies of dock workers to handle cargo. They also encouraged ships to grow larger. The Ship Canal became too expensive and too small. The Manchester Docks shut in 1982, making 3,000 people redundant. Local geography opened the docks, global geography closed them.

The trail explores what happened to the area next. Yet even the modern landmarks dredge up the past. The startling Imperial War Museum North stands on a bomb site; the docks were hit during the Manchester Blitz. The museum also lines the edge of Trafford Park, Europe’s first planned industrial estate. The Traffords were wealthy Norman landowners. By the 1890s, their grand mansion stood in a 400 hectare deer park. When the Ship Canal opened beside it, the family sold up and moved out. Bizarrely, deer still roamed the site until 1900. Workers spotted them during lunch breaks. 

Imperial War Museum North isn’t the only eye-catching building at Salford Quays. After crossing the Ship Canal at Lowry Bridge, we stop outside The Lowry arts centre. Named after Salford-born artist LS Lowry (1887–1976), the building contains a theatre, cinema, galleries and a permanent archive of his work. Connelly and I agree that it would be interesting to hear his thoughts about it. The silver-clad structure looks like a stack of cubes next to a giant animal feeding trough. ‘It’s deliberately unusual,’ Connelly reveals. 

‘When the first regeneration plans for the docks were published in 1988, the Lowry was the centrepiece. It was intended to be Salford’s Guggenheim, drawing comparisons to the similar building in Bilbao. The aim was to recreate the Bilbao Effect, using a landmark venue to attract visitors and developers.’ The Lowry opened in 2000, a dozen years after the initial concept. Besides taking a long time, it feels a long distance from other attractions at Salford Quays. One reason is the former docks’ sheer size. Another is how they were developed. 

‘When the docks closed, Salford City Council bought the land,’ Connelly explains. ‘The London docks, meanwhile, were privately developed. There, the owners could masterplan their own schemes. At Salford Quays, the docks were cleared then stood empty for years. The council couldn’t afford to develop them. When buildings such as the Lowry and the War Museum arrived, they stood alone and isolated. It took ages to fill the gaps.’

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Among the first arrivals were housing. Beside the basin of Dock 9, we pass 1980s red-brick homes. Dominating the area, however, are luxury flats, including the sail-like fronts of the NV Buildings. As we stand in their shadow, Connelly says, ‘What interests me is Salford’s relationship with central Manchester. Salford is a very deprived council ward, while Manchester is a big investment hub. Some of my colleagues have researched if there is any trickle-down effect, whether Salford benefits economically from Manchester’s success. The jury’s out.’  

Connelly has mixed feelings about Salford Quays. ‘The social and economic aspects probably haven’t worked out as planned,’ she suggests. ‘But environmentally, it’s been a big success. Regenerating brownfield instead of building on virgin land, cleaning up the water … The docks were very polluted. Chemicals in the air, appalling water quality and terrible smog. People tell stories about feeling their way along walls to get around.’ 

Today, plants and fish live in the surviving dock basins. Salford Quays has even been awarded Blue Flag status, a title usually reserved for the cleanest beaches. After completing the trail, Connelly shows me photos of the Ship Canal being built. They could be scenes from a battlefield. Men and boys caked in mud line up for the camera in a deep trench. ‘Around 16,000 navvies built it, mainly by hand; 130 of them died, hundreds more were badly injured,’ Connelly recounts. ‘The Ship Canal was regarded and promoted as a great achievement, but the human cost is often forgotten.’ 

The Ship Canal was radical and controversial when it opened; Salford Quays divides opinion today. In the afternoon dusk, the canal’s surface looks calm and quiet. Still waters run deep, however, in this area transformed, not once but twice.

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Salford Quays

Salford quays - regeneration.

Salford Quays occupies the upper part of the Manchester Ship Canal complex. It used to be a derelict area of abandoned warehouses and polluted canals. Salford Quays is a major development in the northwest of England.

Salford Quays complex

• Over 100 hectares of old industrial land was developed by Salford City Council and private investors like Peel Holdings.
• Large lengths of canals and water frontages were cleaned and new vegetation was planted.

Interest groups

• The developers of Salford Quays worked closely with environmental interest groups like the RSPB (which conserves wildlife habitats) when doing river restoration work.

Landmark buildings

• Landmark buildings like the Lowry Theatre, Lowry shopping centre, and the Imperial War Museum North were opened around Salford Quays.
• An area called Media City has been developed and media organisations like the BBC have moved there.

• The Manchester Metrolink was extended to reach Salford Quays and Media City. It now connects directly into Manchester Piccadilly metro station.

Ocean Gateway

• Peel Holdings are now planning the 'Ocean Gateway' project, which is currently the largest development project in the UK.
• They plan to invest in the Manchester Ship Canal route, which links Manchester and Liverpool.
• The project has a 50-year plan, encompassing the development of renewable energy resources and the regeneration of abandoned docklands.

Salford Quays - Urban Regeneration

The regeneration of Salford Quays bears the hallmarks of more than one urban regeneration strategy.

• 2,300 BBC staff are now employed in MediaCity in Salford Quays. Many of these jobs are full-time, which is likely to be viewed as more favourable by stakeholders relative to jobs with zero hours contracts.

Positive feedback loop

• Rather than experiencing a spiral of decline, it is possible that Salford Quays could create a positive feedback loop.
• By creating new jobs, landmark buildings and retail experiences, more people and jobs could be attracted to the area in a continuous cycle.

International influences

• The presence of many MNC retailers like Tessuti and M&S in the Lowry's shopping centre illustrates the significance of global influences on places.

Regeneration strategies

• Tourism-led regeneration is evident because of the Lowry Theatre and Imperial War Museum. They are also landmark buildings.
• Retail-led regeneration is shown by the construction of a shopping centre nearby.
• Culture-led regeneration is shown by the establishment of museums like the Imperial War Museum North.

1 Tectonic Processes & Hazards

1.1 Tectonic Processes & Hazards

1.1.1 Tectonic Plates

1.1.2 Distribution of Tectonic Hazards

1.1.3 Theoretical Frameworks

1.1.4 Earthquakes

1.1.5 Earthquake Hazards

1.1.6 Volcanoes

1.1.7 Tsunamis

1.1.8 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Processes

1.1.9 Exam-Style Question - Earthquakes

1.2 Natural Disasters

1.2.1 Introduction to Natural Disasters

1.2.2 Impacts of Hazards

1.2.3 Comparing Hazards

1.2.4 Development & Governance

1.3 Natural Disaster Case Studies

1.3.1 Tohoku Earthquake & Tsunami

1.3.2 Gorkha Earthquake

1.3.3 Mount Merapi Eruption

1.4 Trends & Patterns

1.4.1 Disaster Trends

1.4.2 Prediction

1.5 Disaster Modification

1.5.1 Hazard Management

1.5.2 Modifications

1.5.3 End of Topic Test - Natural Disasters

1.5.4 Exam-Style Question - Disaster Modification

2 Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change

2.1 Glaciated Landscapes Over Time

2.1.1 Timeline of Glacial Change

2.1.2 Natural Causes

2.1.3 Ice Distributions

2.2 Periglacial Landscapes

2.2.1 Periglacial Processes

2.2.2 Periglacial Landforms

2.3 Glacial Processes

2.3.1 Mass Balance

2.3.2 Glacial Movement

2.4 Glacial Landforms

2.4.1 Landscapes

2.4.2 Erosional Landforms

2.4.3 Erosional Landforms 2

2.4.4 Erosional Landforms 3

2.4.5 Depositional Landforms

2.4.6 Fluvioglaciation

2.5 The Future of Glaciated Landscapes

2.5.1 The Value of Glaciated Landscapes

2.5.2 The Value of Glaciated Landscapes 2

2.5.3 Threats to Glaciated Landscapes

2.5.4 Managing the Threats to Glaciated Landscapes

3 Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change

3.1 Coastal Landscapes

3.1.1 The Wider Coastal Landscape

3.1.2 Geological Structure

3.1.3 Lithology & Vegetation

3.2 Coastal Erosion & Deposition

3.2.1 Shaping Coastlines

3.2.2 Coastal Formations

3.2.3 Sediment Transportation

3.2.4 Subaerial Processes

3.3 Coastal Risks

3.3.1 Sea Level Change

3.3.2 Coastal Retreat

3.3.3 Coastal Flooding

3.4 Managing Coastlines

3.4.1 Consequences of Coastal Recession

3.4.2 Engineering Management Approaches

3.4.3 Governance Approaches

4 Globalisation

4.1 Globalisation

4.1.1 Intro to Globalisation

4.1.2 Development of Globalisation

4.1.3 Economic Policy & Globalisation

4.1.4 Government Policy & Globalisation

4.1.5 International Organisations & Globalisation

4.1.6 Measuring Globalisation

4.1.7 TNCs & Globalisation

4.1.8 TNCs - Aramco & Anglo-Iranian Oil

4.2 Negatives of Globalisation

4.2.1 'Switched Off' Places

4.3 Global Shift

4.3.1 Global Shift for Developing Nations

4.3.2 Global Shift for Developing Nations 2

4.3.3 Global Shift for Developed Nations

4.3.4 End of Topic Test - Globalisation

4.4 Migration

4.4.1 Megacities

4.4.2 International Migration

4.4.3 Country Interdependence

4.5 Culture

4.5.1 Global Culture

4.5.2 Cultural Erosion

4.6 Measuring Development

4.6.1 Measuring Development

4.7 Responses to Globalisation

4.7.1 Tensions Caused by Globalisation

4.7.2 Government Control of Globalisation

4.7.3 Ethical Responses to Globalisation

4.7.4 End of Topic Test - Migration, Culture, & Response

5 Option 4A: Regenerating Places

5.1 Types of Economies

5.1.1 Economic Activity

5.1.2 Employment

5.1.3 Economic Activity - Health & Life

5.1.4 Economic Activity - Education & Inequality

5.2 Function of Places

5.2.1 Characteristics of Places

5.2.2 Changes in Places

5.2.3 International Influences on Places

5.2.4 Historic Influences on Places

5.2.5 The Perception of Places

5.2.6 Lived Experience & Attachment

5.3 Regeneration

5.3.1 Migration & Capital

5.3.2 Success & Regeneration

5.3.3 Tensions & Conflict in Communities

5.3.4 Regeneration in the UK

5.3.5 Local Government Policies

5.3.6 Regeneration Strategies

5.3.7 Measuring Regeneration Success

5.4 Regeneration Case Studies

5.4.1 Stratford

5.4.2 Salford Quays

5.4.3 Croyde

6 Option 4B: Diverse Places

6.1 Population Structure

6.1.1 The UK

6.1.2 Population Characteristics

6.1.3 Government & Change

6.2 Past & Present Connections

6.2.1 International Influence on Places

6.2.2 Historic Influences on Places

6.2.3 The Perception of Places

6.2.4 Image & Identity

6.3 Urban & Rural Spaces

6.3.1 Perceptions of Urban Places

6.3.2 Perceptions of Rural Places

6.3.3 Evaluating Living Space

6.4 Diversity

6.4.1 UK Migrations

6.4.2 Challenges

6.4.3 Tensions & Conflict

6.4.4 Wider Outcomes of Tensions

6.4.5 Managing Tensions

6.5 Urban & Rural Case Studies

6.5.1 Stakeholders

6.6 Case Study - Tower Hamlets

6.6.1 Background

6.6.2 Characteristics

6.6.3 Issues

6.7 Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple

6.7.1 Background

6.7.2 Characteristics

6.7.3 Issues

7 The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)

7.1 Hydrological Processes Global to Local

7.1.1 Global Hydrological Cycle

7.1.2 Drainage Basin Hydrological Cycle

7.1.3 Water Budgets

7.1.4 River Regimes

7.1.5 Storm Hydrographs

7.2 Influences on the Water Cycle

7.2.1 Causes of Drought

7.2.2 Impacts of Drought

7.2.3 Causes of Flooding

7.2.4 Impacts of Flooding

7.2.5 Climate Change & The Water Cycle

7.2.6 Impacts of Climate Change

7.2.7 End of Topic Test - The Water Cycle

7.3 Water Insecurity

7.3.1 Water Stress

7.3.2 Causes of Water Insecurity

7.3.3 Water Insecurity Risk

7.3.4 Conflict Over Water

7.4 Water Supply Management

7.4.1 Hard Engineering Schemes

7.4.2 Sustainable Management

7.4.3 Water Treaties & Framework

7.4.4 End of Topic Test - Water Insecurity & Management

8 The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)

8.1 The Carbon Cycle

8.1.1 Carbon Stores

8.1.2 Carbon Stores 2

8.1.3 Biological Carbon

8.1.4 Atmospheric Carbon

8.1.5 Burning Fossil Fuels

8.2 Energy Consumption

8.2.1 Consumption

8.2.2 Access to Energy

8.2.3 Energy Players

8.2.4 Supply & Demand

8.2.5 Pathways

8.2.6 End of Topic Test - Carbon & Consumption

8.3 Alternative Energy

8.3.1 Unconventional Fuels

8.3.2 Non-Fossil Fuels

8.3.3 Non-Fossil Fuels 2

8.4 Growing Demand for Resources

8.4.1 Deforestation

8.4.2 Water

8.4.3 Climate Change

8.5 The Future

8.5.1 Future Uncertainty

8.5.2 Adaptation Strategies

8.5.3 Mitigation Strategies

9 Superpowers (A2 only)

9.1 Superpowers

9.1.1 Introduction to Superpowers

9.1.2 Superpowers - Economic Power & Size

9.1.3 Superpowers - Political & Military Power

9.1.4 Superpowers - Culture, Demography & Resources

9.1.5 Geo-Strategic Location

9.2 Hard & Soft Power

9.2.1 Hard & Soft Power

9.2.2 Emerging Powers - China Rivalry

9.2.3 Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power

9.2.4 Emerging Powers - Brazil

9.2.5 Emerging Powers - Russia

9.2.6 Emerging Powers - India

9.2.7 Theories of Development

9.2.8 Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road

9.2.9 Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms

9.2.10 Power Case Studies: OPEC

9.3 IGOs, TNCs & Alliances

9.3.1 Superpowers & IGOs

9.3.2 Superpowers & TNCs

9.3.3 Superpowers & Global Action

9.3.4 Superpowers & Alliances

9.3.5 Superpowers & the Environment

9.4 Changing Global Influence

9.4.1 Recent Tensions between Powers

9.4.2 China in Africa & Asia

9.4.3 Tensions in the Middle East

9.4.4 Economic Problems for Superpowers

9.4.5 Future Pattern of Power

10 Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)

10.1 Human Development

10.1.1 Measuring Development

10.1.2 Factors Improving Development

10.1.3 Variations in Health

10.2 Role of Governments & IGOs

10.2.1 Targets & Attitudes

10.2.2 Financial IGOs

10.2.3 The United Nations (UN)

10.2.4 The UN's MDGs & SDGs

10.3 Human Rights

10.3.1 Human Rights

10.3.2 Differences Between Countries

10.3.3 Transitions to Democracy

10.3.4 Differences Within Countries

10.3.5 The Demand for Equality

10.4 Interventions

10.4.1 Geopolitical Interventions

10.4.2 International Intervention Players

10.4.3 Evaluating Geopolitical Intervention

10.4.4 Military Interventions

10.4.5 Evaluating Military Interventions

10.5 Development Aid

10.5.1 Forms

10.5.2 Successes

10.5.3 Criticisms

10.5.4 Development Aid & the Environment

10.5.5 Evaluating Development Aid

10.5.6 Economic Inequalities

11 Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)

11.1 Globalisation & Migration

11.1.1 Intro to Migration

11.1.2 Trends in Migration

11.1.3 Common Migration Patterns

11.1.4 Causes of Migration

11.1.5 Restrictions on Migration

11.2 Consequences of Migration

11.2.1 Intro to Culture

11.2.2 Social & Demographic Tensions of Migration

11.2.3 Political & Economic Tensions of Migration

11.3 Nation States

11.3.1 Intro to Nation States

11.3.2 Borders

11.3.3 Nationalism

11.4 Responses to Global Migration

11.4.1 Responses to Global Migration

11.4.2 Global Organisations

11.4.3 IGOs and World Trade

11.4.4 Financial IGOs

11.4.5 Environmental IGOs

11.5 Sovereignty & Identity

11.5.1 Sovereignty & Nationalism

11.5.2 Complex Identities

11.5.3 Challenges to National Identities

11.5.4 Tensions within Nations

11.5.5 Failed States

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Redevelopment of Salford Quays.

Katie Taylor 10H                                                                                         January 25 th , 03

Redevelopment of Salford Quays

In the 19 th  century the city of Manchester was at the heart of the industrial revolution; it was a thriving port and the centre of Lancashire’s textile industry. Yet, by 1950 business had declined to an all-time low. The canal journey had become too slow and therefore uneconomical for factories and companies. The port could no longer respond to the pressures placed on it by the changes in technology. The docks lay neglected and derelict. Vandalism and crime rates were high, as was unemployment (the city had depended on the docks for jobs). However, with the help of government funding, grants and publicity the city began to address its social, economic and physical problems resulting from past industrial decline.   In 1985 Salford began its huge re-development scheme, construction continued up until 1993 and now is a perfect example of successful inner-city redevelopment.

This is a preview of the whole essay

All the decisions that were made were complex and had to consider what land uses were to be located where and how much land to devote to each competing demand or problem. The construction work alone provided around four hundred jobs, and the area now provides employment for over 6,000 people, leading to the fastest drop in unemployment ever within the Greater Manchester area. Community Schemes have been aimed at improving the quality of schools has kept the youth unemployment rates low. The new Heritage Centre also provides an educational service to schools, colleges and the public. Primary school pupils through to university students use Salford Quays for learning purposes.

Salford Quays has addressed other problems too such as vandalism, crime rates, poverty and the lack of investment and funding in Greater Manchester. Organizations such as the New Deal for Communities programme and other funding (over £100 million in lottery funding has been invested) based in Salford Quays have worked at putting money back into the Greater Manchester community. The Salford Partnership also launched a community plan; all of which demonstrates a commitment to working to achieve change.

Plans such as these have improved living conditions and lead to a drop in poverty rates. To keep investment into the area high, over 300,000 feet of office space was built attracting companies into the area. Well known companies such as Kellogg’s, Rank Hovis, Ford Trucks and Konica all have offices in Salford Quays. Facilities at such buildings as the MGM Cannon cinema and Copthorne Hotel, because of their location, car parking and accessibility attract people from the local area as well as other parts of Greater Manchester. In addition, a high of local pride has been generated that, together with higher income (due to greater employment) and places to go, has lead to a reduction in vandalism and crime.

 Easy access to Salford Quays via a Metro link, as well as entrances to the region’s motorways, railways and the city centre of Manchester has resulted in a rise of tourism. Places such as the Lowry Museum, the Imperial War Museum North, as well as the overall design of the area attract large numbers of visitors every year. This has increased the amount of money that has been invested into the area. The redevelopment has made Salford Quays an attractive place to visit, work and live; it has also been a model for other cities to follow. The social and economic benefits have been felt throughout Greater Manchester and the North West.

Document Details

• Word Count 577
• Page Count 1
• Level AS and A Level
• Subject Geography

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OCR A GCSE Geography 9-1: 2 lesson case study - Salford Quays.

Subject: Geography

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Unit of work

Last updated

18 March 2023

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• Salford Quays

Delve into the geographical marvel of Salford Quays, a striking illustration of urban regeneration in England. This piece offers an in-depth examination of its location, transformation, and effects of redevelopment. Understand the context of Salford Quays within Greater Manchester and explore its distinctive transformation from a historic port to a modern hub. Uncover the benefits and challenges associated with the regeneration of Salford Quays through this comprehensive analysis.

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Salford Quays: A Geographical Overview

Salford Quays, one of the up-and-coming hotspots in the North West of England, is a unique and fascinating geographical area you should learn about. Its vibrant mix of culture, history, and modernisation makes it a magnet for locals and tourists alike.

Known as the home to some of the UK's most prominent media and cultural institutions, Salford Quays offers a unique blend of past and present, all set against the backdrop of functional, yet aesthetically pleasing modern architecture.

Location: Salford Quays, England

You'll find Salford Quays resting comfortably in the city of Salford, Greater Manchester, England. The quays are part of an area which was once Manchester Docks. A defining feature of Salford Quays is its waterfront setting.

Imagine standing at a point on Trafford Road, with a clear view of the Manchester Ship Canal. At one side lies MediaCityUK, bustling with the vibrancy of modern media. On another side, The Lowry exhibits art across various styles and times. All around you, there’s water providing a serene balance to the hum of a busy city life.

"Quay", which you’ll see regularly when discussing areas like Salford Quays, refers to a platform lying alongside or projecting into water for loading and unloading ships.

The Context of Salford Quays in Greater Manchester

Understanding Salford Quays isn’t complete without considering its embeddedness in the broader entity of Greater Manchester. Time has seen the area evolve dramatically. The transformation from a once buzzing seaport to the cultural and media centre of today is compelling.

• Dating back to the Industrial Revolution, Manchester Docks was active as a major inland port.
• In the 1970s, its inherent function declined and the docks closed in 1982.
• The area was later revitalised as Salford Quays, a centre for culture and media.

Moreover, the geographical entity to which Salford Quays belongs, Greater Manchester, holds immense significance to the area. As one of the leading metropolitan areas of the United Kingdom, surrounding locations, such as Manchester city centre to the east, directly influence the dynamics of the Quays.

"Greater Manchester" is a metropolitan county and combined authority area in North West England, with a population of 2.8 million. It encompasses one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom and comprises ten metropolitan boroughs: Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan, and the cities of Manchester and Salford.

Lastly, to say Salford Quays plays a crucial role in the region’s economy isn't an exaggeration. The area is a hub for several businesses; notably, it's the headquarters for internationally recognised media organisations such as the BBC and ITV.

All of these elements combined establish Salford Quays not just as a geographical location, but as a significant player in Greater Manchester’s landscape.

The Transformation of Salford Quays

Like a butterfly emerging from a chrysalis, Salford Quays has undergone a remarkable metamorphosis. This change didn't happen overnight. It's the result of decades of concerted urban regeneration efforts following the decline and eventual closure of the Manchester Docks.

Its remarkable journey of transformation is an exemplary tale of teeming growth, decay, and ultimate regeneration.

Historical Perspective on Salford Quays Regeneration

To truly appreciate the rejuvenation of Salford Quays, it's key to delve into its past. It's an area steeped richly in history, bearing witness to the rise and fall of the Industrial Revolution as experienced in the docks, alongside a wonderful repackaging into the prominent media hub of today.

During the late 19th century and early 20th century, the Manchester Docks, initially built to outstrip Liverpool's docking advantage, were key components in the heart of England's industrial prowess. They made Manchester and Salford a significant passageway for goods from around the globe.

Picture a time when the docks were bustling with workers toiling hard, and ships filled with goods from across the world docking and offloading cargo. This once vibrant hub, however, began to lose steam in the mid-20th century due to the shift from canals to railways and roads for transportation of goods. The decline eventually led to the closure of the docks in 1982.

After the closure, most of the area remained derelict with abandoned warehouses and old dock facilities which presented a less than appealing outlook. But this was set to change. The Salford City Council saw an opportunity for regeneration. Thus began the transformation journey of the docks into the vibrant area that you now know as Salford Quays.

"Regeneration" refers to the process of renewal and redevelopment in areas of moderate to high-density urban activity. Urban regeneration can involve the reconfiguration of city centres and urban neighbourhoods, the reuse of old and derelict buildings, and the remodelling of public spaces.

With the concerted effort of the city council, extensive renovations kicked off in the 1980s and continued through the 90s. This brought about the modernisation of the area with a specific focus on arts, culture, and media.

Major Highlights of Salford Quays Development

The rebirth of Salford Quays as a go-to region for media, arts and sophistication involves several soil-turning events. These highlight the constant strive for improvement, progress and innovation within the area.

The regeneration propelled Salford Quays into the spotlight for several national and international media organisations. The most prominent development is MediaCityUK.

"MediaCityUK" is a 200-acre mixed-use property development site at Salford Quays, housing the operations of major media giants like the BBC, ITV, Associated Press and more.

This vision was realised in multiple steps. Companies and organisations were attracted to strategically move to the Quays due to the state-of-the-art facilities, geographical nearness to Manchester city, and the revitalised atmosphere — the perfect blend for fostering creativity, growth, and progressive partnership opportunities.

Undoubtedly, these milestones have contributed to an economic, cultural, and social revival of an area otherwise left behind, making Salford Quays an exemplar of successful urban regeneration.

Evaluating the Regeneration of Salford Quays

The regeneration of Salford Quays is a fascinating case study of urban renewal. Now a thriving cultural, financial, and architectural landmark, it's necessary to delve deeper and evaluate the merits and challenges brought by transformation to have a complete understanding of the area's standing.

Benefits and Successes of Salford Quays Regeneration

Witnessing the Salford Quays evolution from disuse to prominence is like watching a beautiful story unfold. The successes of regeneration can be seen from various points including economic, societal, and cultural perspectives.

When you consider the boost to the economy, the central attraction point of the project, MediaCityUK, directly fosters the growth of entrepreneurial businesses, promotes job creation, and draws investment into the region. Moreover, it has put Greater Manchester on the map as a desirable media hub outside of London.

The neighbourhood does not only rely on its media sectors for its allure. The proliferation of businesses across diverse sectors including retail, hospitality, and leisure facilities only goes to fortify its attractiveness.

• It boasts food outlets, shopping centres, and bars.
• The prestigious Lowry Theatre and Gallery is also located here.
• Sporting events are frequent at the Quays, notably at the Helly Hansen Watersports Centre.

"Helly Hansen Watersports Centre" is a thriving watersports venue in the heart of Salford Quays, offering a wide range of recreational and leisure activities including canoeing, sailing, wakeboarding and open water swimming.

Envision a vibrant waterside environment teeming with people. The air is buzzing with activity as local business owners engage with customers, visitors admire the fantastic sculptures and architecture, youngsters fill the skatepark with energy, and theatre-goers anticipate the evening's performance at The Lowry. Simultaneously, a nearby wakeboarding event is in full swing, showing the spectrum of interests that Salford Quays caters to.

Addressing the Problems and Challenges in Salford Quays Regeneration

Despite many successes, the story of Salford Quays regeneration isn't without its challenges. A balanced evaluation of the regeneration necessitates a look at the problematic aspects that arose as the area transformed.

Arguably, the most significant issue faced is the risk of gentrification. The extensive redevelopment has led to a surge in property prices, which raises concern about the affordability of housing for the existing local community.

"Gentrification" refers to the phenomenon of improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle-class taste, which often leads to the displacement of lower-income families and small businesses.

Additionally, while the Quays has prospered as a commercial and cultural hub, it has faced criticisms for not integrating enough with the surrounding deprived neighbourhoods. Critics argue there isn't enough done to engage and provide socio-economic benefits to these communities.

With the view of MediaCityUK from the adjacent neighbourhood, Ordsall, the stark contrast is almost palpable — high tech, digital media environment on one side, and on the other, a neighbourhood struggling with socio-economic issues. This visual representation encapsulates the disconnect critics refer to when discussing the challenges of the regeneration process in Salford Quays.

Overcoming these identified challenges definitely requires careful, considerate planning and implementation, with a more inclusive approach to regeneration. Only by addressing these issues can Salford Quays truly fulfil its potential as a holistic model for urban regeneration, one that delivers increased prosperity not just within its borders but extends these benefits to the wider community.

Salford Quays - Key takeaways

• Salford Quays, located in the city of Salford, Greater Manchester, England, is a prime example of successful urban regeneration in England.
• Historically, the area served as Manchester Docks during the Industrial Revolution but declined and closed down in the 1980s. The area was later revitalised into a cultural and media centre.
• Salford Quays is home to several media and cultural institutions, with MediaCityUK being a key development, housing major media giants like the BBC and ITV.
• Although successful in the regeneration, Salford Quays faced challenges such as gentrification, resulting in higher property prices, and criticism for not integrating enough with the deprived neighbourhoods around it.
• The concept of "urban regeneration" refers to the renewal and redevelopment in areas of moderate to high-density urban activity, including the reuse of old and derelict buildings, and the remodelling of public spaces.

Flashcards in Salford Quays 15

28 April 2000

MediaCityUK is a 200-acre mixed-use property development site housing operations of media giants like the BBC, ITV and Associated Press, attracting companies due to state-of-the-art facilities and geographical proximity to Manchester city.

"Quay" refers to a platform lying alongside or projecting into water for loading and unloading ships.

The main challenges include the risk of gentrification leading to a surge in property prices and criticisms for not integrating enough with the surrounding deprived neighbourhoods to provide socio-economic benefits.

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Salford Quays Case Study - Coggle Diagram

• North West England
• • Close to Manchester
• • Heart of Northern
• • Head of The Manchester
• • Home to 200,000 people
• City grew in industrial revolution
• • Produced cotton for international
• • Lots of factories opened
• • In 1894 Manchester Ship Canal
• opened allowing for trade into the
• • In the 1890s a large dock area
• (Salford Quays) was built to
• accommodate the trade
• • Thousands of people employed in the
• • New communities surrounded them
• In the 1960s and 1970s modern
• ships couldn’t access the canal
• • Over 3000 people lost their jobs
• • The docks were closed in 1982
• • The land left after closure was
• derelict and contaminated
• • Surrounding communities fell into
• social problems
• • High rates of unemployment took
• over the area
• • Local housing areas fell into
• In the mid 1980s the government
• provided money from the ‘Urban
• Programme’ for regeneration
• • New offices and housing were
• • Few jobs were created
• • In 1985 the Salford Development
• Plan was launched
• • SDP allowed for large growth
• through new projects
• • Since 2010 new investment has
• led to new jobs, industry, housing
• and green spaces
• Media City UK
• attracted 10,000 jobs
• to the area
• • Investment has added
• £1billion to the local
• economy since 2013
• • New jobs for local
• opportunities for
• young people
• New residential developments
• • Jobs for local people
• • Slum clearance with modern, sustainable
• • Salford Council see a ‘modern global
• city’ by 2025.
• New homes – not affordable homes
• • New schools, colleges and University buildings
• • New location focused museums (Imperial War
• Museum North)
• • Lowry building (Cost £64million)
• • Hew hospitals
• • New businesses and shops
• • New waterways and clean green spaces

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Global Shift Key Terms

11th -  12th  , rivers for common entrance, 8th -  9th  , urbanisation overview, 8th -  11th  , water cycle, population pyramids, the demographic transition model, urbanisation, 4th -  6th  .

Salford Quays Case Study

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Where is Salford Quays located?

To the east of the city of Manchester

North of Manchester

To the west of the city of Manchester

Salford Quays is an....................................urban environment

During the Industrial Revolution Salford Quays became a centre for...

Manufacturing

Engineering

Warehousing (storing goods)

What is the name of the canal that opened in 1894 and links the city center with the River Mersey and the Irish Sea?

Tick all the reasons why Salford Quays declined in the 1960's and 1970's

Large container ships were too big to sail on the Canal

Deindustrialisation

People moving to the countryside

What ONE economic impact did the decline have?

Contaminated and polluted land

Loss of 3000 jobs

High levels of crime

In 1985 the Salford Quays Development Plan was launched to..........................................Salford Quays

The impacts of the regeneration of Salford Quays has been (tick all the correct answers)

New education and health care facilities

Green spaces and cleaner water

New businesses and shops

What is the name of the very successful art gallery that opened in 2000 and cost £64 million?

Salford Museum

Lowry Building

Manchester Ship Gallery

What is the name of the £550 million development that was completed in 2007 for the BBC?

What environmental impacts has investment in Salford Quays created?

Green parks

Increase in fish populations

Cleaner water

5000 new jobs

Which of these identify the ECONOMIC impacts of the growth of Salford Quays?

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Remediation and development of the Manchester Ship Canal and Salford Quays

Submitting institution, unit of assessment, summary impact type, research subject area(s).

Earth Sciences:  Oceanography ,  Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience Engineering:  Environmental Engineering

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Summary of the impact.

The 33km Manchester Ship Canal (MSC) was one of the most polluted waterways in Europe following the industrial revolution. Ecosystems were destroyed and odorous sediment rafts prevented the redevelopment and regeneration of the surrounding water front areas that had an estimated real estate value of £500m.

The research led by White established the cause and extent of water pollution in the upper MSC and Salford Quays. Critically this research allowed evidence based restoration programmes to be initiated that have rejuvenated the waterway and Salford Quays areas. This improvement in water quality was the essential first step in the long term development of Salford Quays that has seen approximately 2,000 homes being built and the arrival of 900 businesses that employ over 35,000 people.

Underpinning research

The impact is based on the work of University of Manchester (UoM) researchers that took place from 1993 to date. The key researchers were:

Dr Keith White (Senior Lecturer, 1981 to date; Marine Scientist and Technical Director of APEM, 1987 to date) Dr Adrian Rees (PhD student, 1991-1994) Dr William Bellamy (PhD student, 1994-1997) Dr Kevin Nash (PhD student, 1999-2003) Dr Liz Baldwin (PhD student, 2000-2004) Mr Robert Mansfield (PhD student, 2011 to date)

The aim of the research has been to analyse the extent of pollution and ecological deterioration in the MSC and Salford Quays, with a view to informing and implementing remediation measures. The key steps were as follows:

• Determining the extent of pollution in the River Irwell whose lower reaches form the MSC. Particular attention was given to the interactions between the chemistry of the sediments and water column, the relative importance of changes in flow and the impact of the tributaries on water quality. The main conclusions were that the lower Irwell/MSC was subject to significant organic pollution from sewage during storm water overflows and the release of pollutants from smaller tributaries [1].
• Identifying the concentration of metals and other contaminants in the sediment layer before and after intervention. UoM researchers showed that the installation of Helixor mixing systems at Salford Quays successfully prevented stratification and release of pollutants from the sediments, reduced anoxia, decreased orthophosphate and ammonia concentrations and controlled algal blooms [2,3].
• Demonstrating that the homogenous conditions in the water basins restricted biodiversity [4]. A programme of habitat diversification and introduction of fish was devised and successfully created a more complex foodweb [5]. Biodiversity has increased, for example there has been an increase from 9 to 50 invertebrate taxa following the improvements in water quality and diversification programme.

On-going research is aimed at analysing ecological improvements as the upper MSC recovers from pollution, with a view to applying effective remediation measures to the entire length of the MSC.

References to the research

The research has been published in high quality books and journals. References 1 and 3 in particular are internationally recognised.

1. Rees, A ., White, K. N. (1993) Impact of combined sewer overflows on the water quality of an urban watercourse. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management . 8 (1-2). 83-94. DOI:10.1002/rrr.3450080112. Journal Article.

2. Hendry, K., Webb, S. F., White, K. N. (1993) Water quality and urban regeneration: a case study of the central Mersey basin. In: Urban Waterside Regeneration: Problems and Prospects. (ed: White, K N, Bellinger, E G, Saul, A J Symes, M & Hendry, K) Ellis Horwood, Chichester. Chapter 31. 271-282. Book Chapter. Available on Request (AOR)

3. Williams, A. E., Waterfall, R. J., White, K. N, Hendry, K. (2010) Manchester Ship Canal and Salford Quays: industrial legacy and ecological restoration. In: Ecology of Industrial Pollution (ed: Batty, L C & Hallberg, K B). Cambridge University Press. 276-308. Book Chapter. AOR

4. White, K. N., Hendry, K., Bellinger, E. G. (1993) Ecological change as a consequence of water quality improvements at Salford Quays. In: Urban Waterside Regeneration: Problems and Prospects. (ed: White, K N, Bellinger, E G, Saul, A J Symes, M & Hendry, K) Ellis Horwood, Chichester. Chapter 40. 366-376. Book Chapter. AOR

5. Hendry, K., Bellamy, W. M., White, K. N. (1997) Environmental improvements to enhance and develop freshwater fisheries — Salford Quays, a UK case study. In: Fisheries and the Environment: Beyond 2000 (eds. B. Japar Sidik, F. M. Yusoff, M.S, Mohd Zaki and T. Petr). Universiti Putra Malaysai, Serdang, Malaysia. 121-131. Book Chapter. AOR

Details of the impact

Context The MSC was one of the busiest waterways in Europe during the industrial revolution. It was polluted by industrial discharges, sewage overflows, surface water runoff and tributaries. Salmon disappeared from the Irwell in the 1850s and rowing races were abandoned in the 1970s. Despite the real estate value of the disused docks being estimated at around £500m, development was prevented by unpleasant odours, bubbling gas and sediment rafts.

Pathways to impact White's research into water pollution and biodiversity has been translated into practical solutions for the remediation of contaminated urban waterways. The mechanism for this quick and effective translation is an on-going collaboration with the spin-out company, APEM (Aquatic Pollution and Environmental Monitoring). APEM was founded at UoM in 1987 by White's former Research Associate, Hendry [A]. The annual turnover of APEM is ~£8m, making it one of the largest independent aquatic science consultancies in Europe [B]. White is a Director and Scientist at the company [A].

APEM was commissioned to monitor, manage and advise on water quality and ecology in Salford Quays and the MSC. The work started in 1987 and is continuing to have a major impact on the area today (see review in [3]) with critical input from UoM researchers.

Reach and significance of the impact Providing an evidence base for effective water remediation strategies: APEM's continuing commercial activities relating to water quality management are underpinned by research led by White. From 1993 to date, research conducted by White has been influential in directing APEM's research strategy and enabling the realisation of environmental and social benefits, with joint projects and co-supervised students playing a key role. Specific examples are as follows:

• Bellamy, under the supervision of White, showed that `top down' control by planktonic and benthic biota are key factors in improving water quality in Salford Quays by filtering out algae [5], and this research was taken forward by APEM. The improvements resulted in the introduction of a successful recreational fishery. Salford Friendly Angling Society, with over 300 members, is currently bidding for the fishing rights.
• White supervised Nash, whose research on the role of water quality in determining coarse fish population dynamics was published as a report to the Environment Agency, Mersey Basin Campaign and United Utilities [C]. Nash showed that water quality in the lower River Irwell and upper MSC had profound effects on the size and health of fish stocks.
• An industrial placement student, Whitehead (Sep 2012 - Aug 2013) has produced valuable results examining metal contamination in fish populations. This data has been used by APEM to assess the level trace metal contamination in the lower River Irwell and MSC.
• Mansfield is currently working with APEM to examine past data collected by the company that have identified, quantified and modelled the key drivers (`bottom-up' control via the nutrient phosphate and `top-down' control via filtration) of the changing aquatic community structure in Salford Quays, and has provided insights into the reasons for the current favourable water quality and ecology. These findings will be used by APEM and others to inform water quality and ecological management of similar artificial and re-engineered systems.

The long and productive collaboration between APEM and White is demonstrated by APEM having sponsored/directly funded five PhD students and co-supervised over 20 MSc projects [B]. APEM hosts up to two industrial placement students per year from UoM, where students are paid a salary and act as members of staff for 12 months.

The Chairman of the Mersey Basin Campaign states, " We can verify that the solutions pioneered by researchers at APEM and the University of Manchester have actively led to significant improvements in water quality at Salford Quays and the ecological recovery of the area " [D].

The Assistant Director of Planning at Salford City Council also verifies that, " The research conducted by APEM and the University of Manchester which produced practical solutions... has been fundamental to the area's success" [E].

Environmental improvements: The initial Water Quarter Improvement Programme (WQIP, 1987) involved cleaning the headwaters of the MSC and was funded by North West Water (£3.5m) and English Partnerships (£0.5m), with input from the Mersey Basin Campaign, United Utilities, MG Gases and APEM [F]. A key part of the WQIP involved injecting oxygen into the MSC and monitoring resulting water quality improvements. In 2012 this was replaced with Helixor mixers (following success in Salford Quays) and APEM was commissioned to assess their efficacy in maintaining water quality improvements. This system is now being extended to the whole 33km MSC [B].

As a result of the WQIP, a thriving fish and invertebrate community developed and 22km of the MSC has been designated a cyprinid fishery under the Freshwater Fisheries Directive (FFD) (78/659/EEC). At one point, the dock basins contained the fastest growing fish population in the UK [B]. Work is on-going to achieve FFD standards further along the MSC.

Oxygen levels at Salford Quays are now sufficient to meet the European Water Framework Directive [D].

Economic and commercial impact on Salford Quays: The cleaner waterways have been absolutely critical in attracting £185m of public investment in the Salford Quays area, levering £1,405m of private investment [E]. This includes £7m from United Utilities, over £1m from Salford City Council, £400k from the Heritage Lottery Fund and £100k from the Mersey Basin Campaign [B]. As a result of the water quality improvements, homes for 6,000 people have been built and 900 businesses have located on Salford Quays, employing over 35,000 people (in contrast to the 1,000 people employed 20 years ago) [E].

From being a polluted wasteland, Salford Quays is now a hub of culture, retail and tourism. It hosts attractions such as the Lowry Theatre, the Imperial War Museum and the Salford Watersports Centre that hosted the 2002 Commonwealth Games Triathlon [B].

MediaCityUK has recently been developed on Salford Quays and the projected public and private investment is approximately £800m for 2005-2020 [F]. MediaCityUK is designed around the specific needs of the media and creative industries and from Spring 2012 is home to the BBC, ITV, University of Salford, Lowry Outlet Shopping and over 80 small businesses. Phase One of MediaCityUK is a 36-acre site, including 65,032 2 office space, 7,432 2 of retail and leisure space, 378 apartments, a new tram terminus and a public area for 5,000 people [G].

Social and cultural impact: The rejuvenation of the MSC and Salford Quays has provided a high quality and pleasant living environment for residents and recreational facilities for the community. Indeed, Salford Quays attracts well over 3million visitors per year [E].

European `Blue Flag' standards of water purity have been recorded at Salford Quays, allowing international sports events such as triathlons to take place [B]. From 2010 to date, the site hosts the annual Great Manchester Swim event which is part of the `Great Swim' open water swim series) [H]. Also, the Water Sports Centre at Salford Quays is a well-used facility and a base for Agecroft Rowing Club which includes Olympic rowers [E].

Neighbouring socially deprived areas such as Ordsall, Langworthy and Trafford Park benefit from substantially increased levels of investment in the Salford Quays area [F].

Informing other regeneration programmes: The successful regeneration of the waterways at Salford Quays has been mirrored on the Trafford bank of the MSC, which encompasses the football and cricket grounds of Old Trafford, which are now a distinct part of Greater Manchester. Salford City Council acknowledges that, `APEM and the University of Manchester's role ... has been vital' [E].

It is hoped that the water remediation strategy at Salford Quays and the upper MSC will be applied to the whole 33km length of the MSC in 2015, to facilitate compliance with the Water Framework Directive [B,D].

Furthermore, the results from the Salford Quays and the MSC projects have set the precedent for the regeneration and redevelopment of other dock and urban waterways, including London Docklands, Liverpool Docks and Cardiff Bay [B].

Sources to corroborate the impact

A. http://www.apemltd.co.uk/about/apems-25th-anniversary---1987---2012 Company website describing the history, current team membership, ongoing projects & locations of UK offices.

B. Letter from Managing Director of APEM, corroborating the relationship with the University of Manchester and the nature and impacts of the research.

C. Nash, K. T., White K. N., Henry, I. C. The Effect of Water Quality on Coarse Fish Productivity and Movement in the Lower River Irwell and Upper Manchester Ship Canal: A watercourse recovering from historical pollution. R&D Technical Report W2-030/TR, March 2003. Commissioned by the Environment Agency. ISBN No. 1 85729 956.

D. Letter from Chair of Mersey Basin Campaign (now Healthy Waterways Trust), corroborating the investment in Salford Quays and the improvements to water quality.

E. Letter from Assistant Director Planning, Salford City Council, corroborating the impact of the research on Salford Quays and investment in the area.

F. http://www.salford.gov.uk/d/milestones_v2.pdf Salford Quays regeneration milestones, the story of the regeneration project. Councillor Antrobus, July 2008. History of Salford Quays.

G. http://www.mediacityuk.co.uk/about-us Overview of facilities at MediaCityUK.

H. http://www.greatswim.org/Events/Great-Manchester-Swim Great Manchester Swim hosted at Salford Quays.

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Salford Quays Field work

• Urban environments
• Created by: Madi_Lily
• Created on: 03-12-17 12:01
• Danger from strangers - stay in groups
• Moving traffic - use pavements and safe crossings
• Deep Water - stay away from edge
• Weather conditions - students will have coats
• Close to big cities - Liverpool and Manchester
• North West of England
• Tourist attraction
• Lots of businesses located there
• Residential areas
• Facilities for locals
• Clear evidence of the effectiveness can be shown through a wide variety of land uses because lots of businesses could have decided to locate there
• Justify: attracts people from a wide sphere of influence would show a successful regeneration, and varied age profile showing it has a large captive audience
• Can be an effective way to show where people came from
• sample size too small need at least 50 people for the graph to work
• Difficulty finding a scale for such a small sample group
• Combine data with other groups for a larger sample
• Use different questionnaire data as it can also support to show the effectiveness
• Justify: High pedestrian traffic will support a high effectiveness as it will show attraction of lots people
• Fairly simple and effective data collection of data, but difficulty can arise at peak times.
• suitable technique for people densities slightly vague and inaccurate to draw
• Would allocated mini bar graphs be a more accurate presentation method?
• Justify: The assessments from the Bi-polar data can create a clear image of areas in Salford Quays helping us to assess the effectiveness of the regeneration
• Data is straight forward and effective but could be more visual shown as a bar chart
• Judgements are subjective and open to personal bias or preference
• Include: the effectiveness of the data collection and presentation

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