sustainable development case study class 10

Case Study Questions Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources and Development

Case study questions class 10 social science geography chapter 3 resources and development.

CBSE Class 10 Case Study Questions Social Science Geography Resources and Development. Important Case Study Questions for Class 10 Board Exam Students. Here we have arranged some Important Case Base Questions for students who are searching for Paragraph Based Questions Resources and Development.

Resources and development are interlinked concepts and serves as a important pillars of a country growth and development. As development is a multidimensional concept it relies heavily on sustainable use of available resources. Either it be natural resource like water ,minerals , forest and so on or be human resource like skilled labour ,education , healthcare the complex interaction between resources and development is a dynamic process that requires careful planning and management.

Human resource perhaps is the most critical part of development as skilled, educated, and healthy individual are more innovative, talented and productive.

Technologically assessable Economically affordable Culturally acceptable

Cast Study 2

Q2) What is Agenda 21 in sustainable development? 2

Answer Agenda 21 is to agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities adopted in United national conference on Environment and development held in 1992 in Brazil.

Large-scale mining projects often require land acquisition, leading to the displacement of local communities. This disruption can have long-lasting social and economic consequences, as many displaced individuals struggle to find alternative livelihoods. Improving governance and transparency is crucial to ensuring that mineral wealth benefits the broader population.

Q2) What are the steps involve in resource planning? Mark 1

Cast Study 4

Land is a critical and finite resource in India, serving as the foundation for various economic, social, and environmental activities. India’s vast and diverse landscape accommodates agriculture, industry, urbanization, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Agriculture remains the largest land-based sector, providing livelihoods for a significant portion of the population. However, the increasing demands for urbanization, industrialization, and infrastructure development have led to land use changes and pressures on agricultural land. Land resources are vital for food security, housing, and economic growth, but their sustainable management is a significant challenge. Issues such as land fragmentation, land degradation, and land disputes persist. Land reform measures aim to address issues of land ownership and equitable distribution. Additionally, environmental conservation efforts strive to protect ecosystems and biodiversity. Effective land-use planning, land-use policies, and land management practices are essential to ensure that India’s land resources are utilized sustainably for the benefit of current and future generations.

Answer Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming. Ploughing in a wrong way leads to soil erosion. Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces.Terrace cultivation restricts erosion

a.) Britishers colonised India for exploiting its natural resources and developing their  native country.

The Government of India took up responsibility of resource management in the post independence period. There is a focus upon the equitable development and resource planning for overall development of the country. Some of the important to steps taken by the government are-

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Sustainable Development - Concepts - Chapter 1 Class 10 Geography - Resources and Development - Geography

Last updated at April 16, 2024 by Teachoo

Sustainable economic development means ‘ development should take place without damaging the environment , and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations’ .

Here are some key principles and strategies associated with sustainable economic development:

Environmental Stewardship: Sustainable development emphasizes the protection and conservation of natural resources , such as land, water, air, and biodiversity. It promotes practices that minimize pollution, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote renewable energy sources, and promote sustainable agriculture and forestry.

Social Inclusivity: Sustainable development aims to ensure that economic benefits and opportunities are accessible to all members of society , particularly marginalized and vulnerable groups. It emphasizes social equity, poverty reduction, and the promotion of basic human rights, education, healthcare, and access to clean water and sanitation.

Economic Efficiency: Sustainable development seeks to achieve economic growth and development in a resource-efficient and environmentally responsible manner. It encourages the efficient use of resources, such as energy, water, and materials, and promotes the development of clean technologies, circular economy models, and sustainable production and consumption patterns.

Long-Term Perspective: Sustainable development takes a long-term view, considering the potential impacts and consequences of present actions on future generations . It involves strategic planning, foresight, and risk management to ensure that economic development pathways are resilient, adaptable, and capable of meeting future needs.

Stakeholder Engagement: Sustainable development emphasizes the involvement of all relevant stakeholders, including government, businesses, civil society organizations, and local communities . It encourages participatory decision-making, transparency, accountability, and collaboration to address complex economic, social, and environmental challenges.

International Cooperation: Achieving sustainable economic development requires global cooperation and coordination . International agreements, frameworks, and partnerships, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), provide a common framework for countries to work together towards shared objectives, exchange knowledge and best practices, and mobilize resources for sustainable development projects.

Innovation and Technology: Sustainable economic development encourages innovation and the development and deployment of clean and sustainable technologies . It promotes research and development in areas such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, waste management, and sustainable agriculture, fostering economic growth and job creation while minimizing environmental impacts.

By embracing these principles and strategies, societies can pursue economic development that balances social progress, environmental protection, and economic prosperity, ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.

Concept of Sustainable Development

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149 Sustainable Development Class 10 Notes English (Handwritten Short & Revision Notes)

149. Sustainable Development is one of the most important chapters in English which every student should study if they want to score good marks in their examination. Keeping in mind, Selfstudys.com has decided to solve this issue of the students. 149. Sustainable Development Class 10 Notes not only help the students to understand the concepts better but also boosts their confidence. 

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SDG Good Practices-A compilation of success stories and lessons learned in SDG implementation (First Edition)

Related goals, related topics, multi-stakeholder partnerships.

The publication presents 16 SDG Good Practices from across the globe, received in response to the first open call for good practices, success stories and lessons learned in SDG implementation, promoted by UN DESA between 2018 and 2019.

Sorted by geographical region, this publication describes the diverse examples in detail, featuring updates and reflections on the impact and adaptations to the COVID-19 pandemic and showcasing results and impact.

As the world pursues a transformative recovery from COVID-19 and embarks on the Decade of Action for accelerating the implementation of the SDGs, it is hoped that these examples provide inspiration to Governments and stakeholders in their efforts to address crisis, reduce the risk of future potential emergencies and deliver on the ambitious and inclusive vision of the 2030 Agenda.

For more information about the SDG Good Practices, click  here . 

• NCERT Solutions Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 Development

NCERT Solutions Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 Notes are prepared by Adda247 Experts. Get NCERT Solutions Class 10 for SST Economics Chapter 1 with with notes, video explanation, in-text questions

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 of the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics offers a comprehensive understanding of the economic development that occurs in our economy. People and growth have long been associated with each other. They have goals or wishes for the kind of work and lifestyle they would like to lead. In a similar way, opinions regarding idealized national characteristics abound. Students will learn about the many facets of development that a nation requires in this chapter. In this article, we will explore the notes and take a look at the solutions of this chapter.

NCERT Solutions Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 Development Notes

NCERT Solutions Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 Development notes are given in this article. NCERT Solutions Class 10 is the best resource for obtaining a good score in the Class 10 Board Examination. Here are Adda247 Expert faculty team prepared NCERT Solutions Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 Development exercises of that chapter for a better grasp of the topics. These NCERT Solutions answer all questions in an easy and simple manner. These solutions will help you understand the concepts covered in the chapter completely. By writing these answers in the exam students will undoubtedly be able to achieve high scores. Keep learning with Adda247.

Read: NCERT Solutions Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 Development

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NCERT Solutions Class 10 Social Economics Chapter 1 Development Pdf

NCERT Solutions Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 Development is given in pdf format so students can easily download it for future use. Click here to download NCERT Solutions Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 Development

Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 Development Summary

NCERT Solutions Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 Development: Students will learn about the concept of economic development in Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1. Let’s take a tour of the topics and subtopics which are included in the Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 Development.

• Concept of PPP – Purchasing power parity
• Perspectives on development
• Common indicators and methods of measuring development
• Income and other goals – this will talk about high salary, job securities, etc.
• National development – the ability of a nation to improve the standard of living of its citizens. This includes per capita income, Gross domestic products, literacy rates, etc.
• Comparison of different countries or states on the basis of per capita income and not national income, because each country has a different population rate.
• Calculation of per capita income.
• Income and other criteria.
• Public facilities.
• Sustainable development.

Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 Development Video Explanation

Ncert solutions class 10 social science economics chapter 1 development question and answers.

1. The development of a country can generally be determined by

• its per capita income
• its average literacy level
• health status of its people
• all the above

Answer:  d. all the above

2. Which of the following neighboring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?

Answer:  b. Sri Lanka

3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?

Answer:  d. Rs 6000

Solution: (4000+7000+3000+x) ÷ 4 = 5000

14000+x = 5000 × 4

x = 20000-14000

4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?

Answer: The World Bank categorizes various nations based on their per capita income. By dividing the nation’s total income by its population, the per capita income is determined. The following categories are used to classify countries according to the WDR 2006 as of 2004:

• Rich countries are those with per capita incomes of at least $4,53,000. per year
• Low-income nations are those with per capita incomes of $37,000 or less.

The criterion has the following drawbacks:

• It is not clear how this income is dispersed throughout the population. A nation might have a more balanced distribution. Both immensely wealthy and extremely impoverished people are possible.
• One person may be enormously wealthy while others may be quite poor in a different country with the same average income. Therefore, using the method of average income does not accurately represent a country.

5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?

Answer.  The World Bank uses a different criterion than the UNDP does. The Human Development Index used by UNDP is superior since it is a broader statistic that takes into account not only per capita income but also health and education. Contrast this approach with that of the World Bank, which measures development solely through the calculation of per capita income.

6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.

Answer: The population varies significantly between nations. We use averages because they provide an average when comparing different quantities of the same category. This does not represent how items are distributed among individuals. Average calculations have limits since we are unable to distinguish between individual people’s income levels and unequal income distribution throughout a nation or state. For instance, the distribution of income is not shown by per capita income. The percentage of the population who are poor is not displayed.

7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.

Answer: Kerala has a higher ranking for human development than Haryana despite having a lower per capita GDP. hence,  I do not, agree with the claim that per capita income is not at all a valid criterion. Even if it is not the only factor and has limitations, per capita income is nonetheless beneficial in some cases. because characteristics like income, education level, and health status are combined to produce human development rankings. However, as it is one of the variables used to determine development, per capita income cannot be disregarded.

8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?

Answer. In India, people currently use firewood, coal, petroleum, crude oil, and natural gas as their energy sources. Other possibilities in fifty years might be ethanol, biodiesel, nuclear power, and greater wind energy use, particularly This is due to the potential loss of these resources for upcoming generations due to current energy usage.

9. Why is the issue of sustainability is important for development?

Answer. Sustainable development satisfies existing requirements without sacrificing the capacity of future generations to satisfy their own needs. The tremendous industrialization of the world during the past century has given rise to the problem of sustainable development. It is believed that industrialization and economic progress have resulted in the heedless exploitation of natural resources. However, there are only so many natural resources available. Development depends on the question of sustainability because if natural resources are not exploited wisely, they might not be accessible to future generations. Resources that are being depleted in a nation may ultimately prevent that nation from developing.

10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the need of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.

Answer. The statement “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person” is entirely applicable when discussing the development of a nation because resources and development are linked. The availability of resources for a country’s citizens to use is as important to development as the economic factors that influence it. The conservation of resources is essential for development to be sustainable. If not used carefully, all natural resources are non-renewable and will eventually run out. Therefore, it is the people’s responsibility to only use them to fulfill their requirements, not satisfy their greed.

11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

Answer: Here are a few examples of environmental degradation we can see all around us:

• As a result of industries and vehicles emitting more smoke, air pollution has increased.
• Water pollution is increasing day by day..
• Deforestation, as a result of soil erosion and an unsatisfactory environment
• Excessive usage of groundwater decrease in groundwater level
• The usage of loudspeakers at night and unnecessary horns blowing on the roadways by various cars are responsible for noise pollution.

12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.

Answer: Table 1.6 shows that I) Sri Lanka has the highest per capita income in the world, followed by Myanmar (ii) Myanmar has the lowest life expectancy at birth, while Sri Lanka has the highest (iii) Sri Lanka has the highest literacy rate for people aged 15 and older, while Bangladesh has the lowest rate (iv) Country with the highest gross enrollment ratio is Sri Lanka; the lowest is Pakistan (v) Sri Lanka is ranked first in the world according to the HDI, whereas Nepal is last.

13. The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m 2 ) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2015-16. Look at the table and answer the following questions.

A.Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.

Kerala’s population has a greater nutritional level than Madhya Pradesh’s population, both male and female.

B. Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.

Despite the fact that there is enough food available, 40% of the population is undernourished. The major reasons are

• A significant portion of the population is so underprivileged that they cannot purchase nourishing food.
• Poor individuals in most states cannot obtain affordable food because the Public
• The distribution System (PDS) does not operate as intended.
• People with low educational levels experience unemployment as a result, which prevents them from purchasing food, a basic necessity.

NCERT Solutions Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 Development In-text Questions

Here we have provided some important questions that can be framed from the in-text notes of chapter 1 Development for Social Science class 10 Economics.

Q. What is meant by the term Development? Does everyone benefit from it?

Solution: Development is a process that guarantees everyone has a high quality of life in terms of contentment, harmony, and meeting their basic needs. It has to do with people’s goals, advancement, and betterment. All facets of society would profit from this definition of development since it emphasizes the concept of basic needs. As long as fundamental needs like food, shelter, healthcare, and education are met, more individuals will be able to make meaningful decisions.

The earlier ideas of development, which were solely focused on economic expansion, did not help the environment or the impoverished; instead, they led to an unbalanced ecology and a large divide between the rich and the poor. Therefore, the essence of development would be justified by a definition that strives to improve people’s quality of life.

Q. How is Sustainability and Development Related?

Solution: Using natural resources in a way that allows for their continued use by both current and future generations is known as sustainable development. Sustainable development is the need of the hour as it ensures that the resources are available for future generations. Because natural resources would not be available for future generations if they are not exploited responsibly, sustainability is a crucial concern for development. A nation’s inability to progress may eventually be caused by the depletion of its resources.

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NCERT Solutions Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 Development- FAQs

Q. What is the development definition in Class 10 Economics Chapter 1? A broad definition of development includes raising real per capita income, raising people’s standards of living, and lowering rates of illiteracy, poverty, and crime, among other things. Q. How do I acquire the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 in an online PDF format? Ans. you can download the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 PDF from the link provided in the article. Q. How can using NCERT Solutions for Adda247’s Economics Chapter 1 for Class 10 SST benefit you? Ans. The following are some benefits of using Adda247’s NCERT Solutions for Class 10 SST Economics:

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What is the development definition in Class 10 Economics Chapter 1?

A broad definition of development includes raising real per capita income, raising people's standards of living, and lowering rates of illiteracy, poverty, and crime, among other things.

How do I acquire the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 in an online PDF format?

Ans. you can download the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1 PDF from the link provided in the article.

How can using NCERT Solutions for Adda247’s Economics Chapter 1 for Class 10 SST benefit you?

Ans. The following are some benefits of using Adda247’s NCERT Solutions for Class 10 SST Economics: Students are given both the NCERT solution and a video explanation. A PDF is also provided, which can be downloaded and saved for future use.

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• Sustainable –Development with Equity

• As a measure of development, Human Development Index (HDI) is an improvement over the two long-standing measurement of growth viz.- Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and per capita income. The GDP is an indicator of the value of goods and services produced in the country and per capita income is the annual average income a person in of a country.
• HDI expands the scope of development by including the important social indicators such as education and health.
• Deforestation, soil erosion, lowering ground water tables, increasing pollution, pressure on grazing land, rising dependence on fossil fuels, industrial emissions, use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture and climate change are some of the important environment issues before us.
• The ‘Sink function’ describes an environment’s ability to absorb and render harmless waste and pollution. When the waste output exceeds the limit of the sink function, long term damage to environment occurs.
• Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. In other words, sustainable development means a better quality of life for everyone, for present and future generations.
• The consequences of our resource use may induce serious damages that go beyond the absorbing capacity of the environment.
• The Narmada valley development project is the single largest river development scheme in India. Sardar sarovar project has devastated human lives and biodiversity by inundating thousands of acres of forests and agricultural land.
• We have several thousands of communities living off the environment. To destroy the environment means to destroy these communities. It is unjust to ask the poor people to bear to cost of development.
• Climate change affects all countries and people, some may be more than the other. Many of these effects we do not even understand and cannot anticipate.
• Now many states have realized the need and potential of organic farming. The Sikkim government has taken the bold step to ban chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It is the first state in India that is planning to shift completely to organic farming by 2015.
• Sustainable Development: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
• Environment: Natural world which people animals and plants live. Many naturally existing substances like land, water, minerals and ores, products from the trees and animals are central to the production process.
• Source: Origin Primary sector activities – agriculture mining, quarrying- and in the manufacturing and energy sector, production is hugely depend on natural resources.
• People’s Rights: Rights of the people, they are legal, social or ethical principles of freedom.
• Equity: The Quality of being fair or important fairness.
• Sink: Go down below the surface of a liquid. In the present context, it is environment’s ability to absorb.

ESSAY ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 . “Last but not the least, the key to environmental problem lies in changing life styles that will minimise waste and pollution?

• What are the various ways in which our lifestyles affect the environment? Use example from your own context to explain.
• Find out about the various ways in which the problems of garbage and emissions are being deal with around the world.
• There are several greenhouse gases responsible for global warming and humans emit them in a variety of ways, most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars, factories and electricity production.
• The gas responsible for the most warming is Carbon dioxide also called CO 2 . Other contributors include methane released from landfills and agriculture especially from the digestive systems of grazing animals, nitrous oxide from fertilizers, gases used for refrigeration and industrial processes and the loss of forests that would otherwise store CO 2 .
• Changing lifestyles will minimise waste and pollution.| a) Don’t let your car leak oil on the street. b) Reduce fast-foods intake c) Try to choose foods that are seasonal to your area rather than imported long distances d) Bring your own bags with you to the stores e) Recycle paper, glass, plastic single use batteries f) Use natural composts and fertilizers g) Usually have a trip by bicycle or on foot to short distances. h) Try to go green - afforestation leads to reduce global warming i) Try to make use of solar energy

2. Rapid extraction of minerals and other natural resources would adversely impact the future development prospects. Do you agree?

• Rapid extraction of minerals and other natural resources would adversely impact the future development of a country.
• In primary sector activities like mining and quarrying, production is hugely dependent on natural resources. But the extent of our current resource use is such that future generations will hardly have access to their fair share of scare resources. Moreover, the consequences of our resource use may induce serious damages that go beyond the absorbing capacity of the environment.
• Over Consumption of minerals will lead to output limitations in near future. Maximum rate of minerals extraction is reached and resulting in declining production.
• More demand for the petroleum will lead to rise in its prices. If this extraction goes on at the current pace, the petroleum deposits will be depleted within a few decades.
• Half of the forests that once covered the earth is destroyed for various economic activities, which is a major contributor to global warming.

3. Should the average temperature of the earth be treated as the natural resources for all the people?

• The average temperature of the earth is 13 o , but there are variations in temperature in different regions. The earth’s temperature has to be treated as a natural resource of all the people as it is one of the prerequisites for human life on earth.
• The temperature makes the earth a suitable place to live. Conservation of natural ecosystems can solve the issues related to the climate change.
• Deforestation leads to global warming. By reducing atmospheric green house gases, we can control global warming.
• A rise of 20 C in average temperature would result in rise of one meter in sea levels by early next century. This would affect large portions of our coastal areas.

• The people of Jalsindhi village were living in the nature. Their lifestyle was totally connected to the environment. They are very satisfied with their living on the bank of River Narmada.
• They have been living there for generations. They use their own seeds and manure from their own live stock.
• The people feel that they are the children of the mother Narmada.
• They refused to live in Gujarat. Their attachment love with Jalsindhi village makes them refuse to move out of the village.
• The people of Jalsindhi village are very satisfied with living on the bank of the Narmada river with their lands and forests. They have been living here for generations. They have a right over River Narmada and to the forests.
• It is land of their forefathers. If it is lost, then they will be left with nothing. They don’t want resettlement and they don’t want any compensation.
• They use their own seeds and manure from their own livestock. The forest is their moneylender and banker. They sing the gayana, the song of the river.
• Their village gods are all here. Their ancestors’ memorial stones are all there. Their attachment and love trends Jalsindhi village make them to refuse to leave their village to live in Gujarat.

4. Why do you think the effects of climate change may be felt by all countries?

• Many global issues are climate related, including the basic needs of life. Changes in climate can threaten these needs with increased temperatures, sea level rise and changes in precipitation, among others.
• Climate change threatens key natural resources.
• Deforestation, industrialisation, emission of poisonous gases by rich and poor nations. Deforestation leads to global warming.
• The melting of ice-covers in Polar Regions indicates global warming.
• A rise of 20 C in the average temperature may appear to be small, but it would result in a rise of one meter in sea levels by early next century. This would affect large portions of our coastal areas and millions of people would have to be slipped. They would lose their livelihood.
• Climate change is something that happens at a global level. Therefore it affects all of us.

5. What are the lessons to be drown from the alternate PDS initiative at Zaheerabad mandal in Telangana State?

• The Zaheerabad farmers revived the local food culture. They gave importance to crop for which the land and local environment is suitable.
• The nutritional value of the cereal was realised by them. The village was made food secure with their local grain millets.
• They have realised that it is better to deposit the grains in grain bank instead of exporting and mixed cropping reduces the insects.

6. “Environment is crucial for the lives and livelihood of the local communities and the lifestyles of local communities are harmonious with the environment”. Explain?

• Environment is vitally important for the lives and livelihood.
• For rural communities, the link between the environment and lives of people is very strong. Interaction of rural community with the environment provides for their needs.
• The environment is denuded of its rich biodiversity and rich traditional knowledge.
• Climate soil composition and irrigation facilities will determine the settlements of the people.
• The lifestyle of local communities also should be in harmony with the environment.
• Local customs, cultural practices and traditions and religious festivals all are based on the changes in the climate patterns of that area.
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• Researchers at UCL review UK’s progress towards achieving the SDGs | Sustainable Development Goals - UCL – University College London
• Making UCL catering services more sustainable | Sustainable Development Goals - UCL – University College London
• UCL start-up takes ‘living walls’ to new level of sustainability | Sustainable Development Goals - UCL – University College London
• UCL undergraduates inspire more girls to keep up their football | Sustainable Development Goals - UCL – University College London
• UCL student consultancy challenge boosts charity action towards the SDGs | Sustainable Development Goals - UCL – University College London
• New UCL master’s course to accelerate sustainable energy solutions | Sustainable Development Goals - UCL – University College London
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About the UN's 17 SDGs

Simon Knowles Head of Coordination (SDGs) [email protected]

Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries

Inequality threatens long-term social and economic development, harms poverty reduction and destroys people’s sense of fulfillment and self-worth.

The incomes of the poorest 40 per cent of the population had been growing faster than the national average in most countries. But emerging yet inconclusive evidence suggests that COVID-19 may have put a dent in this positive trend of falling within-country inequality.

The pandemic has caused the largest rise in between-country inequality in three decades. Reducing both within- and between-country inequality requires equitable resource distribution, investing in education and skills development, implementing social protection measures, combating discrimination, supporting marginalized groups and fostering international cooperation for fair trade and financial systems.

Why do we need to reduce inequalities?

Inequalities based on income, sex, age, disability, sexual orientation, race, class, ethnicity, religion and opportunity continue to persist across the world. Inequality threatens long-term social and economic development, harms poverty reduction and destroys people’s sense of fulfillment and self-worth. This, in turn, can breed crime, disease and environmental degradation.

We cannot achieve sustainable development and make the planet better for all if people are excluded from the chance for a better life.

What are some examples of inequality?

Women and children with lack of access to healthcare die each day from preventable diseases such as measles and tuberculosis or in childbirth. Older persons, migrants and refugees face lack of opportunities and discrimination – an issue that affects every country in the world. One in five persons reported being discriminated on at least one ground of discrimination prohibited by international human rights law.

• One in six people worldwide has experienced discrimination in some form, with women and people with disabilities disproportionately affected.

Discrimination has many intersecting forms, from religion, ethnicity to gender and sexual preference, pointing to the urgent need for measures to tackle any kind of discriminatory practices and hate speech.

How do we tackle discrimination?

In today’s world, we are all interconnected. Problems and challenges like poverty, climate change, migration or economic crises are never just confined to one country or region. Even the richest countries still have communities living in abject poverty. The oldest democracies still wrestle with racism, homophobia and transphobia, and religious intolerance. Global inequality affects us all, no matter who we are or where we are from.

Can we achieve equality for everyone?

It can – and should be – achieved to ensure a life of dignity for all. Political, economic and social policies need to be universal and pay particular attention to the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized communities.

What can we do?

Reducing inequality requires transformative change. Greater efforts are needed to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, and invest more in health, education, social protection and decent jobs especially for young people, migrants and refugees and other vulnerable communities.

Within countries, it is important to empower and promote inclusive social and economic growth. We can ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of income if we eliminate discriminatory laws, policies and practices.

Among countries, we need to ensure that developing countries are better represented in decision-making on global issues so that solutions can be more effective, credible and accountable.

Governments and other stakeholders can also promote safe, regular and responsible migration, including through planned and well-managed policies, for the millions of people who have left their homes seeking better lives due to war, discrimination, poverty, lack of opportunity and other drivers of migration.

Facts and figures

Goal 10 targets.

• The incomes of the poorest 40 per cent of the population had been growing faster than the national average in most countries. But emerging yet inconclusive evidence suggests that COVID-19 may have put a dent in this positive trend of falling within-country inequality. The pandemic has also caused the largest rise in between-country inequality in three decades.
• The year 2022 witnessed the highest number of refugees (34.6 million people) ever documented. This year is also a deadly one for migrants, with nearly 7,000 deaths recorded globally.
• Reducing both within- and between-country inequality requires equitable resource distribution, investing in education and skills development, implementing social protection measures, combating discrimination, supporting marginalized groups and fostering international cooperation for fair trade and financial systems.

Source: The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023

10.1  By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average

10.2  By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status

10.3  Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard

10.4  Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality

10.5  Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations

10.6  Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions

10.7  Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies

10.A  Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements

10.B  Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes

10.C  By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UNOHRLLS)

Fast Facts: Reduced Inequalities

Infographic: Reduced Inequalities

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• Published: 19 August 2024

Overcoming challenges measuring SDG 12 progress using national registers to track chemicals in waste

• Alicia Berthiaume   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1037-9803 1 , 2  

Communications Earth & Environment volume  5 , Article number:  443 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 12 contains ambitions to reduce human and ecological harm from chemicals, including those in waste, but current official indicators (measurable parameters used to evaluate sustainable development conditions) do not measure variables relevant to these goals, such as impact to humans or the environment from chemicals. Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers from around the world comprise rich datasets on chemicals in industrial waste that can and should be used to measure progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 12. However, translation of these data to inform evaluation of the subsequent human and ecological impacts is impeded by gaps in assessment models. Here, data from Canada’s Pollutant Release and Transfer Register – the National Pollutant Release Inventory is used in a case study to offer perspectives on future directions to fill these gaps. The use of such Pollution Release and Transfer Registers will substantially advance the ability to quantify progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal 12 aims of sound management of chemicals in waste and, importantly, human health and ecological harm reduction.

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Introduction.

In 2015, 193 United Nations (UN) member countries adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) that called for universal (local to global) scale action on the three interconnected social, economic, and environmental imperatives 1 . With 15 years to achieve the goals, the stage was set for extensive progress tracking using the myriad SDG targets and indicators defined by the UN 2 . In the development of the Global Indicator Framework for the SDGs, the United Nations Statistics Division recommended that official SDG indicators meet certain criteria and should be: relevant to the target (on a national and global scale), based on sound/well-documented methodology, measurable by cost-effective and practical means, easy to communicate and access, and limited in number and focused on globally relevant outcomes 3 . Within the Global Indicator Framework, SDG 12, which aims to “Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns”, includes several targets related to the sound management of chemicals and wastes, and recognizes that while chemicals play an important part in modern society and economy, their sound management means that they are produced and consumed in ways that minimize their release (to air, water, land and waste) and thus minimize significant adverse impacts on the environment and human health 1 (see Table  1 ).

However, some criticism has arisen regarding these targets and their official indicators, insofar as they are the product of compromise and expediency and, as a result, are watered down, vague, and inaccurate as measurements of progress towards SDGs 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 . Officially, performance towards target 12.4 is measured by an indicator counting the number of parties that comply with obligations to transmit information prescribed by international chemicals management agreements (Table  1 ), but says nothing about the variables that need to be measured to assess whether the target is being reached (i.e., direct measurements of chemicals releases and wastes, and their human/environmental impacts). For example, Gasper et al. 4 highlighted that indicator 12.4.1 falls short in terms of its ability to speak to the actual reductions in hazardous chemicals and waste called for by target 12.4, and noted that the selection of reporting compliance to international agreements as an indicator prioritizes the counting of reports over the content and quality of those reports. The authors observed that this indicator choice was influenced by debate favouring a production efficiency-centered perspective due to business interests and by the technical feasibility of this indicator in that established methodology and data exist. Fukuda-Parr and McNeill 5 echoed that the disconnect between the target (hazardous chemical and waste reductions) was the result of the interplay of both political and technical considerations, and that SDG indicators for the environment (such as SDG 12) slipped in terms of sustainability ambition because of their narrowed, business-friendly scope which favours interests of continued growth but more efficient growth through “clean production”, as opposed to reducing growth, total production and consumption (and thus total hazardous waste generation and chemical release), and respecting absolute planetary boundaries. The authors recommended that data availability should not preclude selecting indicators based on their accurate reflection of SDG ambitions. Bengtsson et al. and Marcos et al. 6 , 7 furthered this line of thinking and noted that by only tracking sustainable production and consumption efficiency (as official indicators do), progress toward the overarching sustainability objectives of SDG 12 (curtail overall/total chemical and waste volumes to minimize adverse ecosystem impacts) would be inadequate. Indeed, SDG 12.4 indicators lack any absolute frame of reference relevant to the achievement of sustainability and alone do not truly inform SDG 12 progress in light of planetary (nor any lower geographic scale) boundaries for chemical pollution as defined by Rockstrom et al. and many others 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , which describe biophysical boundaries for the safe operating space of key Earth Systems that characterize the current Holocene state 13 .

PRTR data as a better indicator for SDG 12: informing the sound management of chemicals

One answer to these progress-tracking shortcomings can be found in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’s recent publication of a framework on the role of global pollutant release and transfer registries (PRTRs) and their application in sustainability analysis 14 , 15 , 16 . Briefly, PRTRs are inventories of industrial/institutional point source releases (to the environment) and transfers (to waste management) of a wide range of chemicals 17 , 18 . While there are inherent limitations and uncertainties in PRTR data (i.e., reporting requirement coverage only of relevant sectors and substances, data quality of facility-reported data, etc.) 14 , 19 , 20 , the framework delineates the value of PRTRs in the sustainability analysis context in that they can directly inform on variables relevant to SDG target 12.4. For example, PRTR data can provide trends on a local to global scale of chemical releases to air, water, and land, as well as disposals and transfers for recycling or treatment, enabling analysis on study themes such as evaluation of environmental policies, transboundary movement of pollutants in waste, shifts in waste management practices and impacts to the environment and/or human health; the minimization of which is the main goal of SDG 12.4 14 , 16 . Supplementary Fig.  1 shows an adaptation of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development framework to emphasize the connection between PRTR data attributes and SDG 12 analyses and variables of interest, which is also discussed in Berthiaume 21 .

Indeed, in Canada, the National Pollutant Release Inventory has been implicated in over 220 research publications (between 1994 and 2019) on some of the aforementioned SDG analytical themes 19 . However, the focus of these works has only been on analyses of releases to air and water, whereas analyses using transfers and disposals data have seldom (if ever) been done, despite now having a clear role in SDG analysis per the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development framework. Recent efforts have been made to raise awareness about the availability and applicability of the under-utilized National Pollutant Release Inventory transfers and disposals data in SDG 12.4 analysis 21 , 22 . Specifically, this work set a precedent for using PRTR transfer and disposal data to produce snapshots, trends and to evaluate environmental policies, characterize transboundary movements of pollutants in waste, and revealed that in the Canadian context, actual environmental performance diverged from performance of the official indicator. That is, despite achievements in reporting information to international agreements on pollutants in waste, the intended reductions of pollutants in waste moving out of Canada were not necessarily achieved, suggesting that the official indicator is not telling the whole SDG 12.4 story, whereas integrating PRTR transfer and disposal data into the SDG progress tracking can give a more complete picture.

Remaining opportunities for PRTR transfers and disposal data in SDG analysis

Whereas previous work demonstrated the availability and usefulness of PRTR transfer and disposal data in evaluating environmental policies and transboundary movement, opportunities remain to apply PRTR transfer and disposal in other ways suggested in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development framework. Here, attention is focused on using this transfers and disposals data to inform on impacts to human and ecosystem health from chemicals in waste, evaluate shifts in waste management practices from least to most preferred, and identify gaps and opportunities to improve these analyses for measuring progress towards SDG 12.4 and the stated intention of minimizing harm from chemicals in waste.

Insights to human health and ecosystem health impacts

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development has proposed that one of the aims of using PRTRs in sustainability analysis is to gain insights into whether human and ecosystem impacts from chemical releases are being reduced/minimized; the essence of SDG target 12.4. The burgeoning approach to achieve this aim using PRTR data, at least for release data, is to use life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods and/or related chemical footprint tools, such as (among others) USEtox 23 , 24 , the US EPA’s Risk Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) 25 , or more recently, environmentally-extended multi-region input-output models (EE-MRIO) like EXIOBASE 26 , 27 , as demonstrated by recent works on national chemical footprints 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 . These LCIA models translate release quantities (e.g. PRTR data on releases to air, water, and land) into estimates of exposure and hazard to sentinel ecosystem receptors by accounting for substance toxicities, fate, and transport (in various environmental compartments). A crux to these approaches is that they focus on quantifying and comparing impacts of direct releases to air, water, and sometimes soil from within the institutional activity boundary. This boundary is sometimes extended to where resources are extracted or products are consumed, but generally do not also account for impacts (releases/emissions) resulting from downstream industrial waste management (waste management) practices. The excluded industrial waste management practices comprise those described by PRTR disposals and transfers data (e.g., underground injection, off-site recycling, off-site landfilling, etc.)—with the exception of land application, which can be considered a direct emission to land/agricultural soil 24 , 26 , 32 , 33 . In fact, LCIA methods tend to handle industrial pollutant transfers and disposals to waste management using simple mass balance metrics, counting most of these (other than on-site land application and recycling) as negative inputs to the system (originating industrial facility), meaning they subtract the mass of the pollutant transferred off-site to a waste management practice from the system but do not appear to account for the associated-yet-off-site downstream impact (i.e., from short/long-term emissions to air, water, land) from those industrial transfers 34 . This gap hinders the ability to gain insights into human and environmental health impacts from chemicals transferred to off-site waste management streams, both from the lens of quantifying the level harm from substances in each of these waste management practices, and the lens of quantifying how preferable one waste management practice may be, over another (as discussed in the next section). Moreover, questions also remain about how the LCIA outputs of relative impact gradations (per chemical) compare in an absolute sense to sustainability thresholds for impacts from chemicals in waste management. That is, can chemicals-in-waste footprints be developed and linked to planetary (or lower scale) boundaries? While such planetary boundaries are often subject to large uncertainties and debate 11 , 35 , the concept of integrating an absolute impact limit, and not only focusing on relative impact comparisons is still valid and would ideally be part of a future improved framework for evaluating human and environmental health impacts from pollutants (and their movement) in waste. Such shifts in narrative from measuring relative impacts to measuring absolute impacts vis-à-vis biophysical limits are emerging in the context of chemical releases, as discussed by Fang et al., among others 11 , 13 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , but this discourse is not yet apparent in the literature for chemicals in industrial waste. Consequently, this hinders the ability to track progress towards SDG 12.4 using the rich sets of existing, publicly available PRTR transfers data, and is a missed opportunity.

To illustrate this occlusion using a hypothetic example, we can look at the quantities of various substances being transferred to waste management in Canada’s National Pollutant Release Inventory across 2013–2022 21 using USEtox (v2.13) 23 , 24 , 39 (a consensus-based LCIA model endorsed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)). Using approaches described in previous studies that use USEtox characterization factors to calculate national chemical impact footprints 28 , 29 , we can leverage the human health and ecological characterization factors in USEtox for ‘emissions to natural land,’ where available for National Pollutant Release Inventory substances, as a simplistic proxy to quantify the potential impacts from their “emissions” to waste management practices (i.e., their transfers to National Pollutant Release Inventory waste management categories described in Supplementary Table  1 ). It is important to acknowledge certain caveats and limitations to USEtox generally (e.g. steady-state dynamics at the global/continental scale and limitations on substance and environmental compartment/receptor coverage, input parameters for substance toxicity and fate, etc.) 40 ) and additional uncertainty specifically from using the emissions-to-natural-land characterisation factor as a proxy for potential waste management impacts, given that it was not designed for this purpose, and thus not an accurate measure of actual waste management impacts. Nonetheless, with this initial (albeit imperfect) characterization factor for the impact of anticipated downstream exposures from the various National Pollutant Release Inventory substances being transferred off-site to waste management, we can compare results by human or ecological impact score over time to the trends by quantity alone. Figure  1 shows the change in ranking of substances from the perspective of total quantity transferred to off-site waste management between 2013 and 2022 (centre), the corresponding human health impact proxy score (left) and corresponding ecological impact proxy score (right), and helps visualize the message that a substance’s toxicities, fate, and transport properties affect the level of impact it may have. For example, by total quantity, lead (in teal) ranks second, but by corresponding human health impact (if these quantities were released directly to land), lead ranks 112th, suggesting that this may not be a top priority for human health risk management in this context. By contrast, pyrene ranks 65th by quantity and moves to 2nd by human health impact, suggesting that risk management focus may be well-placed on pyrene in this context. Zinc and cadmium (orange and red, respectively) also demonstrate substantial rank changes when looking from the perspective of quantity versus human health or ecological impact, whereas sulphuric acid does not change rank (note that a USEtox ecological impact CF for sulphuric acid “emissions to land” was not available). The resulting trends by quantity for chemicals going to off-site waste management is variable but roughly increasing over 2013–2022, influenced by a range of substances (Fig.  2 panes a and c), suggesting to policymakers that the magnitude of the issue is not decreasing, and the culprit comprises a range of chemicals and their waste management. Meanwhile, the proxy human impact metric also suggests an upward trend (+5%) but is primarily influenced by sulphuric acid (Fig.  2 , pane b), refining the message to policymakers that substantial gains in SDG progress in terms of minimizing human health impact may be achievable through sulphuric acid policy alone. By contrast, the ecotoxicity impact results (Fig.  2 , pane d), suggest a variable but roughly downward trend (−2%), owing to an altogether different mixture of substances, including zinc, cadmium, copper, nickel, suggesting to policymakers that SDG progress is potentially on track (or at least headed in the right direction) for ecological harm reductions from chemicals in waste. While it is not an accurate representation of human and ecological impacts of transfers to various waste management practice, this hypothetical case demonstrates that the insights into impacts from substances undergoing waste management could diverge when the toxicity and exposure (fate and transport) properties of these substances are considered. Note that there were limitations in availability of characterization factors for all National Pollutant Release Inventory substances in this case, emphasizing the need for appropriate LCIA approaches to be developed for a range of waste-relevant substances and waste management practices to quantify potential impacts more accurately than the “emissions to land” proxy illustrated here.

a Sum quantity (kg) between 2013 and 2022; b sum of human health impact score (unitless) using USEtox “emissions to land” CF for human health impacts; c sum Ecological impact score using USEtox “emissions to land” CF for ecological impacts (right). Note 1: not all substances have USEtox CFs for both human health and ecological impacts; i.e. for sulphuric acid, only a human health impact CF was available. Note 2: several substances have been highlighted in colour to emphasize their rank changes (or stability) from the perspective of quantity, human health, or ecological impact.

Bar charts and trends (ordinary least squares) by a Quantity (limited to substances with a USEtox human health characterization factor (CF) for emissions to land); b Human health impact (calculated using the USEtox human health CF for emissions to land); c Quantity (limited to substances with a USEtox ecological CF for emissions to land); d Ecological impact (calculated using the USEtox ecological CF for emissions to land). Colour coded by substance (legends at right).

Note also that absolute sustainability limits are not apparent nor integrated into current LCIA methods, which primarily intend to produce relative rankings of chemical impacts, not absolute ones against key benchmarks. However, at least one multi-media fate and transport model, RAIDAR (Risk Assessment Identification and Ranking) 41 , does include a comparison of model outputs to user-assigned risk benchmarks and provides a potential template for incorporating sustainability limits here (i.e. planetary (or lower scale) boundaries). Doing so could reveal previously hidden focus areas (i.e., substances yielding the highest relative impacts versus those with the highest quantities) for managing chemicals in waste more soundly (i.e. minimizing harm), accelerating progress towards the aim of SDG 12.

Shifts towards preferred waste management practices

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development described PRTR data as valuable for measuring progress toward SDG 12.4 and 12.5 because it could show if shifts were occurring over time from pollutant disposals or releases toward preferred waste management techniques 14 , 16 . However, while the hierarchy of ‘most preferred’ to ‘least preferred’ waste management practices (generally known as the waste management hierarchy) appears to be an accepted concept in Canada and beyond 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 (see Supplementary Fig.  2 ), a consensus on the exact composition, order, and relative scale of the hierarchy is lacking and subject to context-specific differences (e.g., industrial sector and regulatory differences, etc.) 46 making its practical application to PRTR data challenging. Moreover, a literature scan suggests several additional points relevant to this discussion. First is that none of the existing hierarchies appear to comprise all the National Pollutant Release Inventory waste management practices (i.e. categories/sub-categories—see Supplementary Table  1 ), which are also reflected in the United Nations’ Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 47 , and other PRTRs, like the US Toxics Release Inventory 48 . For example, none appear to comprise enough hierarchical granularity to address the range of PRTR-relevant waste management types of treatment (i.e., biological, chemical, physical, etc.) or disposal (i.e., underground injection, tailings or waste rock management, landfilling, or land application, etc.). Second, the basis of the waste management hierarchy is currently limited to philosophical concepts, whereas a quantitative/measurable approach to rank or compare the National Pollutant Release Inventory-relevant waste management practices relative to each other, or within the context of absolute sustainability thresholds, is not apparent. For example, is recycling a few, many times, or not at all more environmentally sound than disposal to underground injection that is regulatorily constrained to limit exposures 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ? Are such waste management practice relativities true for all substances, or are they different given the variable fate and transport properties of the substances subject to these waste management practices (likely the latter)? Such gaps hinder quantitative/accurate evaluation of how much one waste management is “preferred” over another, especially in contexts of varying substance mixtures. Third, as discussed by Hird 54 , the concept of waste management hierarchy does not seem to include consideration for the distance waste travels when it is transferred off-site for waste management. Moreover, the travel destination itself, regardless of how far, may also introduce exposure concerns due to varying regulatory stringencies (or lack thereof) across the globe on the proper handling of hazardous waste 55 . While the Basel Convention aims to discourage international transfers of hazardous wastes, particularly to less regulatorily-stringent nations, also known as waste havens, and previous work using National Pollutant Release Inventory data demonstrated Canada’s compliance to this aspect of the Basel Convention, this point is nonetheless an important consideration when accounting for the impacts of pollutants being transferred off-site from their source of origin. For example, in the lens of the current waste management hierarchy, how ought two equal quantities of sulphuric acid be compared: one amount travelling across the globe destined for recycling (i.e., long-distance but more “preferred” waste management practice) versus the same amount that travels to a local landfill (i.e., negligible distance but less “preferred” waste management practice)?

Such analytical conundrums are visible in Supplementary Figs.  3 and 4 , which show the shifts in rank (by quantity) of waste management practices for National Pollutant Release Inventory off-site transfers over 2013–2022 (domestic and international, respectively), where consistent trends in shifts from one waste management practice to another, and insights into the shifts/trends in impact (due to substance toxicities, fate, and transport in the ecosystem from waste management compartments as discussed above) are not apparent. However, generally speaking, these views do show that comparatively larger quantities appear to have stayed in Canada but went to “less preferred” disposal operations, whereas smaller quantities have gone abroad (i.e. generally travelling longer distances than domestic transfers) to “more preferred” recycling and recovery.

Considering the above critiques on the status quo for both lacking a means to quantify the waste management hierarchy and the impacts on humans and their environment from chemicals going to the practices identified in this hierarchy, the question then becomes: what would an improved way of doing things look like? A new framework, or enhancement of existing LCIA models (e.g., new characterization factors), seems in order to quantify the impacts of a range of pollutants being transferred to various waste management practices, also accounting for both the impacts of distance travelled and for context-specific regulatory realities (e.g., regulatory constraints that mitigate impacts from various waste management practices), to better understand the until-now qualitative hierarchy of waste management practices. While doing so comprehensively and accurately is beyond scope here, the hypothetical case from the previous section can be extended here by leveraging existing early thinking on these concepts. This proof-of-concept illustration can support the justification for advancing models in this way and the potential insights awaiting if these gaps are filled.

Future directions—leveraging existing waste management weighting schemas

Outside of LCIA, semi-quantitative weighting schemes for certain waste management practices already exist in the context of environmental justice, estimating the pollution burden to populations in proximity to facilities carrying out these waste management practices and evaluating the impact of chemicals in products. These may be partly transferrable here. For example, the approach used by California’s CalEnviroScreen to quantify the relative degrees of human impact from proximity to various waste management activities assigns weighting factors to permitted (i.e., regulated) hazardous facilities on a scale of 2–10, with 10 being the least preferred (active landfill) to 2 being most preferred (an inactive waste management facility). Additional weighting factors for facilities with US EPA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) permits (indicating the presence of hazardous waste) and yet more weightings for compliance violations are also incorporated 56 , 57 . These weights are not substance-specific but somewhat waste management practice-specific and are used in pollution burden estimations as a means to account for ambiguous aggregate “environmental effects” on communities who live near these waste management operations, but where direct chemical exposures and effects are not measured. Another example of existing approaches to quantifying the relative gradations of the waste management hierarchy can be found in the CiP_CAFE model (Chemicals in Products – Comprehensive Anthropospheric Fate Estimation). This is a dynamic substance flow model with a conceptual framework that accounts for downstream emissions to the environment from pollutants (albeit in products and not direct transfers from industrial activities) going to various waste management practices at end-of-life (e.g., engineered landfill, dumping at simple landfills, wastewater treatment, municipal solid waste incineration, metal recyclers, etc.), and also accounts for impacts from the distances travelled by pollutants (again, albeit in products) 58 . Neither of these examples is amenable to translating the entire National Pollutant Release Inventory transfers and disposals dataset because of various limitations (e.g., neither model is currently structured to input pollutant transfer and disposal data from institutions, nor do they include all of the waste management practice options inventoried by the National Pollutant Release Inventory (see Supplementary Table  1 ), etc.). However, they nonetheless point to early thinking on approaches for quantitatively weighting exposures/impacts from substances going to different waste management practices and can inform future directions for model advancements.

In the meantime, we can leverage this early thinking to extend the hypothetical example discussed in previous sections and refine the USEtox-based proxy metric for characterizing impacts from waste management practices. For example, instead of using the USEtox characterization factor for “emissions to land” to compute potential human health and ecological impacts from National Pollutant Release Inventory substances being transferred or disposed of between 2013 and 2022, a range of hypothetical weighting factors (one per waste management practice) can be used to better reflect their fate. Specifically, advancing from the assumption that all waste management practices in the National Pollutant Release Inventory are equal in character to USEtox’s “emissions to land”, hypothetical waste management weighting factors can be inferred from a merged interpretation of accepted waste management hierarchies, where 1= “least preferred” = disposals to landfills = USEtox characterization factor for emissions to land, and all other categories can be weighted by increments of (−0.2 × difference in hierarchy rank from landfill) as shown in Fig.  3 . Additional weights to account for the distance travelled by off-site transfers can be derived based on the premise that onsite disposals (not discussed in this study but discussed previously 21 ) would be most closely related to direct on-site releases to land, therefore = USEtox characterization factor for “emissions to land” = 1. Subsequent off-site travel distances can be inferred using regional groups ranked from shortest to farthest, as shown in Fig.  3 , accepting that these assumptions ignore potentially large variabilities within and between these groups, and acknowledging that travel distances would not necessarily exacerbate the toxicity/exposure from the specific pollutants (other than the potential for accidental spills while in transit), but would more generally contribute to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions from transportation.

In both schema, 1 = disposals to on-site landfill = USEtox characterization factor for direct “emissions to land.” Note: Residual management = tailings management, waste rock management, and underground injection.

While the results from Fig.  2 use the USEtox characterization factor of on-site “emissions to land”, Supplementary Fig.  5 clarifies the actual regional destinations of National Pollutant Release Inventory off-site transfers, which is going to various waste management practices in various regions, and not directly to land. Using the actual regional destinations and integrating the hypothetical weighting schema described above gives the resulting rank changes as shown in Supplementary Fig.  6 (for human health impacts) and Supplementary Fig.  7 (for ecological impacts) and shows similar shifts in rankings as seen in Supplementary Fig.  1 . Rank changes appear to be more influenced by waste management practice than travel distance in this hypothetical scenario, but this observation may or may not hold true if accurate weighting schema were to be applied. Nonetheless, this view points to potential changes in policy priorities and the need to develop more accurate weightings to understand relative and absolute risks from industrial pollutants in the waste management stream.

Trends show that while total quantities of National Pollutant Release Inventory substances going to off-site waste management practices went up over time (see Fig.  4 pane a), the proxy human health impacts weighted by waste management practices alone, by travel type alone, or by both waste management + travel category also increased but at varying rates (16%, 5%, 13%, respectively) (Fig.  4b–d ). The human health impact trends are largely influenced by the large sulphuric acid quantities going to various recycling methods intracontinentally and intraprovincially (see Supplementary Fig.  8, pane a ), with a dampened influence of substances (such as pyrene,) going to landfill domestically. This view may steer policymakers towards sulphuric acid management improvements that focus on the reduction of long-distance (intracontinental) travel for certain high-volume recycling (recovery of acids) transfers that contribute substantially to the human health impacts (e.g. blue triangle at top right quadrant of Supplementary Fig.  8 pane a). This, even though recycling is a “preferred” according to the conventional waste management hierarchy. At the same time, this view may also steer policymakers away from prioritizing shifts in waste management practices to more “preferred” methods for substances like chromium (among others), as many of the instances of substances going to disposal by land application (i.e., least preferred) score relatively low in terms of waste management + travel weighted impact for both human health and ecological harm (e.g. bottom left quadrants of Supplementary Fig.  8 a, b). Moreover, the absolute values of the combined weighted scores (i.e., waste management + travel weighted) were lower than the initial proxy that assumed these were on-site “emissions to land”, emphasizing that trends alone do not tell the full story and there is a need for both a broader view to understand these impacts relative to those from direct releases, and a frame of reference to understand the meaning of the absolute impact scores and thus understand if SDG 12 intentions of minimizing harm from chemicals in waste are being achieved. Such context could come from a threshold of concern/benchmark for ecological and/or human health impacts and could elevate the urgency of these issues if the data indicated threshold exceedances (or vice versa if data indicated low potential for exceedance), and help policymakers justify prioritization (or not) of specific risk management action. By contrast, ecological impacts weighted by waste management practices, travel type, and waste management practice + travel type decreased by −11, −1 and −10%, respectively (Fig.  4 , panes f–h), the latter of which reflects the relatively greater but overall decreasing quantities of zinc going to somewhat “local” landfills (i.e. intraprovincial movement only), as well as the relatively lower influence of zinc, copper, nickel, and manganese recycling despite some intracontinental transfers (see top right quadrant of Supplemental Fig. 8 , pane b). In this case, the addition of benchmarks to qualify the absolute values of these data would let policymakers know whether these downward trends indicate sufficient SDG progress, or if despite the downward direction, more action is needed, which could be focused on the above key influences (i.e. intracontinental zinc recycling, and “local” zinc landfilling.

Bar charts and trends (ordinary least squares) by a Quantity (limited to substances with a USEtox human health (HH) characterization factor (CF) for emissions to land), colour-coded by waste management practice; b HH impact scores calculated with USEtox using waste management practices weighting schema described in Fig.  3 , colour-coded by waste management sub-type; c HH impact scores using USEtox “emissions to land” CF and Fig.  3 travel weighting schema, colour-coded by travel type; d waste management practice and travel-weighted HH impact score; e – h Same as ( a – d ) respectively, but for ecological (Eco) impacts, and using USEtox Eco impact CFs.

While many assumptions in this hypothetical case would need validation/correction before actual conclusions could be drawn, we nonetheless can see how waste management practice and travel distance weighting can change the perspectives on relative and absolute progress towards sustainability, and in general can conclude that quantity alone is not an accurate indicator. This takeaway message can hopefully help motivate the development of a future validated LCIA approach.

Current official SDG 12 indicators are rooted in criteria that ensure they are globally feasible, applicable, and action-oriented, but also appear to be a compromise between political and technical considerations. This interplay and these constraints have limited the ability to accommodate complex, relevant measures and thus leave information gaps on actual progress towards SDG 12 objectives. PRTRs are publicly accessible, national-scale systems that contain (among other things) data on transfers and disposals of industrial chemicals in waste, and despite inherent uncertainty and limitations, they have the potential to inform on SDG 12 progress, which the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development supports. The perspectives shown here via the hypothetical case study using Canada’s National Pollutant Release Inventory, highlighted practical opportunities for translating PRTR data on chemicals in waste into understandable indicators of human and ecological impacts relevant to SDG 12, which can fill information gaps on true SDG 12.4 progress, and help decision-making on the sound management of chemicals. However, before these opportunities can be seized, key areas for future research need to be addressed. Chief among these is the need for LCIA or other impact assessment models to account for the implications from industrial (or other institutional) pollutants going to waste management practices, towards (i) reaching consensus on international classification and hierarchy of waste management types and associated impacts, and (ii) developing consensus on indicator metrics (or model outputs) that incorporate absolute sustainability thresholds such as planetary (or lower scale) biophysical limits for chemical impacts. Moreover, finding solutions to account for additional ecosystem impacts (i.e. climate change) from travel distances to off-site waste management destinations is also needed. By addressing these analytical impediments, PRTRs can be more fully leveraged to inform on local/national to global-scale progress toward shifting to preferred waste management for industrial chemicals, unveiling previously hidden priorities and informing decision-making for managing chemicals in waste more soundly (i.e. minimizing human and ecosystem harm). With such improvements, PRTRs can fill the information gaps left by official SDG 12.4 indicators and ultimately contribute to the assurance, or even acceleration, of progress towards SDG 12.

USEtox 2.13 was downloaded from https://usetox.org/model/download/usetox2.13 23 , 24 . The midpoint characterization factors for human effects (total of cancer and non-cancer effects) and for ecotoxicity effects (potentially affected fraction of a range of freshwater species) were used, where available matches to National Pollutant Release Inventory substances were found. Matching was based on either CAS or substance name (in the case of metals). National Pollutant Release Inventory substances for which no USEtox match was found were excluded from this analysis, including H 2 S, phosphorous, and hydrochloric acid, among others.

Data availability

National Pollutant Release Inventory data (2013–2022) on transfers and off-site disposals was obtained from Canada’s open data portal in the form of the all-years csv files and the comprehensive database ( https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/40e01423-7728-429c-ac9d-2954385ccdfb ) 21 .

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Thank you to the following people for your insightful reviews of this manuscript: Anne Monnette, Sarah Bennett, and Ivan Lee of Environment and Climate Change Canada, and Myra Hird of Queen’s University.

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Immunity of cities: A strategy in sustainable urban development (assessing a plan of reconstructing old Mosul-case study)

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Iqbal Younus , Wahda Al-Hinkawi , Sabeeh Farhan; Immunity of cities: A strategy in sustainable urban development (assessing a plan of reconstructing old Mosul-case study). AIP Conf. Proc. 19 August 2024; 3105 (1): 050098. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0213835

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Urban areas face increasing threats from many sources; the most prominent are environmental, economic, society, policy, and other unexpected changes in its urban elements, which may threaten its stability, development, and growth trends. These threats need more attention from the designing, planning, and administration of cities to cope with the challenges and enhance the validity of urban areas to survive, adapt and grow. The research examines the concept of cities’ immunity adopting it as a norm for the evaluation and continuous success of cities when addressing catastrophes. It is a vast term adopted by cities that face shocks and pressures. Its principle is resilience and enhancement aiming at developing and achieving sustainable growth and survival. The natural and acquired immunity, together with the mechanisms to gain immunity and response to adapt at different levels, depend on the specificity of each city and the related chances and challenges, reaching an immune product characterized by creativity, innovation, continuity, and acceptance. The research followed an analytical and descriptive approach on two levels: introducing the theoretical level, The concept of immunity, urban immunity, and impregnable cities, arriving at a comprehensive theoretical framework for the concept of urban immunity, and the role that concept levels play in enhancing the immunity of cities, where the research assumes that "the immunity of cities increases with the increase in the achievement of administrative, morphological, infrastructure, environmental, economic and social levels." The practical level includes an evaluation of the reconstruction plan for the old city of Mosul. Many international institutions and organizations worked on this plan to reconstruct the city after the military operations and the numerous disasters that the city witnessed. The objective of analyzing the reconstruction plan is to explain the implementation of immunity, arriving at the essential conclusions; The reconstruction process is participation at different levels, competition, and development to enhance the resilience of the old city of Mosul. Thus, the study recommends directing the reconstruction operations in all its stages towards urban sustainability, based on the vision of the war as an opportunity for urban and architectural advancement and redressing past mistakes.

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• NCERT Solutions
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science
• Class 10 Economics
• Chapter 1 Development

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Economics Social Science Chapter 1: Development

Ncert book solutions for class 10 economics understanding economic development chapter 1 development – cbse free pdf download.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 provide a clear knowledge about the economic development that takes place in our economy. The idea of development or progress has always been with people. They have aspirations or desires about what they would like to do and how they would like to live. Similarly, people have ideas about what a country should be like. In this chapter, students will understand the various aspects of development that a country needs. The NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 – Development contain the answers to the exercises given at the end of the book of Chapter 1. These solutions will help students to write their answers in an effective way during the CBSE exams.

• Chapter 2 Sectors of the Economy
• Chapter 3 Money and Credit
• Chapter 4 Globalisation and the Indian Economy
• Chapter 5 Consumer Rights

Download NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 – Development

The solutions for Chapter 1 of Understanding Economic Development are given below. Students should also check NCERT Solutions for Class 10 for other subjects.

Exercises Page No. 16

1. Development of a country can generally be determined by

• its per capita income
• its average literacy level
• health status of its people
• all of the above

Answer: d. all of the above

2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?

Answer: b. Sri Lanka

3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs. 5000. If the income of three families is Rs. 4,000, Rs. 7,000 and Rs. 3,000, respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?

Answer: d. Rs. 6,000

(4000+7000+3000+x) ÷ 4 = 5000

14000+x = 5000 × 4

x = 20000-14000

4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?

Answer: World Bank uses the per capita income to classify different countries. The per capita income is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by the population of the country. For the year 2017, the countries with a per capita income of US $12,056 per annum were declared rich countries, and the countries with a per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income countries.

The limitations of the criterion are

• Other important factors, including literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and healthcare, are ignored while classifying the countries.
• Information about the unequal distribution of income is not mentioned by the World Bank
• The economy of the country cannot determine the development of the country.

5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?

Answer: The criterion used by UNDP is different from the one used by the World Bank because UNDP compares countries based on the educational level of the people, their health status and per capita income. This is in contrast with the method used by the World Bank because it only calculates the per capita income for measuring development.

6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.

Answer: Different countries have different populations, so calculating the average helps in getting an estimated answer which can be used to compare different things at different levels. There are limitations in calculating averages because we cannot know the difference in the income of the people and the unfair distribution of income in a country or state.

For example, if we calculate the per capita income of two countries, A and B, with 5 people each, the salary of five people in country A is Rs.23,000, Rs.22,000, Rs.23,500, Rs.28,000 and Rs.25,000, and the income of people living in country B is Rs.1,50,000, Rs. 22,000, Rs.50,000, Rs.4,000, Rs.2,500. The average income of country A will be Rs.24,300, and that of country B will be Rs.45,700. This proves that the average of country B is higher than that of country A, and yet there is a disparity in the income distribution between country B, and the income is evenly distributed in country A.

7. Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.

Answer: Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. This is true because the literacy rate, infant mortality rate, healthcare facilities, etc., are better in Kerala in comparison to Haryana. The per capita income is only calculated by calculating the average income of the state, irrespective of any other factor.

8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?

Answer: The present sources of energy used by people in India include firewood, coal, petroleum, crude oil and natural gas. The other possibilities fifty years from now can be using solar energy and wind energy as sources of various energy forms. This is because the current usage of energy sources may result in the loss of natural resources for future generations.

9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Answer: Sustainable development refers to using natural resources in a manner that they can be used by the present and future generations. The issue of sustainability is important for development because if natural resources are not used carefully, they may not be available for future generations. The depletion of resources of a country may ultimately result in a lack of development of the country.

10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.

Answer: Development not just depends on the economic factors of a country but is also dependent on resources that are available for the people of a country to use. The statement, “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”, is completely relevant in terms of the development of a country because natural resources are non-renewable resources. It is the responsibility of the people to use them to meet their needs and not to satisfy their greed. If natural resources are not used wisely now, future generations may not be able to use them for their needs, which will result in the downfall of the development of a country.

11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.

Answer: A few examples of environmental degradation that we can observe around us are

• Pollution caused by vehicles and the excess use of fuels in vehicles
• Industrial waste collected in residential areas and discarded into water bodies
• Deforestation
• Soil erosion

The increased pollution in the environment has resulted in global warming, the melting of glaciers, and worsening atmospheric conditions.

12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.

Answer: As per table 1.6, Sri Lanka tops in all four categories. It has the highest Gross National Income, Life Expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above and HDI rank in the world. Nepal has the lowest Gross National Income among the given countries. Pakistan has the least Life Expectancy at birth and ranks the lowest HDI rank in the world among the given countries. The mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above are the lowest for Myanmar and Nepal.

13. The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m 2 ) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2015-16. Look at the table and answer the following questions.

• Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.

Answer: The nutritional level of people in Kerala is higher than the nutritional level of people in Madhya Pradesh.

• Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.

Answer: One-fifth of the population in the country is undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country because of the following reasons:

• The disparity in the distribution of food grains by the Public Distribution System (PDS).
• Nutritious food cannot be afforded by the poor population in the country.
• Educational backwardness of people results in unemployment because of which people cannot afford the basic necessity of food.
• There is no proper distribution of ration at the fixed-price stores.

Chapter 1 – Development Summary

Chapter 1 of NCERT Social Science Economics textbook – Understanding Economic Development will introduce students to the idea of development in terms of an economy. It defines basic concepts like development, literacy rate, IMR, HDI, per capita income, and sustainable development. Furthermore, the chapter assesses different perspectives on development, interprets the different indicators of development, compares economic and non-economic indicators of development, and analyses the merits and demerits of PCI as a development indicator. Moreover, it also identifies the significance of sustainable development.

Students will also read about the following:

• Concept of PPP – Purchasing power parity
• Perspectives on development
• Common indicators and methods of measuring development
• Income and other goals – This talks about a high salary, job security, etc.
• National development – The ability of a nation to improve the standard of living of its citizens. This includes per capita income, Gross Domestic Product, literacy rate, etc.
• Comparison of different countries or states on the basis of per capita income and not national income because each country has a different population rate.
• Calculation of per capita income.
• Income and other criteria.
• Public facilities.
• Sustainable development.

‘Understanding Economic Development’ is an important book for Class 10 SST Economics. Apart from this chapter, the full set of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science is given on the linked page.

Also, explore – 

Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1

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Revolution in renewables: integration of green hydrogen for a sustainable future.

1. Introduction

2. green hydrogen foundations, 2.1. green hydrogen value chain, 2.1.1. production through electrolysis, 2.1.2. purification, 2.1.3. storage, 2.1.4. transport, 2.1.5. end uses, 2.2. ress for green hydrogen production, 3. evolving market dynamics.

4. Long-Term Operational Strategies

4.1. long-term operational strategies for grid-connected hydrogen systems, 4.2. long-term operational strategies for islanded hydrogen systems, 5. short-term operational strategies, 5.1. short-term operational strategies for grid-connected hydrogen systems, 5.2. short-term operational strategies for islanded hydrogen systems, 6. conclusions and outlook, 6.1. conclusions, 6.2. outlook, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Zhang, J.; Li, J. Revolution in Renewables: Integration of Green Hydrogen for a Sustainable Future. Energies 2024 , 17 , 4148. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164148

Zhang J, Li J. Revolution in Renewables: Integration of Green Hydrogen for a Sustainable Future. Energies . 2024; 17(16):4148. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164148

Zhang, Jimiao, and Jie Li. 2024. "Revolution in Renewables: Integration of Green Hydrogen for a Sustainable Future" Energies 17, no. 16: 4148. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17164148

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An Interval Intuitionistic Fuzzy Characterization Method Based on Heterogeneous Big Data and Its Application in Forest Land Quality Assessment

• Published: 19 August 2024

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• Junzhe Zhang 1 ,
• Jian Lin 1 , 2 &

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With the rapid advancement and ongoing evolution of data information technology, the methods and approaches for data collection have become increasingly varied. The synthesis of heterogeneous big data to minimize information loss during the aggregation process poses a significant challenge. In practical applications, fuzzy dimensionality reduction characterization has proven to be an effective approach for handling heterogeneous big data. In this study, a novel approach is proposed for characterizing and evaluating heterogeneous big data using an interval intuitionistic fuzzy framework. We establish the interval intuitionistic fuzzy transformation method for large-scale quantitative data by defining satisfaction intervals, dissatisfaction intervals, and hesitation intervals. To integrate calculation and processing for linguistic evaluation information with different granularities, a transformation formula that handles multi-granularity uncertain linguistic information and interval intuitionistic fuzzy numbers is introduced. The proposed formula aggregates heterogeneous attribute values into interval intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. We employ interval intuitionistic fuzzy entropy to determine the objective weight of each evaluation indicator. Subsequently, the interval intuitionistic fuzzy comprehensive evaluation information for each alternative scheme, enabling effective ranking based on the information, is derived. Finally, the applicability of our proposed method is verified through a case study conducted on forest land in the county area of Fujian province. This case study comprehensively assesses and ranks the forest land quality in 16 sample plots. The evaluation serves as a theoretical framework for advancing sustainable development and conservation initiatives about forest land within the county.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (No. 22BGL303): Research on dynamic game strategy and long-term win-win mechanism of cooperative management on collective forest land.

Funding was provided by the National Social Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 22BGL303).

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College of Computer and Information Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China

Junzhe Zhang, Jian Lin & Tao Wu

Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China

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Zhang, J., Lin, J. & Wu, T. An Interval Intuitionistic Fuzzy Characterization Method Based on Heterogeneous Big Data and Its Application in Forest Land Quality Assessment. Int. J. Fuzzy Syst. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40815-024-01765-5

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Received : 30 November 2023

Revised : 02 April 2024

Accepted : 13 April 2024

Published : 19 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s40815-024-01765-5

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• Forest land big data
• Interval intuitionistic fuzzy number
• Heterogeneous data
• Fuzzy dimension reduction characterization
• Forest land quality evaluation
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