thesis document class latex

LaTeX-Tutorial.com

Your guide to documentclass latex: types and options, what is documentclass latex.

Every LaTeX document starts with a \begin{document} command and ends with an \end{document} command. LaTeX ignores anything that follows the \end{document}. The part of the source code file that precedes the \begin{document} declaration is called the preamble .

The first command of the preamble has to be \docummentclass (although technically it can be preceded with prepended files). This command takes a single mandatory argument that is one of the predefined classes of document that LaTeX has built-in. In this tutorial, we are going to explain and see the differences and similarities of these document classes , and what should each one be used for. We will also talk about the multiple optional arguments that the \documentclass command takes, and that can be used to customize the appearance of our document .

There are also third-party document classes that are written and distributed as external packages. Some of these classes, like beamer to make presentations and memoir to extend the functionalities of the book class , are very popular and useful, but we won’t cover them here, since they are much more sophisticated and complex than the predefined classes.

LaTeX document classes and their use

The document classes available in plain LaTeX are reported in the following table:

• The first two document classes are the basic ones; if you don’t know what document class you should use, always start with article .
• The report class is very similar, the main difference with the article being that you can insert chapters with \chapter, while in the article class the highest element in the hierarchy of titles is the \section command .

LaTeX book class

In typographical standards, books differ from reports mainly in their front and back matter. The front matter of a book usually includes:

• a half-title page,
• a main title page,
• a copyright page,
• a preface or foreword, and a table of contents.

It may also contain:

• acknowledgments,
• a dedication,
• a list of figures,
• a list of tables,
• a list of other books in the same series, and other editorial or promotional content.

The back matter usually includes an index and may contain an afterword, also acknowledgments, a bibliography, a colophon, and so on.

The book document class provides some commands to produce the logical structures previously discussed, that the report class isn’t able to deal with by default . However, it does not try to yield tools to all of them. Individual publishers usually have their own packages with additional commands to typeset the structures according to their manual of style.

Front matter, main matter and back matter commands

The front matter, main matter (which contains the main body of the book, starting at the first chapter or part and ending at the appendices), and back matter are begun with the three commands \frontmatter, \mainmatter, and \backmatter, respectively.

In the standard book class, front matter pages are numbered with roman numerals; main and back matter pages are numbered with arabic numerals.

In the front and back matter, the \chapter command does not produce a chapter number, but it does make a table of contents entry; this can be used, for example, to produce a preface or acknowledgments section. Inside these kind of chapters, only the starred versions of other sectioning commands (mainly \section* and \subsection*) should be used.

Illustrative example of Book class

For example, this could be a standard book structure:

You can see the table of contents produced by the previous book in Figure 1. Observe how the numbering of the pages and the sectioning commands change according to the part of the book we are in.

Odd and even pages in Book class

When printing books, odd and even pages are not structured in the same way. Margins, and usually also headers and footers, change to provide better readability when the book is bound. This is taken into account in the book document class, where you will see that:

• left pages have a larger left margin, the page number at the top left of the page, and the title of the current chapter at the right, while
• right pages have a larger right margin and only the page number at the top right of the page. Also, new chapters start always at the right page and the page head is emptied, leaving only the page numb er at the center on the foot of the page.

No built-in abstract

There is one more difference between the book class and the article and report classes : it doesn’t have a built-in abstract environment .

This environment is used in academic articles, and also reports, to give a brief description of the contents that will be treated along with the document. It is customary for this introduction to have special typesetting, with “Abstract” written in bold over it, and also it is common to find it printed just after the title and before the table of contents. As said, this environment is not implemented in the book document class.

Memoir class

It is worth mentioning here that there is a popular extension of the book document class, called memoir, written by Peter Wilson.

This package aims to integrate multiple design-related packages with the LaTeX book class. It provides:

• a larger range of permissible font sizes,
• a large number of page styles, and well
• over a dozen chapter styles to choose from, as well as
• methods for specifying your own layouts and designs.
• It also integrates the functionality of over thirty popular packages.

LaTeX letter class

As with the slide document class, the letter is slightly old-fashioned. This class is used to make traditional letters, the ones that are put in an envelope and mailed, a somewhat obsolete way of communication (since the email was invented and generalized) but still used in certain official matters. Although the class was designed for traditional letters, still today there are certain documents that have the structure of a letter such as:

• a letter of recommendation, or
• a letter of presentation

and for which this document class may be useful. So let’s briefly discuss the details that characterize this particular document class!

With it, you can make any number of letters with a single input file:

• Your name and address, which are likely to be the same for all letters, are specified by special declarations.
• The return address is declared by an \address command, with multiple output lines separated by \\ commands (which is the common line-breaking command in LaTeX).
• The \signature command declares your name, as it appears at the end of the letter, with the usual \\ separating multiple lines.

These declarations are usually put in the preamble because they are common to all letters, but they are normal declarations with the customary scoping rules and can appear anywhere in the document. In particular, this means that you can change the return address and signature at any point.

Each letter is produced by a separate letter environment, having the name and address of the recipient as its mandatory argument.

• The letter itself begins with an \opening command that is used to generate the salutation.
• The main body of the lecture is ordinary LaTeX input.
• The letter closes with a \closing command that is passed the closing sentence and automatically generates the signature.

These may seem a lot of commands, but they are all very easy to use, and also very powerful since LaTeX automatically will take care of the formatting of the letter, without you having to worry about it at all.

In case you are not convinced yet, let me show you a clarifying example where all the commands are put into practice so that you can use it as a template for your letters:

You can see the letter generated in Figure 2. Note how LaTeX automatically formates everything, and even inserts the current date without you asking for it. I find generating letters with LaTeX easier than doing it by hand!

We said that the date on the letters is automatically inserted by LaTeX and that it uses today’s date. We can, however, change this behavior by redefining the \today command, which is where LaTeX saves the name of the day. For example:

\renewcommand{\today}{12th of October of 1492}

will make \today print the content “12th of October of 1492”. This declaration can either be used on the preamble, to affect all letters or inside a certain letter environment, to only affect that letter.

documentclass latex options

As was stated in the introduction, there are some optional arguments that can be passed to the \documentclass command. Here we are going to explain these options:

The options 10pt, 11pt, and 12pt choose the normal type size of the document. The default value is 10pt. This option is not recognized by the slides class.

The paper size can be selected between the following options:

• letterpaper (8.5in × 11in)
• legalpaper (8.5in × 14in)
• executivepaper (7.25in × 10.5in)
• A4 (210mm × 297mm)
• A5 (148mm × 210mm)
• B5 (176mm × 250mm)

By default, the paper size is letterpaper.

The landscape option causes the output to be formatted for landscape printing on the selected paper size. Effectively, this option interchanges the width and the height dimensions of the paper size.

If TeX has trouble finding good places to break lines, it can produce lines that extend past the right margin (which produce the output warnings called “overfull hboxes”). The draft option causes such lines to be marked by black boxes in the output. The final option, which does not mark these lines, is the default.

Two sides printing

The oneside and twoside options format the output to be printed on one side or both sides of a page, respectively. The default is oneside, except for the book class, for which it is twoside. However, the twoside option is not available with the slides document class.

Opening page of chapters

If the openright option is used, then all chapters will begin on a right-hand page. Instead, with the openany option you can make them start on any page. These options apply only to the report class (whose default is openany) and the book class (whose default is openright).

Two column pages

The option twocolumn specifies two-column pages. The default is onecolumn, for one-column pages. The twocolumn option cannot be used with the letter or slides classes.

Page for the title

The titlepage option causes the \maketitle command to make a separate title page and the abstract environment to put the abstract on a separate page. The default is titlepage for all classes except article, for which it is notitlepage. hese options, however, are not recognized by the letter class.

Open bibliography style

openbib causes the bibliography to be formatted in an open style. This option is not recognized by the letter and slides classes.

Numbered formulas

The option leqno puts formula numbers on the left side, instead of the right, which is the default.

Formulas alignment

The option fleqn left-aligns formulas, which by default are centered.

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Research Guides

Submit and publish your thesis.

• The Graduate Thesis: What is it?
• Thesis Defences
• Deadlines and Fees
• Formatting in MS Word

Formatting in LaTeX

• Making Thesis Accessible
• Thesis Embargo
• Review and Release
• Your Rights as an Author
• Re-using Third Party Materials
• Creative Commons Licenses for Theses
• Turning Thesis into an Article
• Turning Thesis into a Book
• Other Venues of Publication

For formatting instructions and requirements see the Formatting section of the School of Graduate Studies website. The thesis style template for LaTeX ( ut-thesis ) implements these requirements. You are not required to use the template, but using it will make most of the formatting requirements easier to meet.

►► Thesis template for LaTeX .

Below are some general formatting tips for drafting your thesis in LaTeX.  In addition, there are other supports available:

• Regular LaTeX workshops are offered via the library, watch the library workshop calendar at https://libcal.library.utoronto.ca/
• With questions about LaTeX formatting, contact Map and Data Library (MDL) using this form
• There are also great resources for learning LaTeX available via Overleaf

Many common problems have been solved on the TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange Q & A Forum

LaTeX Template

To use the LaTeX and ut-thesis , you need two things: a LaTeX distribution (compiles your code), and an editor (where you write your code). Two main approaches are:

• Overleaf : is a web-based platform that combines a distribution (TeX Live) and an editor. It is beginner-friendly (minimal set-up) and some people prefer a cloud-based platform. However, manually uploading graphics and managing a bibliographic database can be tedious, especially for large projects like a thesis.
• A LaTeX distribution can be installed as described here . ut-thesis can then be installed either: a) initially, with the distribution; b) automatically when you try to compile a document using \usepackage{ut-thesis} ; or manually via graphical or terminal-based package manager for the distribution.
• The LaTeX distribution allows you to compile code, but provides no tools for writing (e.g. syntax highlighting, hotkeys, command completion, etc.). There are many editor options that provide these features. TeXstudio is one popular option.

Occasionally, the version of ut-thesis on GitHub  may be more up-to-date than the popular distributions (especially yearly TeX Live), including small bug fixes. To use the GitHub version, you can download the file ut-thesis.cls (and maybe the documentation ut-thesis .pdf ) and place it in your working directory. This will take priority over any other versions of ut-thesis on your system while in this directory.

LaTeX Formatting Tips

Here are a few tips & tricks for formatting your thesis in LateX.

Document Structure

Using the ut-thesis document class, a minimal example thesis might look like:

\documentclass{ut-thesis} \author {Your Name} \title {Thesis Title} \degree {Doctor of Philosophy} \department {LaTeX} \gradyear {2020} \begin {document}   \frontmatter   \maketitle   \begin {abstract}     % abstract goes here   \end {abstract}   \tableofcontents   \mainmatter   % main chapters go here   % references go here   \appendix   % appendices go here \end {document}

►►  A larger example is available on GitHub here .

You may want to consider splitting your code into multiple files. The contents of each file can then be added using \input{filename} .

The usual commands for document hierarchy are available like \chapter , \section , \subsection , \subsubsection , and \paragraph . To control which appear in the \tableofcontents , you can use \setcounter{tocdepth}{i} , where i = 2 includes up to \subsection , etc. For unnumbered sections, use \section* , etc. No component should be empty, such as \section{...} immediately followed by \subsection{...} .

Note: In the examples below, we denote the preamble vs body like:

preamble code --- body code

Tables & Figures

In LaTeX, tables and figures are environments called “floats”, and they usually don’t appear exactly where you have them in the code. This is to avoid awkward whitespace. Float environments are used like \begin{env} ... \end{env} , where the entire content ... will move with the float. If you really need a float to appear exactly “here”, you can use:

\usepackage{float} --- \begin{ figure}[H] ... \end {figure}

Most other environments (like equation) do not float.

A LaTeX table as a numbered float is distinct from tabular data. So, a typical table might look like:

\usepackage{booktabs} --- \begin {table}   \centering   \caption {The table caption}   \begin {tabular}{crll}     i &   Name & A &  B \\     1 &  First & 1 &  2 \\     2 & Second & 3 &  5 \\     3 &  Third & 8 & 13   \end {tabular} \end {table}

The & separates cells and \\ makes a new row. The {crll} specifies four columns: 1 centred, 1 right-aligned, and 2 left-aligned.

Fancy Tables

Some helpful packages for creating more advanced tabular data:

• booktabs : provides the commands \toprule , \midrile , and \bottomrule , which add horizontal lines of slightly different weights.
• multicol : provides the command \multicolumn{2}{r}{...} to “merge” 2 cells horizontally with the content ... , centred.
• multirow : provides the command \multirow{2}{*}{...} , to “merge” 2 cells vertically with the content ... , having width computed automatically (*).

A LaTeX figure is similarly distinct from graphical content. To include graphics, it’s best to use the command \includegraphics from the graphicx package. Then, a typical figure might look like:

\usepackage{graphicx} --- \begin {figure}   \centering   \includegraphics[width=.6 \textwidth ]{figurename} \end {figure}

Here we use .6\textwidth to make the graphic 60% the width of the main text.

By default, graphicx will look for figurename in the same folder as main.tex ; if you need to add other folders, you can use \graphicspath{{folder1/}{folder2/}...} .

The preferred package for subfigures is subcaption ; you can use it like:

\usepackage{subcaption} --- \begin {figure} % or table, then subtable below   \begin {subfigure}{0.5 \textwidth }     \includegraphics[width= \textwidth ]{figureA}     \caption {First subcaption}   \end {subfigure}   \begin {subfigure}{0.5 \textwidth }     \includegraphics[width= \textwidth ]{figureB}     \caption {Second subcaption}   \end {subfigure}   \caption {Overall figure caption} \end {figure}

This makes two subfigures each 50% of the text width, with respective subcaptions, plus an overall figure caption.

Math can be added inline with body text like $E = m c^2$ , or as a standalone equation like:

\begin {equation}   E = m c^2 \end {equation}

A complete guide to math is beyond our scope here; again, Overleaf provides a great set of resources to get started.

Cross References

We recommend using the hyperref package to make clickable links within your thesis, such as the table of contents, and references to equations, tables, figures, and other sections.

A cross-reference label can be added to a section or float environment using \label{key} , and referenced elsewhere using \ref{key} . The key will not appear in the final document (unless there is an error), so we recommend a naming convention like fig:diagram , tab:summary , or intro:back for \section{Background} within \chapter{Intro} , for example. We also recommend using a non-breaking space ~ like Figure~\ref{fig:diagram} , so that a linebreak will not separate “Figure” and the number.

You may need to compile multiple times to resolve cross-references (and citations). However, this occurs by default as needed in most editors.

The LaTeX package tikz provides excellent tools for drawing diagrams and even plotting basic math functions. Here is one small example:

\usepackage{tikz} --- \begin {tikzpicture}   \node [red,circle]  (a) at (0,0) {A};   \node [blue,square] (b) at (1,0) {B};   \draw [dotted,->]   (a) -- node[above]{ $ \alpha $ } (b); \end {tikzpicture}

Don’t forget semicolons after every command, or else you will get stuck while compiling.

There are several options for managing references in LaTeX. We recommend the most modern package: biblatex , with the biber backend.  A helpful overview is given here .

Assuming you have a file called references.bib that looks like:

@article{Lastname2020,   title = {The article title},   author = {Lastname, First and Last2, First2 and Last3 and First3},   journal = {Journal Name},   year = {2020},   vol = {99},   no = {1} } ...

then you can cite the reference Lastname2020 using biblatex like:

\usepackage[backend=biber]{biblatex} \addbibresource {references.bib} --- \cite {Lastname2020} ... \printbibliography

Depending on what editor you’re using to compile, this may work straight away. If not, you may need to update your compiling command to:

pdflatex main && biber main && pdflatex main && pdflatex main

Assuming your document is called main.tex . This is because biber is a separate tool from pdflatex . So in the command above, we first identify the cited sources using pdflatex , then collect the reference information using biber , then finish compiling the document using pdflatex , and then we compile once more in case anything got missed.

There are many options when loading biblatex to configure the reference formatting; it’s best to search the CTAN documentation for what you want to do.

Windows users may find that biber.exe or bibtex.exe get silently blocked by some antivirus software. Usually, an exception can be added within the antivirus software to allow these programs to run.

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• Last Updated: Sep 15, 2023 3:23 PM
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Guide to Writing Your Thesis in LaTeX

Step 4: configure the options specific to your thesis.

At this point, it is assumed that you have a working LaTeX distribution, an editor, have downloaded and installed the necessary template files, and confirmed that you can build this sample thesis . If not, do that first. Now we will explain how to set things like the title, the author name, and whether it is a masters thesis or a doctoral dissertation.

Start by opening the file thesis.tex in your editor.

Setting the Class Options

The first line of the file will be:

This tells LaTeX to use the urithesis document class with all default options. There are many options that that can be given, but for now we will only concern ourselves with one.

If this is a Ph.D. dissertation, change the first line to be:

Setting the Title and Author

To set the title, you use the command:

Make sure to use proper capitalization.

Since you will be the author, set your name using the command:

The tilde between the middle initial and the last name tells LaTeX that the period does not indicate the end of a sentence, and to use a normal interword space.

The Bibliography Source File

The references will come from one or more .bib files that you create. This is the only type of file without a .tex extension that you will need to edit. The line:

tells BibTeX to look in the file references.bib for references cited in the thesis. The argument to the \reffile command can be a comma separated list of files (without the .bib extension), and it will look in all of those files.

The Preliminary Material

The pages that come before the first chapter are called the preliminary material. See the page Guidelines for the Format of Theses and Dissertations , on the Graduate School’s web site, for more information about the preliminary material. The preliminary material includes, in this order:

The automatic sections will be generated automatically, and you need not worry about them. The List of Tables and List of Figures sections will only be generated if the thesis contains any tables or figures, respectively. The argument to the command to include the four manual sections, is the name of the .tex file that contains the content for that section, without the .tex extension. For example the abstract is included with the command:

which means it will us the contents of the file abstract.tex as the abstract. The file abstract.tex should contain only the text of the abstract, as the title will be generated automatically.

The Chapters

Chapters are included with the command:

which will include the file chapterN.tex in the thesis. There should be one \newchapter{} command for each chapter of the thesis.

The chapter source files should each begin with the command

followed by the contents of the chapter.

The Appendices

Appendices are optional, but if present, they are included with the command:

which will include the file appendixN.tex in the thesis. There should be a \newappendix{} command for each appendix of the thesis.

The main difference between appendices and chapters, are that chapters are numbered starting with 1, while appendices start with the letter A. The contents of an appendix is identical to that of a chapter. Each appendix source file should begin with the command:

command, just like with chapters.

Additional Considerations

By default, the department named on the title page is Electrical Engineering, but that can be changed by using the command:

before any of the chapters are included.

The year that the thesis is generated is displayed on the title page and approval page, but the Graduate School requires that year must be the year of your official graduation. To set that date to a specific year, other than the current year, use the command:

before the \begin{document} command.

Thesis Template

A latex thesis class template.

A LaTeX thesis template that was tweaked over a few years and condensed to a class file. A BibTeX bibliography class file is also provided.

Table of Contents

Instructions, font support, nomenclature support, acronym form, expanded form, expanded and acronym form, using tex-based glossary construction, multi-page floats, sub-captions, tables spanning multiple pages, landscape tables, table row colours, bibliography.

On creating a new LaTeX document, start the document with \documentclass { thesis } . Options for the document are specified below. You should also define the macros \title{} , \author{} , \department{} and \university{} in the header of your document. The thesis class also provides an optional \dedication{} macro.

When writing the main body of your document, the macro \startpreamble can be called to generate the title page and switch page numbering to Roman numerals. You can then create sections with \section*{} for preamble content such as acknowledgements, abstracts and table of contents.

When declaring an end to the preamble, call the macro \stoppreamble to change page numbering back to Arabic numerals.

The thesis class imports the natbib package thus giving the option of paragraph citations ( \citep{} ) and text citations ( \citet{} ).

The class also provides shortcuts for declaring real numbers with \R{exponent_here} , expected values with \E{value} , Normal distributions with \N{mean}{variance} and probabilities with \p{value} or \p[value]{posterior} .

Optional document parameters

The \documentclass [options] { thesis } supports a number of options including the following:

• 11pt for 11pt size text.
• a4paper for A4 paper mode.
• authoryear to use author-year citations rather than the numbering standard.
• draftfigs to use placeholders for figures for faster compilation (with the draft argument for graphicx ).
• lineno to print line numbers throughout the document.
• smallcaptions to use \small font size for captions declared with \caption{} .
• twoside for double sided printing (this will adjust the margins accordingly).
• texglossaries for using TeX-based construction of glossaries instead of makeindex .
• unsrt to order bibliography by appearance in text.

The following fonts are supported and can be enabled using the corresponding documentclass option:

• didot to use the GFS Didot serif font.
• garamond to use the URW Garamond serif font (note that this is not installed by default and is now considered a non-free font).
• helvetica to use the Helvetica sans serif font.
• latinmodern to use the Latin Modern Sans sans serif font.
• libertine to use the Linux Libertine serif font.
• palatino to use the Palatino serif font.
• sourcesanspro to use the Source Sans Pro sans serif font.
• times to use the Times serif font.

Nomenclature is supported with the nomencl package ( see CTAN ). New nomenclature can be defined as follows:

To compile the list of nomenclature, open up a terminal/command prompt session and run:

If the thesis file is something other than MyThesis , then MyThesis should be replaced in the above with the name of the master thesis file.

Nomenclature will be displayed wherever the macro \printnomenclature is called. The width of the first column can be defined by including an optional width (e.g. \printnomenclature[2cm] ). The nomenclature section contains the following preamble:

A list of the variables and notation used in this thesis is defined below. The definitions and conventions set here will be observed throughout unless otherwise stated.

Should acronyms be detected (by detecting the presence of filename.acr ), then the preamble will be appended with:

For a list of acronyms, please consult page~\pageref{gl:acronym}

Acronym support

Acronyms are supported with the glossaries package ( see CTAN ). New acronyms can be defined as follows:

Within the document, the commands \gls{label} , \Gls{label} , \glspl{label} and \Glspl{label} can be used in place of abbreviated forms. These commands correspond with the lowercase singular, sentence case singular, lowercase plural and sentence case plural forms, respectively. LaTeX will automatically expand the acronym on the first instance and use the abbreviated form thereafter.

Using the macro \printgloss will create a new chapter and write appendix items after they have been compiled. This macro will call either the \printglossaries or \printnoidxglossaries macro, depending on whether the texglossaries document option has been declared ( see Using TeX-based glossary construction ).

To compile the list of acronyms, open up a terminal/command prompt session and run:

It may be desirable to override the default behaviour in which case, the following commands can be used.

• \acrshort{label} : lowercase, singular acronym form.
• \Acrshort{label} : sentence case, singular acronym form.
• \acrshortpl{label} : lowercase, plural acronym form.
• \Acrshortpl{label} : sentence case, plural acronym form.
• \acrlong{label} : lowercase, singular expanded form.
• \Acrlong{label} : sentence case, singular expanded form.
• \acrlongpl{label} : lowercase, plural expanded form.
• \Acrlongpl{label} : sentence case, plural expanded form.
• \acrfull{label} : lowercase, singular expanded form proceeded by acronym in parentheses.
• \Acrfull{label} : sentence case, singular expanded form proceeded by acronym in parentheses.
• \acrfullpl{label} : lowercase, plural expanded form proceeded by acronym in parentheses.
• \Acrfullpl{label} : sentence case, plural expanded form proceeded by acronym in parentheses.

Words are made plural by simply appending “s” to the end of an acronym or its expanded form. Some words do not conform to this generalisation and may require the long plural form to be redefined using:

Note: \newacronym definitions need to be defined prior to usage. I recommend placing such definitions within a separate file (e.g. Acronyms.tex ) and using \input { Acronyms } just before opening the document environment.

The above acronym compilation instructions required the use of terminal/command prompt and calling the makeglossaries command. On some systems, this requirement is undesirable or impossible to execute. By declaring texglossaries within the document declaration options, the template will switch to using the TeX-based glossary compiler.

To create a new chapter and write appendix items after they have been compiled, simply call \printgloss as before.

Note: Calling makeglossaries is generally more efficient to use and provides options for languages other than English. I recommend that you use makeglossaries wherever possible.

Floats such as figures and algorithms can span multiple pages with the included caption package (for tables, I recommend using the longtable environment described below). When wanting to declare the continuation of an algorithm, simply call \ContinuedFloat after opening the environment. This should then be followed by the caption macro (which should automatically use the same counter as the previous float).

Sub-captions are supported via the subcaption package ( see CTAN ). To use sub-captions in a figure, declare a figure environment as normal and then use the subfigure environment to create subb figures:

The thesis class creates a new float for algorithms that can be called with:

A list of algorithms can generated using the \listofalgorithms macro. This can be used in the same way as \listoffigures and \listoftables .

The thesis class also uses the listings package which provides support for writing source code in any of the supported programming languages or a user-defined language ( see CTAN ).

Several packages have been added improving or enhancing the formatting of tables. These are described in the following subsections.

Tables spanning multiple pages are supported with the longtable package ( see CTAN ). Simply declare the environment and add any necessary table headers and footers:

Landscape-oriented tables are supported using the rotating package ( see CTAN ). To rotate a table, encapsulate your caption, label and tabular environment within a sidewaystable environment:

Rows of a table can be given a background colour using the \rowcolour[color]{intensity} command, provided by the color and colortbl packages (see CTAN for color and colortbl packages). Simply append the command at the end of a table row for the row’s background to change. In the following example, the background of the row will be grey at 90% intensity:

The thesis class provides support for multiple appendix items. Appendices will create new chapters that are labelled alphabetically and each appendix item will appear in the table of contents. To declare the start of the appendix section, use the macro \appendix . New chapters from this point will form different appendix items.

This class uses the natbib bibliography package and, specifically, the plainnaturl.bst bibliography stylesheet. The custom stylesheet displays initials and surname for all authors and removes URL and DOI information from bibliography entries. URL fields are preserved for miscellaneous/Internet bibliographic entries.

Note that the package prefers bibliographic information to be added as a separate bib file rather than appended to the bottom of a document.

The class file also has support for creating index items via the makeidx package ( see CTAN ). To create append the index to the end of the document and include it within the Table of Contents, use:

because LaTeX matters

Latex documentclass options illustrated.

The three most commonly used standard document-classes in LaTeX include: article , report and book . A number of global options allows customization of certain elements of the document by the author. Different document-classes might have different default settings. The following post illustrates available options with figures, provides alternatives and highlights the default option for each document-class.

To change the default behavior, the option is provided as an optional parameter to the documentclass command.

• Font size (10pt, 11pt, 12pt)
• Paper size and format (a4paper, letterpaper, etc.)
• Draft mode (draft)
• Multiple columns (onecolumn, twocolumn)
• Formula-specific options (fleqn and leqno)
• Landscape print mode (landscape)
• Single- and double-sided documents (oneside, twoside)
• Titlepage behavior (notitlepage, titlepage)
• Chapter opening page (openright, openany)

LaTeX knows three standard font sizes:

• 10pt (default)

Other global and local font sizes are available through various packages.

The following example sets the global document font size to 12pt. The picture below compares the three LaTeX standard font sizes.

Paper size and format

Different regions of the world use different standard physical paper sizes. Available are:

• a4paper (default)
• letterpaper (default in some distributions)
• executivepaper

The following example compares (from left to right): legal, A4, Letter and A5.

The geometry package provides similar options and additional flexibility for paper size and margins.

Setting the draft option will speed up typesetting, because figures are not loaded, just indicated by a frame. LaTeX will also display hyphenation ( Overfull hbox warning) and justification problems with a small black square. Delete the draft option or replace it with final in the final document version.

Multiple columns

• onecolumn (default)

By default, text is typeset in a single column ( onecolumn ). LaTeX provides an easy way to switch to two columns through the document-class option twocolumn .

The multicol package allows creating more than two columns globally as well as locally.

Formula-specific options

• fleqn : left-alignment of formulas
• leqno : labels formulas on the left-hand side instead of right

These are two independent options manipulating the alignment and label position of formulas.

The top figure illustrates the default case with neither option set. The bottom figure shows how formulas are typeset when both options, fleqn and leqno , are set.

Landscape print mode

The landscape option changes the page layout to landscape mode. This, however, does not change the page margins accordingly (first page in figure), which is why for landscape documents with landscape content the pdflscape or geometry packages (second page in figure and code) are more suitable.

Single- and double-sided documents

• oneside (default for article and report)
• twoside (default for book)

In single-sided documents ( oneside ), the left and right margins are symmetric and headers are exactly the same on every page. In other words, the document does not distinguish between inner and outer margin. Twoside, on the other hand, generates double-sided content. The outer margin (even page: left; odd page: right) is wider by default (see figure below). It might appear that the header “switches” sides, but that because they are placed with respect to the margins. The twoside option is usually set for bound texts such as theses or books.

Titlepage behavior

• notitlepage (default for article)
• titlepage (default for report and book)

The option titlepage ends the page after \maketitle and restarts on the next page. In article , the content starts right after \maketitle . The titlepage option is quivalent to:

The example below illustrates the default behavior of article .

Chapter opening page

• openany (default for report)
• openright (default for book)

Finally, the option openright always starts a chapter on the right (odd pages), leaving one page blank in case the last paragraph of the previous chapter ended on an odd page. It only works and makes sense with the twoside option set. The openany option starts the chapter on the next page (even or odd).

The openany , openright options are not available in article as it does not support \chapter !

Share this:

22 comments.

13. February 2013 at 9:06

Very interesting post! I use LaTeX for almost everything, and I discovered new things thanks to your post!

13. February 2013 at 13:37

I’m glad parts of the post were new to you. Thanks for the comment!

15. October 2021 at 7:56

Thanks Tom, you are a gem. You helped me a lot today.

13. February 2013 at 13:34

Great post!

13. February 2013 at 13:36

18. February 2014 at 13:44

How to code many authors and one address without repeating the address in the text of article?

I code this:

Is there another way to code latex and get only one address shared by many authors???

20. February 2014 at 3:42

Thanks for your question. I gave it a try, take a look at the result and let me know what you think. Btw. I removed all special characters and email addresses.

3. March 2014 at 21:23

thank’s

23. June 2014 at 18:53

Could u pls help me, i used \documentclass[chap, 12pt, nocenter]{thesis} for my thesis but chapter not printing thanks

24. June 2014 at 5:29

I assume this is the document class you are referring to. Please provide a minimal working example. The code below prints chapter headings correctly. Note, the option chap doesn’t exist. Did you mean chapterbib instead?

30. July 2014 at 16:02

I believe it is [oneside|twoside] not [onepage|twopage].

5. August 2014 at 11:20

Fixed, thanks!

2. October 2014 at 14:50

Thanks for the illustration of the documentclass options!

‘openright’ always starts a chapter on the right (odd page). Why is this default for scrbook, why does it make sense? I’m interested in the advantages of ‘openright’ (disadvantages would be the waste of an even page and the waste of paper). Is there any? Or is ‘openright’ only a matter of taste?

12. October 2014 at 12:08

I’d say it’s a matter of style. Most decent books start new chapters on an odd page and therefore it makes sense that openright is the default. If you prefer a document without blank pages between chapters, either use the document class scr­reprt or change it through the openany option.

Cheers, Tom.

5. December 2014 at 0:37

Very good help.

Thank you very much

Cheers, Volker

21. August 2015 at 8:27

Hi, I have a question as well. I am using \documentclass[nopreprint,times,3p,final]{elsarticle} , but still is appearing in footnote the preprint. What would be the solution?

25. August 2015 at 9:41

I assume you use the elsarticle class for something other that submitting an article. According to the documentation, there is no option nopreprint . My suggestion is to download the class file and manually remove the line that says “Preprint submitted to …” (on line 451). Then, place the class file in your project directory.

3. September 2015 at 8:55

Thanks, I give a try now.

27. August 2015 at 4:07

First off the post was very helpful.

Second, I like to double space after every period. I know normally LaTex formats everything so it always shows up as one space no matter how many you type in. I heard there was an option you could put in brackets after the document class (ie \documentclass [in here] {article} ) but I don’t know what could be.

Is this true or is there some other way I could add a double space after each period?

Thanks so much!

27. August 2015 at 16:22

That’s an interesting question, which I can’t remember having seen before. Apparently, single spacing is referred to as ‘french spacing’. So, by adding the following command to your preamble, you’ll get double spacing between sentences:

See here for more details .

24. August 2019 at 12:26

what is meant by \document class{ws-dmaa}.is there any required software to run this?

18. September 2019 at 21:27

Hi Shakthi,

It’s the name of the class file. Look for a ws-dmaa.cls file and place it in the project folder.

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How to Write a Thesis in LaTeX (Part 5): Customising Your Title Page and Abstract

Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5

Author: Josh Cassidy (August 2013)

This five-part series of articles uses a combination of video and textual descriptions to teach the basics of writing a thesis using LaTeX. These tutorials were first published on the original ShareLateX blog site during August 2013; consequently, today's editor interface (Overleaf) has changed considerably due to the development of ShareLaTeX and the subsequent merger of ShareLaTeX and Overleaf. However, much of the content is still relevant and teaches you some basic LaTeX—skills and expertise that will apply across all platforms.

In the previous post we looked at adding a bibliography to our thesis using the biblatex package . In this, the final post of the series, we're going to look at customising some of the opening pages. In the first video we made a rather makeshift title page using the \maketitle command and by using an \includegraphics command in the \title command. Although this works, it doesn't give us as much flexibility as we may want.

The Title Page

A much better way to do this is to use the titlepage environment. We'll do this in a separate .tex file and then input it. The first thing we'll do is enclose everything in the title page within the center environment so it's all aligned to the centre. Next we need to instruct L a T e X to leave a gap between the top of the page and the first line of text. To do this we use the \vspace command followed by a length. We also need to add an asterisk into the command to make sure L a T e X doesn't decide to ignore the command. Next we'll add the thesis title in bold font using the \textbf command. To leave a gap between this and the next line of text we use the \vspace command again, this time without the asterisk. Next we'll add in a subtitle followed by some more vertical space and then the author name in bold font. This concludes what we want at the top of the title page—the rest of the content we'll add at the bottom of the title page.

To separate these two sections out we'll use the \vfill command which will automatically add in the amount of vertical space needed for the content to fill the page. Next we'll add in a line of text to specify what degree the thesis is being submitted for. The double backslash is used to create a new line. We'll then add more space before adding in the university logo specifying it's width as a fraction of the text width. Finally we'll add in some information about the university and the date.

Now in the main .tex file we can replace the \maketitle command with an input command linked to our new title page. If we now compile the code we can see all the items have been correctly processed:

However, the text is quite small so we'll go back and change the font sizes. To do this we'll use one of the simple font-sizing commands. There are ten of these to choose from, ranging from smallest to largest they are:

Let's make the title as big as it can be (using these simple commands) by choosing \Huge . We'll then make the subtitle two steps smaller using \large . When we use one of these commands they affect all the text in it's scope. Therefore in it's current state all the remaining text on the page will appear in the size of the subtitle. We'll keep it like this for the author name and degree title but we'll drop down one size for the university details and the date:

The abstract

We can also customise other pages, such as the abstract. Instead of using an unnumbered chapter, we'll create a new .tex file, customise the layout and then input it. At the top of this file we need to change the page style to plain in order to stop the headers being added in. Now in a similar way to the title page we'll add in some custom titles and then the abstract text.

This is what it will look like added in:

This concludes our series on writing a basic thesis. If you want to play around with the thesis we've created in this series you can open the project in Overleaf .

All articles in this series

• Part 1: Basic Structure ;
• Part 2: Page Layout ;
• Part 3: Figures, Subfigures and Tables ;
• Part 4: Bibliographies with BibLaTeX ;
• Part 5: Customising Your Title Page and Abstract .
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A LaTeX document class that conforms to the Computer Laboratory's PhD thesis formatting guidelines.

cambridge/thesis

Folders and files, repository files navigation.

a LaTeX thesis template for Cambridge PhD students

Quick start

Clone this repository.

Start adding contents of your thesis into thesis.tex .

Build the PDF by running the following in the command line:

Open thesis.pdf .

Pro tip: you can use one of the samples in the Samples directory.

How will the thesis look like?

Your thesis document will look something like this:

Plain (PDF)

If you use the clean sample, which can be found in ./Samples/clean , it will look like this:

Sample Clean (PDF)

The template also supports DVI and PS formats. All three formats can be generated with the provided Makefile .

Producing PDF , DVI and PS documents

Build your thesis.

To build the PDF version of your thesis, run:

This build procedure uses pdflatex and will produce thesis.pdf .

To produce DVI and PS versions of your document, you should run:

This will use the latex and dvips commands to build the document and will produce thesis.dvi and thesis.ps documents.

Clean unwanted files

To clean unwanted clutter (all LaTeX auto-generated files), run:

Usage details

Class options.

cam-thesis supports all the options of the standard report class (on which it is based).

It also supports some custom options.

techreport : formats the document as a technical report (here's a sample ). Here is a list of formatting points in which the technical report differs from a normal thesis (see guidelines for more information):

• different margins (left and right margins are 25mm, top and bottom margins are 20mm),
• normal line spacing (instead of one-half spacing),
• no custom title page,
• no declaration,
• page count starts with 3,
• if the hyperref package is used, the option pdfpagelabels=false will be passed to it.

firstyr : formats the document as a first-year report (here's a sample ). This option removes some unneeded elements and modifies the submission note. Here is a list of formatting points in which the first year report differs from a normal thesis:

• an appropraite subtitle is added,
• the submission note is changed appropriately,
• no standalone abstract,
• no acknowledgements.

secondyr : formats the document as a second-year report (here's a sample ). Similarly to firstyr , this style modifies the submission note and removes unneeded elements. Specially, an abstract is retained (as for this report, research is often in a more "stable" state). Here is a list of formatting points in which the second year report differs from a normal thesis:

times : tells the class to use the times font.

glossary : puts the glossary after the TOC. The glossary contains a list of abbreviations, their explanations etc. Describe your abbreviations and add them to the glossary immediately after you introduce them in the body of your thesis. You can use the following command for this:

After that, you can reference particular glossary entries like this:

You can also change the glossary style. For example, try putting this on the very top of the preamble (even before you define the document class with \documentclass[glossary]{cam-thesis} ):

Further instructions can be found on LaTeX Wikibooks or the user manual at CTAN .

Note : glossaries is the package used to create the glossary.

withindex : build the index, which you can put at the and of the thesis with the following command (it will create a new unnumbered chapter):

Instructions on how to use the index can be found here .

Note : the package makeidx is used to create the index.

backrefs : Add back references in the References section (here's a sample ). In other words, for each reference, it adds the page(s) where it is cited.

Note : the package backref is used to create the back references.

Troubleshooting

Q1 : i found a bug in the template. where do i report bugs.

You can report issues through our GitHub repository .

You can also mail the maintainers directly.

Q2 : Where can I find the thesis formatting guidelines this class is based on?

The University of Cambridge submission guidelines:

https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/your-course/examinations/graduate-exam-information/submitting-and-examination/phd-msc-mlitt/submit

The University of Cambridge final submission guidelines:

https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/your-course/examinations/graduate-exam-information/after-examination/degree-approval-and-1

The Computer Laboratory guidelines:

https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/local/typography/phd/

The Computer Laboratory guidelines for technical reports:

https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/submission.html

Q3 : Can I use my own Makefile?

By all means. Previously we used the horrendously complex Makefile at

http://code.google.com/p/latex-makefile/

Q4 : But what if I don't want the template files in my thesis directory?

Put the files and folders listed below into a directory where LaTeX can find them (for more info see [1] ):

[1] You can put these files either into the standard LaTeX directory for classes [2] , or a directory listed in your TEXINPUTS environment variable. [2] The location of the standard LaTeX class directory depends on which LaTeX installation and operating system you use. For example, for TeX Live on Fedora 14 it is /usr/share/texmf/tex/latex/base . In any case, after this, LaTeX will still not be able find your class. You will have to rebuild the package index. This procedure also depends on your installation specifics, but for TeX Live you have to run the texhash command. For more comprehensive information refer to LaTeX Wikibooks .

Q5 : Where can I find newer versions of the University of Cambridge logo?

The university updates its logo every now and then. You can find up-to-date logos on this page (subject to change without notice).

Download and exchange the new logos with CUni.eps and/or CUni.pdf .

Q6 : My college's shield/coat of arms/crest is not a vector-based image. Why u no include it?

If you find a distributable vector-based image of your college's shield you can report it as an issue or mail it to contributors directly (refer to question Q1 above).

Q7 : Where can I find extra fonts (like Adobe Sabon, Adobe Utopia etc.)?

The Computer Laboratory provides some .

After you've installed the fonts, add somewhere in the preamble (before \begin{document} ) the following command:

Q8 : How should I count the number of words in my thesis?

There is a page on the Computer Lab's web site. They recommend using this command:

Q9 : How can I change the College Shield?

In thesis.tex use \collegeshield{CollegeShields/<college>} with <college> as your your desired college name, as found in CollegeShields .

Alternatively, \collegeshield{CollegeShields/CUniNoText} can be used to display the University of Cambridge shield design.

Contributors 14

• Python 4.0%
• Makefile 2.4%

LaTeX Document Classes: A Comprehensive Guide

LaTeX document class is an essential aspect of LaTeX, a typesetting system commonly used to produce scientific and mathematical documents due to its excellent support for complex equations and formatting. In LaTeX, the document class defines your document’s overall layout and structure . Here’s a guide on how to use LaTeX document classes:

What is Document Class in LaTeX?

LaTeX provides several document classes, each designed for specific types of documents, such as letter , article , report , book , amsart , thesis , slide , slides , and seminar .

Each of these document classes serves a specific purpose and is equipped with features tailored to the unique requirements of different types of documents.

The document class is declared at the beginning of your LaTeX document using the \documentclass{doctype} command. The argument doctype within the {} is obligatory, representing the class or type of the document.

Basic Document Structure

A minimal LaTeX document typically consists of the following structure:

Replace with the desired document class (e.g., letter , article , report , book , amsart , thesis , slide , slides , seminar ).

Document Classes

The basic syntax for different document classes is as follows.

Default Setting

By default, when using \documentclass{} , the document is formatted to be printed on letter-size paper with 10-point fonts . It is noted that 1 point ≈ 0.0138 inch ≈ 0.3515 mm.

Options for Document Classes

Various user-defined formats for a document can be achieved by specifying different options with \documentclass{} . This is done using the syntax \documentclass[x1, x2, …]{doctype} , where x1 , x2 , etc., within the square brackets [] represent the options. Multiple options can be included in any order, separated by commas . For example, \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article} configures the document class to print an article on A4 paper with 12-point fonts.

Following is a table of standard options for the \documentclass[]{} command:

LaTeX document classes provide a powerful and flexible way to structure and format documents. By choosing the appropriate class and utilizing packages, you can create professional-looking documents for various purposes.

• How to write in LaTeX? Create first Document
• LaTeX vs HTML: A Comprehensive Guide
• Mastering Font Size in LaTeX: A Comprehensive Guide
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• LaTeX vs. BibTeX vs. BibLaTeX: A Comprehensive Guide
• A comprehensive guide on ‘textcomp’ package in LaTeX
• A Comprehensive Guide to the ‘booktabs’ Package in LaTeX
• What are LaTeX Commands?
• LaTeX Tutorial – Beginner’s Guide to LaTeX
• LaTeX Symbols – Comprehensive Guide

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LaTeX document class for LSU theses and dissertations

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To produce LaTeX documents that are reasonably conformant to LSU Grad School requirements for theses and dissertations, our document class “lsuthesis” may be used in place of the standard “book” document class. The separate “lsutitle” package provides helper macros and produces the title page. That package is kept separate from the document class so that one can easily switch to other document classes.

Note: This is the 2022/03/11 version. This is a work-in-progress provided in this preliminary form to assist graduate students with an immediate need.

Document class

• lsuthesis.cls
• lsutitle.sty

To use the template below, you also need the two files above.

• mythesis.tex
• mythesis.pdf

Getting started

For an example of what can be produced, take a look at “mythesis.pdf”. To produce your own thesis or dissertation, download the other three files and modify “mythesis.tex”. More specifically:

• You need access to a TeX/LaTeX environment ;
• Place “mythesis.tex”, “lsuthesis.cls”, “lsutitle.sty” together in a folder;
• Use a text editor to modify “mythesis.tex”;
• Tell your your LaTeX environment to convert your modified “mythesis.tex” into a new “mythesis.pdf”;
• Repeat the last two steps as often as needed.

Debugging conformance issues

When debugging conformance issues, start by comparing your preamble to that of the original “mythesis.tex” from this page. Many conformance issues are not due to the “lsuthesis” document class but instead due to conflicts arising from unnecessary preamble content (particularly macro definitions and \usepackage{...} lines) that the student has copied from somewhere but doesn't actually need.

If you are a math graduate student using these files and receive reports from LSU Grad School over conformance issues that are specific to the document class (e.g., issues with margin sizes or with font sizes or with spacing), please contact Alexander Perlis. The math department also appreciates feedback from other departments and might be able to provide some assistance but ultimately is not responsible for helping students from other departments with the preparation of conformant documents.

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