writing research paper best president

These are the top 25 US presidents, according to historians and biographers (and why you won't find Biden on the list)

• Nearly 100 historians and biographers rated past commanders in chief on 10 leadership qualities.
• Abraham Lincoln was voted the best US president.
• Donald Trump didn't make the top 25 — he's No. 41.

Historians agree: Abraham Lincoln was the best US president.

For C-SPAN's most recent Presidential Historians Survey , conducted in 2021, nearly 100 historians and biographers rated the former US presidents. The survey is released after a sitting president's term, so C-SPAN will likely include President Joe Biden in its next round of the ranking, after he leaves office.

The 2021 C-SPAN survey, which was released after Donald Trump left the White House, measured 10 qualities of presidential leadership : public persuasion, crisis leadership, economic management, moral authority, international relations, administrative skills, relations with Congress, vision, pursued equal justice for all, and performance within the context of his times.

Scores in each category were then averaged, and the 10 categories were given equal weighting in determining the presidents' total scores.

George Washington came in at No. 2, followed by Franklin D. Roosevelt at No. 3. George H. W. Bush ranked at No. 21, beating out his son George W. Bush who came in at No. 29. Other notable commanders in chief included John F. Kennedy at No. 8, Ronald Reagan at No. 9, and Barack Obama at No. 10.

Donald Trump didn't make the top 25 — he ranked at No. 41. Jimmy Carter also missed the top 25, coming in at No. 26.

Here are the top 25 presidents, according to historians surveyed by C-SPAN. The full list can be found here .

25. Grover Cleveland (22nd and 24th president) ranked well for his public persuasion and administrative skills.

Grover Cleveland was the only US president to serve two nonconsecutive terms in office.

24. Calvin Coolidge (30th president) earned strong scores in moral authority and administrative skills.

Coolidge took office after President Warren G. Harding's sudden death in 1923. He gained popularity for his frugality, helping usher the US into a period that became known as "Coolidge prosperity."

23. William Howard Taft (27th president) ranked well for his administrative skills and international relations.

Eight years after his presidency, William Howard Taft became Chief Justice of the US, and is the only person to have held positions in both offices .

22. Andrew Jackson (seventh president) had strong public persuasion during his tenure, according to historians.

Jackson's supporters helped found the Democratic party after he lost the 1824 presidential election, despite getting the popular vote.

21. George H. W. Bush (41st president) ranked high in how he handled international relations.

Bush conducted military operations in Panama and the Persian Gulf during his tenure.

20. Ulysses S. Grant (18th president) ranked well for his public persuasion and international relations.

Ulysses S. Grant led the Union Armies during the American Civil War, ultimately defeating the Confederacy.

19. Bill Clinton (42nd president) ranked high for economic management.

Federal government spending fell during Clinton's presidency, and more jobs were created during his presidency than any other.

18. James K. Polk (11th president) ranked highly for his crisis leadership and administrative skills.

Polk led the US to victory in the two-year Mexican-American War .

17. John Quincy Adams (sixth president) ranked well for his moral authority and relations with other countries.

John Quincy Adams won the 1824 election against Andrew Jackson despite losing the popular and electoral races .

16. James Madison (fourth president) ranked highly for moral authority.

James Madison drafted and helped ratify the Bill of Rights before becoming president.

15. John Adams (second president) ranked highly for his "moral authority."

14. William McKinley Jr. (25th president) ranked highly for his relations with Congress.

With the help of Congress, McKinley passed the Dingley Act, the highest protective tariff in US history.

13. Woodrow Wilson (28th president) ranked highly for his "vision," according to historians.

Wilson led the country during World War I and was instrumental in crafting the League of Nations, a precursor the United Nations.

12. James Monroe (fifth president) ranked highly for his handling of international relations.

The president lent his name to the Monroe Doctrine , which asserted Latin America was under the US's sphere of influence. 

11. Lyndon B. Johnson (36th president) ranked highly for his relations with Congress.

Johnson passed legislation including Medicare and Medicaid programs, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

10. Barack Obama (44th president) ranked highly for his pursuit of equal justice for all.

Obama won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009.

9. Ronald Reagan (40th president) ranked highly for his public persuasion.

Domestically, Reagan is best known for cutting income taxes via two different federal laws: the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 and the Tax Reform Act of 1986. 

8. John F. Kennedy (35th president) ranked highly for public persuasion.

Kennedy became the youngest man and first Catholic elected president .

7. Thomas Jefferson (third president) ranked highly for his relations with Congress and his vision.

Jefferson vastly expanded the US borders through the Louisiana Purchase with France.

6. Harry S. Truman (33rd president) ranked highly for his crisis leadership and his pursued equal justice for all.

Truman took over as president when Franklin Delano Roosevelt died. He led the US through the final stages of World War II .

5. Dwight D. Eisenhower (34th president) ranked highly for his moral authority.

Eisenhower founded NASA and signed a law that would create the Interstate Highway System .

4. Theodore Roosevelt (26th president) ranked highly for his public persuasion.

Mount Rushmore depicts Roosevelt's face, alongside George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln.

3. Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd president) ranked highly for his public persuasion and handling of international relations.

FDR is the only president to have served more than two terms, dying in April 1945 at the start of his fourth term.

2. George Washington (first president) ranks highly for his economic management, moral authority, and performance within the context of his times.

Washington remains the only president to not have been affiliated with a political party during his time in office.

1. Abraham Lincoln (16th president) ranks best for his crisis leadership, administrative skills, vision, and pursued equal justice for all.

History.com calls Lincoln's Gettysburg Address "arguably the most-quoted, most-memorized piece of oratory in American history."

C-SPAN's full list can be found here .

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189 President Essay Topics & Examples

If you’re writing an open letter to the government or trying to analyze some political topics, this page is for you. You will find these President essay examples collected by our team helpful.

🏆 Best President Essay Examples & Topics

👍 good topics to write to the president about, 🔍 great president ideas for research, ✅ interesting topics to write about president, 🎓 simple & easy president essay topics.

• 💡 Most Interesting President Topics to Write about
• President Obama’s Inaugural Speech Analysis In his speech, Obama was seen to take advantage of the significance of that moment to address the Americans’ main concerns.
• Comparison of the U.S. President and the President of Mexico The U.S.president serves as the head of state, the head of the government, the person in charge of the executive arm of the federal government, and he is also one of the two nationally elected […]
• The Egyptian Pharaoh vs. US President Comparison The Pharaoh was each temple’s high priest in Egypt and was the earthly representative of the Egyptian gods. The President is the head of State and does not meddle in Church/ religious affairs.
• Obama vs. Lincoln: Presidents’ Comparison The people of the nation are the first line to be affected with how the president handles the state that is why they are very keen in evaluating the current president.
• Bill Clinton’s Accomplishments as President Besides the record-high surpluses and the record-low poverty rates, the economy could boast the longest economic expansion in history; the lowest unemployment since the early 1970s; and the lowest poverty rates for single mothers, black […]
• President Cleveland Where Are You? He gives the money to his brother who purchases a corsage for Sally and a new black shoe for the dance.
• Dwight D. Eisenhower: World War II Hero and U.S. President In addition to his leading role as a peace and desegregation crusader, prior to his election as the 34th American president and even after his rise to the top seat, Eisenhower was a well known […]
• US President vs. the Canadian Prime Minister As the leader of the executive, the President must appoint the top officials in all of the major federal agencies such as the CIA, NASA, and the Federal Reserve Board.
• Four Freedoms by President Roosevelt Throughout the discussion we shall elaborate the four freedoms in a broader way for better understating; we shall also describe the several measures that were put in place in order to ensure the four freedoms […]
• An Analysis of President Nelson Mandela’s Speech It is of importance to note that in his speech; Mandela was very sincere and direct especially when he was talking about the light that is found within the human soul.
• Wendy’s Restaurant Vice President of Operations New Barkery Company is owned by Wendy’s and is tasked with the responsibility of supplying buns to some of the restaurant’s branches.
• The U.S. President’s Powers During the early years of the inception of the U.S.presidency, presidents had limited executive power. However, a ‘unitary executive’ has helped in increasing the powers of the Executive Office of the President.
• Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford as Presidents In addition to excellent academic performance, Nixon was also the leader of the student’s body in the college. In the Navy, he rose in ranks to a lieutenant commander and served in the pacific especially […]
• “The Qualities of Effective Presidents” by Fred I. Greenstein Finally, Greenstein explains the most influential of these characteristics, emotional intelligence, as having the most profound impact on any administration. Of these six, emotional intelligence is the sleeping giant.
• Ronald Reagan as a President and a Person He was against the ideas of communism, and he thus worked hard to ensure that communism did not find a place in Hollywood.
• Korean President Roh Suicide From Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Perspective According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, self-actualization is the peak of experience when a person reaches understanding and harmony with his/herself and the surrounding people.
• The Impacts of President Lincoln’s Death The impact of the assassination of President Lincoln on Reconstruction is one of the most debated topics in American history. On the other hand, Lincoln’s policy and the fight against slavery became the leading cause […]
• Santa Anna, a Mexican President The President and a history maker originated from a monk a family that gave him the power to be able to control of Mexico.
• Abraham Lincoln Leadership: American Ex-Presidents Abraham Lincoln was a participatory leader, which is described as a style of leadership that encourages individuals and societal systems to change.
• President Hoover’s Role During the Great Depression Although a significant percentage of the causative constituents emanated from the previous government’s economic strategies, President Hoover elevated the conditional outlier.
• Speech by President von Der Leyen at the European Parliament Plenary In the conclusion, she summarized the impact of the invasion on Ukrainians and cemented the speech with a message of hope.
• President Obama’s Justification for Killing bin Laden In Schlag’s opinion, the secrecy of lawyers in working on the legal actions surrounding the plot of Bin Laden’s death raised concerns regarding the justification of his killing.
• Speech of President Abraham Lincoln on Gettysburg Field The Battle of Gettysburg is one of the most significant and well-known not only during the Civil War but also in the entire history of the United States.
• President Biden’s State of the Union Address in 2022 The measures taken to date will help reduce the share of unresolved problems and give some impetus to the development of the well-being of America and its citizens.
• History of the President Power It is essential to note that the president’s power expanded in proportion to the advancement of American society and not because of changes in the Constitution.
• President Franklin Roosevelt’s Acts and Laws Thus, the president managed not only to engage people to participate in the agricultural spectrum but also promoted improvement of the African American, immigrants, and workers conditions.
• President Obama’s Inaugural Address in 2009 First, the inclusion of certain phonological elements such as alliteration, consonance, and assonance works to beautify the language, which causes it to resonate with the listener.’Pounded the pavement’ or ‘picked up the phones’ is an […]
• Inside the President’s War Room Documentary Terrorists aimed two of the planes at the business symbol of New York the World Trade Center towers, and the other two at the Pentagon and, presumably, the White House or the Capitol.
• Progressive Ideology by President Roosevelt In addition, the key role of the progressive lies in addressing the problems of the other, for which reason they are to remain enthusiastic and inspiring under any circumstances.
• The President as a Legitimate Authority Nonetheless, a person has the right to disagree with the policy of the President but must respect him as the head of the country.
• The COVID-19 Bill Proposal by President Biden As the standing committees to introduce the bill to, the budget committees of the House and the Senate will be involved.
• Foreign Policy Actions of Three Presidents George Washington believed that the treaty is beneficial to the United States due to the stabilization of the relationship with England.
• The Contribution of Former U.S. Presidents in Overcoming the Great Depression The Great Depression presents an event in which the U.S.developed progressive leadership policies to improve living standards. Modern politics in the U.S.has caused social divisions similar to the period of Unravelling.
• President Obama’s and Sen. Cruz’s Hanukkah Greetings The speeches reveal that upholding the celebration is an important event in commemorating the justice of redemption of Jerusalem and rededication of the second temple at the beginning of the Maccabean revolt.
• President Roosevelt’s New Deal in Tennessee The United States was in the middle of the Great Depression when Roosevelt was elected. In conclusion, the election of Roosevelt seemed like a solution to the impacts of the Great Depression.
• Avon China President to Persuade the Chinese Government to Lift Ban on Direct Selling In 2008, Avon was the top direct selling company worldwide. The president of Avon made consultation with different stakeholders to remove the ban.
• China Under President Xi Jinping The ascension of President Xi Jinping to the position of general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012 marked the turning point of China’s political and economic reforms.
• A Critique of President Obama’s Administration Position on Contraception The paper comes from the premise that after all contraception is widely used in the US but not all the women can afford the contraceptive.
• President Truman’s National Health Program It is fortunate that the organization failed to achieve its goal and that Truman’s proposal resulted in the creation of medical insurance.
• Stories From the Great Depression: President Roosevelt At the same time, the era of the Great Depression was the time when many Americans resorted to their wit and creativity.
• President as Commander-In-Chief However, the major issue concerning the world today is the fact that most of the armed conflicts are executed beyond the nationally accepted law.
• Barack Obama Made History: The First Black President of the United States In addition to becoming the first black president of the united states, Barack Obama has numerous prominent achievements that will remain the history of the United States.
• President Obama’s Budget Proposal for the United States The budget is also expected to have an expansion of the earned income tax credit for the working poor. Contrary to the above, Republicans argue that raising the tax of the wealthy during a downturn […]
• A Shift From Climate Change Awareness Under New President Such statements raised concerns among American journalists and general population about the future of the organization as one of the main forces who advocated for the safe and healthy environment of Americans and the global […]
• Will Donald Trump Make a Good President? Donald Trump might be a successful businessman and a true patriot, but he lacks the skills and experience to be a good leader of a country and represents opposition to core American values.
• The Three US Presidents Comparison By the mode of office occupancy, I mean, whether the candidate assumed the office by the virtue of being the vice president at the time of the president’s death or whether the candidate was actually […]
• Presidents of the U.S.: The Strongest and the Weakest Thus it is quick to note that during the Abraham Lincoln administration the United States was experiencing the problem of internal crisis of cession which was particularly manifested in the American civil war, his effort […]
• Visit of the United States’ President to India Though both of the articles are on the same exact topic: the historical visit of the United States’ President to India in order to establish mutually beneficial relationships there still are the differences in the […]
• President Obama’s Wall Street Reforms The new “bill stipulates that the amount of fees charged by banks to process debit card transactions need to be realistic and relative to the cost of the transaction”.
• George Washington: The First President of the Great Free Country He was recognized not only as the commander in chief but also as one of the leaders who assisted in crafting the new constitution.
• Intelligence. “For the President’s Eyes Only” by Andrew From chapter 1 to 4 the author talks about the US’s intelligence development starting from the 19th century to the end of the Second World War.
• Interview With E. Morales, First President of Bolivia Morales has defended his close ties with the leaders and insisted that it is for the benefit of his country. The paper thus concludes that though perceived as controversial, Morales is firm and principled in […]
• Histories of American Republican Presidents By the time of his nomination to vie for presidency, Harding was not known to the entire country but only in his State Ohio where he was serving as the Senator.
• James K. Polk: One of the Strongest of All Presidents Polk was forty-nine years old when he entered the presidential office in March, 1845 – the youngest incumbent of the White House up to that time. Hard work was his greatest pleasure in life, and […]
• American Presidents Hostiry Analysis To be precise, the history of the American presidents is far-reaching in different events which further led the country toward success and dominance among other countries of the world.
• Major U.S Presidents From the Republican Party The year 1881 saw the appointment of Chester Alan Arthur as the 21st President of the United States. As a president, Arthur was conscious of the wrangles and divisions in the Republican Party.
• Women Should Be Included in the Military Draft if the President Activates It This means that if there is to be a military draft, whether due to the need of health workers, or the already existing and growing numbers of women in the military, women should definitely be […]
• Republican Presidents Grant, Hayes & Garfield In April 1862 Ulysses Grant was engaged in what was considered to be one of the bloodiest warfare in the history of the United States of America.
• Abraham Lincoln: The 16th U.S. President Having been born in a poor background and the difficulties in life he faced, it is hard to believe that Abraham Lincoln could make it to be one of the most talked-about public figures in […]
• President Griswold and the Elections of 2008 From the excerpt it appears that President Griswold is not able to conceptualize America’s national interest and requires the services of an able advisor.
• President’s Obama Ability to Address Issues In his capacity as the most senior member of the cabinet, the president needs to work together with other members of the executive including the cabinet to formulate policies for the nation.
• The President Ronald Regan Power: The Air Traffic Controller Strike 1981 Realistically, the President may have assessed the ability of the Union in terms of communicating their message and noted that it held no substance, considering the fact that the strike was against the law.
• Interview With Coca-Cola’s Senior Vice President Master in human resources management is considered to be a compulsory background in this field. As a Senior Vice President and Director of human resources management in Coca Cola, I am the person who is […]
• President Obama and Congress on Healthcare System The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between Obama and the congress over the health care plan. Using the power of the media, he is appealing to the voters to maintain his […]
• President Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Additionally, Barack Obama’s inauguration speech was under a much greater microscope; Kennedy had television, radio, and newspapers to report his words; Obama’s words are under the scrutiny of the aforementioned media sources, in addition to […]
• President Barack Obama’s Job Performance He has proven to be a president who listens to the logic and needs of his constituents. He has shown the world that as the new image of America, he is not to be feared […]
• The Murder of President Kennedy From the information received from the Warren inquiry and the Committee on murders, the President was shot from the upper back.
• President Lyndon Johnson: Works Review Johnson’s war on poverty started in the year1964 as he requested the members of the senate to pass a tax reduction law and the economic opportunity act.
• Do the Americans Expect Much of the President Today? She suggests that regardless of people’s thoughts of the president in terms of his history trace, or his policies, the majority of the people are optimistic that he will have the appropriate machinery to bring […]
• Arrogant Americans, Mr. President? Indeed, my nation stands tall above the rest because of the way we value life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, frowning upon those who wish to trample upon the most basic rights of these […]
• President Bush’s Tax Cut Policies The impact of the tax cuts on the high-income households, the middle-income households and the low-income households have been assessed. Taylor argues that the tax cut policies of President Bush have minimized the amount of […]
• American History: Presidents Starting From Roosevelt This was all ongoing during the Cold War against the Soviet Union and a part of the strategy was to create the National Security Act of 1947 and this Act gave birth to the CIA […]
• Obama or Mccain: President of the United States in 2008 Here is a summary of the biggest differences likely to crop up when the candidates meet for debate: Iraq problem: McCain, himself being an ex-serviceman was an enthusiastic supporter of the Iraq invasion, and continues […]
• Can a Woman Be Elected President of United States? Those who support the idea of having a female president in United States argue that: if American was to have a woman a for a president then every thing would change since this would mean […]
• President’s Training & Development Recommendations In any training and development, there are important things that a person has to keep in mind this is because like the training of a president it is the role of a person to ensure […]
• Inauguration of President Barack Obama on 2009 He smiled and waved to the audience, he was confident in correcting the Chief Justice during the oath and he was strong in his speech speaking of what has been done wrong in the past […]
• How the Election of Barack Obama as the U.S. President Will Affect America’s Racial Issues The election of Barack Obama, an African-American to the highest seat in the nation is one big leap of a lifetime, an advancement that has not been even in the wildest dream of the world.
• 2008 U.S. Election History Review: The First African American Elected President The election of Barack Obama as the 44th president of the United States was a historic event in the life of the American republic.
• Canadian-American Relations: Presidents Nixon and Ford The defense policies of Canada and America have differed for instance; disputes arose due to the Vietnam War, the Iraq war, the status of Cuba, and the war on terrorism.
• Obama, the First US Black President: Is Racism Over? The blacks have fought long and hard for their right to be elected to the highest office in the land and having the white man entrust that most important position in the free world to […]
• Constitutional Roles of Italian and German Presidents The President of the Italian Republic is the head of the State and represents the unity of the Nation. He or she is intended to represent national unity rather than a particular political tendency in […]
• Abdul Kalam: The People’s President of India Before his expression as India’s leader, he regarded himself as an engineering prophet and was awarded India’s superior civilian honor Bharat Ratna in 1997 for his work with DRDO and his position as a scientific […]
• The Next President of the United States I feel that in view of the present circumstances in which the USA is going through in terms of the high incidence of terrorism, education needs, the delicate economic situation, social security, and healthcare needs, […]
• Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson But, it was also felt that Stanton’s removal was not in best practices by the President.and he was reinstated as Secretary of War.
• Barack Obama as the Next President of the USA The real estate foreclosures, affected by the current crisis of the banking system, make way for imminent trouble in the 2008 Election as the conflict between the homeowners and foreclosed properties takes a clash.
• Ms. Dana Perino Conference With President Bush: Armenians Genocide To the journalists, the president did not consider the bill of the Armenian Genocide Resolution to be the right response to the historic mass killings and exiling of many of the many Armenians.
• Responsibilities of the President in Foreign Policy While both the President and Congress share responsibility for the foreign policy, the share of the former is larger than the latter and the gravity of the responsibility is […]
• Presidents Misdeeds: Ethics and Critical Thinking The same applies to what is right and what is wrong that is what is right or wrong differs from individual to individual, group to group, society to society.
• President Bush and United States Congress The major program that President Bush is seeking to do in order to advance is to comply with some of the proposed positions of the above factors.
• William McKinley: The 25th President of the US William McKinley was the 25th President of the United States elected to the office in the 1896 election. Returning to Ohio in 1891, McKinley was elected to the office of the governor, Ohio.
• F. D. Roosevelt and L. B. Johnson: USA Presidents It provided a relief to the needy people in the society through the creation of employment opportunities, and improvement on agriculture.
• What Does A President Really Do All Day? Those are the duties of the American president and that, I feel, is what he or she should be attending to all day whether in the White House.
• Harvard President Larry Summers’ Controversial Speech The coverage of this issue by the media could be a perfect example of episodic framing which effectively analyzes the event that helps to fully bring out the issue at hand which is the provocative […]
• Vice President in the Political System of the USA This means that the powers in the country are divided between the three branches executive, legislative and judicial, and the President of the United States is considered to be the head of the country.
• President’s Power in Supreme Court Cases The Humphrey’s case and the Myers case test the powers of the president of the United States to hire and fire individuals at will.
• Woman as a President: Shock for the Society In midst of high-budget and long political campaigns, one of the hottest questions that are rolling down is the chances of the first female president in the political history of the United States.
• Barack Obama: The First Black President Ever His contribution to debates in the Congress and the introduction of very trivial bills shows that he has a knack for democracy and he holds the wishes of the ordinary American citizen deep in his […]
• Leader Skills of Presidents of the United States Modern-day politics in America revolves around the presidential republic whereby the President of the United States has most of the power as the head of state, government as well as the electoral system and the […]
• Leadership Influence Processes: Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and Presidents The purpose of this paper is to apply the concept of influence processes to three leaders who adopt diverse styles to transform performance.
• The President’s Czars: Undermining Congress and the Constitution Rozell “The President’s Czars: Undermining Congress and the Constitution,” which elaborates a comprehensive definition of a czar, offers a history of the phenomenon, and provides analysis of the matter. The major part of the book […]
• What Is a Successful President? In order to govern efficiently and promote policy for the betterment of the country and its residents, a president must not only follow a specific political ideological agenda but rather display empathy, open-mindedness, integrity, and […]
• Is America Ready to Elect the First Female President? The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the current willingness of American society to elect a woman as the U.S.president. However, the major part of the society subsequently considers the idea of a […]
• President Trump’s Impeachment: For and Against Trump has been the target of a probe that tried to check the claim that his presidential campaign collaborated with the Russian government to interfere in the 2016 election until the middle of 2019.
• Georges Clemenceau’s Letter and President Wilson’s Fourteen Points Speech That is why Germany has a massive responsibility for World War I, and it is precisely thanks to the policy of intimidation, espionage, deception, and tyranny that post-war Germany inspired fear and anxiety for the […]
• Turnover Rate at President Trump’s White House The meme was inspired by a series of appointments and quick dismissals from the office that followed numerous politicians during Trump’s time in the office.
• President Trump’s Impact on Economy However, it is of high importance to analyze how practices and policies, implemented by the president, has impacted the economy of the nation. In conclusion, it should be stated that, based on the current policies […]
• Presidents’ Power Over Judiciary in the US The essay will prove that today, the level of polarization and the increase in the politicization of the judicial system has changed the freedom of autonomy the judiciary once enjoyed.
• President Eisenhower. “Ike’s Final Battle” by Pipes It explains one of the most critical events in the history of the United States the Little Rock fight, which has become a turning point in the struggle for racial equality and desegregation.
• George Bush: President of the USA The President of the USA is one of the most influential persons in the world.and all his actions and words are given great attention.
• President Ronald Reagan vs. Premier Mikhail Gorbachev In his second term, he capitalized on strengthening the US foreign missions by bombing Libya, ending the Cold War, and oversaw the weakening of the Soviet Union.
• Presidents of the US: Absolute Power The organizational theory implies that all executive body has to be in the hands of the president. In this case, the unitary executive theory is of help to the president of the United States.
• President’ Policy Decisions in the USA Some of the gun control laws are in the Gun Control Act 1968 and the National Firearms Act 1934. Shootings in the recent past informed the decisions of most Americans to advocate for strong and […]
• President Obama’s State of the Union Speeches In this case, the political stream is the concern of the public about the environmental problems and the use of dirty energy.
• Vladimir Putin: President’s Success What also inspires me, in respect to how modern Russia positions itself in the arena of international politics, is that it does not bow to the foreign pressure to allow the representatives of sexual minorities […]
• The Best American Presidents From 1824-1865 As a president, he successfully relocated the native Indian tribes living in the Southeast of the Mississippi river to the Southwest.
• President Nixon’s Impeachment After the Watergate Incident For that matter, it is crucial to argue that President Nixon could have been impeached due to his illegal deeds and the misuse of the presidential office.
• President’s Power and Executive Orders This order demonstrates the original ideology of Trump’s presidential campaign as it reveals the focus on national businesses and the opposition to foreign workers. According to the officials, this EO was not acting in line […]
• Law Enforcement Trends and President’s Policies The first trend implies the improvement of various partnerships between the national police and other community organizations. The use of force by the police was discussed at the professional and public debate event.
• The Puerto Rico Crisis and the President’s Role The primary purpose of the article is to outline the responses to Trump’s posts on social media criticizing the relief efforts undertaken by the Puerto Rican officials.
• US President’s Office and Congress Power Relation Any kind of talk regarding the power relation between the Office of the President and the U.S. The gulf that separates the Presidency and Congress was by design, in accordance with the legal requirements stated […]
• President’s Day in the United States Then and Now Today, however, more people are referring to the holiday as the President’s Day, highlighting the fact that it honors not just George Washington, but also every person who has been the head of the United […]
• Struggle for Democracy: President Interview In a recent episode of the 60 Minutes, Lesley Stahl mentioned some of the problems on the tip of the tongue of many Americans, addressing the pillars that the American political system had been founded […]
• President Wilson’s Fourteen Principles Wilson’s 14 points were a set of principles proposed by President Woodrow to end the First World War and to mitigate the recurrence of similar wars in the future.
• Why Franklin Delano Roosevelt Was Most Popular Presidents? His administration left a lasting mark on the history of the American people because of the way he handled the two largest threats to the world’s stability namely the Second World War and the Great […]
• Did President Obama Save the Auto Industry? As a result of all the failure, such industry giants as General Motors and Chrysler were unable to pay their bills, and to avoid a collapse had to plead for the government’s help.
• President Johnson in the Civil Rights Movement The problem of gay and lesbian rights appeared to be rather challenging and disruptive to the society. They include hippies and other social layers that were not eager to change things while others were trying […]
• Egypt’s Presidents and Their Contribution The contribution of leadership style of each of the presidents to the economy of the country will be identified and then discussed in detail with an effort of isolating its strengths, and weaknesses.
• Growth of the US President Office The establishment of the office of the president by the United State’s Constitution towards the end of the 1780s marked a significant milestone in the country’s history.
• President Barrack Obama 2013 Inaugural Speech He asserts that the process of inaugurating a president is part and parcel of the constitutional order to elevate the status and sovereignty of a nation.
• Remarks by the President on National Security The article explains why the United States should be part of the world. The article rejects the use of these means of interrogation.
• President Bill Clinton Speech Critique The president begins his speech by thanking the governor of Oklahoma and acknowledging the families of the bereaved as well as the people of Oklahoma.
• Andrew Jackson: The 7th U.S. President He was the seventh president of the USA between the years 1829 and 1837. The southern region mainly practiced farming and became the producers of raw material for the northern frontier that was industrialized.
• All the President’s Men However, the reality in All the President’s Men is depicted vividly and completely, and it is possible to speak about the successful representation of the documentary facts in the context of the highly artistic work.
• Kenyan Presidential Elections The final results of the exercise were never released after the transparency of the tallying process was compromised. Kibaki and Raila agreed to share power on a 50-50 basis, with the former retaining the post […]
• Dwight Eisenhower: The 34th U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower was the 34th president of the United States born in 1890 in Denison, Texas. Dwight Eisenhower served as the president of the United States at a time when achieving tranquility and affluence was […]
• Donald Trump: His Political Course and Contribution as a President Donald Trump was the fourth child in the family, and alongside his siblings, he was raised to be inconceivably ambitious and hard-working, with the belief he was “destined for greatness as a king”.
• President Clinton’s Impeachment Investigation and charges The events that led to the investigation of Clinton began when Clinton was still the governor of Arkansas.
• President Barack Obama’s Healthcare Reforms It is important to note that healthcare is one of the basic human needs in the world and specifically in the United States of America.
• Has President Obama’s Presidency Changed the US? Obama’s Presidency and Transformation of the US From the time the US acquired its independence, all presidents of the United States of America have had their failures and successes in terms of changing the nation.
• The President’s and Congressional Committees’ Responsibilities Regarding National Security Policy The restraints of power have both positive and negative consequences on the US national security establishment, complicating the decision making as to the country’s involvement into Iraq, Iran and North Korea issues, causing the disagreements […]
• Presidents Eisenhower and Johnson: the Civil Rights Movement The social historians have managed to cogently present the politics that surrounded the civil rights movement. The movement also managed to gain the support of the aims of government, the executive, legislature, and even the […]
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• Organizational Learning: Improving Employee Performance It is also important to note that success of learning and development as well as change in corporate behavior greatly depends on self-efficacy.
• Division of Power Between Congress and the President The national security planning is mainly the responsibility of the executive branch under the chairmanship of the president, The National Security Council and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
• President Obama’s Higher Education Agenda Higher education in the United States of America has been dwindling for the last few years. He has been reinstating that economy of the United States of America relies heavily on education.
• American History Analysis. Reflecting on the Life of President Reagan Reflecting on the life of President Reagan, this book, written in prose form defines the thoughts of President Reagan on various aspects of America from the social, political, security, and the need for appreciation of […]
• Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American It discusses the individual perceptions, learning theories, and how to leverage on the value of self efficacy to ensure a holistic success in the management of the organization Individual perception is a psychological term that […]
• President Reagan’s Thoughts on Abortion In prochoice view, the rights and happiness of the mother supersedes the need to protect the life of the unborn child.
• Reconstruction: Presidents Lincoln and Johnson The reconstruction took place in three phases namely the Presidential reconstruction of 1863-1866, Radical reconstruction of 1866-1873 and the redemption of 1873-1877.
• President Obama’s National Export Initiative The conclusion will offer the author’s own opinion about the export initiative The proposed strategy that the National Exports Initiative is expected to follow has the following steps: 1) The government is to provide the […]
• Republican Presidents Theodore Roosevelt & Taft And so he set out to work as the president of the United States consequently becoming known as one of the vigorous presidents that the country had ever had.
• President Obama’s Duties as the American CEO in His Second Term As the president and the chief executive of the United States, President Obama, under the federal constitution, is granted the powers to execute the laws, to appoint key federal officials and to grant pardons as […]
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• What Can the U.S. President Do to Help or Hinder the Economy and Thus the Well-Being?
• Analysis of Media Coverage of President Obama’s Activities
• Egyptian President Anwar Al-Sadat
• Lifespan & Personality: Towards Explaining President Barrack Obama’s Personality Traits
• Role and Powers of Presidents
• Avoiding Power Abuse: When the Actions of the President Have to Be Restricted by the Congress
• The Vietnam War: Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy Leadership Roles
• Politics in America: President and Congress
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• How Can You Explain John Quincy Adam’s Great Success as Secretary of State and His Relative Lack of Success as President?
• The Effects of Three American Presidents’ Administrations on Immigrants’ Families
• The American President Thomas Jefferson
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• Critical Analysis of Document 28-1 President Lyndon B. Johnson Describes the Great Society and Document 30-4 President Ronald Reagan Defends American Morality
• Does the Vice Presidency Have Power Because the Office Has Grown or Because Power Is Tendered by the Sitting President?
• Why Was Andrew Jackson One of the Best Presidents?
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• Government Spending and Tax Legislation Signed by the President
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• Fiscal Policies by President Barrack Obama
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• Twentieth Century President
• Top Ranking U.S. Presidents
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IvyPanda . "189 President Essay Topics & Examples." March 2, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/president-essay-topics/.

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109 President Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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As a student, one of the most common assignments you may encounter in your academic career is writing an essay on a president. Whether it'''s for a history class, a political science course, or a current events assignment, writing about a president can be a rewarding and educational experience.

To help you get started on your essay, we'''ve compiled a list of 109 president essay topic ideas and examples. These topics cover a wide range of presidents, time periods, and themes, so you'''re sure to find something that interests you. From discussing the leadership style of a specific president to analyzing the impact of their policies on society, there are countless ways to approach writing an essay on a president.

Here are some president essay topic ideas and examples to inspire your writing:

• The leadership style of Abraham Lincoln
• The impact of Franklin D. Roosevelt'''s New Deal on the Great Depression
• The foreign policy of John F. Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis
• The legacy of Ronald Reagan'''s presidency
• The impeachment of Bill Clinton
• The role of the president in times of national crisis
• The impact of social media on presidential communication
• The relationship between the president and the media
• The role of the president in shaping public opinion
• The legacy of Barack Obama'''s presidency
• The impact of George Washington'''s Farewell Address
• The presidency of Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Era
• The impact of Lyndon B. Johnson'''s Great Society programs
• The role of the president in times of war
• The impact of Richard Nixon'''s Watergate scandal
• The presidency of Harry S. Truman and the decision to drop the atomic bomb
• The role of the president in shaping economic policy
• The impact of Woodrow Wilson'''s Fourteen Points on the Treaty of Versailles
• The presidency of Jimmy Carter and the Iran hostage crisis
• The relationship between the president and Congress
• The impact of Andrew Jackson'''s presidency on Native American tribes
• The role of the president in promoting civil rights
• The impact of George W. Bush'''s response to 9/11
• The presidency of Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase
• The role of the president in shaping environmental policy
• The impact of Dwight D. Eisenhower'''s presidency on the Cold War
• The presidency of John Adams and the Alien and Sedition Acts
• The relationship between the president and the Supreme Court
• The impact of Herbert Hoover'''s response to the Great Depression
• The presidency of James Madison and the War of 1812
• The role of the president in shaping healthcare policy
• The impact of William McKinley'''s presidency on imperialism
• The presidency of James Monroe and the Monroe Doctrine
• The relationship between the president and the military
• The impact of Gerald Ford'''s pardon of Richard Nixon
• The presidency of James Polk and the Mexican-American War
• The role of the president in shaping education policy
• The impact of John Quincy Adams''' presidency on foreign policy
• The presidency of Ulysses S. Grant and Reconstruction
• The relationship between the president and the intelligence community
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln'''s Emancipation Proclamation
• The presidency of Franklin Pierce and the Kansas-Nebraska Act
• The role of the president in shaping immigration policy
• The impact of John F. Kennedy'''s New Frontier
• The presidency of Andrew Johnson and the impeachment trial
• The relationship between the president and the Department of Justice
• The impact of Ronald Reagan'''s economic policies
• The presidency of Millard Fillmore and the Compromise of 1850
• The role of the president in shaping energy policy
• The impact of Harry S. Truman'''s decision to desegregate the military
• The presidency of Grover Cleveland and the Panic of 1893
• The relationship between the president and the Department of Defense
• The impact of Bill Clinton'''s welfare reform policies
• The presidency of James Garfield and civil service reform
• The role of the president in shaping trade policy
• The impact of Theodore Roosevelt'''s trust-busting policies
• The presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes and the end of Reconstruction
• The relationship between the president and the Department of Homeland Security
• The impact of George H.W. Bush'''s foreign policy decisions
• The presidency of Chester A. Arthur and civil service reform
• The role of the president in shaping transportation policy
• The impact of Andrew Jackson'''s Bank War
• The presidency of Benjamin Harrison and the Sherman Antitrust Act
• The relationship between the president and the Department of Education
• The impact of Calvin Coolidge'''s economic policies
• The presidency of Martin Van Buren and the Panic of 1837
• The role of the president in shaping housing policy
• The impact of Warren G. Harding'''s Teapot Dome scandal
• The presidency of William Howard Taft and the Progressive Era
• The relationship between the president and the Department of Agriculture
• The impact of John Tyler'''s annexation of Texas
• The presidency of Zachary Taylor and the Compromise of 1850
• The role of the president in shaping labor policy
• The impact of Millard Fillmore'''s opening of Japan to trade
• The presidency of William McKinley and the Spanish-American War
• The relationship between the president and the Department of Labor
• The impact of James Garfield'''s assassination
• The presidency of Grover Cleveland and the Pullman Strike
• The role of the president in shaping social welfare policy
• The impact of Benjamin Harrison'''s signing of the Sherman Antitrust Act
• The presidency of James Buchanan and the secession crisis
• The relationship between the president and the Environmental Protection Agency
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln'''s Gettysburg Address
• The presidency of Zachary Taylor and the California Gold Rush
• The role of the president in shaping criminal justice policy
• The impact of James Madison'''s War of 1812
• The presidency of John Tyler and the annexation of Texas
• The relationship between the president and the Federal Reserve
• The impact of Martin Van Buren'''s Panic of 1837
• The presidency of William Henry Harrison and the Whig Party
• The role of the president in shaping technology policy
• The impact of John Quincy Adams''' presidency on internal improvements
• The presidency of James Polk and the Oregon Treaty
• The relationship between the president and the National Security Council
• The impact of William Henry Harrison'''s death on the presidency
• The presidency of Franklin Pierce and the Gadsden Purchase
• The role of the president in shaping foreign aid policy
• The impact of James Monroe'''s Monroe Doctrine
• The presidency of Andrew Jackson and the Trail of Tears
• The relationship between the president and the United Nations
• The impact of John Adams''' presidency on the Alien and Sedition Acts
• The role of the president in shaping the space program
• The impact of James Madison'''s presidency on the War of 1812
• The presidency of James Monroe and the Missouri Compromise
• The relationship between the president and the World Bank
• The presidency of Andrew Jackson and the Bank War
• The role of the president in shaping international trade policy

These president essay topic ideas and examples are just a starting point for your research and writing. Feel free to explore different angles, perspectives, and arguments as you delve into the history and legacy of past presidents. Good luck with your essay!

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122 President Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on president, 💡 simple president essay titles, 👍 good president research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting president research titles, 🌶️ hot president ideas to write about.

• Barack Obama Inauguration Speech 2009: Analysis
• President’s Speech on the High Levels of Corruption
• Presidents Clinton, Bush, and Obama Comparison
• President Reagan’s Address to the National Association of Evangelicals
• Was President Obama Legally Justified in Executing Operation Geronimo?
• The President Roosevelt’s New Deal Programs
• President’s Day: History of the Holiday
• President Biden: Executive Leadership Style A distinct executive leadership style is what sets a leader apart from previous and future leaders. Biden’s executive leadership style is closer to Carter’s than Regan’s.
• President Obama’s Legal Authorization on Operation Geronimo President Obama had the legal authority to order Operation Geronimo and the execution of the plan. Research by Salway establishes that after September 11, 2001.
• President Obama’s Legal Authority to Order Operation Geronimo The paper states that as a lawful representative of the American government and people, President Obama has the right to command Operation Geronimo.
• President Roosevelt’s New Deal Program Critics Three famous critics of Roosevelt’s New Deal program were Dr. Francis E. Townsend, Huey Long, and Upton Sinclair.
• Mysteries about President John F. Kennedy Assassination The paper seeks to discuss the aspect that the gunman was not alone, the magic bullet that shot JFK and the reasons why the CIA kept the events of that day as a secret.
• President Obama and Legal Authority on the Operation Geronimo To discuss whether President Obama had the legal authority to carry out the operation, this essay examines the limits of the jurisdiction of the President.
• In Support of President Obama’s Operation Geronimo Operation Neptune Spear, otherwise known as Operation Geronimo, was a CIA-led operation carried out on May 2, 2011, intended to kill Osama Bin Laden.
• Bill Clinton and His Activities as President Bill Clinton achieved several impressive accomplishments that brought about considerable improvements within the country, but he was also responsible for spawning several controversies.
• President Bill Clinton’s Biography President Clinton’s eight-year term as the president of the United States of America was certainly the most concurrently contentious and effective presidency in America’s history.
• American Presidents: John F. Kennedy’s Biography This paper discusses about the life of John F Kennedy, from his childhood till his assassination. This includes his educational background, interested activities he had done.
• The President’s Task Force on 21st-Century Policing The President’s task force on 21st-century policing was assigned to identify and recommend the most appropriate policing practices that can enhance public trust and reduce crime.
• “Ranking the Presidents on Peace, Prosperity, and Liberty” by Ivan Eland The author opines that presidential ranking must be based on their adherence to the constitution they swore to defend when taking the oath of office.
• President Joe Biden’s Effective Leadership The most important part for President Joe Biden is to be a more effective leader. It includes improving the most valuable things for all populations and social classes.
• “Murder of a President”: Analysis of Documentary After watching the documentary about President Garfield, I believe that he could have become one of the greatest presidents of the United States.
• First Female President of the United States The American public may be ready to have a first female president, it is uncertain whether the structural limitations in gender inequality will allow for the change to occur.
• Donald Trump’s President Impeachment Considering the impeachment accusations Donald Trump has made a plethora of questionable decisions and actions which led to doubt concerning his legitimacy as a president.
• Donald Trump’s Qualities of the Best President The qualities that make Donald Trump the best president are confidence, negotiating skills, and clear priorities.
• President Obama’s United Nations General Assembly Speech President Obama is critiqued and praised as an exemplar of liberalism in international relations. His approach can also be viewed as an expression of Constructivist thinking.
• Was President Obama Legally Justified in Executing Operation Geronimo? The decision of President Obama concerning the execution of Operation Geronimo was legally justified. Osama bin Laden would not surrender peacefully.
• President Obama’s Authority in Operation Geronimo This paper holds that President Obama had the legal authority to order Operation Geronimo and execute the plan because he was the commander in chief of the military.
• President Jefferson’s Land Deal The act of President Johnson purchasing the Louisiana territory was an act of hypocrisy because it contravened the rule of law which is the foundation of democracy.
• James Madison: American Ex-Presidents James Madison was the fourth President of the United States and made a significant contribution to the development of the country.
• Andrew Jackson: The President of the Common Men Andrew Jackson represented the new generation of the political leadership of the United States: his presidency is a period known as the Era of The Common Man.
• Inflation, Oil Prices, and How the President May Influence Them Inflation and oil prices are actual modern themes, as they are directly connected with the incomes and wealth of most people.
• K-Pop Stans as a Threat to the President The paper describes how the tickets for the 2020 Donald Trump presidential campaign rally were sold out to a group of people that had no intention of coming.
• President Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms Speech Analysis The paper analyzes President Roosevelt’s 1941 State of the Union Address, focusing on his “Four Freedoms” postulates, and discussing the impact of the speech on US development.
• President Obama’s Actions Regarding Operation Geronimo Despite the existence of opinions that Obama did not have the legal authority to conduct the Geronimo operation, the rules of law were complied with.
• President James K. Polk’s Policies and Goals Polk’s presidency was most remarkable for the westward expansion of the American land achieved after the Mexican-American war.
• President Wilson and European War President Wilson wanted to avoid plunging the United States into a lengthy and costly conflict that would have little benefit for American interests.
• Bill Clinton’s Place Among American Ex-Presidents Despite the scandals accompanying the presidency of Bill Clinton, he played a significant role in the country’s life during his time.
• Opposition to the Soviet Union in President Truman’s Foreign Policy Harry Truman became President of America at the end of WWII, and during his term, he went through several wars and post-war reconstruction.
• President Obama’s Operation Geronimo President Obama had full authority to order and execute the operation due to Osama bin Laden being a global threat, a non-state terrorist, and an active military combatant.
• President Roosevelt’s Civilian Conservation Corps Program President Roosevelt’s Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a work relief program, was an opportunity for millions of young and unemployed Americans in the 1930s.
• Book “The President’s Address” by Johnson An essay is based on Malcolm X’s book “The President’s Address” by Johnson. The paper incorporates the chosen quotations that are smartly used.
• President Harry S. Truman: Lessons America Made President Harry S. Truman made a significant mistake that changed the way governments conduct themselves during conflicts and attach rivals during wars.
• “President Barack Obama” and “First Lady Michelle Obama” This paper examines “President Barack Obama” and “First Lady Michelle Obama” paintings, their relationship with creation time, and the corresponding culture.
• Presidents Donald Trump and Andrew Jackson When it comes to the discussion of the U.S. presidency, with the election of every new president, his policies are compared to those characteristics of other presidents.
• President’s Power to Affect National Policy: The Case of Abortion Probably, none of the important and controversial policies can be implemented without the participation of the country’s chief executive.
• Abraham Lincoln: The Best President of the 19th Century Lincoln is considered by many people the best president of the 19th century because of what he accomplished and how he achieved it.
• President Obama and Operation Geronimo The paper discusses President Barack Obama’s authority to plan and execute operation “Geronimo” to seize bin Laden, leading to the terrorist death.
• President Obama Did Have Authority to Order Operation Geronimo It has been ten years since the death of the most dangerous terrorist. There is hardly anyone who has pitied the person responsible for the killing of so many innocent people.
• Nelson Mandela: Before Prisoner, Beyond President In order to properly analyze the role of Mandela in the development of South African and Africa in general, it is of paramount importance to overview his biography.
• How the Electoral College Selects the President Unlike other elections, whereby people choose their preferred aspirants directly by popular voting, the voters select the president through their electors in the Electoral College.
• The U.S President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief The overall mission of the U.S President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is to consider the populace living with HIV/AIDS all over the globe.
• A Letter to the President: What Would It Take? The paper analyzes writers of letters to the president need to address the concerns of middle-income Americans.
• Irresponsible Leadership and Moral Conviction of the US President This article is useful in assessing the individual traits of former President Trump concerning a moral conviction for inciting insurrection as accused by political opponents.
• President Bush’s Judicial Nominations The presidential judicial nominations made by President Bush earned him a long-lasting legacy in American law history and had far-reaching effects on individual rights.
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan as the Most Outstanding American Presidents Reagan spearheaded the New Deal introduced by Roosevelt; both leaders embraced social reforms. In 1932, Reagan voted for Roosevelt.
• The New Deal Program of President Franklin Roosevelt Adopted by the administration of President Franklin Roosevelt, the New Deal program was aimed at rebuilding the country after the Great Depression.
• The Presidents of the United States in History Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) was a spokesman who wrote the Declaration of Independence and the law that established religious freedom.
• The President’s and Congress’s Powers Regarding Using Military Forces The powers of the US President consist of the powers admitted by Article II of the US Constitution, powers accepted by Acts of Congress, and, besides, there is soft power.
• Analysis of President George W. Bush’s Speech to the Nation on 9/11 Shortly after the events of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center towers on 11/9/2001, President George W. Bush addressed the American population with a speech.
• Why the US Has Never Had a Female President Throughout the history of the US, there has been no woman selected as President, while many have run for the position.
• Congress and the President: Contemporary Activities and Contradictions Among the fundamental principles of the American state is the separation of powers. But still the level of conflict between the president and Congress quite remains high.
• President Trump and the Special Coronavirus Taskforce The pandemic might cease and the situation may normalize or there may be a rebound in the fall, but Trump’s political ambitions remain unscathed.
• US President William McKinley Assassination: Research The murder of William McKinley, the 25th President of the United States of America, took place on September 6, 1901, when he was shot and received a lethal wound.
• President Jackson and Actions Against Natives The rights and opportunities of Native Americans have been one of the issues for discussion in the USA for centuries, since their reluctance to assimilate harmed Americans and the states’ economy.
• John F. Kennedy as the First Modern President John F. Kennedy is perceived by many as the first modern president in the history of the United States of America and the whole world.
• Education Policy by President Barack Obama Barack Obama and Joe Bidden’s education policy is based on the fact that American children cannot stand any more neglect and indifference in their education system.
• Ronald Reagan: USA President Ronald Reagan the communist, the transformer and a conservative, and the second long-lived president of the United States was a great leader.
• American Congress, President, and the Supreme Court In performing duties, Congress must keep in mind the interests of the people to ensure that the policies they make serve the best interest of the public.
• The Rights of the President of the United States of America The president of the United States of America is entrusted with various powers through which he should act accordingly in ensuring fairness within his governance.
• Relationship Between a President’s Leadership and Campaign Styles This paper will try to investigate the relationship between the leadership styles of a president and his/her campaign styles.
• Barrack Obama’s First Speech as the US President This writing highlights some of the key issues that Barrack Obama the president of the United States of America talked about in his first Speech as the President of the US.
• Political President Campaign: Developing Strategies A campaign manager, who is developing a program for a candidate running for president, should consider such factors as the interests of the party that the candidate represents etc.
• How to Becoming a President of the US Becoming a president of the US can be one of the most demanding. This is because of various constitutional, legislative and political interests.
• The Rationale and Impact of President George W. Bush’s ‘Axis of Evil’ Speech in January 2002 In this speech, President Bush made it clear that North Korea, Iran and Iraq are dangerous enemies of the United States.
• President Harry S Truman and the Bomb Truman’s achievements are many, his presidency will always be associated primarily with the atomic bomb since he is the only leader – so far – to authorize the use of nuclear weapons.
• Impact of the President’s Budget Fiscal Year 2009 in United States The essay aims to answer the question “Does The President’s Budget Fiscal Year 2009 would make a good impact on the states?”.
• Andrew Jackson, the President of the US The great president of America, Andrew Jackson was born in a backwoods settlement in the Carolinas in 1767. He was the 7th president of America.
• The Presidency of Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States Carter has not performed well as a president, but as the initiator of perspective political actions, he deserves a lot of respect.
• Recommendations for the Vice President of Claire’s Antiques This paper will include an analysis of the role of performance measures in an organization and a proposal of two recommendations for the Vice President of Claire’s Antiques.
• Future US President: Arguments & Critical Thinking One of the greatest arguments is taking place today in the United States. The argument centers around who will be the running mates of Barack Obama and John McCain.
• Positive Effects of the War of 1812 for the USA. The Role of President Jackson in the History The neutral rights of Americans had been adversely violated by Great Britain. This marked when sailors of American origin were made to join the Royal Navy.
• African-American President’s Influence on Black Community Obama’s president position affected the community as a direct consequence. So, one could raise a hypothesis that his presidentship changed African-Americans in several fields.
• Have the Trade Policies of President Donald Trump Increased the Competitiveness of the USA? Donald Trump’s presidency is marked with a number of contradictory policies, some of which concern trade. This paper will analyse whether Trump’s trade policies have increased the competitiveness of the USA.
• Five Presidents: My Extraordinary Journey With Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford Carter pushed through the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax, a domestic energy package meant to fund the energy sector and make the U.S. more self-reliable.
• The Future of President Assad’s Regime and Syria From the research conducted in this paper, it is clear that the future of Assad’s regime is secure, but that of Syria, as a country, is doomed.
• President George Bush’s Economic Policies This paper examines the objective monetary policies implemented by the Federal Bank and specific economic conditions as well as fiscal policies adopted by President Bush.
• President Reagan’s Impact on Foreign Policy The remarkable leadership qualities of Ronald Reagan allowed him to formulate domestic policies that righted a sinking ship and his foreign policies made America the sole superpower in the late 20th century.
• Ronald Reagan – President of the United States of America Ronald Reagan, who is regarded as the greatest communicator of all time, was the 40th president of the United States of America.
• President Obama’s Fallacy in Abortion Arguments There is a need for more states in the United States to embrace policies that protect the lives, especially by limiting the number of abortions.
• Donald Trump: Our Unpresidential President Nowadays, there are many people worldwide who are eager to discuss the behavior of the current US President, Donald Trump.
• Why Bernie Sanders Should Be President? Bernie Sanders is an American politician and a candidate for the Democratic nomination who wants to run for the President of the United States in the forthcoming election.
• President Trump’s Inaugural Address Political speeches appear to provide gripping material for analysis. One of the recent speeches is Trump’s inaugural address.
• President Obama’s Style of Leadership Obama’s administrative policies have influenced the economic stability of higher education and have an indirect impact on the educational system as a whole.
• President Obama’s Policies and Projects President Obama contributed much to improving the image of the USA abroad, and the President’s administration should focus on following the positive tendency.
• President Obama’s Remarks on Trayvon Martin’ Killing The killing of Trayvon Martin, an African-American, by George Zimmerman, a Hispanic, meant a lot to the black community since they held different analogies to the incident.
• President Harry S. Truman’s Assassination Attempt This paper analyzes the assassination attempt of Harry S. Truman and tries to detect the underlying causes and determine whether politics played any role in the attacks.
• American Ex-Presidents: the Election of Barack Obama The election of Barack Obama as the first African American president was a major event that transformed the country’s history. This paper offers arguments and discussions to support the thesis.
• The Many Scandals and Problems of the President Bill Clinton
• Why did President Truman Decide to Drop Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
• Thomas Jefferson, the President Who Laid Down the Framework for the Abolishment of Slavery
• Abraham Lincoln: Civil War President
• The Presidential Election and the President of the United States
• Vietnam War and the Policies of President Richard Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger
• The Reasons Why Hillary Clinton Should Be the Next President of the United States
• U.S. Healthcare Reform and President Obama
• The Role, Significance and Constitutional Powers of the President of the U.S
• William Howard Taft: The Reluctant President
• The Methods Being Used by Philippine President Rodrigo
• Abraham Lincoln and the President of the United States
• The Life and Political Career of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein
• The Watergate Scandal, Role of President Nixon in It, and Its Impact
• Truman President War Biography
• The Monica Lewinsky Scandal: Issues Surrounding the President of the United States
• The Life and Leadership of the First American President, George Washington
• President Trump’s Immigration and Refugee Policy
• The Life and Achievements of American President, Calvin Coolidge
• The Louisiana Purchase and President Thomas Jefferson
• US-China Relations and the Administration of President Barack Obama
• The Relationship Between President Roosevelt and Winston
• The Life and Times of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy
• Abraham Lincoln: The Reasons Why He Was a Great President
• The Most Significant President of the United States

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StudyCorgi. (2021, December 21). 122 President Essay Topics. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/president-essay-topics/

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These essay examples and topics on President were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 9, 2024 .

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How to Write a Research Paper

Use the links below to jump directly to any section of this guide:

Research Paper Fundamentals

How to choose a topic or question, how to create a working hypothesis or thesis, common research paper methodologies, how to gather and organize evidence , how to write an outline for your research paper, how to write a rough draft, how to revise your draft, how to produce a final draft, resources for teachers .

It is not fair to say that no one writes anymore. Just about everyone writes text messages, brief emails, or social media posts every single day. Yet, most people don't have a lot of practice with the formal, organized writing required for a good academic research paper. This guide contains links to a variety of resources that can help demystify the process. Some of these resources are intended for teachers; they contain exercises, activities, and teaching strategies. Other resources are intended for direct use by students who are struggling to write papers, or are looking for tips to make the process go more smoothly.

The resources in this section are designed to help students understand the different types of research papers, the general research process, and how to manage their time. Below, you'll find links from university writing centers, the trusted Purdue Online Writing Lab, and more.

What is an Academic Research Paper?

"Genre and the Research Paper" (Purdue OWL)

There are different types of research papers. Different types of scholarly questions will lend themselves to one format or another. This is a brief introduction to the two main genres of research paper: analytic and argumentative. 

"7 Most Popular Types of Research Papers" (Personal-writer.com)

This resource discusses formats that high school students commonly encounter, such as the compare and contrast essay and the definitional essay. Please note that the inclusion of this link is not an endorsement of this company's paid service.

How to Prepare and Plan Out Writing a Research Paper

Teachers can give their students a step-by-step guide like these to help them understand the different steps of the research paper process. These guides can be combined with the time management tools in the next subsection to help students come up with customized calendars for completing their papers.

"Ten Steps for Writing Research Papers" (American University)  

This resource from American University is a comprehensive guide to the research paper writing process, and includes examples of proper research questions and thesis topics.

"Steps in Writing a Research Paper" (SUNY Empire State College)

This guide breaks the research paper process into 11 steps. Each "step" links to a separate page, which describes the work entailed in completing it.

How to Manage Time Effectively

The links below will help students determine how much time is necessary to complete a paper. If your sources are not available online or at your local library, you'll need to leave extra time for the Interlibrary Loan process. Remember that, even if you do not need to consult secondary sources, you'll still need to leave yourself ample time to organize your thoughts.

"Research Paper Planner: Timeline" (Baylor University)

This interactive resource from Baylor University creates a suggested writing schedule based on how much time a student has to work on the assignment.

"Research Paper Planner" (UCLA)

UCLA's library offers this step-by-step guide to the research paper writing process, which also includes a suggested planning calendar.

There's a reason teachers spend a long time talking about choosing a good topic. Without a good topic and a well-formulated research question, it is almost impossible to write a clear and organized paper. The resources below will help you generate ideas and formulate precise questions.

"How to Select a Research Topic" (Univ. of Michigan-Flint)

This resource is designed for college students who are struggling to come up with an appropriate topic. A student who uses this resource and still feels unsure about his or her topic should consult the course instructor for further personalized assistance.

"25 Interesting Research Paper Topics to Get You Started" (Kibin)

This resource, which is probably most appropriate for high school students, provides a list of specific topics to help get students started. It is broken into subsections, such as "paper topics on local issues."

"Writing a Good Research Question" (Grand Canyon University)

This introduction to research questions includes some embedded videos, as well as links to scholarly articles on research questions. This resource would be most appropriate for teachers who are planning lessons on research paper fundamentals.

"How to Write a Research Question the Right Way" (Kibin)

This student-focused resource provides more detail on writing research questions. The language is accessible, and there are embedded videos and examples of good and bad questions.

It is important to have a rough hypothesis or thesis in mind at the beginning of the research process. People who have a sense of what they want to say will have an easier time sorting through scholarly sources and other information. The key, of course, is not to become too wedded to the draft hypothesis or thesis. Just about every working thesis gets changed during the research process.

CrashCourse Video: "Sociology Research Methods" (YouTube)

Although this video is tailored to sociology students, it is applicable to students in a variety of social science disciplines. This video does a good job demonstrating the connection between the brainstorming that goes into selecting a research question and the formulation of a working hypothesis.

"How to Write a Thesis Statement for an Analytical Essay" (YouTube)

Students writing analytical essays will not develop the same type of working hypothesis as students who are writing research papers in other disciplines. For these students, developing the working thesis may happen as a part of the rough draft (see the relevant section below). 

"Research Hypothesis" (Oakland Univ.)

This resource provides some examples of hypotheses in social science disciplines like Political Science and Criminal Justice. These sample hypotheses may also be useful for students in other soft social sciences and humanities disciplines like History.

When grading a research paper, instructors look for a consistent methodology. This section will help you understand different methodological approaches used in research papers. Students will get the most out of these resources if they use them to help prepare for conversations with teachers or discussions in class.

"Types of Research Designs" (USC)

A "research design," used for complex papers, is related to the paper's method. This resource contains introductions to a variety of popular research designs in the social sciences. Although it is not the most intuitive site to read, the information here is very valuable. 

"Major Research Methods" (YouTube)

Although this video is a bit on the dry side, it provides a comprehensive overview of the major research methodologies in a format that might be more accessible to students who have struggled with textbooks or other written resources.

"Humanities Research Strategies" (USC)

This is a portal where students can learn about four methodological approaches for humanities papers: Historical Methodologies, Textual Criticism, Conceptual Analysis, and the Synoptic method.

"Selected Major Social Science Research Methods: Overview" (National Academies Press)

This appendix from the book  Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy , printed by National Academies Press, introduces some methods used in social science papers.

"Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: 6. The Methodology" (USC)

This resource from the University of Southern California's library contains tips for writing a methodology section in a research paper.

How to Determine the Best Methodology for You

Anyone who is new to writing research papers should be sure to select a method in consultation with their instructor. These resources can be used to help prepare for that discussion. They may also be used on their own by more advanced students.

"Choosing Appropriate Research Methodologies" (Palgrave Study Skills)

This friendly and approachable resource from Palgrave Macmillan can be used by students who are just starting to think about appropriate methodologies.

"How to Choose Your Research Methods" (NFER (UK))

This is another approachable resource students can use to help narrow down the most appropriate methods for their research projects.

The resources in this section introduce the process of gathering scholarly sources and collecting evidence. You'll find a range of material here, from introductory guides to advanced explications best suited to college students. Please consult the LitCharts  How to Do Academic Research guide for a more comprehensive list of resources devoted to finding scholarly literature.

Google Scholar

Students who have access to library websites with detailed research guides should start there, but people who do not have access to those resources can begin their search for secondary literature here.

"Gathering Appropriate Information" (Texas Gateway)

This resource from the Texas Gateway for online resources introduces students to the research process, and contains interactive exercises. The level of complexity is suitable for middle school, high school, and introductory college classrooms.

"An Overview of Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection Methods" (NSF)

This PDF from the National Science Foundation goes into detail about best practices and pitfalls in data collection across multiple types of methodologies.

"Social Science Methods for Data Collection and Analysis" (Swiss FIT)

This resource is appropriate for advanced undergraduates or teachers looking to create lessons on research design and data collection. It covers techniques for gathering data via interviews, observations, and other methods.

"Collecting Data by In-depth Interviewing" (Leeds Univ.)

This resource contains enough information about conducting interviews to make it useful for teachers who want to create a lesson plan, but is also accessible enough for college juniors or seniors to make use of it on their own.

There is no "one size fits all" outlining technique. Some students might devote all their energy and attention to the outline in order to avoid the paper. Other students may benefit from being made to sit down and organize their thoughts into a lengthy sentence outline. The resources in this section include strategies and templates for multiple types of outlines. 

"Topic vs. Sentence Outlines" (UC Berkeley)

This resource introduces two basic approaches to outlining: the shorter topic-based approach, and the longer, more detailed sentence-based approach. This resource also contains videos on how to develop paper paragraphs from the sentence-based outline.

"Types of Outlines and Samples" (Purdue OWL)

The Purdue Online Writing Lab's guide is a slightly less detailed discussion of different types of outlines. It contains several sample outlines.

"Writing An Outline" (Austin C.C.)

This resource from a community college contains sample outlines from an American history class that students can use as models.

"How to Structure an Outline for a College Paper" (YouTube)

This brief (sub-2 minute) video from the ExpertVillage YouTube channel provides a model of outline writing for students who are struggling with the idea.

"Outlining" (Harvard)

This is a good resource to consult after completing a draft outline. It offers suggestions for making sure your outline avoids things like unnecessary repetition.

As with outlines, rough drafts can take on many different forms. These resources introduce teachers and students to the various approaches to writing a rough draft. This section also includes resources that will help you cite your sources appropriately according to the MLA, Chicago, and APA style manuals.

"Creating a Rough Draft for a Research Paper" (Univ. of Minnesota)

This resource is useful for teachers in particular, as it provides some suggested exercises to help students with writing a basic rough draft. 

Rough Draft Assignment (Duke of Definition)

This sample assignment, with a brief list of tips, was developed by a high school teacher who runs a very successful and well-reviewed page of educational resources.

"Creating the First Draft of Your Research Paper" (Concordia Univ.)

This resource will be helpful for perfectionists or procrastinators, as it opens by discussing the problem of avoiding writing. It also provides a short list of suggestions meant to get students writing.

Using Proper Citations

There is no such thing as a rough draft of a scholarly citation. These links to the three major citation guides will ensure that your citations follow the correct format. Please consult the LitCharts How to Cite Your Sources guide for more resources.

Chicago Manual of Style Citation Guide

Some call  The Chicago Manual of Style , which was first published in 1906, "the editors' Bible." The manual is now in its 17th edition, and is popular in the social sciences, historical journals, and some other fields in the humanities.

APA Citation Guide

According to the American Psychological Association, this guide was developed to aid reading comprehension, clarity of communication, and to reduce bias in language in the social and behavioral sciences. Its first full edition was published in 1952, and it is now in its sixth edition.

MLA Citation Guide

The Modern Language Association style is used most commonly within the liberal arts and humanities. The  MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing  was first published in 1985 and (as of 2008) is in its third edition.

Any professional scholar will tell you that the best research papers are made in the revision stage. No matter how strong your research question or working thesis, it is not possible to write a truly outstanding paper without devoting energy to revision. These resources provide examples of revision exercises for the classroom, as well as tips for students working independently.

"The Art of Revision" (Univ. of Arizona)

This resource provides a wealth of information and suggestions for both students and teachers. There is a list of suggested exercises that teachers might use in class, along with a revision checklist that is useful for teachers and students alike.

"Script for Workshop on Revision" (Vanderbilt University)

Vanderbilt's guide for leading a 50-minute revision workshop can serve as a model for teachers who wish to guide students through the revision process during classtime. 

"Revising Your Paper" (Univ. of Washington)

This detailed handout was designed for students who are beginning the revision process. It discusses different approaches and methods for revision, and also includes a detailed list of things students should look for while they revise.

"Revising Drafts" (UNC Writing Center)

This resource is designed for students and suggests things to look for during the revision process. It provides steps for the process and has a FAQ for students who have questions about why it is important to revise.

Conferencing with Writing Tutors and Instructors

No writer is so good that he or she can't benefit from meeting with instructors or peer tutors. These resources from university writing, learning, and communication centers provide suggestions for how to get the most out of these one-on-one meetings.

"Getting Feedback" (UNC Writing Center)

This very helpful resource talks about how to ask for feedback during the entire writing process. It contains possible questions that students might ask when developing an outline, during the revision process, and after the final draft has been graded.

"Prepare for Your Tutoring Session" (Otis College of Art and Design)

This guide from a university's student learning center contains a lot of helpful tips for getting the most out of working with a writing tutor.

"The Importance of Asking Your Professor" (Univ. of Waterloo)

This article from the university's Writing and Communication Centre's blog contains some suggestions for how and when to get help from professors and Teaching Assistants.

Once you've revised your first draft, you're well on your way to handing in a polished paper. These resources—each of them produced by writing professionals at colleges and universities—outline the steps required in order to produce a final draft. You'll find proofreading tips and checklists in text and video form.

"Developing a Final Draft of a Research Paper" (Univ. of Minnesota)

While this resource contains suggestions for revision, it also features a couple of helpful checklists for the last stages of completing a final draft.

Basic Final Draft Tips and Checklist (Univ. of Maryland-University College)

This short and accessible resource, part of UMUC's very thorough online guide to writing and research, contains a very basic checklist for students who are getting ready to turn in their final drafts.

Final Draft Checklist (Everett C.C.)

This is another accessible final draft checklist, appropriate for both high school and college students. It suggests reading your essay aloud at least once.

"How to Proofread Your Final Draft" (YouTube)

This video (approximately 5 minutes), produced by Eastern Washington University, gives students tips on proofreading final drafts.

"Proofreading Tips" (Georgia Southern-Armstrong)

This guide will help students learn how to spot common errors in their papers. It suggests focusing on content and editing for grammar and mechanics.

This final set of resources is intended specifically for high school and college instructors. It provides links to unit plans and classroom exercises that can help improve students' research and writing skills. You'll find resources that give an overview of the process, along with activities that focus on how to begin and how to carry out research. 

"Research Paper Complete Resources Pack" (Teachers Pay Teachers)

This packet of assignments, rubrics, and other resources is designed for high school students. The resources in this packet are aligned to Common Core standards.

"Research Paper—Complete Unit" (Teachers Pay Teachers)

This packet of assignments, notes, PowerPoints, and other resources has a 4/4 rating with over 700 ratings. It is designed for high school teachers, but might also be useful to college instructors who work with freshmen.

"Teaching Students to Write Good Papers" (Yale)

This resource from Yale's Center for Teaching and Learning is designed for college instructors, and it includes links to appropriate activities and exercises.

"Research Paper Writing: An Overview" (CUNY Brooklyn)

CUNY Brooklyn offers this complete lesson plan for introducing students to research papers. It includes an accompanying set of PowerPoint slides.

"Lesson Plan: How to Begin Writing a Research Paper" (San Jose State Univ.)

This lesson plan is designed for students in the health sciences, so teachers will have to modify it for their own needs. It includes a breakdown of the brainstorming, topic selection, and research question process. 

"Quantitative Techniques for Social Science Research" (Univ. of Pittsburgh)

This is a set of PowerPoint slides that can be used to introduce students to a variety of quantitative methods used in the social sciences.

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U.S. Presidency Research Paper

View sample U.S. Presidency Research Paper. Browse other research paper examples and check the list of political science  research paper topics for more inspiration. If you need a research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can get an A! Also, chech our custom research proposal writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates.

I. Introduction

Academic writing, editing, proofreading, and problem solving services, get 10% off with 24start discount code, iii. applications and empirical evidence, a. the transition, b. staffing the cabinet, c. staffing the white house, iv. the president and the institutions of government, a. the president and congress, b. the president and the executive branch, c. the president and the courts, v. policy implications, a. social policy, b. economic policy, c. foreign policy, vi. future directions, vii. conclusion.

The phrase the president of the United States often conjures grand and expansive titles: leader of the free world or most powerful man in the United States. These labels belie the truth that the president’s power is nuanced and derived from the Constitution, from congressional statute, and from aggrandizement by individual presidents. This research paper explores the presidency and the executive branch, first examining the various theoretical perspectives on the sources of presidential and executive branch power. In this section, different academic disciplines that help shed light on this institution are also considered. The paper next turns to what political scientists have learned about the president with regard to governing and policy making. Finally, this research paper concludes with thoughts about the direction of the study of the presidency.

In many ways, the powers of the presidency are contradictions born out of the constitutional debates among the framers. Informed by their experiences of tyranny under King George, many of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention wanted no executive at all, or at least one with very limited powers. It is striking that despite the clear deficiencies of the Articles of Confederation (which had no executive branch), discussions of their failings did not include the absence of a chief executive. One of the pressing debates of the convention was whether to have a singular or plural executive and whether the powers and responsibilities invested in the executive branch should be divided across more than one office. This option would have weakened the presidency, thus allaying the fears of those who saw danger in a powerful chief executive. Indeed, some have argued that the term president was chosen because it was an innocuous title, likened to a presiding officer who would exercise little independent power (McDonald, 1994).

A hallmark of our republic is the separation, dispersion, and sharing of power among the three branches of government. An examination of the U.S. Constitution illustrates this. Although the president has the power to command the military, to enter into treaties, and to make executive branch appointments, those powers are constrained by Congress’s ability to declare war and the Senate’s ratification, advice, and consent roles regarding treaties and appointments, respectively. The framers spent half of the relatively short article on the presidency (1,023 words as compared with 2,267 words in Article I on the legislature) discussing how the president would be selected for the office and when a president could be removed from it.

This description of the office probably sounds foreign to a casual observer of the contemporary U.S. presidency. The office and the public’s expectations of it have grown substantially since the nation’s early days. This growth can be attributed to the aggrandizement by individual presidents, by ceding of power by congressional statute, and by the post–New Deal expansion of the role of government.

Though the modern presidency is marked from the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, presidents before him(see Table 1) articulated their views on presidential power. Some, like William Howard Taft (1909–1913), viewed the president’s power to be strictly derived from Article II of the Constitution. In his view, the executive’s power was limited only to what was prescribed by the Constitution (Taft, 1916). At the other extreme was President Richard Nixon (1968–1974), who famously remarked in an interview with David Frost on May 20, 1977, “When the president does it, that means it’s not illegal” (Winther, 2008).

Other presidents, such as Theodore Roosevelt (1901– 1909), have taken a moderate view, arguing that presidents have a duty to take any actions that are in the country’s interests, so long as they are not explicitly prohibited by the Constitution (Roosevelt, 1913).

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration, faced with the challenges of the Great Depression and World War II, presided over an enormous growth spurt of the federal government that substantially increased the executive branch scope in the lives of ordinary Americans. Government helped to create a permanent web of social and economic programs (unemployment benefits, social security, and aid to the poor) that the executive branch would administer. Combined with congressional action in 1921 to create the Bureau of the Budget, which allowed the president to set the parameters for budget debates with Congress, this era saw a substantial growth of the executive branch. Roosevelt’s administration has become the benchmark by which future presidents’ productivity has been judged. In this era of the modern president, political scientists generally have pointed to the extraconstitutional powers of the president as his most significant. Arguably the most influential book on the presidency, Richard Neustadt’s (1960) Presidential Power argues that the power of the president is the power to persuade. Neustadt’s hypothesis is that presidents can greatly increase the likelihood of policy success by attending to their professional reputations with other political elites in Washington, D.C., and to their public prestige.

Prior to Neustadt’s (1960) work, political scientists largely focused on the limited constitutional powers of the president in trying to understand the office. It is not hyperbole to say that Neustadt fundamentally changed the way scholars think about the office. His work illuminated the path to a number of rich veins of research, for example of congressional–presidential bargaining.

Another perspective that focuses on the personal presidency draws on political psychology. There are a number of approaches. Psychobiography examines biographical information about the president to develop a psychological profile to predict his behavior. One of the most well-known (and criticized) of these approaches is The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House by James David Barber (1972). Barber argued that characteristics of the president’s core personality, such as his style of doing the tasks of his job, his worldview about the great issues of his day, and his character or approach to life, combine to influence his being the president. Most of the attention and criticism of his argument has been focused, though, on his typology of presidential character. Barber finds two primary dimensions: the level of energy a president brings to life (active or passive) and the extent to which a president enjoys the job (positive or negative). These two dimensions produce four dominant types: active positive, active negative, passive positive, and passive negative. Barber’s typologies have been criticized as being overly simplistic and difficult to measure consistently.

Contrast these presidency-focused heuristics with those that examine the institution or historical epoch of the presidency. Neoinstitutionalism focuses on the resources for and constraints on all presidents. This school of thought takes the perspective that all presidents face these challenges and focuses on these factors as explanations for presidential behavior.

One such work emphasizes the moment in which presidents find themselves. Stephen Skowronek (1997) argues that presidents are constrained by the relationships their policies have to the dominant partisan regimes. He suggests that presidential possibilities and achievements must be seen through the lens of history, what he calls political time. Political time is a function of partisan eras. A dominant partisan regime can be vulnerable to change, or it can be resilient. Similarly, a president might stand in opposition to the regime or be affiliated with it. Combine these two dimensions, and one understands the possibilities for leadership that open for a president, regardless of his or her own personal qualities. For example, a president who stands in opposition to a vulnerable regime (Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, or Franklin Roosevelt) or one who is affiliated with a dominant one (Teddy Roosevelt or Lyndon Johnson) has prima facie greater opportunities than one who is opposed to a dominate regime (Richard Nixon) or is affiliated with a vulnerable one (Jimmy Carter).

Table 1. U.S. Presidents in Chronological Order

• George Washington 1789-1797
• John Adams 1797-1801
• Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809
• James Madison 1809-1817
• James Monroe 1817-1825
• John Quincy Adams 1825-1829
• Andrew Jackson 1829-1837
• Martin Van Buren 1837-1841
• William Henry Harrison 1841
• John Tyler 1841-1845
• James Knox Polk 1845-1849
• Zachary Taylor 1849-1850
• Millard Fillmore 1850-1853
• Franklin Pierce 1853-1857
• James Buchanan 1857-1861
• Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865
• Andrew Johnson 1865-1869
• Ulysses S. Grant 1869-1877
• Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881
• James Garfield 1881
• Chester A. Arthur 1881-1885
• Grover Cleveland 1885-1889
• Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893
• Grover Cleveland 1893-1897
• William McKinley 1897-1901
• Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909
• William Howard Taft 1909-1913
• Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921
• Warren Harding 1921-1923
• Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929
• Herbert Hoover 1929-1933
• Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945
• Harry S Truman 1945-1953
• Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961
• John F. Kennedy 1961-1963
• Lyndon Johnson 1963-1969
• Richard Nixon 1969-1974
• Gerald Ford 1974-1977
• James Carter 1977-1981
• Ronald Reagan 1981-1989
• George H. W. Bush 1989-1993
• William J. Clinton 1993-2001
• George W. Bush 2001-2009
• Barack H. Obama 2009-2017
• Donald J. Trump 2017-

The race for the presidency, through the partisan nomination season and the general election, is a marathon. The victorious president-elect would be forgiven for the understandable urge to take a long vacation. However, as presidents-elect and their staffs well know, the weeks immediately following the election are a period where crucial decisions are made. These staffing and organizational choices, coupled with the president-elect’s ability to marshal the perception of a mandate, can set the stage for a successful first few months in office.

All presidents wish to claim a mandate, though the concept is an illusive one. Electoral landslides (Johnson over Goldwater in 1964, Nixon over McGovern in 1972, or Reagan over Carter in 1980) are seen as clear signals from the electorate. These decisive electoral outcomes, however, are relatively rare. Often, a mandate is claimed when the electoral margin of victory is combined with a statement on the previous administration. Take, for example, Reagan’s defeat of Carter, a sitting president. Reagan not only won 51% of the popular vote to Carter’s 41% (a third-party candidate accounted for the remaining percentage), but also articulated clearly a vision for the country that was a definite departure from the status quo.

There is relatively little an incoming president can do to affect his mandate. The president does have, however, control over early staffing choices. These choices, if made well, will set him or her up for greater likelihood of success in the critical first 100 days of his or her administration. A president not only must make critical and highly public choices about cabinet appointments but also must make choices about personal staff.

The president nominates his or her cabinet (mostly composed of those individuals heading the executive branch agencies such as the Departments of State, Justice, Defense, Commerce, and Interior), though each individual must be confirmed by the Senate. When the Senate is controlled by the party in opposition to the president (this is called divided party government), the calculus for choosing cabinet nominees is different than when the president’s party controls both the White House and one or both chambers of Congress (called unified party government).

The vetting process, investigating to discover information about the nominee’s personal or professional life, is always extensive and sometimes begins even before the conclusion of the election. However, the context of the vetting process is markedly different under divided party government when the outcome of the confirmation process is largely in the hands of the president’s partisan opposition. Often, the extent to which opposition-party senators feel free to criticize vociferously a presidential nominee is a function of the president’s perceived electoral mandate. A nominee is most likely to face strong opposition when negative information comes to light about his or her personal life. For example, President Clinton nominated Zoe Baird to be attorney general. Ms. Baird withdrew her nomination, however, after information surfaced that she had neglected to pay social security taxes for a former household employee. Similarly, President Barack Obama nominated former Congressman Tom Daschle for Secretary of Health and Human Services but withdrew his nomination when an unpaid tax bill was discovered. Failed nominations usually follow this pattern, with the nomination withdrawn prior to a vote being taken in the Senate. The reasons for this are sensible; a nominee rejected by the Senate is politically damaging for the fledgling administration—as was the case of President George H. W. Bush’s choice for secretary of defense, John Tower, or President Dwight Eisenhower’s choice for secretary of commerce, Lewis L. Strauss.

The choices presidents make for their staff, though less public, are just as critical. Within the executive office of the presidency (EOP) is the White House Office (WHO). Within the WHO are those staff people with whom presidents work most closely and on whom they rely. These are usually people from a president’s past, perhaps the campaign. Though the urge to draw exclusively from this pool of past confidants is understandable, presidents are wise to include in this circle those with experience in Washington, D.C., especially experience dealing with Congress. When presidents are elected as outsiders (Jimmy Carter in 1976, Bill Clinton in 1992), their staffing choices often include those without such experience. Carter’s staff was informally called the Georgia Mafia, and Clinton’s was Friends of Bill. Although this might increase presidents’ comfort levels with the information and advice these staffers bring, they run the risk of making poor choices because their staffs may lack crucial expertise in understanding the unique context of the nation’s capital.

The White House staffing structure as we know it came about with the advent of the modern presidency in the administration of Franklin Roosevelt, through a combination of congressional legislation authorizing a larger permanent staff and Roosevelt’s executive order reorganizing the executive branch, creating the EOP and moving the Bureau of the Budget into the EOP. More is said later about the creation and use of executive branch agencies to grow presidential power.

The role of White House staff is to help the president make crucial day-to-day decisions in governing. As such, one of the most important functions they provide is to make sure information reaches the president in a timely fashion, in a method that suits their boss’s particular working style and personality and that is carefully honed so as not to overwhelm him with an overabundance of superfluous detail. As the discussion of presidential personality illustrates, the work habits and preferences of presidents as human beings have an effect on their work as presidents and on the structure of the work environment in which they flourish.

White House staffs are organizations and as such can be structured in a variety of ways. They can be structured loosely without formal hurdles to presidential access. This style is often called spokes of the wheel or collegial; aides know they have access to the president and can freely give their advice and perspective. Although this puts a fair amount of pressure on presidents’ time and resources, it ensures they are informed by a wide range of views and opinions and increases the volume of the data and information they personally see (Johnson, 1974).

A variant on the collegial spokes of the wheel is the competitive model. Here, staff members are given overlapping responsibilities, with the full knowledge that someone else is working toward a solution to the same problem as they are. This fosters competition, and the assumption is that the competition will produce the best effort. Franklin Roosevelt used this system.

By contrast, the office can be structured hierarchically, with a clear chain of command. In this configuration, decisions are taken by junior staff when those staffers have authority and resources to make the decisions. Only the difficult or controversial choices get pushed up the chain. There is a gatekeeper, usually called a chief of staff, who closely monitors the president’s time and schedule. This ensures that the president is only involved in the most important issues and that smaller, more trivial matters are kept off his or her desk. The danger is that the filtering system will become too rigid and that important details or issues will be kept from the president. This can lead to a potentially damaging situation going unaddressed.

Alexander George (1980) argued for what he called multiple advocacy or a hybrid approach where competition is managed so as to get the quality information without the potential for a corrosive work environment that can emerge from a situation where a staffer might feel his or her job is in jeopardy with each assignment. This system requires not a chief of staff screening access to the president, but rather an honest broker who can effectively synthesize the best and worst of each point of view. This honest broker reduces resource strain and overload on the president. It also is crucial that the president not tip his or her hand as to initial preferences since the proclivity to say “Yes, Mr. President” is hard even for top staff members to resist.

These preferences for staffing structures go hand and glove with presidential preferences for the nature of the information presidents receive. Presidents vary in the format for information: oral briefings in meetings versus written policy memos. They also vary in the quantity of data they wish personally to see. Sometimes a president wants the essence of a problem condensed to a one-page summary (e.g., Reagan), and some prefer in-depth briefing books (e.g., Carter).

The type of staffing structure presidents choose is one of the few things about the decision-making process they can control. There are many facets of this context that constrain their choices: past promises, preferences of advocates for a particular position whose support they may need in the future, and the sheer volume of important issues. Given this difficult environment, it is critical that these processes fit the president as a person.

In many ways, Congress is the institution with which the president’s ability to work effectively will be tested. Although there are nonlegislative vehicles for achieving the president’s policy agenda (which are discussed later), the most enduring are laws. Additionally, history tends to shine a more favorable light on presidents who are able to pass large proportions of their legislative agendas. Presidents’ agendas are indications of their priorities and on what they are willing to stake their reputations (Light, 1980).

The crafting of an agenda is a function of many factors (Light, 1980). First, a president has to consider commitments and promises from the campaign and weigh the costs versus benefits of trying to fulfill each. Breaking a high-profile promise that was salient to an important component of his or her electoral coalition will have greater consequences than breaking a less visible promise or an issue on which the country is divided. Additionally, once in office, the president may find that fulfilling the promise would have unforeseen and unintended consequences, and he or she may choose to moderate his or her position.

The climate of the times also bears on the choice of items on which to focus. In crises (economic or military), items can rise to the top of the agenda even if they were not mentioned in the campaign. The tragic events of September 11, 2001, illustrate this point. This threat to the country’s national security precipitated a historic overhaul of the executive branch (in creating the Department of Homeland Security from an amalgam of existing agencies) as well as the far-reaching Patriot Act Congress passed in 2001.

As political scientists have tried to understand agenda creation and fulfillment, one of the methodological issues that arise is how to measure the agenda. Paul Light (1980) made use of the executive branch process for tracking legislation as it moves through Congress. Inmost administrations, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) regularly examines enrolled bills (bills that have passed both the House of Representative and the Senate and are headed to the president’s desk for signing or veto) and determines whether they are in accord with the president’s stated preferences. This in accord (I/A) list then serves as a list of issue preferences.

However, not all preferences are also priorities. To determine the issue on which the president would likely invest his or her resources, Light (1980) cross-referenced the I/A list with the State of the Union addresses. The resulting list was taken as the president’s agenda. He supplemented these data with interviews from White House staffers to get a sense of the way in which the agenda is crafted as well as the factors that influence agenda success.

Light’s (1980) central thesis is that a president starts an administration with a set of resources. Presidents are the most rested they will be at any point in their administrations, and goodwill and public support from the campaigns create a honeymoon with voters and members of Congress alike. These resources, which Light calls capital, will decline precipitously in an inverse relationship to increasing effectiveness—essentially learning on the job. These two cycles, decreasing influence and increasing effectiveness, mean that in order for a president to implement an agenda, he or she must move quickly—hit the ground running.

With an understanding of this and of the partisan context in Congress and informed by their own goals (historical, policy, and reelection), wise presidents will make good choices about whether to attempt to change the status quo, how big and costly a program to propose, and whether to attempt legislation or work within their powers of executive orders. Light’s analysis confirms that presidents are more likely to be successful when they attempt smaller, less radical policies and move early in their first terms.

Indeed, scholarship in the area of presidential success with Congress mirrors Light’s analysis in terms of the tools and resources available to presidents. Among the most important resources is the amount of party support in Congress. Presidents are much more likely to be successful during unified party government or when, in times of divided party government, members of Congress from their own parties exhibit party loyalty and cohesiveness.

Public support for presidents and for their policies can be useful. Going public, or attempting to use the bully pulpit to persuade the public and thus put pressure on members of Congress, is one possible tool (Edwards, 1983). Presidents Reagan and Clinton were especially skilled communicators. The White House can use the media and staged photo opportunities to rally support while crafting a message that attempts to paint the opposition into a no-win corner.

Although presidents (and members of the media) may believe it is an effective way to change opinion, data suggest that the influence of this going-public strategy is at the margins. Presidents generally are unable to change public opinion significantly (Edwards, 1983). Recent scholarship in this area has focused on the details of presidential–congressional bargaining over policy. This line of research is premised on the notion that the president and the majority of Congress each has an ideal preferred policy, perhaps arrayed on an ideological continuum. The proximity of these preference points starts as a function of shared ideology and partisanship. However, the ability of the president to move Congress toward his or her preferred outcome is where skill and the use of informal resources play a part.

Presidents have a variety of carrots and sticks with which they can lobby members of congress, and the range of these options is greater among their fellow partisans. For example, working with congressional party leaders, a recalcitrant member might be threatened with a committee assignment or help in the next campaign. Conversely, members can be offered a range of goodies for their support: a presidential visit to their district or campaign support, for example.

At their core, however, members of Congress are driven by reelection goals. They are not going to sponsor legislation or vote in committee or on the floor in a way that hurts their public standing and that weakens them electorally. This is one of the reasons for the importance of presidential popularity. Popular presidents, not only who have high approval ratings but also who received a high percentage of the vote in the member’s district or senator’s state, more easily persuade members of Congress.

Thus, presidents cannot be faulted for trying to rally the public to their side. Another category of resources in bargaining with Congress is the range of options associated with the veto. The use of this formal power to achieve a president’s policy ends can be seen as a show of weakness. That is, if presidents lack the political capital to push their legislative agendas through Congress, they can create legislative roadblocks through the veto. Presidents such as Gerald Ford, whose partisan support was extremely low and whose public support deteriorated after he pardoned his predecessor, Richard Nixon, used the veto often (he issued 66 vetoes in just over 2 years). Worse than the use of the veto, however, is to have one’s veto overridden by Congress. President Ford, for example, had 12 of his vetoes overridden.

By contrast, presidents can inform Congress of their preferences and attempt to move them in their preferred policy directions by threatening to veto legislation (Cameron, 2000). These threats can take a variety of forms and can come from many executive branch sources. For example, the threat can be relatively nonspecific, which leaves the president room to negotiate: “The president will not be supportive of legislation that contains . . .” Or the threat can be explicit: “I will veto this bill if it remains in this form.” Although the explicit threat provides clear direction to Congress on presidential preferences, if the bluff is called, and Congress does not change the legislation, the president must veto the legislation or loose his or her bargaining position for the long term. Similarly, a threat issued by a White House staffer or cabinet secretary or even an anonymous quote to the media (“Staffers report . . .”) leaves the president some degree of deniability and room to maneuver.

One might think that the president’s relationship with the executive branch is inherently less likely to be contentious than his or her relationship with Congress. After all, the president has appointment power over a significant portion of the executive branch, and the agencies are intended to carry out his or her policy directives. On the other hand, the executive branch’s sheer size, its storehouse of substantive knowledge, and its relationship with congressional appropriators and with the groups it regulates create a source of power that is independent from the president.

The executive branch is composed of the 15 executive branch agencies and numerous boards, agencies, and government corporations, whose staff are specialized experts in their fields. While about one third of each agency is political appointments (appointed by the president and often requiring Senate confirmation), the vast majority of executive branch employees are civil servants. That means they have earned their jobs through the meritocracy of the civil service exam and are not politically beholden to the president.

In addition to this independence from the president, members of the bureaucracy have a nexus of relationships called the iron triangle, from which the president is largely excluded. The points of the triangle are the agency, the congressional committees, and the groups the agency regulates. One leg of this triangle is the regular exchanges an agency has with congressional committees who write legislation affecting how their jobs are performed. These same legislators are often the appropriators of the agencies’ funds. For example, the day-to-day operations of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) can be affected by new laws dictating the business of ranchers and farmers. This legislation is crafted significantly in the House and Senate agriculture committees, which may convene hearings. USDA employees would likely be called as expert witnesses to these hearings owing to their substantive knowledge. Similarly, the USDA (as would all executive branch agencies) will take an active interest in the annual congressional budgeting and appropriating process, further cementing the relationship.

Another leg of the triangle is the relationship between the agency and the business, group, or industry that it regulates. In addition to individual members of these groups, in the case of the USDA, the ranchers and farmers, the agency regularly interacts with interest groups that lobby on behalf of these client groups. These regular interactions further solidify the bureaucracy’s independence from the president.

As with the other two branches of government, the president’s relationship with the federal courts has both a formal and constitutional component and also a more informal or nuanced one. Among the formalized roles is the process of judicial selection. The president nominates federal judges, including Supreme Court justices, and the Senate has confirmation power. As with passing legislation, the dynamics of this exchange vary significantly depending on unified or divided party government. The mechanics of the process are also different for the lower federal courts (district courts and courts of appeals) than for the U.S. Supreme Court.

Senators have greater influence over the selection of lower federal court judges. The home senator—that is, the senators whose state is within the jurisdiction of the court to which the nominee would be appointed—would certainly be consulted by the White House in their selection process. Additionally, if a home senator opposes the appointment, he or she can effectively block it since other senators are likely to take their cues from him or her. Additionally, if the president’s partisan opposition is in the congressional minority, they can use the filibuster to block nominees.

Blocking nominees, whether at the lower federal court level or to the U.S. Supreme Court, is most achievable for senators if the nominee is ideologically polarizing or has some weakness in his or her portfolio or if the president’s opposition controls the Senate. However, White House staffs have become increasingly sophisticated in their selection process, especially since the Reagan administration. This decreases the likelihood of making a poor choice, someone who is not confirmable.

President Reagan established the standard that presidents since have used for vetting potential judicial nominees. The first stage in this process is to establish the potential nominee’s intellectual and judicial credibility. Variables such as the law school attended and honors earned (such as editor of Law Review), clerkships, and other judicial appointments will all be considered. Because of the potential for opposition on partisan or ideological grounds, a nominee must first reach a threshold level of competence. In addition to this résumé fact-finding, a full investigation into the candidate’s personal life will commence. Poor judgment, unethical or criminal behavior, or moral turpitude can all be fodder for an opposition’s effective attack. In addition to partisan and ideological compatibility, presidents might have demographic preferences in their choices (e.g., to choose a woman, minority, or relatively younger justice). The intensity of these decisions is highest when the search is for a Supreme Court nominee.

Although the influence of the president on the federal judiciary and especially on the Supreme Court is most clear in terms of appointments, he or she does have other paths to affect judicial decision making, again especially at the Supreme Court. The Department of Justice, specifically the attorney general (AG) and solicitor general (SG), works closely with the Supreme Court. When the United States is a party to a case argued before the Supreme Court, either the AG or the SG (or one of their deputies) serves as counsel for the United States. The relative frequency of cases involving the United States creates a situation in which the AG and SG are repeat players before the Court. The sheer frequency of these appearances provides a measure of comfort before the bench that can be a tactical advantage in the legal proceedings.

Additionally, the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG) serves as a gatekeeper for all cases in which the United States is a party that loses at lower court and wishes to file a writ of certiorari, or a petition to have its case heard before the Supreme Court. Because of the volume of cases appealing for certiorari, the culling of nonmeritorious cases involving the United States by the OSG is invaluable to the Court (Caplan, 1987).

Perhaps one of the clearest avenues of executive branch influence before the Court is in filing of amicus curiae or friend-of-the-court briefs. Although any person or group may file such a brief (an essay outlining the support for a particular party in the case or line of legal reasoning), the frequency with which the OSG files such briefs creates a familiarity with arguments likely to be persuasive. Indeed, the success rate of the OSG (the times its position was on the same side in which the Court ruled) is extremely high, upwards of 75%. The Court thinks so highly of the work done by the OSG that on occasion it will request that the OSG weigh in and file an amicus brief, sometimes even going as far as to ask the OSG to comment in oral arguments. No other amicus has rights to make oral arguments (Pacelle, 2003).

Public policy is often broken into three substantive areas: social, economic, and foreign policy. Each has its own contexts and challenges for presidential leadership. The president is but one player in the policy-making arena and the federal government but one of the many avenues for policy making. This section of the research paper draws on the previous discussions of Congress and the executive branch and the president’s relationship with the public in order to make sense of the potential for a president to achieve his policy goals.

Because of the significant heterogeneity of issues within this broad category, research on the president’s role in social policy tends to be case study based, making it more difficult to draw generalizable findings. It is difficult to isolate with certainty specific factors that lend to presidential leadership across all areas of social policy. However, much of the discussion of Congress and decision making applies here. For example, when a president wishes to make a bold change in policy through lawmaking, he or she needs partisan support within Congress and public support and must be savvy in marshalling his or her resources at all stages of the legislative process. Conversely, if a president has few congressional partisans and little political capital, he or she is wise to keep a program small, incremental, and, ideally, self-executable within the structure of the executive branch.

The president has a variety of resources at his or her disposal at the various stages of the policy-making process: agenda setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation, and policy evaluation. To be effective, he or she needs to have a good sense of the degree of consensus in the public on the degree of the problem and the need for a solution (agenda setting). Presidents will often try to influence public opinion on this, though the effect of this is marginal. The effect of the president on the policy formulation through evaluation stages is largely a function of the previous discussions on the president’s relationship between the bureaucracy and Congress.

Economic policy differs from social policy in that it is more likely either to be cyclical (like the annual budget), episodic (like tax policy), or precipitated by economic crisis (the 2009 Troubled Asset Relief Plan). Presidents have some degree of influence with the budget, though that would depend significantly on congressional support or opposition.

The range of ways in which the president’s staff can assist him or her on economic policy belies the piecemeal way in which economic policy is made. The Department of the Treasury houses the Internal Revenue Service, which is responsible for collecting federal taxes. As such, Treasury has good information about projections on the amount of revenue, which plays a part in the budgeting process. Several factors affect the degree to which budgeting and revenue are strictly tied. The country goes through periods of fiscal conservatism where the mood of the country leans toward budget-neutral spending programs (if spending is increased on Project A, costs are reduced on Project B) or toward deficit reduction. The latter is difficult since it requires either a reduction in programs and services or an increase in taxes, rarely politically popular. A change in tax law, of course, requires congressional action.

Since the president’s budget is the starting point for congressional negotiations, this is a potential area of influence. Not only is the budget cyclical, but also its creation requires input from across the executive branch and significant coordination within the EOP. The president’s budget is transmitted to Congress on or about February 1 of each year, in anticipation of the new fiscal year that begins October 1. The previous summer, cabinet-level agencies begin formulating their requests that will be sent to the OMB, which coordinates the requests in anticipation of transmission to senior White House staff. Although the formulation of agency budget requests is generally the responsibility of middle-level staff within each agency, once the request is sent to OMB, subcabinet and cabinet secretaries will begin to lobby the White House. Each secretary is advocating for his or her agency, to acquire the greatest resources in a usually constrained fiscal environment.

These internal White House budget negotiations necessitate good information about existing and forecasted economic trends. In addition to the revenue projections from Treasury and the impact of each agency request on the budget from OMB, the Council of Economic Advisors provides its expertise. This small group (about 25 to 30 staff and three board members) is responsible for generating macroeconomic data on the state of the economy, both currently and projected over several fiscal years.

In late December and January, the president and his or her closest advisers assimilate these data with his or her policy priorities. The budget that is submitted in February not only reflects these priorities but also reflects the White House’s sense of likely congressional support or opposition. The successfulness of the president’s budget is also affected by unified or divided party control of Congress and by electoral pressures on members of Congress. Lobby groups for the client groups affected by the budget decisions are skillful in applying pressure to members of Congress, especially those who serve on congressional committees charged with budgeting and with appropriating the funds.

Many of the criteria on which the health of the economy is judged are largely out of the president’s control. For example, during times of slow economic growth, lowering interests rates can have the effect of freeing capital, thus nudging spending. This in turn can stimulate production, which can help bolster individual workers’ paychecks or job prospects. However, the government entity that most affects interest rates is the Federal Reserve Board (the Fed). The members of the Fed’s board of governors and the chair of the Fed are all appointed by the president but must be confirmed by the Senate. Their term of service (14 years) combined with a tradition of independence from political pressure all decrease the president’s ability to control or influence this aspect of the economy.

Unemployment levels, another measure of economic health, are also out of the president’s direct control. Although he or she crafts policies to encourage job growth, clearly he or she cannot will companies to hire more workers. This is an offshoot of a growing economy; when demand for goods and services increases, companies will hire.

The context of foreign policy making is quite different from social or economic policy. The president must be sensitive to the foreign policy orientation of members of Congress as well as the mood of the public at large. For example, are those members of Congress in key positions to block either policy initiatives or appropriations predisposed toward internationalism or engagement with the world community, or is the trend toward isolationism? The post–September 11th world of global terrorism and instability has created another set of challenges for the president in creating global alliances and in rallying domestic support for his policies.

Many aspects of foreign policy decision making constrain presidents. For example, although the president has the ability to commit troops and in some ways to take unilateral action, his or her ability to exert influence over foreign leaders is even less than his or her ability to pressure members of Congress. Additionally, where in economic and social policy making the president can often be overwhelmed with information, he or she must question his or her foreign policy sources. Having sufficient and accurate data on which to make decisions is critical and difficult.

The presidents have several policy-making tools and staffing structures to assist them. The Department of State takes the lead in international diplomacy, which can involve treaties and international agreements. Formal constitutional actions such as treaties require Senate ratification. The Senate also must confirm all cabinet members, which includes the secretaries of defense and state, as well as ambassadors. War-making power is also shared. Although Congress is entrusted with the power to declare war, the president is commander in chief and is responsible for setting policy direction for any military conflict or deployment of troops.

In addition to those of state and defense, the president has other advisory structures to assist him. On the military front, the joint chiefs of staff work closely with the secretary of defense. These are the heads of each military branch, and the chair of the joint chiefs can be a key policy adviser. The president also receives regular, usually daily, intelligence briefings from the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security Council (NSC), the Director of Homeland Security, and the Defense Intelligence Agency. Traditionally, the NSC, headed by the national security adviser, is charged with coordinating these sometimes disparate streams of information.

The study of the presidency is dynamic, changing to reflect the evolution of the office and institution and to incorporate new analysis techniques. For example, the presidency of George W. Bush saw a substantial increase in the use of an informal tool in presidential congressional bargaining: the signing statement. Like the veto threat, this is a mechanism for the president to achieve policy goals. However, unlike the veto threat, the signing statement is unilateral. In the message issued when the bill is signed, the president can direct his or her bureaucracy not to implement certain sections of the bill he or she has just signed into law. Although this is controversial, only until a case is brought to and accepted for hearing by the federal courts can the constitutionality of its use be established.

The presidency is a unique institution in the U.S. system of government. A paradox, the president is at once both powerful and dependent on other branches and on public opinion for success. He or she speaks with a singular voice, yet his or her ability to move public opinion significantly is limited. These contradictions, however, are the threads into which the most fascinating tapestry of the executive branch is woven.

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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Avid Reader Press / Simon & Schuster (October 20, 2020)
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Craig Fehrman is a journalist and historian who has written for The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Wall Street Journal, among others. He lives in Indiana with his wife and children. Author in Chief is his first book.

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How To Write A Research Paper

Step-By-Step Tutorial With Examples + FREE Template

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewer: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | March 2024

For many students, crafting a strong research paper from scratch can feel like a daunting task – and rightly so! In this post, we’ll unpack what a research paper is, what it needs to do , and how to write one – in three easy steps. 🙂 

Overview: Writing A Research Paper

What (exactly) is a research paper.

• How to write a research paper
• Stage 1 : Topic & literature search
• Stage 2 : Structure & outline
• Stage 3 : Iterative writing
• Key takeaways

Let’s start by asking the most important question, “ What is a research paper? ”.

Simply put, a research paper is a scholarly written work where the writer (that’s you!) answers a specific question (this is called a research question ) through evidence-based arguments . Evidence-based is the keyword here. In other words, a research paper is different from an essay or other writing assignments that draw from the writer’s personal opinions or experiences. With a research paper, it’s all about building your arguments based on evidence (we’ll talk more about that evidence a little later).

Now, it’s worth noting that there are many different types of research papers , including analytical papers (the type I just described), argumentative papers, and interpretative papers. Here, we’ll focus on analytical papers , as these are some of the most common – but if you’re keen to learn about other types of research papers, be sure to check out the rest of the blog .

With that basic foundation laid, let’s get down to business and look at how to write a research paper .

Overview: The 3-Stage Process

While there are, of course, many potential approaches you can take to write a research paper, there are typically three stages to the writing process. So, in this tutorial, we’ll present a straightforward three-step process that we use when working with students at Grad Coach.

These three steps are:

• Finding a research topic and reviewing the existing literature
• Developing a provisional structure and outline for your paper, and
• Writing up your initial draft and then refining it iteratively

Let’s dig into each of these.

Need a helping hand?

Step 1: Find a topic and review the literature

As we mentioned earlier, in a research paper, you, as the researcher, will try to answer a question . More specifically, that’s called a research question , and it sets the direction of your entire paper. What’s important to understand though is that you’ll need to answer that research question with the help of high-quality sources – for example, journal articles, government reports, case studies, and so on. We’ll circle back to this in a minute.

The first stage of the research process is deciding on what your research question will be and then reviewing the existing literature (in other words, past studies and papers) to see what they say about that specific research question. In some cases, your professor may provide you with a predetermined research question (or set of questions). However, in many cases, you’ll need to find your own research question within a certain topic area.

Finding a strong research question hinges on identifying a meaningful research gap – in other words, an area that’s lacking in existing research. There’s a lot to unpack here, so if you wanna learn more, check out the plain-language explainer video below.

Once you’ve figured out which question (or questions) you’ll attempt to answer in your research paper, you’ll need to do a deep dive into the existing literature – this is called a “ literature search ”. Again, there are many ways to go about this, but your most likely starting point will be Google Scholar .

If you’re new to Google Scholar, think of it as Google for the academic world. You can start by simply entering a few different keywords that are relevant to your research question and it will then present a host of articles for you to review. What you want to pay close attention to here is the number of citations for each paper – the more citations a paper has, the more credible it is (generally speaking – there are some exceptions, of course).

Ideally, what you’re looking for are well-cited papers that are highly relevant to your topic. That said, keep in mind that citations are a cumulative metric , so older papers will often have more citations than newer papers – just because they’ve been around for longer. So, don’t fixate on this metric in isolation – relevance and recency are also very important.

Beyond Google Scholar, you’ll also definitely want to check out academic databases and aggregators such as Science Direct, PubMed, JStor and so on. These will often overlap with the results that you find in Google Scholar, but they can also reveal some hidden gems – so, be sure to check them out.

Once you’ve worked your way through all the literature, you’ll want to catalogue all this information in some sort of spreadsheet so that you can easily recall who said what, when and within what context. If you’d like, we’ve got a free literature spreadsheet that helps you do exactly that.

Step 2: Develop a structure and outline

With your research question pinned down and your literature digested and catalogued, it’s time to move on to planning your actual research paper .

It might sound obvious, but it’s really important to have some sort of rough outline in place before you start writing your paper. So often, we see students eagerly rushing into the writing phase, only to land up with a disjointed research paper that rambles on in multiple

Now, the secret here is to not get caught up in the fine details . Realistically, all you need at this stage is a bullet-point list that describes (in broad strokes) what you’ll discuss and in what order. It’s also useful to remember that you’re not glued to this outline – in all likelihood, you’ll chop and change some sections once you start writing, and that’s perfectly okay. What’s important is that you have some sort of roadmap in place from the start.

At this stage you might be wondering, “ But how should I structure my research paper? ”. Well, there’s no one-size-fits-all solution here, but in general, a research paper will consist of a few relatively standardised components:

• Introduction
• Literature review
• Methodology

Let’s take a look at each of these.

First up is the introduction section . As the name suggests, the purpose of the introduction is to set the scene for your research paper. There are usually (at least) four ingredients that go into this section – these are the background to the topic, the research problem and resultant research question , and the justification or rationale. If you’re interested, the video below unpacks the introduction section in more detail. 

The next section of your research paper will typically be your literature review . Remember all that literature you worked through earlier? Well, this is where you’ll present your interpretation of all that content . You’ll do this by writing about recent trends, developments, and arguments within the literature – but more specifically, those that are relevant to your research question . The literature review can oftentimes seem a little daunting, even to seasoned researchers, so be sure to check out our extensive collection of literature review content here .

With the introduction and lit review out of the way, the next section of your paper is the research methodology . In a nutshell, the methodology section should describe to your reader what you did (beyond just reviewing the existing literature) to answer your research question. For example, what data did you collect, how did you collect that data, how did you analyse that data and so on? For each choice, you’ll also need to justify why you chose to do it that way, and what the strengths and weaknesses of your approach were.

Now, it’s worth mentioning that for some research papers, this aspect of the project may be a lot simpler . For example, you may only need to draw on secondary sources (in other words, existing data sets). In some cases, you may just be asked to draw your conclusions from the literature search itself (in other words, there may be no data analysis at all). But, if you are required to collect and analyse data, you’ll need to pay a lot of attention to the methodology section. The video below provides an example of what the methodology section might look like.

By this stage of your paper, you will have explained what your research question is, what the existing literature has to say about that question, and how you analysed additional data to try to answer your question. So, the natural next step is to present your analysis of that data . This section is usually called the “results” or “analysis” section and this is where you’ll showcase your findings.

Depending on your school’s requirements, you may need to present and interpret the data in one section – or you might split the presentation and the interpretation into two sections. In the latter case, your “results” section will just describe the data, and the “discussion” is where you’ll interpret that data and explicitly link your analysis back to your research question. If you’re not sure which approach to take, check in with your professor or take a look at past papers to see what the norms are for your programme.

Alright – once you’ve presented and discussed your results, it’s time to wrap it up . This usually takes the form of the “ conclusion ” section. In the conclusion, you’ll need to highlight the key takeaways from your study and close the loop by explicitly answering your research question. Again, the exact requirements here will vary depending on your programme (and you may not even need a conclusion section at all) – so be sure to check with your professor if you’re unsure.

Step 3: Write and refine

Finally, it’s time to get writing. All too often though, students hit a brick wall right about here… So, how do you avoid this happening to you?

Well, there’s a lot to be said when it comes to writing a research paper (or any sort of academic piece), but we’ll share three practical tips to help you get started.

First and foremost , it’s essential to approach your writing as an iterative process. In other words, you need to start with a really messy first draft and then polish it over multiple rounds of editing. Don’t waste your time trying to write a perfect research paper in one go. Instead, take the pressure off yourself by adopting an iterative approach.

Secondly , it’s important to always lean towards critical writing , rather than descriptive writing. What does this mean? Well, at the simplest level, descriptive writing focuses on the “ what ”, while critical writing digs into the “ so what ” – in other words, the implications. If you’re not familiar with these two types of writing, don’t worry! You can find a plain-language explanation here.

Last but not least, you’ll need to get your referencing right. Specifically, you’ll need to provide credible, correctly formatted citations for the statements you make. We see students making referencing mistakes all the time and it costs them dearly. The good news is that you can easily avoid this by using a simple reference manager . If you don’t have one, check out our video about Mendeley, an easy (and free) reference management tool that you can start using today.

Recap: Key Takeaways

We’ve covered a lot of ground here. To recap, the three steps to writing a high-quality research paper are:

• To choose a research question and review the literature
• To plan your paper structure and draft an outline
• To take an iterative approach to writing, focusing on critical writing and strong referencing

Remember, this is just a b ig-picture overview of the research paper development process and there’s a lot more nuance to unpack. So, be sure to grab a copy of our free research paper template to learn more about how to write a research paper.

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The 5 best research paper writing services: reviews & rankings.

Looking for the best research paper writing service? It's a bit like searching for a needle in a haystack, isn't it? Our expert review directly compares the top five services, identifying the best in speed, quality, and value so you can make an informed decision quickly.

Top-Rated Research Paper Writing Services

Best Value: PaperHelp (4.92/5)

Best for Speed: BBQPapers (4.90/5)

Best for Balancing Cost and Quality: EssayPro (4.88/5)

Best for Precision and Professionalism: EssayNoDelay (4.85/5)

Best for Comprehensive Support: SpeedyPaper (4.82/5)

When it comes to finding the top research paper writing services, these options stand out for their unique features and benefits.

Why These Websites?

After checking out more than 20 different research paper services, I've managed to sort out the real gems based on what matters most: reliability, quality, affordability, and the ability to hit those deadlines without cutting corners on quality.

I’ve been using paper writing websites for two years now, and having spent a lot of time exploring different websites, I've really seen how they’ve changed over time. I didn't just pick these five services out of a hat for my review; I chose them after a lot of careful thought and based on my own experiences.

Selection Criteria

So, what made me pick these services? Well, a few things stood out during my search.

Reliability

First up, reliability. There's nothing more reassuring than a service you can count on over and over again. The ones I've chosen have proven themselves reliable time after time, with loads of positive feedback to back them up.

Research Paper Quality

Then there's the quality of the content. This is the heart of any writing service, right? The services I recommend have some seriously talented writers on their teams. They're not just churning out papers; they're crafting well-researched, beautifully written, and completely original pieces of work. It's clear they have strict quality checks in place, and it shows in every paper they deliver.

Affordability

Affordability is another big deal. As a student, I know all too well the juggling act between getting quality help and not blowing your budget. The services I've picked strike the perfect balance. They offer great quality without making you empty your wallet, which is pretty awesome.

Adherence to Deadlines

In the academic world, missing a deadline is a big no-no. The services on my list get this. They've consistently shown they can meet even the tightest deadlines without compromising on the quality of their work.

PaperHelp – Best Research Paper Service Overall

As a student on a tight budget, I found PaperHelp to be a great option. I ordered a research paper from them and I wasn't disappointed. The paper was well-structured, the research was thorough, and the writing style was spot on. It followed all my guidelines and came in before the deadline, which was a nice bonus.

PaperHelp is known for delivering top-notch academic writing services, and from what I've seen, they live up to the hype. Their range of services is pretty wide, covering everything you might need for school or college — think essays, research papers, even the big project like dissertations and thesis writing.

One thing that really stands out is their team. They've got these expert writers who are not only well versed in their subject areas but have the degrees to back it up. This means the research and writing quality is top-tier. Plus, they're serious about making sure your work is original. No worries about plagiarism here, which is a huge relief.

Their customer support is another highlight. They're always there, ready to help out, no matter the time of day. It feels good knowing that support is just a message away, especially when deadlines are looming.

Wrapping up, PaperHelp really sets a standard for what paper writing services should be. They've got a strong focus on quality and customer satisfaction, which is probably why I'd rate them so highly, like a 4.92 out of 5 . Definitely worth checking out if you're in need of some academic help.

BBQPapers – The Speedy Service for Urgent Deadlines

Having used BBQPapers when faced with a looming deadline on my research paper, I was impressed by the speed at which they completed my paper. The quality did not suffer despite the 6-hour turnaround time. However, I did find that the cost for such speed was on the higher side.

BBQPapers offers a wide range of writing services, covering everything from essays to complex research papers, and they really prioritize speedy delivery without cutting corners on quality.

It’s safe to say that they're great at meeting tight deadlines, which is perfect for someone like me who tends to leave things until the last minute but still expects high-quality work.

The writers at BBQPapers are top-notch, no doubts. They quickly understand what's needed and adapt to different types of assignments with ease. The support team is always there, ready to help, no matter when I've reached out. This has been a huge relief during those last-minute scrambles.

In a nutshell, BBQPapers is a great website for anyone needing quick and reliable writing services. I'd rate them a 4.90 out of 5 because they excel at delivering speedy, high-quality work.

EssayNoDelay – Precision and Professionalism Combined

EssayNoDelay is mostly known for their essay writing, but don't let that fool you. They do a fantastic job with research papers too. They're really good at digging deep into a subject and bringing out new insights, all while making sure everything is original and covers a wide range of topics.

As for what they offer, it's not just essays they're handling. They also take on other academic writing tasks like term papers and dissertations. So, if you're swamped with assignments, they've got you covered.

It seems that the writers at EssayNoDelay try to bring creativity and depth to their work, which is something I appreciated. Additionally, if you're worried about deadlines, they've got your back. They're known for being on time without compromising on quality.

After using EssayNoDelay, I was really impressed by a bunch of things. First off, placing my order was super easy. The paper I got was top-notch, and it was clear the writer really got what I was trying to say.

They did their homework, too, because the research was on point. The professionalism and the whole customer experience were just great. With all that in mind, I felt like the cost totally made sense.

To wrap it up, EssayNoDelay is a solid choice for anyone looking for well-written essays and research papers. I'd rate them a 4.85 out of 5 , especially because of their specialization in essay writing and their ability to deliver on time.

EssayPro – Balancing Affordability and Quality

They offer a bunch of services aimed at students, covering everything from research papers, essays, to term papers. What stands out to me is their dedication to getting writers who are experts in various academic disciplines. This isn't about getting just any writer; it's about matching you with someone who gets the ins and outs of your specific study area.

We're talking about writers who aren't just book-smart. They have hands-on experience in their fields, which makes a huge difference. I’ve also noticed that they’re pretty strict about making sure each paper is just right. It's reassuring to know they've got a solid quality check in place.

My experience with EssayPro was positive overall. The quality of work was excellent, and the pricing was competitive. However, I found EssayPro’s bidding system less convenient than writer-assigned system that most other websites use. Because of the bidding system, it’s hard to get the exact price quote before placing an order.

Wrapping it up, if you're on the hunt for writers who know their academic onions and don't skimp on research, EssayPro is a fantastic pick. From what I've seen, they're all about quality and expertise. I'd give them a solid 4.88 out of 5 . They really do go the extra mile to get it right.

SpeedyPaper – Comprehensive Writing Support with a Personal Touch

SpeedyPaper really stands out because of how well they tailor their services to fit exactly what you need. I've noticed that they really listen to what each student wants, giving it a nice personal touch.

SpeedyPaper is all about individual approach and customization, so they really make sure each assignment is just right for you, taking in all your special requests and preferences. They're pretty flexible with how they do things too, like formatting and research, and you can even ask for specific writers.

From what I’ve seen, their team of writers is super diverse, which means they've got someone perfect for any subject or style you need. If something's not quite right, they offer free revisions. This means they keep working until it's exactly what you were looking for.

My experience with SpeedyPaper was a pleasant one. The comprehensive writing support was helpful, and the ability to communicate directly with the writer ensured my order requirements were met.

In conclusion, SpeedyPaper is fantastic at creating personalized writing services. They're great at making sure the content fits what you're looking for, earning them a 4.82 out of 5 from me.

Side by Side Comparison of the Top Research Paper Services

Each service caters to different needs and preferences, from budget considerations and speed to specialization and personalization. Whether you prioritize cost, deadline, or a personalized approach, there's a service here that aligns with your academic writing needs.

PaperHelp stands out for its budget-friendly cost without compromising on quality, making it an excellent choice for students who are mindful of their spending. It excels in delivering a wide range of academic writing services with a particular emphasis on quality and originality.

The slight downside is its potential to miss the mark on the highest academic standards, but it compensates with its overall value, rating a strong 4.93 out of 5.

BBQPapers is the go-to for those tight on time, prioritizing rapid execution without sacrificing paper quality. While it commands a premium for its speedy service, the trade-off is worth it for students who need urgent help.

With a comprehensive service offering and a knack for handling tight deadlines, BBQPapers rates a 4.83 out of 5, marking its position as a reliable service for high-quality, fast-turnaround needs.

EssayNoDelay combines professionalism with punctuality, offering high-quality work with a strong commitment to deadlines. Its user-friendly interface simplifies the process of ordering high-quality essays and research papers.

While revisions may come with terms and conditions, the service's overall performance and specialization in essay writing make it a solid choice, reflected in a 4.85 out of 5 rating.

EssayPro balances affordability with quality, offering competitive pricing across a wide range of paper types. The potential for slower turnaround times and language proficiency issues are minor concerns when considering the expertise of its writers and the overall quality of work. The bidding system may be a drawback for some, yet the service's focus on academic expertise grants it a 4.88 out of 5 rating.

SpeedyPaper differentiates itself with comprehensive writing support tailored to individual needs, allowing for direct communication with writers. It stands out for its personalized approach and flexibility in handling assignments, backed by a diverse team of writers.

Without significant drawbacks identified, SpeedyPaper's commitment to customization and customer satisfaction earns it a 4.91 out of 5.

Four Things to Look for in a Research Paper Service

First , the expertise of the professional writers who write research papers, including a research paper writer, is critical. Professional paper writers should have relevant knowledge in your subject area, ensuring they can handle your topic proficiently. The best research paper writers will make a significant difference in the quality of your work.

Second , assess the quality of the research papers provided by the service. This can be done by reviewing samples or reading feedback from previous clients. It’s also important to verify the service’s commitment to content originality and the availability of originality reports to uphold academic integrity.

Third , consider the flexibility of the service regarding revisions and the presence of a reliable customer support system. Timely assistance can be invaluable when you’re working against a deadline.

Lastly , ensure the service offers prompt delivery and has stringent confidentiality policies to protect your information.

Getting the Best Value for Your Money: Understanding the Prices

Understanding the pricing structure of research paper services is key to getting the best value for your money. Prices typically depend on the turnaround time, number of pages, and your academic level.

For instance, prices may start at $10 per page for a research paper with a 14-day deadline, and go up to $40 per page for a 3-hour delivery.

Promotional offers, discount codes, and loyalty programs provided by academic writing services, including essay writing services, term paper writing service, and online paper writing service, can substantially reduce costs.

These can provide better value for money, especially for regular customers. Establishing a long-term relationship with a research paper writing service can lead to personalized discounts and favored rates over time.

Opting for services with clear, upfront pricing structures helps prevent additional, unexpected costs. Choosing those offering free revisions can enhance the value received without extra charges.

However, the quality of academic writing should not be compromised for affordability. Verifying writer qualifications and reading customer testimonials can help determine the capability of services to deliver high-quality research papers within your budget.

Research Paper Writing Websites: FAQ

Who are the research paper writers.

Research paper writers are essentially experts with advanced degrees who have a knack for diving deep into various academic subjects. From my experience, they usually come with an impressive stash of knowledge, thanks to their master's degrees or even PhDs, and they know the ins and outs of academic research and writing like the back of their hand.

They're the type of people who are not just smart in their fields but are also ace researchers and writers. They have this ability to craft papers that are not only well-researched but are engaging and insightful.

Whether you're an undergrad or working on your PhD, these writers can switch up their style to match whatever academic level or format you need, be it APA, MLA, or Chicago.

And let me tell you, they take their work seriously, especially when it comes to ethics. They're all about creating original content and steering clear of any academic no-nos.

In my time working with them or benefiting from their work, I've seen how their expertise and dedication to quality can really make a difference for anyone looking for a bit of help with their research papers. They're pretty much the unsung heroes of the academic world, making life a bit easier for students and professionals alike.

What is the cheapest research paper writing service?

The most affordable service is definitely EssayPro. The prices per page at this website start at $10.80, but urgent deadlines are not that costly as on other websites. For this reason, EssayPro is the most cost-efficient option, especially for urgent deadlines.

How much does it cost to pay someone to write a research paper?

It can cost as little as $10 per page to pay someone to write a research paper. This can be a cost-effective option for getting quality help with your academic work. However, keep in mind that the more urgent is your order, the more you’ll have to pay.

Other than that, the price depends on your level of study, so graduate papers are generally more expensive than undergraduate ones.

Can I hire someone to write my research paper for me?

Yes, you can definitely hire someone to write your research paper. It’s safe as long as you're using a reputable service.

You've probably seen that many research paper writing services are upfront about being for research and educational purposes. They're kind of like study buddies or tutors, offering you examples and guidance rather than something you just turn in with your name on it.

They usually make it clear that their work shouldn't be submitted as your own. It's a clever way to navigate the legal landscape, providing a helpful resource while making sure everyone knows the rules of the game.

What is the most reliable research paper writing company?

PaperHelp is recommended as the most reliable paper writing service today. You can also consider PaperCoach, Extra Essay, EssayPro, and SpeedyPaper based on their specific strengths.

Do all research paper writing services offer originality reports?

No, not all research paper writing services offer originality reports, at least not for free. EssayPro and BBQPapers deliver plagiarism reports for free with every order, but most other websites charge you for it. It's advisable to confirm this with the service before making a decision.

Summary: How to Pay For Research Paper Writing Online

In summary, research paper writing services can be a valuable resource for students balancing academic and personal commitments. The five services reviewed here each excel in specific areas, from speed of delivery to affordability, and from professionalism to comprehensive support.

Choosing the right service requires considering several factors, such as writer expertise, quality of work, originality guarantees, service flexibility, and customer support. Understanding the pricing structure and taking advantage of promotional offers and loyalty programs can also ensure you get the best value for your money.

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My experience here started with an essay on English lit. As of today, it is quite difficult for me to imagine my life without these awesome writers. Thanks. Always.

Pricing depends on the type of task you wish to be completed, the number of pages, and the due date. The longer the due date you put in, the bigger discount you get!