draft 1 essay

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8.3 Drafting

Learning objectives.

Identify drafting strategies that improve writing.
Use drafting strategies to prepare the first draft of an essay.

Drafting is the stage of the writing process in which you develop a complete first version of a piece of writing.

Even professional writers admit that an empty page scares them because they feel they need to come up with something fresh and original every time they open a blank document on their computers. Because you have completed the first two steps in the writing process, you have already recovered from empty page syndrome. You have hours of prewriting and planning already done. You know what will go on that blank page: what you wrote in your outline.

Getting Started: Strategies For Drafting

Your objective for this portion of Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” is to draft the body paragraphs of a standard five-paragraph essay. A five-paragraph essay contains an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. If you are more comfortable starting on paper than on the computer, you can start on paper and then type it before you revise. You can also use a voice recorder to get yourself started, dictating a paragraph or two to get you thinking. In this lesson, Mariah does all her work on the computer, but you may use pen and paper or the computer to write a rough draft.

Making the Writing Process Work for You

What makes the writing process so beneficial to writers is that it encourages alternatives to standard practices while motivating you to develop your best ideas. For instance, the following approaches, done alone or in combination with others, may improve your writing and help you move forward in the writing process:

Begin writing with the part you know the most about. You can start with the third paragraph in your outline if ideas come easily to mind. You can start with the second paragraph or the first paragraph, too. Although paragraphs may vary in length, keep in mind that short paragraphs may contain insufficient support. Readers may also think the writing is abrupt. Long paragraphs may be wordy and may lose your reader’s interest. As a guideline, try to write paragraphs longer than one sentence but shorter than the length of an entire double-spaced page.
Write one paragraph at a time and then stop. As long as you complete the assignment on time, you may choose how many paragraphs you complete in one sitting. Pace yourself. On the other hand, try not to procrastinate. Writers should always meet their deadlines.
Take short breaks to refresh your mind. This tip might be most useful if you are writing a multipage report or essay. Still, if you are antsy or cannot concentrate, take a break to let your mind rest. But do not let breaks extend too long. If you spend too much time away from your essay, you may have trouble starting again. You may forget key points or lose momentum. Try setting an alarm to limit your break, and when the time is up, return to your desk to write.
Be reasonable with your goals. If you decide to take ten-minute breaks, try to stick to that goal. If you told yourself that you need more facts, then commit to finding them. Holding yourself to your own goals will create successful writing assignments.
Keep your audience and purpose in mind as you write. These aspects of writing are just as important when you are writing a single paragraph for your essay as when you are considering the direction of the entire essay.

Of all of these considerations, keeping your purpose and your audience at the front of your mind is the most important key to writing success. If your purpose is to persuade, for example, you will present your facts and details in the most logical and convincing way you can.

Your purpose will guide your mind as you compose your sentences. Your audience will guide word choice. Are you writing for experts, for a general audience, for other college students, or for people who know very little about your topic? Keep asking yourself what your readers, with their background and experience, need to be told in order to understand your ideas. How can you best express your ideas so they are totally clear and your communication is effective?

You may want to identify your purpose and audience on an index card that you clip to your paper (or keep next to your computer). On that card, you may want to write notes to yourself—perhaps about what that audience might not know or what it needs to know—so that you will be sure to address those issues when you write. It may be a good idea to also state exactly what you want to explain to that audience, or to inform them of, or to persuade them about.

Writing at Work

Many of the documents you produce at work target a particular audience for a particular purpose. You may find that it is highly advantageous to know as much as you can about your target audience and to prepare your message to reach that audience, even if the audience is a coworker or your boss. Menu language is a common example. Descriptions like “organic romaine” and “free-range chicken” are intended to appeal to a certain type of customer though perhaps not to the same customer who craves a thick steak. Similarly, mail-order companies research the demographics of the people who buy their merchandise. Successful vendors customize product descriptions in catalogs to appeal to their buyers’ tastes. For example, the product descriptions in a skateboarder catalog will differ from the descriptions in a clothing catalog for mature adults.

Using the topic for the essay that you outlined in Section 8.2 “Outlining” , describe your purpose and your audience as specifically as you can. Use your own sheet of paper to record your responses. Then keep these responses near you during future stages of the writing process.

My purpose: ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

My audience: ____________________________________________

Setting Goals for Your First Draft

A draft is a complete version of a piece of writing, but it is not the final version. The step in the writing process after drafting, as you may remember, is revising. During revising, you will have the opportunity to make changes to your first draft before you put the finishing touches on it during the editing and proofreading stage. A first draft gives you a working version that you can later improve.

Workplace writing in certain environments is done by teams of writers who collaborate on the planning, writing, and revising of documents, such as long reports, technical manuals, and the results of scientific research. Collaborators do not need to be in the same room, the same building, or even the same city. Many collaborations are conducted over the Internet.

In a perfect collaboration, each contributor has the right to add, edit, and delete text. Strong communication skills, in addition to strong writing skills, are important in this kind of writing situation because disagreements over style, content, process, emphasis, and other issues may arise.

The collaborative software, or document management systems, that groups use to work on common projects is sometimes called groupware or workgroup support systems.

The reviewing tool on some word-processing programs also gives you access to a collaborative tool that many smaller workgroups use when they exchange documents. You can also use it to leave comments to yourself.

If you invest some time now to investigate how the reviewing tool in your word processor works, you will be able to use it with confidence during the revision stage of the writing process. Then, when you start to revise, set your reviewing tool to track any changes you make, so you will be able to tinker with text and commit only those final changes you want to keep.

Discovering the Basic Elements of a First Draft

If you have been using the information in this chapter step by step to help you develop an assignment, you already have both a formal topic outline and a formal sentence outline to direct your writing. Knowing what a first draft looks like will help you make the creative leap from the outline to the first draft. A first draft should include the following elements:

An introduction that piques the audience’s interest, tells what the essay is about, and motivates readers to keep reading.
A thesis statement that presents the main point, or controlling idea, of the entire piece of writing.
A topic sentence in each paragraph that states the main idea of the paragraph and implies how that main idea connects to the thesis statement.
Supporting sentences in each paragraph that develop or explain the topic sentence. These can be specific facts, examples, anecdotes, or other details that elaborate on the topic sentence.
A conclusion that reinforces the thesis statement and leaves the audience with a feeling of completion.

These elements follow the standard five-paragraph essay format, which you probably first encountered in high school. This basic format is valid for most essays you will write in college, even much longer ones. For now, however, Mariah focuses on writing the three body paragraphs from her outline. Chapter 9 “Writing Essays: From Start to Finish” covers writing introductions and conclusions, and you will read Mariah’s introduction and conclusion in Chapter 9 “Writing Essays: From Start to Finish” .

The Role of Topic Sentences

Topic sentences make the structure of a text and the writer’s basic arguments easy to locate and comprehend. In college writing, using a topic sentence in each paragraph of the essay is the standard rule. However, the topic sentence does not always have to be the first sentence in your paragraph even if it the first item in your formal outline.

When you begin to draft your paragraphs, you should follow your outline fairly closely. After all, you spent valuable time developing those ideas. However, as you begin to express your ideas in complete sentences, it might strike you that the topic sentence might work better at the end of the paragraph or in the middle. Try it. Writing a draft, by its nature, is a good time for experimentation.

The topic sentence can be the first, middle, or final sentence in a paragraph. The assignment’s audience and purpose will often determine where a topic sentence belongs. When the purpose of the assignment is to persuade, for example, the topic sentence should be the first sentence in a paragraph. In a persuasive essay, the writer’s point of view should be clearly expressed at the beginning of each paragraph.

Choosing where to position the topic sentence depends not only on your audience and purpose but also on the essay’s arrangement, or order. When you organize information according to order of importance, the topic sentence may be the final sentence in a paragraph. All the supporting sentences build up to the topic sentence. Chronological order may also position the topic sentence as the final sentence because the controlling idea of the paragraph may make the most sense at the end of a sequence.

When you organize information according to spatial order, a topic sentence may appear as the middle sentence in a paragraph. An essay arranged by spatial order often contains paragraphs that begin with descriptions. A reader may first need a visual in his or her mind before understanding the development of the paragraph. When the topic sentence is in the middle, it unites the details that come before it with the ones that come after it.

As you read critically throughout the writing process, keep topic sentences in mind. You may discover topic sentences that are not always located at the beginning of a paragraph. For example, fiction writers customarily use topic ideas, either expressed or implied, to move readers through their texts. In nonfiction writing, such as popular magazines, topic sentences are often used when the author thinks it is appropriate (based on the audience and the purpose, of course). A single topic sentence might even control the development of a number of paragraphs. For more information on topic sentences, please see Chapter 6 “Writing Paragraphs: Separating Ideas and Shaping Content” .

Developing topic sentences and thinking about their placement in a paragraph will prepare you to write the rest of the paragraph.

The paragraph is the main structural component of an essay as well as other forms of writing. Each paragraph of an essay adds another related main idea to support the writer’s thesis, or controlling idea. Each related main idea is supported and developed with facts, examples, and other details that explain it. By exploring and refining one main idea at a time, writers build a strong case for their thesis.

Paragraph Length

How long should a paragraph be?

One answer to this important question may be “long enough”—long enough for you to address your points and explain your main idea. To grab attention or to present succinct supporting ideas, a paragraph can be fairly short and consist of two to three sentences. A paragraph in a complex essay about some abstract point in philosophy or archaeology can be three-quarters of a page or more in length. As long as the writer maintains close focus on the topic and does not ramble, a long paragraph is acceptable in college-level writing. In general, try to keep the paragraphs longer than one sentence but shorter than one full page of double-spaced text.

Journalistic style often calls for brief two- or three-sentence paragraphs because of how people read the news, both online and in print. Blogs and other online information sources often adopt this paragraphing style, too. Readers often skim the first paragraphs of a great many articles before settling on the handful of stories they want to read in detail.

You may find that a particular paragraph you write may be longer than one that will hold your audience’s interest. In such cases, you should divide the paragraph into two or more shorter paragraphs, adding a topic statement or some kind of transitional word or phrase at the start of the new paragraph. Transition words or phrases show the connection between the two ideas.

In all cases, however, be guided by what you instructor wants and expects to find in your draft. Many instructors will expect you to develop a mature college-level style as you progress through the semester’s assignments.

To build your sense of appropriate paragraph length, use the Internet to find examples of the following items. Copy them into a file, identify your sources, and present them to your instructor with your annotations, or notes.

A news article written in short paragraphs. Take notes on, or annotate, your selection with your observations about the effect of combining paragraphs that develop the same topic idea. Explain how effective those paragraphs would be.
A long paragraph from a scholarly work that you identify through an academic search engine. Annotate it with your observations about the author’s paragraphing style.

Starting Your First Draft

Now we are finally ready to look over Mariah’s shoulder as she begins to write her essay about digital technology and the confusing choices that consumers face. As she does, you should have in front of you your outline, with its thesis statement and topic sentences, and the notes you wrote earlier in this lesson on your purpose and audience. Reviewing these will put both you and Mariah in the proper mind-set to start.

The following is Mariah’s thesis statement.

Everyone wants the newest and the best digital technology ,but the choices are many, and the specifications are often confusing

Here are the notes that Mariah wrote to herself to characterize her purpose and audience.

Mariah chose to begin by writing a quick introduction based on her thesis statement. She knew that she would want to improve her introduction significantly when she revised. Right now, she just wanted to give herself a starting point. You will read her introduction again in Section 8.4 “Revising and Editing” when she revises it.

Remember Mariah’s other options. She could have started directly with any of the body paragraphs.

You will learn more about writing attention-getting introductions and effective conclusions in Chapter 9 “Writing Essays: From Start to Finish” .

With her thesis statement and her purpose and audience notes in front of her, Mariah then looked at her sentence outline. She chose to use that outline because it includes the topic sentences. The following is the portion of her outline for the first body paragraph. The roman numeral II identifies the topic sentence for the paragraph, capital letters indicate supporting details, and arabic numerals label subpoints.

The roman numeral II identifies the topic sentence for the paragraph, capital letters indicate supporting details, and arabic numerals label subpoints.

Mariah then began to expand the ideas in her outline into a paragraph. Notice how the outline helped her guarantee that all her sentences in the body of the paragraph develop the topic sentence.

Outlines help guarantee that all sentences in the body of the paragraph develop the topic sentence.

If you write your first draft on the computer, consider creating a new file folder for each course with a set of subfolders inside the course folders for each assignment you are given. Label the folders clearly with the course names, and label each assignment folder and word processing document with a title that you will easily recognize. The assignment name is a good choice for the document. Then use that subfolder to store all the drafts you create. When you start each new draft, do not just write over the last one. Instead, save the draft with a new tag after the title—draft 1, draft 2, and so on—so that you will have a complete history of drafts in case your instructor wishes you to submit them.

In your documents, observe any formatting requirements—for margins, headers, placement of page numbers, and other layout matters—that your instructor requires.

Study how Mariah made the transition from her sentence outline to her first draft. First, copy her outline onto your own sheet of paper. Leave a few spaces between each part of the outline. Then copy sentences from Mariah’s paragraph to align each sentence with its corresponding entry in her outline.

Continuing the First Draft

Mariah continued writing her essay, moving to the second and third body paragraphs. She had supporting details but no numbered subpoints in her outline, so she had to consult her prewriting notes for specific information to include.

If you decide to take a break between finishing your first body paragraph and starting the next one, do not start writing immediately when you return to your work. Put yourself back in context and in the mood by rereading what you have already written. This is what Mariah did. If she had stopped writing in the middle of writing the paragraph, she could have jotted down some quick notes to herself about what she would write next.

Preceding each body paragraph that Mariah wrote is the appropriate section of her sentence outline. Notice how she expanded roman numeral III from her outline into a first draft of the second body paragraph. As you read, ask yourself how closely she stayed on purpose and how well she paid attention to the needs of her audience.

Mariah then began her third and final body paragraph using roman numeral IV from her outline.

Reread body paragraphs two and three of the essay that Mariah is writing. Then answer the questions on your own sheet of paper.

In body paragraph two, Mariah decided to develop her paragraph as a nonfiction narrative. Do you agree with her decision? Explain. How else could she have chosen to develop the paragraph? Why is that better?
Compare the writing styles of paragraphs two and three. What evidence do you have that Mariah was getting tired or running out of steam? What advice would you give her? Why?
Choose one of these two body paragraphs. Write a version of your own that you think better fits Mariah’s audience and purpose.

Writing a Title

A writer’s best choice for a title is one that alludes to the main point of the entire essay. Like the headline in a newspaper or the big, bold title in a magazine, an essay’s title gives the audience a first peek at the content. If readers like the title, they are likely to keep reading.

Following her outline carefully, Mariah crafted each paragraph of her essay. Moving step by step in the writing process, Mariah finished the draft and even included a brief concluding paragraph (you will read her conclusion in Chapter 9 “Writing Essays: From Start to Finish” ). She then decided, as the final touch for her writing session, to add an engaging title.

Thesis Statement: Everyone wants the newest and the best digital technology, but the choices are many, and the specifications are often confusing. Working Title: Digital Technology: The Newest and the Best at What Price?

Writing Your Own First Draft

Now you may begin your own first draft, if you have not already done so. Follow the suggestions and the guidelines presented in this section.

Key Takeaways

Make the writing process work for you. Use any and all of the strategies that help you move forward in the writing process.
Always be aware of your purpose for writing and the needs of your audience. Cater to those needs in every sensible way.
Remember to include all the key structural parts of an essay: a thesis statement that is part of your introductory paragraph, three or more body paragraphs as described in your outline, and a concluding paragraph. Then add an engaging title to draw in readers.
Write paragraphs of an appropriate length for your writing assignment. Paragraphs in college-level writing can be a page long, as long as they cover the main topics in your outline.
Use your topic outline or your sentence outline to guide the development of your paragraphs and the elaboration of your ideas. Each main idea, indicated by a roman numeral in your outline, becomes the topic of a new paragraph. Develop it with the supporting details and the subpoints of those details that you included in your outline.
Generally speaking, write your introduction and conclusion last, after you have fleshed out the body paragraphs.

How to Write the First Draft

Part 4: How to Write the First Draft

Introduction

By this stage, you will have a final essay plan and a research document that presents your findings from the research stage in an organised and easy-to-use way. Together, these documents provide a clear map and all the information you need to write a well-structured essay , in a fraction of the time it would otherwise take.

This timesaving comes from the fact that you have already made all the big decisions about your essay during the research phase:

You have a clear idea of your answer to the essay question.
You know the main topics you will discuss to support your answer.
You know the best order in which to discuss these topics.
You know how many words should be spent on these topics, based on their importance to supporting your answer.
You know what points you will make under each topic and will discuss each of these in a new paragraph.
You know exactly what information each paragraph of your essay should contain.

You have already compiled your list of references or bibliography, and have easy access to all the details you need to correctly cite and reference your work.

Formal academic language

Before starting to write your essay, you must understand that using formal academic language is essential when writing at university. Formal academic language is clear and concise. You should never use 20 words when 10 will do; and your writing should leave no room for misunderstanding or confusion.

First person should almost always be avoided when writing an essay; however, it is recommended that you check with your tutor or lecturer about their attitude towards the first person and when it should be used, if ever. Conversely, contractions (e.g. shouldn’t, could’ve, he’s and hasn’t) are always inappropriate in academic writing. The only time you should see a contraction in academic text is in a direct quotation, usually taken from informal or spoken text.

Care should be taken to craft grammatically correct sentences, with no errors of spelling or punctuation. Colloquialisms and idiomatic language should be avoided. (These are characteristics of informal or spoken language.) It is also important to avoid racist, sexist and gender-specific language in your writing. Instead, use inclusive and gender-neutral vocabulary. For more information, please see our blog article ‘ Simplicity in Academic Writing ’.

Introductions

As you already have a clear idea of what your essay will include, you can write your introduction first. Of course, you should always come back to your introduction at the end of writing your essay to make sure that it definitely introduces all the topics you discussed. (You should not discuss any topics in the body of your essay that you have not mentioned in the introduction.)

Some other points to remember when writing your introduction are that you need to clearly state your answer to the essay question (your thesis statement), not just introduce the question. Also, your introduction should include no information that is not directly relevant to your topic. Including irrelevant background information in the introduction is a common mistake made by novice academic writers.

See the following example of a poor introduction. Then, compare it with the example of a good introduction below that. These example introductions are for the same 1,000-word essay used for the examples given in earlier stages of this guide, ‘How to Begin’ and ‘How to Organise Your Research’.

This is an example of a poor introduction: In 1492, Columbus set sail from Spain on a quest to find a new trade route to Asia. Despite the fact that he believed he had landed in the East Indies, Columbus had found another continent entirely. This essay will examine the issue of whether or not indigenous culture was completely decimated in the Americas as a result of Spain’s colonisation in the 16th century. It will look at the areas of family, religion and language.

This is an example of a good introduction: Beginning in the sixteenth century, Spanish colonisation of the Americas had a significantly negative effect on the cultural practices of the indigenous population. In particular, the introduction of new diseases and the consequent demographic collapse dramatically weakened indigenous culture and their ability to resist Spanish domination. However, aspects of the culture of some indigenous groups survived and even thrived—it was not completely decimated. Through an examination of the evidence related to religion, family and language, including the effects of colonisation on these areas of society, this essay will demonstrate aspects of indigenous beliefs, customs and practices that managed to endure.

In the example of a poor introduction, background information is included that is not directly relevant to the topic. Also, it does not answer the question, it only introduces it. Finally, it does not introduce all the topics to be discussed (as outlined in the final essay plan), and for those it does introduce, it does not mention them in the order they will be discussed in the essay (as outlined in the final essay plan).

By contrast, the good introduction provides a clear thesis statement; introduces, in order, all the topics to be discussed; and only includes information that is directly relevant to the essay question.

Topic sentences

As explained in ‘How to Begin’, every paragraph needs a topic sentence. The topic sentence introduces the new topic about to be discussed. It also links the topic back to the essay question, to make it clear why it is relevant and how it advances your argument.

The following are examples of topic sentences for Topic 1 ‘Disease and demographic impact’, Topic 2 ‘Religion’ and Topic 4 ‘Language’, as outlined in the final essay plan in ‘How to Finalise Your Essay Plan’. Notice how they link back to the thesis statement: ‘Spain’s colonisation had a significantly negative effect on the indigenous population of the Americas but some aspects of the culture of some indigenous groups survived and even thrived—it was not completely decimated’.

Topic 1: One of the most obvious negative effects of colonisation was the introduction of diseases that caused rapid demographic collapse among the indigenous population. Topic 2: Missionaries arrived to preach Catholicism to the Native Americans, but they allowed the Native Americans to keep parts of their culture and religion that did not clash with Catholic value and traditions. Topic 4: The Spanish did not force their language on the Native Americans, but there were nonetheless cases of indigenous languages fading out of use and being replaced with Spanish.

A common misconception is that your paragraphs need a concluding sentence for each topic. This is not true, and in fact results in unnecessary repetition, especially in a short essay.

If you have carefully followed the steps outlined in the articles on organising your research and finalising your essay plan, your final essay plan should clearly indicate what information will go in each paragraph of your essay. Each paragraph should contain only one main idea. Care should also be taken to only spend as many words as planned on each paragraph. If you decided in your research and planning stages that 150 words were enough to discuss a certain topic, then stick as closely to that plan as possible. Likewise, unless you have a very good reason for doing otherwise, follow your planned order of paragraphs, as that order should reflect the most logical arrangement and help your essay to flow well.

When writing your paragraphs, you want to choose the best supporting evidence and examples from your research to use. You must also ensure that you are inserting the necessary in-text citations and compiling your final reference list as you are writing, rather than leaving this until the end. This should be easy to do, as all these details are readily available in your research document (see ‘How to Organise Your Research’).

Conclusions

As explained in ‘How to Begin’, a conclusion should restate the thesis statement and summarise the points that were made in the body of the essay in the order in which they were made. The conclusion offers an important opportunity to synthesise the points you have made to support your argument and to reinforce how these points prove that your argument is correct. In many ways, the conclusion is a reflection of the introduction, but it is important that it is not an exact repeat of it. A key point of difference is that you have already provided ample evidence and support for your answer to the essay question, so the purpose of your conclusion is not to introduce what you will say, but rather to reiterate what you have said. Further, your conclusion absolutely must not contain any new material not already discussed in detail in the body of your text.

Referencing

It is important that you acknowledge your sources of information in your academic writing. This allows you to clearly show how the ideas of others have influenced your own work. You should provide a citation (and matching reference) in your essay every time you use words, ideas or information from other sources. In this way, you can avoid accidental plagiarism.

Referencing also serves other purposes. It allows you to demonstrate the depth and breadth of your research, to show that you have read and engaged with the ideas of experts in your field. It also allows you to give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words or ideas. For your reader, referencing allows them to trace the sources of information you have used, to verify the validity of your work. Your referencing must be accurate and provide all necessary details to allow your reader to locate the source.

Whether you have been provided referencing guidelines to follow, or have selected guidelines that you consider appropriate for your field, these must be followed closely, correctly and consistently. All work that is not 100% your own should be referenced, including page numbers where necessary (see ‘How, When and Why to Reference’). Your referencing should be checked carefully at the end of writing to ensure that everything that should have been referenced has been referenced, all in-text citations have corresponding reference list entries and the reference list or bibliography is correctly ordered.

Your document should be neatly and consistently formatted, following any guidelines provided by your tutor or lecturer. Neat formatting shows that you have taken pride in your work and that you understand the importance of following convention.

If no guidelines have been provided to you, we recommend you use the following formatting guidelines:

normal page margins
12 pt Times New Roman or Arial font for the body (10 pt for footnotes)
bold for headings
1.5 or double line spacing for the body (single spacing for footnotes)
a line between each paragraph (or a first line indent of 1.27 cm for each paragraph).

These are the guidelines most commonly preferred by Australian and New Zealand universities.

Learning how to write your first draft can feel overwhelming. To solidify your knowledge, you might like to watch Dr Lisa Lines' video on the topic on our YouTube channel . If you need any further assistance, you can read more about our professional editing service . Capstone Editing is always here to help.

Related Guides

Essay writing: everything you need to know and nothing you don’t—part 1: how to begin.

This guide will explain everything you need to know about how to organise, research and write an argumentative essay.

Essay Writing Part 2: How to Organise Your Research

Organising your research effectively is a crucial and often overlooked step to successful essay writing.

Essay Writing Part 3: How to Finalise Your Essay Plan

The key to successful essay writing is to finalise a detailed essay plan, carefully refined during the research stage, before beginning to write your essay.

Part 5: How to Finalise and Polish Your Essay

Before handing in any assignment, you must take the time to carefully edit and proofread it. This article explains exactly how to do so effectively.

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Building the Essay Draft

Building a strong essay draft requires going through a logical progression of stages:, explanation.

Development options

Linking paragraphs

Introductions

Conclusions.

Revising and proofreading the draft

Hints for revising and proofreading

Tip: After you have completed the body of your paper, you can decide what you want to say in your introduction and in your conclusion.

Once you know what you want to talk about and you have written your thesis statement, you are ready to build the body of your essay.

The thesis statement will usually be followed by

the body of the paper
the paragraphs that develop the thesis by explaining your ideas by backing them up
examples or evidence

Tip: The "examples or evidence" stage is the most important part of the paper, because you are giving your reader a clear idea of what you think and why you think it.

Development Options

For each reason you have to support your thesis, remember to state your point clearly and explain it.

Tip: Read your thesis sentence over and ask yourself what questions a reader might ask about it. Then answer those questions, explaining and giving examples or evidence.

Show how one thing is similar to another, and then how the two are different, emphasizing the side that seems more important to you. For example, if your thesis states, "Jazz is a serious art form," you might compare and contrast a jazz composition to a classical one.

Show your reader what the opposition thinks (reasons why some people do not agree with your thesis), and then refute those reasons (show why they are wrong). On the other hand, if you feel that the opposition isn't entirely wrong, you may say so, (concede), but then explain why your thesis is still the right opinion.

Think about the order in which you have made your points. Why have you presented a certain reason that develops your thesis first, another second? If you can't see any particular value in presenting your points in the order you have, reconsider it until you either decide why the order you have is best, or change it to one that makes more sense to you.
Does each paragraph develop my thesis?
Have I done all the development I wish had been done?
Am I still satisfied with my working thesis, or have I developed my body in ways that mean I must adjust my thesis to fit what I have learned, what I believe, and what I have actually discussed?

Linking Paragraphs

It is important to link your paragraphs together, giving your readers cues so that they see the relationship between one idea and the next, and how these ideas develop your thesis.

Your goal is a smooth transition from paragraph A to paragraph B, which explains why cue words that link paragraphs are often called "transitions."

Tip: Your link between paragraphs may not be one word, but several, or even a whole sentence.

Here are some ways of linking paragraphs:

To show simply that another idea is coming, use words such as "also," "moreover," or "in addition."
To show that the next idea is the logical result of the previous one, use words such as "therefore," "consequently," "thus," or "as a result."
To show that the next idea seems to go against the previous one, or is not its logical result, use words such as "however," "nevertheless," or "still."
To show you've come to your strongest point, use words such as "most importantly."
To show you've come to a change in topic, use words such as "on the other hand."
To show you've come to your final point, use words such as "finally."

After you have come up with a thesis and developed it in the body of your paper, you can decide how to introduce your ideas to your reader.

The goals of an introduction are to

Get your reader's attention/arouse your reader's curiosity.
Provide any necessary background information before you state your thesis (often the last sentence of the introductory paragraph).
Establish why you are writing the paper.

Tip: You already know why you are writing, and who your reader is; now present that reason for writing to that reader.

Hints for writing your introduction:

Use the Ws of journalism (who, what, when, where, why) to decide what information to give. (Remember that a history teacher doesn't need to be told "George Washington was the first president of the United States." Keep your reader in mind.)
Add another "W": Why (why is this paper worth reading)? The answer could be that your topic is new, controversial, or very important.
Catch your reader by surprise by starting with a description or narrative that doesn't hint at what your thesis will be. For example, a paper could start, "It is less than a 32nd of an inch long, but it can kill an adult human," to begin a paper about eliminating malaria-carrying mosquitoes.

There can be many different conclusions to the same paper (just as there can be many introductions), depending on who your readers are and where you want to direct them (follow-up you expect of them after they finish your paper). Therefore, restating your thesis and summarizing the main points of your body should not be all that your conclusion does. In fact, most weak conclusions are merely restatements of the thesis and summaries of the body without guiding the reader toward thinking about the implications of the thesis.

Here are some options for writing a strong conclusion:

Make a prediction about the future. You convinced the reader that thermal energy is terrific, but do you think it will become the standard energy source? When?

Give specific advice. If your readers now understand that multicultural education has great advantages, or disadvantages, or both, whatever your opinion might be, what should they do? Whom should they contact?

Put your topic in a larger context. Once you have proven that physical education should be part of every school's curriculum, perhaps readers should consider other "frill" courses which are actually essential.

Tip: Just as a conclusion should not be just a restatement of your thesis and summary of your body, it also should not be an entirely new topic, a door opened that you barely lead your reader through and leave them there lost. Just as in finding your topic and in forming your thesis, the safe and sane rule in writing a conclusion is this: neither too little nor too much.

Revising and Proofreading the Draft

Writing is only half the job of writing..

The writing process begins even before you put pen to paper, when you think about your topic. And, once you finish actually writing, the process continues. What you have written is not the finished essay, but a first draft, and you must go over many times to improve it--a second draft, a third draft, and so on until you have as many as necessary to do the job right. Your final draft, edited and proofread, is your essay, ready for your reader's eyes.

A revision is a "re-vision" of your essay--how you see things now, deciding whether your introduction, thesis, body, and conclusion really express your own vision. Revision is global, taking another look at what ideas you have included in your paper and how they are arranged.

Proofreading

Proofreading is checking over a draft to make sure that everything is complete and correct as far as spelling, grammar, sentence structure, punctuation, and other such matters go. It's a necessary, if somewhat tedious and tricky, job one that a friend or computer Spellcheck can help you perform. Proofreading is polishing, one spot at a time.

Tip: Revision should come before proofreading: why polish what you might be changing anyway?

Hints for revising and proofreading:

Leave some time--an hour, a day, several day--between writing and revising. You need some distance to switch from writer to editor, some distance between your initial vision and your re-vision.
Double-check your writing assignment to be sure you haven't gone off course . It is all right if you've shifted from your original plan, if you know why and are happier with this direction. Make sure that you are actually following your mentor's assignment.
Read aloud slowly . You need to get your eye and your ear to work together. At any point that something seems awkward, read it over again. If you're not sure what's wrong--or even if something is wrong--make a notation in the margin and come back to it later. Watch out for "padding;" tighten your sentences to eliminate excess words that dilute your ideas.
Be on the lookout for points that seem vague or incomplete ; these could present opportunities for rethinking, clarifying, and further developing an idea.
Get to know what your particular quirks are as a writer. Do you give examples without explaining them, or forget links between paragraphs? Leave time for an extra rereading to look for any weak points.
Get someone else into the act. Have others read your draft, or read it to them. Invite questions and ask questions yourself, to see if your points are clear and well-developed. Remember, though, that some well-meaning readers can be too easy (or too hard) on a piece of writing.

Tip: Never change anything unless you are convinced that it should be changed .

Keep tools at hand, such as a dictionary, a thesaurus, and a writing handbook.
While you're using word processing, remember that computers are wonderful resources for editing and revising.
When you feel you've done everything you can, first by revising and then by proofreading, and have a nice clean, final draft, put it aside and return later to re-see the whole essay. There may be some last minute fine-tuning that can make all the difference.

Don't forget--if you would like help with at this point in your assignment or any other type of writing assignment, learning coaches are available to assist you. Please contact Academic Support by emailing [email protected] ; calling 1-800-847-3000, ext 3008; or calling the main number of the location in your region to schedule an appointment. Use this resource to find more information about Academic Support .

Don't forget--if you would like help with at this point in your assignment or any other type of writing assignment, learning coaches are available to assist you. Please contact Academic Support by emailing [email protected] ; calling 1-800-847-3000, ext 3008; or calling the main number of the location in your region (click here for more information) to schedule an appointment.

Need Assistance?

If you would like assistance with any type of writing assignment, learning coaches are available to assist you. Please contact Academic Support by emailing [email protected].

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From Draft to Done: A Full Breakdown of the Writing Process

By Micah McGuire

pencil and pencil shavings on a notebook

So you’ve decided to write a story and hope to publish it. For write-to-publish newbies, you might want to know what you’re getting into, especially if you’re working on a large project like a novel. It’s natural to wonder: how many drafts will it take before my story is ready to publish?

Unfortunately, you’re more likely to answer “how many licks does it take to get to the center of a Tootsie pop?” before knowing how many drafts you’ll need before publication. Here’s why.

A rose by any other name: What’s in a draft?

The biggest problem with breaking down the writing process from first to last draft can be linked back to one little detail:

How do you define a draft?

There are as many ways to define the word “draft” as there are writers. Which means every writer’s version of “the writing process” will look different. It’s impossible to say: “oh, writing a novel will take five drafts.”

Because the definition of “draft” can vary so much, it’s useful to think about drafting on a spectrum:

The fewest drafts: Only rewrites count
Middle-of-the-road: The fiction patching method
The most drafts: Every change counts

Keep reading for more on how this draft spectrum works.

Only rewrites count

The minimalist take on drafting. By this definition, only full rewrites of a piece count as a true draft. Which means when saving a manuscript to a file, you wouldn’t alter the file name until you completely rewrite that chapter, section, or piece.

The advantage here lies in simplicity: you have fewer files to juggle since you’re saving to the same file over and over. But you may risk losing details from earlier drafts because of the repeat saves. Plus, for larger projects like novels, you need to divide your manuscript into parts and have a file system in place to keep track of your revisions.

The fiction patching method

While this started as more of a joke between writers on social media, it’s a great middle-of-the-road way to think about drafting. It takes cues from software versioning , noting that not every change means a new draft. Smaller changes are like patches (the version’s third number) and rewrites might be closer to updates (the second number) rather than a new version release/new draft (the first number).

So draft names might look like this:

Draft 0.1: Outline
Draft 1.0: Rough Draft
Draft 1.5: Rough draft with some rewrites
Draft 2.0: Rough draft fully rewritten with feedback from critique partners
Draft 2.0.1: Rewritten rough draft with a minor tweak (or “patch”) to the protagonist’s motivation

Here, you can always revisit an older version to review details you want to re-emphasize in rewrites. But, it’s easy to end up with dozens if not hundreds of files and you’ll have to decide what constitutes a “patch,” an update and a brand new release ahead of time to stay consistent with naming.

Every change counts

Taken to its extreme, this approach to drafting may seem silly. Why would anyone count every change as a new draft? But most writers favor a less extreme version of this approach. It’s how we end up with draft names like “Final draft” and “Final draft I swear,” and “No really this is the last draft.”

Fortunately, this means you’ll never lose a detail again and you have complete control over naming conventions. However, you can end up with hundreds of files in a blink. And, if you’re not careful with what you name each file, it may take some detective work to figure out which one is the most recent version.

So, where do you fall on the drafting spectrum? Keeping it in mind can help you estimate the number of drafts you might need before publishing your story.

Typewriter page reading: edit...rewrite...edit...rewrite

From outline to finished product: the writing process

Now that you have a better understanding of what the word “draft” means to you, you can look at the writing process with fresh eyes.

While it’s impossible to say how many drafts a manuscript takes, it is possible to break the writing process down into stages . We can define the process in 5 stages:

The rough draft
Content edits
Proofreading

Try not to think of this as a step-by-step process. It’s more like a series of loops as each one of these stages may require multiple revision rounds. Sometimes, the process can feel like one step forward and two steps back, but each round will strengthen your manuscript.

Let’s look at each stage.

1. Outlining

2. the rough draft, 3. content edits, 4. line edits, 5. proofreading.

We couldn’t talk about the writing process without touching on outlining. Planners, applaud and cheer as much as you’d like—just make sure not to upset your color-coded highlighter sets.

Pantsers, resist the urge to skip this. It still applies to you, even if you think it doesn’t.

Like a draft, there are thousands of ways to define the term “outline.” But whether you fall on the planner detailed scene-by-scene index card method or the pantser “I know the ending. How I get there is up to the characters” end of the spectrum, you need some form of an outline.

The point of an outline is to ensure your writing produces a story with a plot. Otherwise, you risk writing pages and pages in which your characters run around and do things but never advance the plot.

So at the bare minimum, an outline requires you know:

Who your protagonist is
Who your antagonist is
Why the protagonist and antagonist have a problem with each other (otherwise known as your central conflict)
Where the story starts
Where the story ends

Pantsers, breathe a sigh of relief: you don’t have to answer any of these questions in detail for it to count as an outline. You just need to know where you’re starting and where you’re going. You don’t even need to use a pen and paper— try these three fun outlining methods .

Spend as much or as little time on this stage as you’d like.

But once your outline is complete, you can move onto what most of us think of as the “real” writing: drafting.

This is the most crucial aspect of writing a story. Fortunately, it’s also the one stage that’s impossible to get wrong.

There’s one goal to a rough draft: get the story out of your head and onto a page in a somewhat comprehensible form. That’s the only focus. So if you’re writing, you’re succeeding.

Most writers face perfectionist paralysis in the rough draft stage. We think that because the writing doesn’t match what we see it in our heads, it’s bad. Or the story’s going to be bad. Or we’re bad writers.

If you’re in the analysis paralysis camp, invoke Anne Lamott’s “Sh*tty First Drafts” rule . To quote the late great Terry Pratchett, “the first draft is you telling yourself the story.”

So don’t judge it. Or better yet, accept that it’s bad. Cringe, wince, make faces. Just get it down on the page. Because you can’t edit a story that’s floating around in your head.

So you’ve finished your rough draft. Take a moment to celebrate! Your story is out of your head and onto the page.

Next up: editing.

Writers usually see editing as a terrifying mountain or a fun challenge. But there’s no denying it’s a monumental job, no matter how long or short your story is.

Because the scope of editing can be overwhelming, it’s easiest to break the process up into steps. Those steps are:

Here’s a breakdown of each.

A content edit is just what it sounds like: a pass editing the content and story of your work. This is the place to catch plot holes, character inconsistencies, and scenes that are a bit of a slog. For some, it’s easier to think of this as a “rewriting” round rather than an “editing” round since you’re making large-scale changes.

Sometimes, content edits are obvious on a read-through of a rough draft. Yet the longer you’ve worked on a piece, the harder it is to spot those editing opportunities.

Self-editing

Each draft you write marks progress in your writing abilities. When you read back over the first few scenes you wrote, you’ll be amazed at how far you’ve come. This is why the self-edit is so important. You need to apply your newfound skills and perspective to your manuscript so that it’s the best it can be before you open it up for feedback.

The first step is to use an editing software like ProWritingAid to help you spot issues with overly long sentences, awkward constructions, unruly dialogue tags, and pacing. Using an editing tool at this stage helps you to get the most out of any human beta-readers and editors you may reach out to down the line.

Some reports give you the tools to visualise your draft at a glance to see where you need to focus. The Sentence Length Report shows you all of your sentences in a handy bar chart so you can cut long, winding sentences down to size. This will help keep your ideas clear and avoid any readability issues.

Other reports let you get to work directly on your manuscript, like the Overused Words Report. This report highlights words that are often overused in published writing. These are words like could , just , and feel that point to vagueness or telling rather than showing.

The report lets you pick out these words and change them to make sure your description is doing the work it needs to to immerse your readers.

Learn how to approach the self-edit, and how ProWritingAid can help .

Critique partners and beta readers

Once your first self-edit is complete, you’ll need a fresh set of eyes to help direct your efforts. Enter critique partners and beta readers.

On the surface, it may sound like critique partners and beta readers do the same thing: they both read through your work and provide feedback.

However, there’s some nuance that separates the two:

Critique partners are writers who read like writers. But beta readers are writers or readers who read like readers.

Because your critique partners are fellow writers, they’re great at spotting technical issues, like:

Weak character motivations
Stilted dialogue
Clichéd descriptions
Continuity errors

Getting this technical feedback is especially helpful before handing your story off to readers, so it’s best to let your critique partners read a story before jumping into a beta reading round.

As a bonus, your critique partners can spot these issues and help you figure out ways to fix them while you’re both “talking shop.”

Beta readers, on the other hand, are fantastic for getting feedback on emotional reactions to your story, like:

Whether a certain character was likable or not
If certain chapters felt too fast or too slow
Whether the conflict kept them engaged
If they found themselves wanting to read more

Here, you’re getting close to how a reader would react to your story once it’s published. Use their feedback to determine if the story prompts the response you intended it to and edit accordingly.

Now, a quick note on the biggest difference between beta readers and critique partners: the detail level of their suggestions. If beta readers aren’t writers themselves, they may not be able to articulate the specifics of what they dislike in the story. Their feedback can be vague, amounting to: “I don’t like this scene, but I’m not sure why.” The best way to identify problem spots is to look at the feedback of all of your beta readers. If multiple readers have an issue with a scene or section, it’s a good indicator to pay close attention on editing.

Critique partners, however, can usually pin-point issues with laser precision, but may go overboard with their suggestions. Feedback may seem harsh and critique partners with a domineering streak may make “my way or the highway” style fix suggestions.

So it’s ultimately a fine balance. Note where you can improve and keep that in mind during your content edits, but also trust your gut instinct. In the end, it’s your story.

Once you’ve gone through a round or two (or more) of content edits, it’s time to move to line edits. These edits ensure your story is as strong as possible when it’s published. You’re examining your story, sentence by sentence, to catch dialogue issues, problems with the flow of a paragraph, and weak sentences that need rewriting.

If you’d like to hire a professional editor, this is a great stage to do it. But, if you’d prefer to tackle this edit yourself, ProWritingAid can make your process run much more smoothly. Check out our guide to six of the key reports that can make your line edits easy.

The proofreading stage is what most writers think of when they think of “editing.” Here, you’re checking for spelling and grammatical errors and ensuring consistency. Think of it as a final polish.

While some writers may hire a professional editor to proofread, it’s not a necessity, especially if you’re looking to publish traditionally. Often, a friend with a good eye for grammar can catch trouble spots on their read through. And ProWritingAid’s spelling and grammar reports can point out any little details they may have missed.

With your proofreading sweep complete, congratulations! Your story is ready to share with the wider reading world. Now, it’s time to move on to publishing or querying process.

If you’re looking to self publish your story, check out our webinar on the 7 Processes of Publishing . And for those who want to query, Jennifer Xue’s guide covers the process in depth .

Are you prepared to write your novel? Download this free book now:

The Novel-Writing Training Plan

So you are ready to write your novel. excellent. but are you prepared the last thing you want when you sit down to write your first draft is to lose momentum., this guide helps you work out your narrative arc, plan out your key plot points, flesh out your characters, and begin to build your world..

Be confident about grammar

Check every email, essay, or story for grammar mistakes. Fix them before you press send.

Micah McGuire

As ProWritingAid’s Growth Marketing Manager, Micah’s approach to marketing combines her three favorite things: writing, user research, and data analysis. Previously, she managed PR and partnerships for startup GrowthMentor. A geek about all things science, but especially her former field of study, microbiology, and neuroscience, she’s always on the lookout for ways to incorporate fascinating new research into writing. Much of her previous freelance work analyzes the science of productivity, creativity, and how we can better understand the intersection of the two to lead richer lives. Outside of work, you can usually find her baking or typing away at her latest science fiction or fantasy project.

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Writing the Essay Draft

In this section you will explore the process of writing a first draft of an essay. You’ll read about outlining, ordering and supporting your ideas, as well as creating effective transitions, introductions, conclusions, and titles.

Topics in this section:

General Drafting Process
Drafting from an Outline
Ordering Topic Sentences & Units of Support
Transitions
Conclusions
Introductions
Drafting Summary

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How to write a character analysis essay, writing a first draft.

Steps for Writing a First Draft of an Essay

Take a closer look at your assignment and the topic if it was given to you by your instructor. Revise your outline as well. This is needed for your clearer understanding of the tasks you must accomplish within the draft, and to make sure you meet the requirements of the assignment.
Sketch out the introduction of your essay. At this point, don’t get stalled on form; introductory part should inform readers about what the topic is, and state your point of view according to this topic. The introduction should also be interesting to read to capture readers’ attention, but this task has more to do with thoughtful and scrupulous writing, and thus should be left for later.
Based on your outline, start transferring your ideas to paper. The main task here is to give them the initial form and set a general direction for their further development, and not to write a full paper.
Chalk out the summarizing paragraph of your essay. It should not contain any new ideas, but briefly reintroduce those from the main body, and restate your thesis statement.
Read through the draft to see if you have included the information you wanted to, but without making any further corrections, since this is a task for the second and final drafts.
If you are not sure that you checked everything, send it out for proofreading. Searching through the best essay service reviews, you can get some recommendations of where to look.

Key Points to Consider

While an outline is needed to decide on what to write, the first draft is more about answering a question: “How to write?” In the first draft, you shape your ideas out, and not simply name and list them, as you did in an outline.
When you start writing your thoughts down, it may happen that one idea or concept sparks new connections, memories, or associations. Be attentive to such sidetracks; choose those of them that might be useful for your writing, and don’t delve in those that are undesirable in terms of the purpose of your paper (academic, showing opinion). A successful piece of writing is focused on its topic, and doesn’t include everything you have to say on a subject.
Making notes for yourself in the margins or even in the middle of the text is a useful practice. This can save you time and keep you focused on the essence of your essay without being distracted by secondary details. For example, such notes could look like this: “As documented, the Vietnam War cost the United States about … (search for the exact sum of money and interpret it in terms of modern exchange rates) U. S. dollars.”
When you finish crafting your first draft, it is useful to put it aside and completely quit thinking about writing for a certain period of time. Time away will allow you to have a fresh look at your draft when you decide to revise it.

Do and Don’t

Don’t

Common Mistakes When Writing a First Draft of an Essay

– Editing and revising a draft in process of writing. If you stop after each sentence to think it over, you will most likely lose your flow; besides, many people have an internal editor or critic who can’t stand it if the material is written imperfectly. Therefore, first you should deal with the whole draft, and only after that proofread and edit it.

– Paying too much attention to secondary arguments, factual material, and other minor peculiarities. The main goal of the first draft is to sketch out your main ideas; you can fill it with details later. If you think you will forget about an important fact or remark, make brief notes in margins.

– Ignoring the role of a first draft in the essay writing process. Though it may seem you are wasting time working on a draft, you are working on the essay itself. You need to understand how your outline works in full written form.

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More from Stages of the Writing Process

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Samples for writing a first draft, parental control as a necessary measure in the upbringing of modern children (part 1) essay sample, example.

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Education and Communications
Fiction Writing
Writing Novels

How to Write a Rough Draft

Last Updated: February 6, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Michelle Golden, PhD . Michelle Golden is an English teacher in Athens, Georgia. She received her MA in Language Arts Teacher Education in 2008 and received her PhD in English from Georgia State University in 2015. There are 10 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 302,129 times.

Writing a rough draft is an essential part of the writing process, an opportunity to get your initial ideas and thoughts down on paper. It might be difficult to dive right into a rough draft of an essay or a creative piece, such as a novel or a short story. You should start by brainstorming ideas for the draft to get your creative juices flowing and take the time to outline your draft. You will then be better prepared to sit down and write your rough draft.

Brainstorming Ideas for the Draft

Freewrites often work best if you give yourself a time limit, such as five minutes or ten minutes. You should then try to not take your pen off the page as you write so you are forced to keep writing about the subject or topic for the set period of time.
For example, if you were writing an essay about the death penalty, you may use the prompt: “What are the possible issues or problems with the death penalty?” and write about it freely for ten minutes.
Often, freewrites are also a good way to generate content that you can use later in your rough draft. You may surprised at what you realize as you write freely about the topic.

Step 2 Make a cluster map about the topic or subject.

To use the clustering method, you will place a word that describes your topic or subject in the center of your paper. You will then write keywords and thoughts around the center word. Circle the center word and draw lines away from the center to other keywords and ideas. Then, circle each word as you group them around the central word.
For example, if you were trying to write a short story around a theme like “anger”, you will write “anger” in the middle of the page. You may then write keywords around “anger”, like “volcano”, “heat”, “my mother”, and “rage”.

Step 3 Read writing about the topic or subject.

If you are writing a creative piece, you may look for texts written about a certain idea or theme that you want to explore in your own writing. You could look up texts by subject matter and read through several texts to get ideas for your story.
You might have favorite writers that you return to often for inspiration or search for new writers who are doing interesting things with the topic. You could then borrow elements of the writer’s approach and use it in your own rough draft.
You can find additional resources and texts online and at your local library. Speak to the reference librarian at your local library for more information on resources and texts.

Outlining Your Draft

You may use the snowflake method to create the plot outline. In this method, you will write a one line summary of your story, followed by a one paragraph summary, and then character synopses. You will also create a spreadsheet of scenes.
Alternatively, you can use a plot diagram. In this method, you will have six sections: the set up, the inciting incident, the rising action, the climax, the falling action, and the resolution.
No matter which option you chose, you should make sure your outline contains at least the inciting incident, the climax, and the resolution. Having these three elements set in your mind will make writing your rough draft much easier.

Act 1: In Act 1, your protagonist meets the other characters in the story. The central conflict of the story is also revealed. Your protagonist should also have a specific goal that will cause them to make a decision. For example, in Act 1, you may have your main character get bitten by a vampire after a one night stand. She may then go into hiding once she discovers she has become a vampire.
Act 2: In Act 2, you introduce a complication that makes the central conflict even more of an issue. The complication can also make it more difficult for your protagonist to achieve their goal. For example, in Act 2, you may have your main character realize she has a wedding to go to next week for her best friend, despite the fact she has now become a vampire. The best friend may also call to confirm she is coming, making it more difficult for your protagonist to stay in hiding.
Act 3: In Act 3, you present a resolution to the central conflict of the story. The resolution may have your protagonist achieve their goal or fail to achieve their goal. For example, in Act 3, you may have your protagonist show up to the wedding and try to pretend to not be a vampire. The best friend may then find out and accept your protagonist anyway. You may end your story by having your protagonist bite the groom, turning him into her vampire lover.

Section 1: Introduction, including a hook opening line, a thesis statement , and three main discussion points. Most academic essays contain at least three key discussion points.
Section 2: Body paragraphs, including a discussion of your three main points. You should also have supporting evidence for each main point, from outside sources and your own perspective.
Section 3: Conclusion, including a summary of your three main points, a restatement of your thesis, and concluding statements or thoughts.

For example, maybe you are creating a rough draft for a paper on gluten-intolerance. A weak thesis statement for this paper would be, “There are some positives and negatives to gluten, and some people develop gluten-intolerance.” This thesis statement is vague and does not assert an argument for the paper.
A stronger thesis statement for the paper would be, “Due to the use of GMO wheat in food sold in North America, a rising number of Americans are experiencing gluten-intolerance and gluten-related issues.” This thesis statement is specific and presents an argument that will be discussed in the paper.

Your professor or teacher may require you to create a bibliography using MLA style or APA style. You will need to organize your sources based on either style.

Writing the Rough Draft

Step 1 Find a quiet, focused environment for writing.

You may also make sure the room is set to an ideal temperature for sitting down and writing. You may also put on some classical or jazz music in the background to set the scene and bring a snack to your writing area so you have something to munch on as you write.

You may also write the ending of the essay or story before you write the beginning. Many writing guides advise writing your introductory paragraph last, as you will then be able to create a great introduction based on the piece as a whole.

Step 3 Do not worry about making mistakes.

You should also try not to read over what you are writing as you get into the flow. Do not examine every word before moving on to the next word or edit as you go. Instead, focus on moving forward with the rough draft and getting your ideas down on the page.

For example, rather than write, “It was decided by my mother that I would learn violin when I was two,” go for the active voice by placing the subject of the sentence in front of the verb, “My mother decided I would learn violin when I turned two.”
You should also avoid using the verb “to be” in your writing, as this is often a sign of passive voice. Removing “to be” and focusing on the active voice will ensure your writing is clear and effective.

Step 5 Refer to your outline when you get stuck.

You may also review the brainstorming materials you created before you sat down to write, such as your clustering exercise or your freewrite. Reviewing these materials could help to guide you as you write and help you focus on finishing the rough draft.
You may want to take breaks if you find you are getting writer’s block. Going for a walk, taking a nap, or even doing the dishes can help you focus on something else and give your brain a rest. You can then start writing again with a fresh approach after your break.

Step 6 Read over your rough draft and revise it.

You should also read the rough draft out loud to yourself. Listen for any sentences that sound unclear or confusing. Highlight or underline them so you know they need to be revised. Do not be afraid to revise whole sections or lines of the rough draft. It is a draft, after all, and will only improve with revision.
You can also read the rough draft out loud to someone else. Be willing to accept feedback and constructive criticism on the draft from the person. Getting a different perspective on your writing will often make it that much better.

Community Q&A

↑ https://www.umgc.edu/current-students/learning-resources/writing-center/online-guide-to-writing/tutorial/chapter2/ch2-13
↑ https://writing.ku.edu/prewriting-strategies
↑ https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/writingprocess/outlining
↑ http://www.writerswrite.com/screenwriting/cannell/lecture4/
↑ https://www.grammarly.com/blog/essay-outline/
↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/thesis-statements/
↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/editing-and-proofreading/
↑ https://www.grammarly.com/blog/rough-draft/
↑ https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/style/ccs_activevoice/
↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/revising-drafts/

About This Article

To write a rough draft, don't worry if you make minor mistakes or write sentences that aren't perfect. You can revise them later! Also, try not to read over what you're writing as you go, which will slow you down and mess up your flow. Instead, focus on getting all of your thoughts and ideas down on paper, even if you're not sure you'll keep them in the final draft. If you get stuck, refer to your outline or sources to help you come up with new ideas. For tips on brainstorming and outlining for a rough draft, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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English Composition I - ENGL 1113

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This I Believe Invention Strategy
The Annotated Bibliography

Requirements

Suggested writing prompt in "this i believe" format.

Essay 2 - The Informative Essay
Essay 3 - The Classical Argument Essay

The purpose of Essay 1 is to compose an essay that relates your prior experience and assumptions to new perspectives about a larger issue. Your connections should provide deeper insight to your audience. For this assignment you will identify something you believe to be true. You will then tell a story about how you came to believe it to be true.

2-3 pages (double-spaced), not including the Works Cited page, if required
Utilize invention techniques : Before writing the essay, begin identifying your issue through a series of invention techniques, including but not limited to the following: brainstorming, listing, clustering, questioning, and conducting preliminary research.
Plan and organize your essay : After the invention process, it is important to begin planning the organizational pattern for the essay. Planning includes identifying your thesis, establishing main ideas (or topic sentences) for each paragraph, supporting each paragraph with appropriate evidence, and creating ideas for the introductory and concluding paragraphs.
Draft and revise your essay : Once you have completed the planning process, write a rough draft of your essay. Next, take steps to improve, polish, and revise your draft before turning it in for a final grade. The revision process includes developing ideas, ensuring the thesis statement connects to the main ideas of each paragraph, taking account of your evidence and supporting details, checking for proper use of MLA citation style, reviewing source integration, avoiding plagiarism, and proofreading for formatting and grammatical errors.

Your instructor may suggest another prompt and/or format. Follow your instructor's directions.

Tell your story: Be specific. Take your belief out of the ether and ground it in the events that have shaped your core values. Consider moments when belief was formed or tested or changed. Think of your own experience, work, and family, and tell of the things your know that no one else does. Your story need not be heart-warming or gut wrenching - it can even be funny - but it should be real. Make sure your story ties to the essence of your daily life philosophy and the shaping of your beliefs.
Be brief: Your statement should be between 500 and 800 words. That's about 2 to 3 pages double-spaced.
Name your belief: If you can't name it in a sentence or two, your essay might not be about belief. Also, rather than writing a list, consider focusing on one core belief. For example: "I believe humans are essentially good." "I believe professors are really mentors." "I believe getting a college education is the key to success." "I believe everyone has a soul."
Use chronological order: Narratives have a beginning, a middle, and an end.
Be positive: Write about what you do believe, not what you don't believe. Avoid statements of religious dogma, preaching, or editorializing. This isn't an essay to "teach" someone.
Be personal: Make your essay about you; speak in the fist person. Avoid speaking in the editorial "we." Tell a story from your own life; this is not an opinion piece about social ideals. Write in words and phrases that are comfortable for you to speak. We recommend you read your essay aloud to yourself several times, and each time edit it and simplify it until you find the words, tone, and story that truly echo your belief and the way you speak. Yes, you may use first person in this essay only.

This assignment helps you practice the following skills that are essential to your success in school and your professional life beyond school. In this assignment you will:

Utilize descriptive language effectively to tell a story
Describe things using sensory details and figurative language
Compose a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, body, and conclusion.
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How to Write a Great Essay Draft In College

Table of content.

01. What Makes Essay Drafts Important
02. Four Key Steps WhenWriting the First Draft
03. Do This When Wondering How to Write a Draft Essay
04. Mistakes to Avoid
05. Summary of All Crucial Points
06. Make a Good Draft and Reap Its Benefits

Students grimace at the thought of essay draft whenever they are asked to write one. Sure, some understand its necessity, but most others just wave it off, thinking that drafts are an unnecessary complication professors made up to make their lives more difficult. Who is right and who is wrong here? Let’s find out by establishing what a draft is. It’s a rough version of the final paper where a writer expresses an outline of their ideas, presenting their skeleton and putting some meat on it.

But just knowing draft essay definition isn’t enough, you also have to fully realize its relevance and ways in which it should be created. Drafts are vital components of academic writing process: they could help students understand how their introduction, body, and conclusion are going to look like before their paper is fully written. They give you chances to catch mistakes and discrepancies before they go too far as with their help, you can correct everything on time. Let us expand on this thought and explain how an effective draft should be created.

What Makes Essay Drafts Important

Students are right to assume that writing a draft takes time. But what they usually dismiss is the fact that after this document is ready, they can submit it for preliminary assessment. Professor will take a look at it, underlining its strong and weak points, and if everything is more or less fine, you’ll get to keep the draft and transform it into the final essay. This way, the time you spent on it won’t disappear into nowhere — your final version will be at least half-done.

Look at any example of a draft essay — sometimes they resemble a finished work because you can already understand writer’s point, their evidence, the structure of an essay and conclusion. You’ll be expanding a draft to make it into an essay, not writing it from scratch. In addition, even if professor tells you that whole thing needs to be redone because you focused on the wrong theme, it’s better to know about it in advance instead of writing an even longer essay and getting a failing grade for it. Look at this file like you would at the sample of final work. This is your opportunity to learn whether you’re moving in the right direction and take actions in case you took a wrong turn.

Four Key Steps WhenWriting the First Draft

What is a first draft? It’s initial try at building a picture of a future essay. Later, it might be sent back to you for revision or expansion, so you could write a second and third draft. If you want to prevent this situation from happening, it’s preferable to do a great job from the first try. These are the steps you should take.

1. Develop an outline

After deciding on what topic you should write about, start planning the points you’ll be exploring. Determine which bits should be mentioned in the body — it is the most important thing. For example, if you’re working on the theme of English postmodernism, indicate which factors represent it. Place one per each paragraph and add a few more details to them. After this skeleton is ready and you can move on toward the next step.

2. Make a thesis

Thesis is a key statement of students’ paper that plays an equally relevant role in your first draft essay, so be sure to devise it early on. Decide, what is the central argument? What do you plan to prove? Your reader should be able to understand your goal simply by reading thesis statement , so make this bit count and base your work on it.

3. Find good sources

You might have to include more sources when working on the final paper, but deciding on key ones is important at this stage. Choose two or three articles or books. Remember that they should be credible and created within the last 5 years. Dedicate each source to a paragraph, determining main ideas you’ll be supporting with their help.

4. Write at least 3-5 sentences about each key point

Everything is prepared, so it is time for actual writing. Focus only on key elements — other details should be added in later versions. Craft a short introduction with thesis. Explore every body point from an outline in 3 or 5 sentences; be brief, concise, and don’t deviate from the course you’ve set. Mention sources in support, even if you don’t provide full evidence yet. Conclude essay by adding some more sentences in the final part. Remember about limits: go for expressing all relevant factors, not for expanding your rough file just to increase the word count.

Useful information: Use our free conclusion generator is only a few clicks away.

Do This When Wondering How to Write a Draft Essay

In every assignment, there are some considerations that a student should take into consideration. With drafts, at least three could be distinguished. First, remember your goal. Since drafting entails giving shape to different ideas, this process has an unstable structure. Some new ideas might occur; other ideas could disappear. This is a natural occurrence and you shouldn’t be worried about it. Just keep your judgment sound: sometimes new direction could help you reach your goal more effectively, but other times, it only distracts. Keep visualizing it and you’ll be fine.

The second point worth remembering when drafting an essay is taking a break from writing. Walk somewhere, read something else, and then evaluate your draft. This could reveal some missteps that require correcting. The third consideration is your notes. It isn’t obligatory to make them, but at the same time, they could serve as guidelines showing what you intend to work on after draft is returned to you. They are a useful bridge between a draft and a final essay.

Mistakes to Avoid

Looking through a draft essay example is a great idea for seeing what mistakes people make. If you know it, you can learn in advance what to avoid and how to smoothen rough angles of your work. Here are three most frequent errors everyone should be wary of.

Too many details . Common mistake many students make lies in treating a draft like a final essay. They try filling it with all details at once, expressing their opinions fully and not leaving anything out. As a result, they end up with work that equals or exceeds the size of real essay.
No structure . Other students, on the contrary, feel too lazy to bother with this task. What is a draft essay for them? This is an unpleasant necessity. That’s why they create a paragraph or two, jumping between points chaotically and hoping that it would be enough. Work performed in such manner is largely useless, and it won’t help with an essay in the slightest.
Too much editing. Sure, doing some light editing and is always good since it allows making sure that your sentences are coherent, but when drafting, it is vital not to overdo it. Some students get too focused on eliminating all technical mistakes, to the point where they forget about everything else. Drafts are training exercise for students, not some final version that must be polished perfectly. Content is far more important.

Summary of All Crucial Points

Are you still wondering how to draft an essay? We decided on summarizing the points we mentioned and develop our list with best and worst things students could do in the process of their work. Keep them in mind and you’ll stand higher chances of succeeding.

Preliminary research. Conduct thorough research right away. Selecting sources, making an outline , and figuring out potential scope of future work are vital processes that you should take care of as soon as possible. It’ll come in handy both in a sample version and in an essay itself.
Present key essay points in your document. Through thesis and brainstorming, determine major points of an essay. Describe them in a draft, giving each of them a few sentences. In most cases, their number doesn’t exceed 5, but it depends on an overall size of your planned work.
Leave space for additions. Remember that professor expects you to flesh out your ideas in a real paper, so present only raw facts in your draft. There should be space for expanding them at some later stage. You’ll use more evidence, ideas, and arguments there — be sure your word count covers it all.

Don’t:

Make document too long. Ideally, draft essay should present about 50-60% of its final version. Students are going to have enough time for expanding paragraphs and fill them with secondary details, so avoid doing it all in one go. Be specific, don’t be detailed.
Treat it as a final paper. Don’t think that your draft is the same thing as a complete essay. That’s not true and it could only confuse you further. These rough essays are exercises, you’re only shaping real paper in them. Time for doing more is going to come afterward.
Think it is unimportant. Drafts have an absolute importance, and students shouldn’t forget about this fact. By relying on them, you could see how your final essay would look like if you continued pursuing this course. What you invest into it will pay off, so work hard and follow recommendations provided by your teacher.

Make a Good Draft and Reap Its Benefits

Now that you know draft paper definition and the relevance it carries, you shouldn’t have problems with understanding why creating it is so essential. Consider this to be your training ground. Explore ideas, build links between them, think about sources that should be used in their support, and work on making solid conclusion. When everything is done, send final work for your professor’s assessment. They are going to review and express their opinion on your efforts, both strengths and weaknesses included. In turn, you’ll gain an opportunity to correct the essay and elaborate on the strong sides of your text.

Find some great essay draft example in the Internet if you aren’t sure how to write your own. Start brainstorming right after that, noting down different essay ideas . Work on each part, from introduction to body and conclusion, exploring an outline of the main essay points. Introduce academic sources in every body paragraph, and that’s it! Your draft will inspire your final paper, serving as its strong foundation.

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Comparison and Contrast

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General Philosophy

Philosophical Writing: An Introduction, 5th Edition

ISBN: 978-1-394-19340-0

August 2024

Wiley-Blackwell

Digital Evaluation Copy

A. P. Martinich

Philosophical Writing helps students to think clearly and analytically, improve their essay-writing skills, and present their knowledge and thoughts in a precise and coherent manner. Acclaimed for its accessible, highly practical approach, this bestselling textbook emphasizes what students should do in crafting a philosophical essay, as well as other types of essays that analyze concepts across a variety of disciplines.

Tracing the evolution of a good philosophical essay from the draft stage to completion, the book's eleven chapters are purpose-built to serve the needs of a wide range of students, with levels ranging from elementary to moderately advanced. Philosophical Writing includes numerous essay examples, techniques for outlining and composing, guidance on evaluating philosophical essays, useful appendices, a glossary, a full-featured companion website, and more.

Now in its fifth edition, Philosophical Writing is fully updated with enhanced language and improved explanations throughout. Two entirely new chapters delve into the intricacies of belief networks and explore the properties of sound interpretations, supported by a wealth of new exercises and discussion questions.

Written with clarity and humor by a leading analytic philosopher, Philosophical Writing:

Helps students organize their beliefs, assess their interpretations, and critically evaluate the ideas of others
Explains the basic concepts of logic and rhetoric, the structure of a philosophical essay, and the criterion of good philosophical writing
Describes key tactics for analytic writing, such as definitions, analysis, counterexamples, and dialectical reasoning
Discusses the concepts of author and audience as they apply to a student's philosophical writing
Offers advice on common problems that students encounter when writing a philosophical essay

Philosophical Writing: An Introduction, Fifth Edition, remains an ideal textbook for lower- and upper-division courses in philosophy, particularly introductory philosophy classes, as well as courses with significant writing components that cover logic, rhetoric, and analysis.

A. P. MARTINICH is Vaughan Centennial Professor Emeritus in Philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin. He has published extensively on the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes and the philosophy of language. He is the author of A Hobbes Dictionary and Hobbes’s Political Philosophy , and the co-editor of A Companion to Analytic Philosophy and Analytic Philosophy: An Anthology .

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Week 1 Waiver Wire Players to Target Immediately Following Your Fantasy Football Draft

Jennifer piacenti | 16 hours ago.

Feb 11, 2024; Paradise, Nevada, USA; San Francisco 49ers running back Jordan Mason (24) against the Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl LVIII at Allegiant Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Mark J. Rebilas-USA TODAY Sports

Can you feel it? It's just around the corner- Fantasy Football Season!

That means it's also time for our first waiver wire run of the 2024 season. If you drafted your team in July, you probably already have a few moves to make. Even if you drafted your team last week, there are some adds to consider (Samaje Perine?). And, of course, if you have an IR spot, don't forget to move players such as Nick Chubb into that spot so you can pick up one of the players on our ist today.

This will be a quick-hitting article today, and as the season progresses and we get more data, we'll do some deeper dives. Let's grab some players.

(Availability listed is in ESPN leagues as of Tuesday, Sep. 3, 2024)

1. Samaje Perine, RB, Kansas City Chiefs (96% Available)

Perine becomes a priority add this week now that we know Clyde Edwards Helaire will open the season on the PUP list. The Chiefs have signed their Jerick McKinnon replacement, with the potential to have a much bigger role should Pacheco miss any time. Perine finished 2023 with career highs for targets, catches, and receiving yards while working in a committee with Javonte Williams and Jaleel McLaughlin in Denver. He should have an immediate role in spelling Pacheco on passing downs. However, the Chiefs play on Thursday this week, so Perine is just a depth piece while we watch how it plays out.

2. Matthew Stafford, QB, Los Angeles Rams (84%)

If you're streaming quarterbacks or in a Super Flex league, Stafford is a start this week vs. a Rams defense that allowed the seventh-most fantasy points to opposing quarterbacks last season. Add to that the fact that he gets Cooper Kupp back, and we should see fireworks at Ford Field, where the game total is the highest of the week- all the way up at 51.

3. Jordan Mason, RB, San Francisco 49ers (81%)

Mason is the handcuff for Christian McCaffrey. Don't overthink this. If you have CMC, be sure you have Mason. If you don't have CMC and have the room, grab him to block the CMC owner.

4. Khalil Shakir, WR, Buffalo Bills (52%)

Shakir is the only veteran wideout returning to the Bills' offense with nearly 200 extra targets up for grabs. Shakir was a big playmaker in the last three games of 2023, catching 16 of his 17 targets for 180 yards and two touchdowns. Buffalo hosts Arizona this week with one of the highest game totals at DraftKings (48).

5. Michael Wilson, WR, Arizona Cardinals (83%)

Marvin Harrison, Jr. is expected to be the WR1 in Arizona, and we all expect Trey McBride to be heavily targeted, but if Wilson is the WR2 for Kyler Murray, that could still pay off as a weekly flex play. After starting the season without Murray at QB and then missing four games with a shoulder injury, the third-round pick looked strong in the two games in which he and Kyler Murray were both healthy. Wilson caught ten of his 12 targets for 130 yards and a touchdown in those two contests. Wilson averaged 14.9 receiving yards per reception in 2023.

6. Jaylen Wright, RB, Miami Dolphins (76%)

Head Coach Mike McDaniel has said he plans to use the entire committee in Miami and will lean on whoever is hot that game. It will be hard to surpass Mostert and Achane, but Wright could find himself with more than a few opportunities to flash this season. The fourth-round pick for the Dolphins has the attribute Mike McDaniels loves most: speed. He's a perfect fit for this system and likely just one injury away from opportunity. In his first preseason game, Wright ran for 55 yards and a touchdown on ten carries.

7. Greg Dortch, WR, Arizona Cardinals (99%)

Dortch, the "human torch," has been turning heads in the preseason, and with Zay Jones sidelined for at least the first five games of the season, Dortch should be the full-time slot receiver to start the year. Dortch has always been effective when deployed. When the Cardinals chose to play him across the last two seasons, he saw seven or more targets in eight games and had double-digit targets four times. Head coach Jonathan Gannon has expressed optimism about Dortch this season saying, "He's going to have a big year, guys" to Darren Urban on the Cardinal's official team site. If you're high on Kyler Murray this season (I am), Dortch is an excellent addition to deep leagues.

8. Bucky Irving, RB, Tampa Bay Buccaneers (84%)

I'm just going to come out and say it: I'm not a big fan of Richard White. In 2023, Rachaad White averaged 16 rushing attempts per game (6th); however, the Tampa Bay run game ranked last in yards per game (88.8) last season, and White was not efficient as a runner, averaging just 3.64 yards per attempt. Perhaps that is why the Bucs drafted Bucky Irving, a speedy, undersized runner out of Oregon. Where White did succeed, however, was in the receiving game. White was targeted 70 times last season, and his 549 receiving yards ranked third among running backs. The Bucs have a new offensive coordinator in Liam Coen, who will want to increase the efficiency of the run game. Why would the Bucs not use both runners to maximize results? WR Joshua Palmer

9. Taysom Hill, TE/QB, New Orleans Saints (52%)

With Kendre Miller opening the season on the PUP list, Hill could be the RB2 for New Orleans, yet you can play him at TE. Of course, he could also throw a few passing touchdowns, too. Hill remains a cheat code at the position with the potential for huge weeks if you're streaming the position.

Others to consider: RB Jaleel McLaughlin, RB Tyrone Tracy, WR Ja'Lynn Polk, WR Brandin Cooks, TE Ben Sinnnott

JENNIFER PIACENTI

Jennifer Piacenti is a fantasy sports and betting analyst for Sports Illustrated. She serves as a host for Sirius XM Fantasy Sports Radio and has her own podcast, “Waiver Wired,” on the Extra Points podcast network. Piacenti is also a featured expert on MLB Network’s “Bettor’s Eye” and is a member of the esteemed Tout Wars, the fantasy baseball battle of the experts. She is a member of the Fantasy Sports Writers Association and is a 2020 Scott Fish Bowl finalist.

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UPSC Main Paper 1 2024: Important essay topics, previous year’s question paper and more

UPSC Mains 2024 Essay paper: Exam pattern


Number of questions	Candidates need to attempt two questions, one from Section A and the other from Section B.
Total marks	250
Marks carried by each question	125
Duration	3 hours
Type of question	Subjective

UPSC Mains 2023 question paper for Essay

Upsc mains essay paper: important topics.

Justice and mercy balance precariously on the edge of circumstances.
The quest for knowledge is an ever-expanding journey toward the boundaries of understanding.
True greatness in life is found not in never stumbling, but in the resilience to rise each time we fall.
Clarity and comprehension emerge beyond the fog of doubt.
A nation’s strength is reflected in the safety and empowerment of its women.
Poverty extends beyond financial deprivation, encompassing the denial of opportunities and choices.
Progress should not compromise democracy and individual freedoms.
The mind holds the power to transform its own reality, creating heaven or hell within.
Compassion, empathy, and forgiveness are noble qualities that enhance the human experience.
In the face of change, some erect barriers while others harness the power of the winds to propel forward.
The greatest punishment for avoiding leadership is to be ruled by someone less capable.
The strongest minds often belong to those who speak the least.
Some rules are more respected when broken than when followed.
The strong do what they must, and the weak accept what they must.
True glory lies not in never falling, but in rising each time we do.
Power doesn’t corrupt; rather, people corrupt power.

Tips to prepare for UPSC Mains Essay paper

Organizing your material, presentation of the outline, examples of essay outlines, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about essay outlines.

At the stage where you’re writing an essay outline, your ideas are probably still not fully formed. You should know your topic and have already done some preliminary research to find relevant sources , but now you need to shape your ideas into a structured argument.

Creating categories

Look over any information, quotes and ideas you’ve noted down from your research and consider the central point you want to make in the essay—this will be the basis of your thesis statement . Once you have an idea of your overall argument, you can begin to organize your material in a way that serves that argument.

Try to arrange your material into categories related to different aspects of your argument. If you’re writing about a literary text, you might group your ideas into themes; in a history essay, it might be several key trends or turning points from the period you’re discussing.

Three main themes or subjects is a common structure for essays. Depending on the length of the essay, you could split the themes into three body paragraphs, or three longer sections with several paragraphs covering each theme.

As you create the outline, look critically at your categories and points: Are any of them irrelevant or redundant? Make sure every topic you cover is clearly related to your thesis statement.

Order of information

When you have your material organized into several categories, consider what order they should appear in.

Your essay will always begin and end with an introduction and conclusion , but the organization of the body is up to you.

Consider these questions to order your material:

Is there an obvious starting point for your argument?
Is there one subject that provides an easy transition into another?
Do some points need to be set up by discussing other points first?

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Within each paragraph, you’ll discuss a single idea related to your overall topic or argument, using several points of evidence or analysis to do so.

In your outline, you present these points as a few short numbered sentences or phrases.They can be split into sub-points when more detail is needed.

The template below shows how you might structure an outline for a five-paragraph essay.

Thesis statement
First piece of evidence
Second piece of evidence
Summary/synthesis
Importance of topic
Strong closing statement

You can choose whether to write your outline in full sentences or short phrases. Be consistent in your choice; don’t randomly write some points as full sentences and others as short phrases.

Examples of outlines for different types of essays are presented below: an argumentative, expository, and literary analysis essay.

Argumentative essay outline

This outline is for a short argumentative essay evaluating the internet’s impact on education. It uses short phrases to summarize each point.

Its body is split into three paragraphs, each presenting arguments about a different aspect of the internet’s effects on education.

Importance of the internet
Concerns about internet use
Thesis statement: Internet use a net positive
Data exploring this effect
Analysis indicating it is overstated
Students’ reading levels over time
Why this data is questionable
Video media
Interactive media
Speed and simplicity of online research
Questions about reliability (transitioning into next topic)
Evidence indicating its ubiquity
Claims that it discourages engagement with academic writing
Evidence that Wikipedia warns students not to cite it
Argument that it introduces students to citation
Summary of key points
Value of digital education for students
Need for optimism to embrace advantages of the internet

Expository essay outline

This is the outline for an expository essay describing how the invention of the printing press affected life and politics in Europe.

The paragraphs are still summarized in short phrases here, but individual points are described with full sentences.

Claim that the printing press marks the end of the Middle Ages.
Provide background on the low levels of literacy before the printing press.
Present the thesis statement: The invention of the printing press increased circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation.
Discuss the very high levels of illiteracy in medieval Europe.
Describe how literacy and thus knowledge and education were mainly the domain of religious and political elites.
Indicate how this discouraged political and religious change.
Describe the invention of the printing press in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg.
Show the implications of the new technology for book production.
Describe the rapid spread of the technology and the printing of the Gutenberg Bible.
Link to the Reformation.
Discuss the trend for translating the Bible into vernacular languages during the years following the printing press’s invention.
Describe Luther’s own translation of the Bible during the Reformation.
Sketch out the large-scale effects the Reformation would have on religion and politics.
Summarize the history described.
Stress the significance of the printing press to the events of this period.

Literary analysis essay outline

The literary analysis essay outlined below discusses the role of theater in Jane Austen’s novel Mansfield Park .

The body of the essay is divided into three different themes, each of which is explored through examples from the book.

Describe the theatricality of Austen’s works
Outline the role theater plays in Mansfield Park
Introduce the research question : How does Austen use theater to express the characters’ morality in Mansfield Park ?
Discuss Austen’s depiction of the performance at the end of the first volume
Discuss how Sir Bertram reacts to the acting scheme
Introduce Austen’s use of stage direction–like details during dialogue
Explore how these are deployed to show the characters’ self-absorption
Discuss Austen’s description of Maria and Julia’s relationship as polite but affectionless
Compare Mrs. Norris’s self-conceit as charitable despite her idleness
Summarize the three themes: The acting scheme, stage directions, and the performance of morals
Answer the research question
Indicate areas for further study

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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You will sometimes be asked to hand in an essay outline before you start writing your essay . Your supervisor wants to see that you have a clear idea of your structure so that writing will go smoothly.

Even when you do not have to hand it in, writing an essay outline is an important part of the writing process . It’s a good idea to write one (as informally as you like) to clarify your structure for yourself whenever you are working on an essay.

If you have to hand in your essay outline , you may be given specific guidelines stating whether you have to use full sentences. If you’re not sure, ask your supervisor.

When writing an essay outline for yourself, the choice is yours. Some students find it helpful to write out their ideas in full sentences, while others prefer to summarize them in short phrases.

You should try to follow your outline as you write your essay . However, if your ideas change or it becomes clear that your structure could be better, it’s okay to depart from your essay outline . Just make sure you know why you’re doing so.

Cite this Scribbr article

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Caulfield, J. (2023, July 23). How to Write an Essay Outline | Guidelines & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/essay-outline/

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2024 NBA mock draft: Team analysis for all 30 first-round picks

With the NBA regular season complete and the play-in games underway, the NBA draft now takes precedence for the 10 NBA teams outside the playoff mix.

From Europe to Australia and the college ranks, scouts are scouring the globe for the next impact NBA players in an uncertain draft class. Several prospects have climbed in the mock draft after stellar runs in the NCAA tournament, and two French prospects continue to top the draft board.

Which players from back-to-back champion UConn will land in the lottery? How did Kentucky's lackluster March impact how its top prospects are viewed? And which international players are trending upward as seasons come to a close?

ESPN NBA draft insiders Jonathan Givony and Jeremy Woo look at these questions and break down the prospects in the latest mock draft.

FIRST ROUND

1. Detroit Pistons

Zaccharie Risacher Bourg SF Age: 19.0

The Pistons are the NBA's worst 3-point shooting team while ranking among the league's worst defenses, meaning they could very well be attracted to the combination of perimeter shooting, defensive versatility and youth Risacher offers. He's having an extremely productive season competing at a very high level of competition for Bourg, guarding every position from 1 to 4 while making 39% of his 3-pointers through 60 games, despite being in a late-season slump. Risacher looks like a strong fit positionally with the rest of Detroit's core and is the type of player who doesn't need plays called for him. -- Jonathan Givony

2. Washington Wizards

Alex Sarr Perth PF/C Age: 18.9

As the Wizards continue the nascent stages of a long rebuild, they can afford to take a longer view with a player such as Sarr. Coming off a positive developmental season in Australia, Sarr is the most physically gifted big in the draft and can help fix Washington's leaky defense in time. As his offense develops, he's potentially the type of versatile contributor who can fit universally into lineups at the 4 or the 5. The Wizards selected another French player, Bilal Coulibaly , in last year's draft and have the type of patient runway to help Sarr maximize his considerable ability. -- Jeremy Woo

3. Portland Trail Blazers

Donovan Clingan UConn C Age: 20.1

The Trail Blazers appear too early in their rebuilding process to be overly concerned with positional fit and might not be married long-term to center DeAndre Ayton, who has two more years on his contract. Portland could be attracted to the size, length, defensive prowess and passing ability of Clingan, who is coming off back-to-back national championships and has plenty of room for growth alongside the Blazers' core at just 20 years old. -- Givony

4. Charlotte Hornets

Rob Dillingham Kentucky PG Age: 19.2

With the Hornets transitioning to new front office leadership, an open-minded approach to this selection could make Dillingham intriguing. The shooting acumen he demonstrated at Kentucky provides a blueprint for how he might be able to fit in alongside LaMelo Ball and Brandon Miller in what could be a potent offensive trio -- albeit one with real defensive concerns. While he won't be a fit for every team, the uncertain nature of this draft class will make Dillingham a consideration early on, with his uncommon mix of shot creation and 3-point ability as an upside if he can round out his game further. -- Woo

5. San Antonio Spurs

Nikola Topic Mega MIS PG Age: 18.6

The Spurs have an opening at point guard and will likely study the fit of both Topic and Dillingham, who is already off the board in this scenario. Pairing Victor Wembanyama with a highly unselfish, creative passer such as Topic would be attractive, as he also has excellent size to play in the backcourt with other guards. His defensive shortcomings might not appear as glaring with Wembanyama behind him, but improving his perimeter shooting will be key. -- Givony

6. Toronto Raptors

Matas Buzelis G League Ignite SF/PF Age: 19.5

Toronto owns a top-six protection on this pick and has a 45.8% chance of keeping it. Those odds will make for an anxious lottery night, as the Raptors hope not to get jumped in the draft order. With the team rebuilding and the roster somewhat in flux around Scottie Barnes , grabbing another versatile forward in Buzelis could be beneficial, giving Toronto more positional size and lineup optionality to play with in the frontcourt, something this front office has traditionally favored. Buzelis finished his G League season with a productive stretch and made strides defensively, reminding scouts what makes him an intriguing development pick in the lottery. -- Woo

7. Memphis Grizzlies

Reed Sheppard Kentucky PG/SG Age: 19.8

The Grizzlies will surely be attuned to Sheppard rating as one of the best players in this draft class from an analytics perspective, while also bringing the type of scoring efficiency the team usually covets in the draft. He'd form one of the smallest backcourts in the NBA with Ja Morant but could help ignite an offense that ranked last in the NBA this season in efficiency due to a myriad of injuries to core players. -- Givony

8. Utah Jazz

Stephon Castle UConn PG/SG Age: 19.4

The Jazz have been exceedingly patient with their rebuild and could see long-term benefits in a potential backcourt partnership between Keyonte George and Castle, the latter of whom has established himself as one of the top defensive prospects in this class. Castle's size, matchup versatility and secondary playmaking ability as a ball handler could fit quite nicely with George's scoring ability. Teams will want to see Castle shoot the ball with confidence in workouts, but if he can assuage some of those concerns, he figures to warrant an upside swing in the lottery and benefit from UConn's March dominance. -- Woo

9. Houston Rockets (via Brooklyn Nets )

Dalton Knecht Tennessee SF Age: 22.9

The Rockets turned the page on their rebuilding process by hiring head coach Ime Udoka and making a splash in free agency last summer, indicating they could look at more ready-made players with this pick considering the plethora of youth already on the roster. Shooting will likely be a priority for Houston this summer, and the dynamic perimeter game of the nearly 23-year-old Knecht -- who made 40% of his 3s this season -- could be attractive with this pick. -- Givony

10. Atlanta Hawks

Cody Williams Colorado SG/SF Age: 19.4

Following this year's draft, the Hawks won't control their own first-round pick until 2028, owing picks and swaps to the Spurs. This could be an offseason of big changes in Atlanta as the Hawks weigh the luxury tax. Considering those factors, taking a long view with this selection and playing for upside over fit makes sense. Williams had an uneven freshman season but flashed upside as a big playmaker in his best moments, making him an interesting lottery candidate. His frame and defensive upside make him one of the draft's more interesting development bets if he can refine his handling and shooting. -- Woo

11. Chicago Bulls

Isaiah Collier USC PG Age: 19.5

With Zach Lavine reportedly on the trade block and a need for additional playmaking from the backcourt as a priority this offseason, the shot-creation prowess and scoring instincts of Collier will be studied closely by the Bulls' front office should he be available with this pick. Collier has flaws but also offers some real star power and upside with his size, strength and slashing ability at 19 years old, especially if his perimeter shooting improves. -- Givony

12. Oklahoma City Thunder (via Houston Rockets)

Ja'Kobe Walter Baylor SG/SF Age: 19.6

The Thunder can essentially go any direction in adding to their collection of talent with this pick from the Rockets, a luxury for the Western Conference's top seed. Walter's 3-point shooting could make him an attractive fit here, as a young player who could eventually slide into a valuable role as OKC's roster gradually becomes more expensive. Walter isn't much of a shot-creator and has work to do in expanding his contributions, but his intangibles and smooth shooting should make him an attractive piece with a feasible pathway to NBA success. -- Woo

13. Sacramento Kings

Ron Holland G League Ignite SF Age: 18.7

The Kings could look to bolster their wing depth with key reserve Malik Monk entering free agency, either through the draft or other means. Holland had an uneven season in the G League from an efficiency standpoint, but he is one of the youngest players in the draft and brings impressive intensity and scoring aggressiveness, which makes him a candidate to be picked higher in the lottery depending on how the pre-draft process plays out. -- Givony

14. Portland Trail Blazers (via Golden State)

Tidjane Salaun Cholet PF Age: 18.6

Salaun would be another intriguing addition to Portland's frontcourt, helping to balance out a guard-heavy roster. He could be an interesting fit with this young core thanks to his potential to space the floor, supply energy and versatility as an off-ball player, with the future in mind. Salaun is still raw in important areas of his game but should be an appealing project if he can make strides as a shooter and decision-maker. -- Woo

15. Miami Heat

Zach Edey Purdue C Age: 21.9

Edey's positional fit alongside Bam Adebayo would be a topic of discussion in Miami, but his productivity, physicality, intensity and cultural match would be welcomed by the Heat. Adebayo has started to slowly incorporate a 3-point shot into his offensive arsenal late this season and has the type of defensive versatility that could be useful alongside another big man. Edey's offensive rebounding and interior scoring are skills the Heat don't have much of, making him an attractive pick here. -- Givony

16. Los Angeles Lakers *

Kyle Filipowski Duke PF/C Age: 20.4

The Pelicans have the rights to this Lakers pick but are expected to defer it to 2025, in what should be a deeper draft. Assuming that happens, the Lakers can keep getting younger on the fringes of their roster. Los Angeles could use long-term frontcourt depth in particular, and Filipowski's versatility and playmaking ability supply the type of skill set the current role players lack. It may take him some time to adjust, and he'll need to become a more consistent shooter, but his size/skill combination is certainly of interest. -- Woo

17. Philadelphia 76ers

Devin Carter Providence PG/SG Age: 22.0

Most playoff teams could use the defensive versatility, toughness and developing outside shooting Carter brings, especially on a roster with ample shot creation already in place like the 76ers have with Tyrese Maxey and Joel Embiid . The 2023-24 Big East Player of the Year looks like a plug-and-play option at 22 years old, which will be attractive to several teams drafting in this range. -- Givony

18. Toronto Raptors (via Indiana)

Jared McCain Duke PG Age: 20.1

McCain came on in a big way toward the end of the season, showcasing his shooting and feel for the game in place of great measurables. He offers a higher floor than usual for a freshman guard as a result, with the ability to play on and off the ball, knock down shots and make plays for teammates. His defense is still a work in progress, but there's a lot to like about him in the long term, as he could make for a useful addition on a young roster in need of shooting like Toronto's. -- Woo

19. Orlando Magic

Tristan da Silva Colorado SF/PF Age: 22.9

The Magic ranked among the NBA's worst 3-point shooting teams this season and will look to improve in that area this offseason. Da Silva, a plug-and-play option at nearly 23 years old, brings coveted defensive versatility and feel for the game. He also doesn't need plays called for him, which could be attractive operating alongside existing stars Franz Wagner and Paolo Banchero . -- Givony

20. Cleveland Cavaliers

Tyler Smith G League Ignite SF/PF Age: 19.4

The Cavs finished in the middle of the pack in 3-point shooting and could stand to add more floor spacing in their frontcourt. Smith fits the bill, with a successful season in the G League helping to clarify his role in the NBA. Smith likely needs another season to develop physically and get accustomed to the speed of the game, but he looks to be on a positive trajectory as one of the more legitimate stretch bigs on the board in the middle of the draft. -- Woo

21. Milwaukee Bucks

Kevin McCullar Jr . Kansas SF Age: 23.0

The Bucks took a major step backward defensively this season and will likely look to improve in that area this summer. They're firmly in win-now mode with Giannis Antetokounmpo and Damian Lillard , so adding the 23-year-old McCullar could be attractive as he's likely more ready to help the team in the short term than other options in this range. McCullar is an excellent defender and passer and was shooting the ball as well as he ever had in his career before being derailed by a midseason knee injury. -- Givony

22. New Orleans Pelicans

Yves Missi Baylor C Age: 19.9

Missi would be a project pick for the Pelicans, who stand to upgrade their depth at center and could try to address that role long-term via the draft. While he's not NBA-ready, Missi's size, tools and flashes of scoring ability piqued interest from scouts this season enough to vault him into the draft. He might need an ostensible redshirt year but could pay dividends in this part of the draft. -- Woo

23. Phoenix Suns

Bobi Klintman Cairns SF/PF Age: 21.1

The Suns traded away most of their draft capital in the coming years to build a superteam anchored around Kevin Durant , Devin Booker and Bradley Beal , making this pick a rare chance to inject the team with young talent on a cost-controlled rookie scale contract. Wing depth will likely be important for the Suns moving forward, especially with perimeter shooting and defensive versatility at a premium. Klintman, who is old enough at 21 to be expected to play a role in the short term, also has some intriguing ingredients to develop long-term with his size, range and defensive playmaking ability. -- Givony

24. New York Knicks (via Dallas Mavericks )

Kyshawn George Miami SG/SF Age: 20.3

George is a name to track closely during the pre-draft process, as his skill set and size are often conducive to workout settings and might cause teams to look past his modest freshman-year production. He'd be a big upside swing for the Knicks, who have amassed talent nicely and can go several different directions with these picks in the 20s. George's shooting and playmaking ability on the wing make for an intriguing package of skills, but he lacks high-level experience and will need time to deliver a return wherever he's selected. -- Woo

25. New York Knicks

Carlton Carrington Pittsburgh PG/SG Age: 18.7

The Knicks have strong depth and versatility at nearly every position and can afford to take a couple of swings on long-term upside if they decide to keep one or both of their first-round picks. Carrington is one of the youngest players in this draft and will need time to gain strength and add experience before he's ready to play a real role in the NBA, but his positional size, dynamic perimeter shooting and strong basketball instincts make him someone a team in this range could bet on. -- Givony

26. Washington Wizards (via LA Clippers )

Juan Nunez Ratiopharm Ulm PG Age: 19.8

With incumbent starter Tyus Jones entering free agency and potentially not on the same timetable as the rebuilding Wizards, drafting a young point guard to insert into the mix could be one direction the team opts to take this summer. Nunez is one of the best pick-and-roll playmakers in this draft at 19 years old and is coming off an excellent season in the competitive EuroCup and German league with Ratiopharm Ulm. -- Givony

27. Minnesota Timberwolves

Johnny Furphy Kansas SG/SF Age: 19.3

Minnesota has favored positional size and versatility at forward in recent drafts as it looks to keep building out a supporting cast around Anthony Edwards . Furphy could be another one of those players, having flashed good instincts and the ability to impact games without heavy touches while becoming a surprise one-and-done candidate. He has work to do in all areas of his game, particularly on defense, but can help himself by shooting it well in workouts and reassuring teams of his value. -- Woo

28. Denver Nuggets

Tyler Kolek Marquette PG Age: 23.0

The Nuggets have not been shy about targeting NBA-ready college players in recent drafts, and Kolek could be another fit along those lines. He has the moxie and pick-and-roll smarts to step in on a competitive team and provide backup minutes. His athletic limitations limit his upside, but he could be a useful plug-and-play pick off the bench in this part of the draft. -- Woo

29. Utah Jazz (via Oklahoma City)

Justin Edwards Kentucky SG/SF Age: 20.3

Edwards did not have the season many expected at Kentucky but is still worthy of consideration in this area of the draft at 6-7 with some perimeter shooting acumen and upside to grow into after one season in college. The Jazz could look to bolster their wing depth, which could make Edwards a candidate to hear his name in the late first round. -- Givony

30. Boston Celtics

Kel'el Ware Indiana C Age: 19.9

The Celtics can take a straight upside swing here at the end of the first round if they choose. Ware did well in producing at a high level toward the end of the season at Indiana, causing teams to take a longer look despite the long-held questions about his competitiveness and motor. His length, shooting ability and shot-blocking have always made him an interesting flier from an NBA perspective and the type of prospect who can really help himself in workout settings. A strong spring could see him sneak into the first round. -- Woo

SECOND ROUND

31. Toronto Raptors (via Detroit Pistons )

Ryan Dunn | Virginia | SF | Age: 21.2

32. Utah Jazz (via Washington Wizards )

Jaylon Tyson | California | SG/SF | Age: 21.3

33. Portland Trail Blazers (via Charlotte Hornets)

Terrence Shannon Jr . | Illinois | SG/SF | Age: 23.7

34. Milwaukee Bucks (via Portland Trail Blazers )

Harrison Ingram | North Carolina | SF/PF | Age: 21.3

35. San Antonio Spurs

Payton Sandfort | Iowa | SF | Age: 21.7

36. Indiana Pacers (via Toronto Raptors )

Dillon Jones | Weber State | SF/PF | Age: 22.4

37. Minnesota Timberwolves (via Memphis Grizzlies )

Izan Almansa | G League Ignite | PF/C | Age: 18.7

38. New York Knicks (via Utah Jazz )

Baylor Scheierman | Creighton | SG/SF | Age: 23.5

39. Memphis Grizzlies (via Brooklyn Nets )

Pacome Dadiet | Ratiopharm Ulm | SG/SF | Age: 18.6

40. Portland Trail Blazers (via Atlanta Hawks )

Alex Karaban | UConn | PF | Age: 21.3

41. Philadelphia 76ers (via Chicago Bulls )

Melvin Ajinca | Saint Quentin | SG/SF | Age: 19.7

42. Charlotte Hornets (via Houston Rockets )

Cam Christie | Minnesota | SG | Age: 18.7

43. Sacramento Kings

Ulrich Chomche | NBA Academy Showcase | C | Age: 18.2

44. Houston Rockets (via Golden State Warriors )

Trevon Brazile | Arkansas | PF/C | Age: 21.2

45. Miami Heat

Keshad Johnson | Arizona | PF | Age: 22.8

46 . San Antonio Spurs ( via Los Angeles Lakers )

Pelle Larsson | Arizona | SG | Age: 23.1

47. LA Clippers ( via Indiana Pacers )

KJ Simpson | Colorado | PG | Age: 21.6

48. Orlando Magic

Ugonna Onyenso | Kentucky | C | Age: 19.5

49. Indiana Pacers ( via Cleveland Cavaliers )

Hunter Sallis | Wake Forest | SG | Age: 21.0

50. Washington Wizards (via Phoenix Suns )

Adem Bona | UCLA | C | Age: 21.0

51. Indiana Pacers (via New Orleans Pelicans )

Mantas Rubstavicius | NZ Breakers | SF | Age: 21.9

52. Indiana Pacers (via New Orleans Pelicans )

Ryan Kalkbrenner | Creighton | C | Age: 22.2

53. Detroit Pistons (via New York Knicks )

DaRon Holmes II | Dayton | PF/C | Age: 21.6

54. Boston Celtics (via Dallas Mavericks )

Ajay Mitchell | UC Santa Barbara | PG | Age: 21.8

55. Los Angeles Lakers (via LA Clippers )

Jaxson Robinson | BYU | SG/SF | Age: 21.3

56. Denver Nuggets (via Minnesota Timberwolves )

Nikola Durisic | Mega MIS | SG/SF | Age: 20.1

57. Memphis Grizzlies (via Oklahoma City Thunder )

Jalen Bridges | Baylor | SF | Age: 22.9

58. Dallas Mavericks ( via Boston Celtics )

Ariel Hukporti | Melbourne | C | Age: 22.0

Note: The Philadelphia 76ers and Phoenix Suns forfeited a 2024 second-round draft pick.

Jonathan Givony is an NBA draft expert and the founder and co-owner of DraftExpress.com, a private scouting and analytics service used by NBA, NCAA and international teams.

Jeremy Woo is an NBA analyst specializing in prospect evaluation and the draft. He was previously a staff writer and draft insider at Sports Illustrated.

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Fantasy football rankings 2024: Breakouts from proven NFL model that predicted Jahmyr Gibbs' huge year

Sportsline simulated the nfl season 10,000 times and identified the top fantasy football breakouts 2024.

Peak 2024 Fantasy football draft prep has arrived, with the new NFL season starting Thursday. Three rookie quarterbacks are among the most popular 2024 Fantasy football breakout picks, as Caleb Williams (Bears), Jayden Daniels (Commanders) and Bo Nix (Broncos) are all Week 1 starters. Patriots rookie Drake Maye is not starting in Week 1, but he might still be worth adding to 2024 Fantasy football lineups at some point this season. Meanwhile, Texans quarterback CJ Stroud will try to build on an outstanding rookie campaign, while Colts quarterback Anthony Richardson is going off the board early in the 2024 Fantasy football rankings.

All of those quarterbacks are enticing 2024 Fantasy football picks, but Bills quarterback Josh Allen and Eagles quarterback Jalen Hurts are still top the 2024 Fantasy football QB rankings. Their early 2024 Fantasy football ADP makes them risky picks, though, since an injury would almost certainly turn them into 2024 Fantasy football busts. Before crafting your 2024 Fantasy football draft strategy, be sure to check out the 2024 Fantasy football rankings and 2024 Fantasy football cheat sheets from the proven computer model at SportsLine .

Last year, the model accurately predicted that Lions running back Jahmyr Gibbs would carry significantly more value than expected during his rookie season. The result: Gibbs rushed for 945 yards and 10 touchdowns while also catching 52 passes for 316 yards and a score. Gibbs was coming off the board in the middle of the fourth round on average but finished as a top-10 running back in CBS Sports PPR leagues.

The same model has a proven track record providing Fantasy football tips, identifying A.J. Brown as a sleeper in 2020 and nailing Jonathan Taylor's monstrous season in 2021. Additionally, it's called past Fantasy football sleepers like Derrick Henry in 2019, Christian McCaffrey and Alvin Kamara in 2018, and Davante Adams in 2017. Anybody who banked on players like those made a run at their league title.

The model is powered by the same people who generated projections for all three major Fantasy sites, and it beat human experts last season when there was a big difference in ranking. The projections update multiple times daily, so you're always getting the best Fantasy football advice.

Now, SportsLine has simulated the entire NFL season 10,000 times and released its latest Fantasy football rankings 2024, along with plenty of sleepers, breakouts and busts. Head to SportsLine now to see them .

Top 2024 Fantasy football breakouts

One of the 2024 Fantasy football breakouts the model is predicting: Bears quarterback Caleb Williams. Chicago is about to have its third new starting quarterback in four years, but there is a lot to like about having the 2022 Heisman Trophy winner and No. 1 overall pick from the 2024 NFL Draft.

To compliment Williams' arm strength and creativity, the Bears have pieced together a new receiving corps. Keenan Allen and D.J. Moore join the team, as does fellow first-round pick Rome Odunze who is also predicted to have a successful rookie campaign. Williams' ADP suggests he will be a late-round pick in Fantasy football pools, but he has the foundation to have a very productive 2024 season.

Another breakout that SportsLine's Fantasy football rankings 2024 have identified: Commanders quarterback Jayden Daniels. Washington used the No. 2 overall pick in the draft to snag Daniels, who won the Heisman Trophy at LSU last season. He threw for 3,812 yards and 40 touchdowns while rushing for 1,134 yards and 10 more scores.

Daniels completed 72.2% of his passes and averaged a whopping 11.7 yards per pass attempt, which will be difficult numbers to replicate at the NFL level. However, he has all the tools to make an immediate Fantasy impact with his arm and legs, especially since he has quality weapons around him. SportsLine's model ranks Daniels ahead of established quarterbacks like Jared Goff, Kyler Murray and Trevor Lawrence in its 2024 Fantasy football rankings. See which other Fantasy football breakouts 2024 to pick here .

How to find proven 2024 Fantasy football football rankings

SportsLine is also extremely high on a surprising running back you aren't even thinking about being taken in the middle rounds of 2024 Fantasy football drafts. This running back is listed as a shocking top-10 option ahead of superstars like Jonathan Taylor and Joe Mixon . You can only see who it is, and the 2024 Fantasy football rankings for every player, at SportsLine .

So which 2024 Fantasy Football breakouts should you target? And which RB shocks the NFL with a top-10 performance? Visit SportsLine now to get 2024 Fantasy Football cheat sheets for every single position, all from the model that called Jahmyr Gibbs' breakout season , and find out.

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8.3 Drafting
Exercise 1. Using the topic for the essay that you outlined in Section 8.2 "Outlining", describe your purpose and your audience as specifically as you can. Use your own sheet of paper to record your responses. Then keep these responses near you during future stages of the writing process.
How to Write the First Draft of Your Essay
1.5 or double line spacing for the body (single spacing for footnotes) a line between each paragraph (or a first line indent of 1.27 cm for each paragraph). These are the guidelines most commonly preferred by Australian and New Zealand universities. Learning how to write your first draft can feel overwhelming.
The Writing Process
Table of contents. Step 1: Prewriting. Step 2: Planning and outlining. Step 3: Writing a first draft. Step 4: Redrafting and revising. Step 5: Editing and proofreading. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about the writing process.
How to Structure an Essay
The basic structure of an essay always consists of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. But for many students, the most difficult part of structuring an essay is deciding how to organize information within the body. This article provides useful templates and tips to help you outline your essay, make decisions about your structure, and ...
5.5.1: Organizing and Writing your Draft
Your objective at this stage of the writing process is to draft an essay with at least three body paragraphs, which means that the essay will contain a minimum of five paragraphs, including an introduction and a conclusion. ... Instead, save the draft with a new tag after the title—draft 1, draft 2, and so on—so that you will have a ...
Building the Essay Draft
Please contact Academic Support by emailing [email protected]; calling 1-800-847-3000, ext 3008; or calling the main number of the location in your region to schedule an appointment. Use this resource to find more information about Academic Support. Building the Essay Draft.
Example of a Great Essay
Example of a Great Essay | Explanations, Tips & Tricks. Published on February 9, 2015 by Shane Bryson. Revised on July 23, 2023 by Shona McCombes. This example guides you through the structure of an essay. It shows how to build an effective introduction, focused paragraphs, clear transitions between ideas, and a strong conclusion.
From Draft to Done: A Full Breakdown of the Writing Process
Draft 1.0: Rough Draft. Draft 1.5: Rough draft with some rewrites. Draft 2.0: Rough draft fully rewritten with feedback from critique partners. Draft 2.0.1: Rewritten rough draft with a minor tweak (or "patch") to the protagonist's motivation.
Writing the Essay Draft
Writing the Essay Draft. Search for: Writing the Essay Draft. In this section you will explore the process of writing a first draft of an essay. You'll read about outlining, ordering and supporting your ideas, as well as creating effective transitions, introductions, conclusions, and titles.
How to Write a First Draft
The main goal of the first draft is to sketch out your main ideas; you can fill it with details later. If you think you will forget about an important fact or remark, make brief notes in margins. - Ignoring the role of a first draft in the essay writing process. Though it may seem you are wasting time working on a draft, you are working on ...
Writing the Rough Draft of an Essay
An essay draft comes after several pre-writing steps. The pre-writing steps are: Topic selection: An essay topic may be assigned, or it may be the student's choice. A topic needs to be specific ...
Tips for Writing a Powerful Rough Draft
A rough draft or first draft (or, according to my second-grade teacher, a "sloppy copy") is an initial, incomplete piece of writing that is the first attempt at getting all your ideas on paper. ... Enhancing Paragraphs and Essays; Writing Tips The Writing Process: 6 Steps Every Writer Should Know; Writing Tips Common Clichés and How to ...
Essay Writing: How to Write an Outstanding Essay
The basic steps for how to write an essay are: Generate ideas and pick a type of essay to write. Outline your essay paragraph by paragraph. Write a rough first draft without worrying about details like word choice or grammar. Edit your rough draft, and revise and fix the details. Review your essay for typos, mistakes, and any other problems.
Rough Drafts
Rough Drafts. In this section of the Excelsior OWL, you have been learning about traditional structures for expository essays (essays that are thesis-based and offer a point-by-point body), but no matter what type of essay you're writing, the rough draft is going to be an important part of your writing process. It's important to remember ...
How to Write a Rough Draft: 14 Steps (with Pictures)
1. Make a plot outline. If you are writing a creative piece, such as a novel or a short story, you should sit down and create a plot outline. This can be a basic outline and does not need to be very detailed. Having a plot outline to refer to can help you get organized for the rough draft.
Essay 1
The purpose of Essay 1 is to compose an essay that relates your prior experience and assumptions to new perspectives about a larger issue. Your connections should provide deeper insight to your audience. ... Draft and revise your essay: Once you have completed the planning process, write a rough draft of your essay. Next, take steps to improve ...
How to Write an Essay Outline in 4 Steps
3 Identify the points you'll make in each paragraph. Using the list of points you wrote down, identify the key arguments you'll make in your essay. These will be your body sections. For example, in an argumentative essay about why your campus needs to install more water fountains, you might make points like:
How to Write a First Draft: 5 Tips for Writing a First Draft
Level Up Your Team. See why leading organizations rely on MasterClass for learning & development. The greatest works of literature all began as first drafts. Use these tips to streamline your writing process as you tackle your own first draft.
The Beginner's Guide to Writing an Essay
Come up with a thesis. Create an essay outline. Write the introduction. Write the main body, organized into paragraphs. Write the conclusion. Evaluate the overall organization. Revise the content of each paragraph. Proofread your essay or use a Grammar Checker for language errors. Use a plagiarism checker.
23 Ways to Improve Your Draft
words. Be specific: Words like things, very, stuff, and interesting are vague. Search for words or sentences in your essay that could be replaced with more specific words. You also may want to add more specific details to strengthen your argument. For example, "Barbies are bad for people" might be revised to "Barbies are harmful to young ...
How to Write a Great Essay Draft In College
Present key essay points in your document. Through thesis and brainstorming, determine major points of an essay. Describe them in a draft, giving each of them a few sentences. In most cases, their number doesn't exceed 5, but it depends on an overall size of your planned work. Leave space for additions.
5.5.1.3: Types of Essays and Suggested Structures
5.5.1: Organizing and Writing your Draft 5.5.1.3: Types of Essays and Suggested Structures ... This chart gives an idea of what different roles paragraphs can play in a mixed-structure essay assignment. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) 5.5.1.3: Types of Essays and Suggested Structures is shared under a CC BY-NC license and was authored, ...
Philosophical Writing: An Introduction, 5th Edition
Tracing the evolution of a good philosophical essay from the draft stage to completion, the book's eleven chapters are purpose-built to serve the needs of a wide range of students, with levels ranging from elementary to moderately advanced. Philosophical Writing includes numerous essay examples, techniques for outlining and composing, guidance ...
Week 2 essay Final Draft Analysis of the Five Ethics Models by Wart
Management document from American Public University, 13 pages, WEEK 2 ESSAY: ETHICS IN PUBLIC LEADERSHIP 1 Analysis of the Five Ethics Models by Wart (2011) and Spiritual -Servant Leader in Public Service Saliou Aboudou School of Business, Liberty University 1/28/2024 Dr. Michael Collins Author Note Saliou Aboudou Em
Week 1 Waiver Wire Players to Target Immediately Following Your Fantasy
Just because your fantasy football draft is over doesn't mean your job is done. These waiver wire targets should be on your radar before Week 1 kicks off. Feb 11, 2024; Paradise, Nevada, USA; San ...
UPSC Main Paper 1 2024: Important essay topics, previous year's
The essay paper, or Paper 1 of the UPSC Mains, plays a pivotal role in distinguishing candidates. Developing strong writing skills, understanding the exam pattern, and reviewing likely topics and ...
How to Write an Essay Outline
Expository essay outline. Claim that the printing press marks the end of the Middle Ages. Provide background on the low levels of literacy before the printing press. Present the thesis statement: The invention of the printing press increased circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation.
2024 NBA mock draft: Team analysis for all 30 first-round picks
FIRST ROUND 1. Detroit Pistons. Zaccharie Risacher Bourg SF Age: 19.0. The Pistons are the NBA's worst 3-point shooting team while ranking among the league's worst defenses, meaning they could ...
2024 NBA Draft Profile: Ron Holland
A consensus five-star prospect out of Dallas, TX, Ron Holland was ranked as the No. 2 player in the class of 2023. The Duncansville High School product was named the 2022-23 Gatorade Texas Boys Basketball Player of the Year after averaging 20.3 points, 10.1 rebounds, 2.4 assists and 2.0 steals while leading Duncanville High School to a 29-1 record during his senior year. That came after ...
CBS Sports
Redirecting to /fantasy/football/news/fantasy-football-rankings-2024-breakouts-from-advanced-nfl-model-that-predicted-jahmyr-gibbs-huge-year/.

8.3 Drafting

Getting Started: Strategies For Drafting

Making the Writing Process Work for You

Writing at Work

Setting Goals for Your First Draft

Discovering the Basic Elements of a First Draft

The Role of Topic Sentences

Starting Your First Draft

Continuing the First Draft

Writing a Title

Writing Your Own First Draft

Key Takeaways

How to Write the First Draft

Introduction

Formal academic language

Introductions

Topic sentences

Conclusions

Referencing

Related Guides

Essay Writing Part 2: How to Organise Your Research

Essay Writing Part 3: How to Finalise Your Essay Plan

Part 5: How to Finalise and Polish Your Essay

Building the Essay Draft

Introductions

Development Options

Linking Paragraphs

The goals of an introduction are to

Hints for writing your introduction:

Revising and Proofreading the Draft

Proofreading

Hints for revising and proofreading:

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From Draft to Done: A Full Breakdown of the Writing Process

A rose by any other name: What’s in a draft?

Only rewrites count

The fiction patching method

Every change counts

From outline to finished product: the writing process

1. Outlining

Self-editing

Critique partners and beta readers

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