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Essay on Environment: Examples & Tips

• Updated on  
• May 30, 2022

In the 21st century, the Environmental crisis is one of the biggest issues. The world has been potentially impacted by the resulting hindrance in the environmental balance, due to the rising in industrialization and urbanization. This led to several natural calamities which creates an everlasting severe impact on the environment for years. To familiarize students with the importance environment, the subject ‘Environmental Studies’ is part of the curriculum in primary, secondary as well as higher school education. To test the knowledge of the students related to Environment, a question related to the topic in the form of essay or article writing is included in the exam. This blog aims to focus on providing details to students on the way, they can draft a well-written essay on Environment.

This Blog Includes:

Overview on environment, tips on writing an effective essay, format (150 words), sample essay on environment, environment essay (100 words), essay on environment (200-250 words), environment essay (300 words), world environment day.

To begin the essay on Environment, students must know what it is all about. Biotic (plants, animals, and microorganisms) and abiotic (non-living physical factors) components in our surroundings fall under the terminology of the environment. Everything that surrounds us is a part of the environment and facilitates our existence on the planet.

Before writing an effective essay on Environment, another thing students need to ensure is to get familiarised with the structure of essay writing. The major tips which students need to keep in mind, while drafting the essay are:

• Research on the given topic thoroughly : The students must research the topic given in the essay, for example: while drafting an essay on the environment, students must mention the recent events, so to provide the reader with a view into their understanding of this concept.
• Jot down the important points: When the students research the topic, students must note down the points which need to be included in the essay.
• Quote down the important examples: Students must quote the important examples in the introductory paragraphs and the subsequent paragraphs as well.
• Revise the Essay: The student after finishing writing students must revise the content to locate any grammatical errors as well as other mistakes.

Essay on Environment: Format & Samples

Now that you are aware of the key elements of drafting an essay on Environment, take a look at the format of essay writing first:

Introduction

The student must begin the essay by, detailing an overview of the topic in a very simple way in around 30-40 words. In the introduction of the essay on Environment, the student can make it interesting by recent instances or adding questions.

Body of Content

The content after the introduction can be explained in around 80 words, on a given topic in detail. This part must contain maximum detail in this part of the Essay. For the Environment essay, students can describe ways the environment is hampered and different ways to prevent and protect it.

In the essay on Environment, students can focus on summing the essay in 30-40 words, by writing its aim, types, and purposes briefly. This section must swaddle up all the details which are explained in the body of the content.

Below is a sample of an Essay on Environment to give you an idea of the way to write one:

The natural surroundings that enable life to thrive, nurture, and destroy on our planet called earth are referred to as an environment. The natural environment is vital to the survival of life on Earth, allowing humans, animals, and other living things to thrive and evolve naturally. However, our ecosystem is being harmed as a result of certain wicked and selfish human actions. It is the most essential issue, and everyone should understand how to safeguard our environment and maintain the natural balance on this planet for life to continue to exist.

Nature provides an environment that nourishes life on the planet. The environment encompasses everything humans need to live, including water, air, sunshine, land, plants, animals, forests, and other natural resources. Our surroundings play a critical role in enabling the existence of healthy life on the planet. However, due to man-made technical advancements in the current period, our environment is deteriorating day by day. As a result, environmental contamination has risen to the top of our priority list.

Environmental pollution has a detrimental impact on our everyday lives in a variety of ways, including socially, physically, economically, emotionally, and cognitively. Contamination of the environment causes a variety of ailments that can last a person’s entire life. It is not a problem of a neighborhood or a city; it is a global issue that cannot be handled by a single person’s efforts. It has the potential to end life in a day if it is not appropriately handled. Every ordinary citizen should participate in the government’s environmental protection effort.

Between June 5 and June 16, World Environment Day is commemorated to raise awareness about the environment and to educate people about its importance. On this day, awareness initiatives are held in a variety of locations.

The environment is made up of plants, animals, birds, reptiles, insects, water bodies, fish, humans, trees, microbes, and many other things. Furthermore, they all contribute to the ecosystem.

The physical, social, and cultural environments are the three categories of environments. Besides, various scientists have defined different types and numbers of environments.

1. Do not leave rubbish in public areas. 2. Minimize the use of plastic 3. Items should be reduced, reused, and recycled. 4. Prevent water and soil contamination

Hope the blog has given you an idea of how to write an essay on the Environment. If you are planning to study abroad and want help in writing your essays, then let Leverage Edu be your helping hand. Our experts will assist you in writing an excellent SOP for your study abroad consultant application. 

Sonal is a creative, enthusiastic writer and editor who has worked extensively for the Study Abroad domain. She splits her time between shooting fun insta reels and learning new tools for content marketing. If she is missing from her desk, you can find her with a group of people cracking silly jokes or petting neighbourhood dogs.

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Essay on Clean and Green Environment

Students are often asked to write an essay on Clean and Green Environment in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Clean and Green Environment

Importance of a clean and green environment.

A clean and green environment is essential for healthy living. It means having unpolluted air, water, and land. Clean surroundings prevent diseases, while greenery provides fresh air and a peaceful habitat.

Role of Trees

Trees play a crucial role in maintaining a green environment. They absorb harmful gases, provide oxygen, and prevent soil erosion. Planting more trees is a simple and effective way to enhance greenery.

Our Responsibility

Everyone has a role in keeping the environment clean. We should avoid littering, recycle waste, and conserve water. Small actions can make a big difference in protecting our planet.

250 Words Essay on Clean and Green Environment

Introduction.

A clean and green environment is the cornerstone of sustainable living. It is not just about aesthetic appeal but also about the health and survival of life on Earth. As we progress technologically and economically, it is crucial that we maintain the balance between development and environmental preservation.

A clean environment ensures the elimination of harmful substances that can cause diseases and ecological imbalance. Green spaces, on the other hand, play a vital role in absorbing carbon dioxide, reducing heat islands, and providing habitats for various species. Furthermore, they contribute to mental wellness by providing tranquil spaces for relaxation.

The Role of Individuals and Society

The responsibility of maintaining a clean and green environment lies with every individual and society as a whole. Simple practices like waste segregation, minimal use of plastic, and recycling can make a significant difference. Planting trees and creating green spaces in urban areas can help in combating the grave issue of air pollution.

Technological Interventions

Technological advancements can also contribute to environmental preservation. For instance, renewable energy technologies can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, thereby reducing pollution. Similarly, green buildings, smart cities, and other sustainable technologies can help in maintaining a clean and green environment.

In conclusion, a clean and green environment is not just an option but a necessity for our survival. It requires collective efforts from individuals, societies, and governments, along with the intelligent use of technology. As we move forward, let us pledge to adopt more sustainable practices and make our planet a better place for future generations.

500 Words Essay on Clean and Green Environment

The imperative of a clean and green environment.

The environment is an integral part of our existence, offering us resources and sustenance. As we continue to exploit these resources, we must also consider the importance of maintaining a clean and green environment. This essay explores the significance of such an environment, the challenges faced, and the possible solutions.

A clean and green environment is not merely an aesthetic preference; it is a prerequisite for our physical and mental well-being. Clean surroundings reduce the risk of diseases and improve air quality, whereas green spaces contribute to biodiversity and combat climate change. They offer a natural habitat for various species, aiding in the preservation of ecological balance. Moreover, they act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 emissions and mitigating global warming.

Challenges to a Clean and Green Environment

Despite its significance, our environment is under constant threat. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and population growth have led to increased pollution and deforestation. These activities release harmful pollutants into the air, water, and soil, degrading the environment and posing health risks. Additionally, the rampant felling of trees for infrastructure development disrupts ecosystems and contributes to climate change.

Role of Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is a viable solution to these challenges. It promotes the judicious use of resources to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. This approach involves adopting cleaner production methods, promoting renewable energy, and implementing waste management strategies.

Green Technologies and Innovation

Innovation and technology can also play a crucial role in creating a clean and green environment. Green technologies, such as solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicles, reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and decrease CO2 emissions. Moreover, advancements in waste management technologies can help in recycling and reusing waste, reducing landfill and pollution.

Individual and Collective Responsibility

While technological and policy interventions are crucial, the responsibility of maintaining a clean and green environment also lies with individuals and communities. Small changes in our daily lives, like reducing waste, recycling, and planting trees, can make a significant difference.

In conclusion, a clean and green environment is vital for our survival and well-being. Despite the challenges posed by industrialization and urbanization, solutions exist in the form of sustainable development, green technologies, and individual actions. It is our collective responsibility to implement these solutions and safeguard our environment for future generations.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

• Essay on Children’s Role in Protecting the Environment
• Essay on Advantages and Disadvantages of Environment
• Essay on Impact of Drugs on Youth

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!

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HSR very good and nice essay I just want to write it in my essay competition and just see how I am doing that it is really very good answer

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Essay On Environment In English [Short & Long]

Essay On Environment – No doubt Nature’s intelligence is supreme and can’t be questioned. Our Mother Nature has gifted all living beings with the best environment they could have.

But for the sake of greed, humans have exploited natural resources to such an extent that led us to an altered and unfit environment. Even if mankind has developed a man-made environment, the natural environment is responsible for the existence of life on Earth.

Short Essay On Environment | 250 Words

Introduction.

An environment refers to our surroundings combined. It consists of air, water, land, sunlight, animals and plants. Every living being whether they live on land or in water comes under the environment. It is the most important factor for the execution of life on earth.

It is a source of every need of human beings be it food, shelter, oxygen and everything. Unfortunately, we do not value its true worth. We are just misusing it for the sake of instant gratification. Day by day we are just making it dirty and unsuitable for life. There are many ways of doing so. Even, we are not fully aware of what makes it imperfect for us.

Our Duties For The Environment

If this exploitation of natural resources continues, the environment of our planet will become unfit for supporting life. So it is our duty to spread awareness for the same. We must keep it clean and life-friendly. We don’t have to do much. We can practise little activities to support our environment.

Some of these practices are placing garbage into the dustbin, never spitting on roads, using bicycles over fueled vehicles, and planting more trees. Also, the Government should also take steps to spread awareness among people. It should encourage people to keep the environment clean and healthy.

Deforestation should be stopped and a heavy penalty should be imposed on those found doing so. Apart from these, our environment is being affected by the Greenhouse effect, pollution and global warming. We should find the proper remedies for those.

Concluding, We get to an end that the environment is a precious aspect of life. We can not repay its contribution to life. But today it needs our support to support us and we should take care of it so that upcoming generations can lead a healthy and comfortable life.

Long Essay On Environment | 500 Words

An environment is a set of physical and natural conditions we are surrounded by. It includes air, water, land, temperature, humans, animals, villages, cities, communication, transportation etc. But in this essay, we are going to discuss the natural environment only.

From birth to the last breath, We all are supported by the natural environment. It provides us with every small or big necessity in life. The fundamental needs like air, water, food, clothes, shelter, oxygen etc. are provided by the environment. In fact, we are alive all because it supports us.

Unfortunately, we do not value its true worth. We are just misusing it for the sake of our bottomless greed. Day by day we are just making it dirty and unsuitable for life. There are many ways of doing so. Even, we are not fully aware of what makes it imperfect for us.

It is a very obvious point that the environment is the most important factor for every living being. What we are surrounded by, impacts us more than anything else. from our physical appearance to our internal strength, is a gift of our environment.

If we talk about it as a whole, it is more valuable because our environment maintains an ecological balance that makes all organisms interdependent. For example, we depend on trees for oxygen and trees depend on us for carbon dioxide. We really can not estimate the real value of the environment but we can observe it to some extent.

The environment provides us with infinite benefits that we can’t repay for our entire life. As they are combined with the forest, trees, animals, water, and air. The forest and trees purify the air and consume harmful gases. Plants purify water, decrease the chances of floods maintain natural stability and many others.

The environment manages several natural cycles that occur daily. These cycles assist in preserving the natural balance between living beings and the environment. The distress of these things can ultimately influence the life cycle of people and other living beings.

The environment has supported us and other living beings to prosper and grow for thousands of years. The environment provides us with productive land, water, air, livestock and numerous fundamental things for survival.

Degradation

Hundreds of factors are responsible for environmental degradation. Some are natural and some are man-made. For natural ones, we can’t control much but for manmade reasons, we can take some reasonable resolutions. here below is a list of factors that causes environmental degradation.

A. Pollution- It is one of the most main causes of environmental degradation. With the increase of industries, it has increased rapidly.

B. Greenhouse Gases- Greenhouse gases are the second cause that affects our climate and environment drastically. These gases are mainly responsible for the increased temperature of our planet.

C. Ozone Depletion- The layer that protects the earth from the ultraviolet rays of the sun is depleting slowly and it is also a cause of environmental degradation.

How to Protect the Environment

We comprehend nearly all the causes of environmental degradation. So it is time to discuss the resolution side of the query. We need to take steps that will help us combat this problem.

A . Reforestation- As we know that air plays an important role in the environment, so reforestation can be proven a full-fledged solution to revert the issue back to normal.

B. 3 R’s formula- First “R” is about Reduce which means to reduce the production of unnecessary products. The second “R” talks about Reuse which means to use the available things efficiently. And the last one refers to Recycling things to make them reusable.

Final Words

To sum it up, The environment is our companion from birth to death. It takes care of us like no one other. But human activities are altering the environment in a direction where it can impact us negatively. So, there is a need to support the environment by performing environmental-friendly activities.

What is called the environment ?

The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.

What is the true meaning of environment?

The term  environment  is derived from the French word “Environia” which means to surround. It refers to both the Abiotic (physical or non-living) and Biotic (living) environments.

How many different environments are there?

There are two types of environments. 1. Geographical environment 2. Man-made environment.

Are nature and the environment the same?

Nature refers to the physical world and also life but environment refers to external elements and conditions by which an organism is surrounded, affected and influenced.

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• Biology Article
• Essay On Environment

Essay on Environment

Essay on Environment is an excellent way for students to learn about the environment and its implications. The environment, in the simplest of terms, refers to the interaction between living organisms and non-living things. Living organisms are classified as biotic components, while non-living things form the abiotic components.

Humans are a part of the environment, but their activities are not, as they do not coincide with the natural environment. Hence, such environments are called artificial environments. As a general rule of thumb, any human interaction with the natural environment converts the same into an artificial environment.

Acts such as the installation of solar panels in a desert, construction of huts made of muds transform the natural environment into an artificial one. However, when animals build structural which support their living, they still are considered as natural.

The environment provides many resources, from medicine to food. Moreover, the environment is home to countless species of organisms, some of which are on the verge of extinction. Another factor accelerating the extinction of organisms is the destruction of their environments. Most organisms need their natural habitat to thrive. Without it, organisms may perish.

Anthropological activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, have brought severe repercussions. Increased levels of air pollution have led to many respiratory illnesses in humans. On a global scale, burning fossil fuels have pumped vast quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The immediate consequence of this is global temperatures will increase. As a result, ice caps will start to melt, and sea levels will rise. Natural calamities will strike with more intensity and frequency. If these activities are unchecked, then a phenomenon called Runaway greenhouse effect might occur. Though this scenario is “mostly” hypothetical, scientists say that such a phenomenon is responsible for Venus’s hellish atmosphere.

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• Environmental Pollution Essay

Essay on Environmental Pollution

The environment is the surrounding of an organism. The environment in which an organism lives is made up of various components like air, water, land, etc. These components are found in fixed proportions to create a harmonious balance in the environment for the organism to live in. Any kind of undesirable and unwanted change in the proportions of these components can be termed as pollution. This issue is increasing with every passing year. It is an issue that creates economic, physical, and social troubles. The environmental problem that is worsening with each day needs to be addressed so that its harmful effects on humans as well as the planet can be discarded.

Causes of Environmental Pollution 

With the rise of the industries and the migration of people from villages to cities in search of employment, there has been a regular increase in the problem of proper housing and unhygienic living conditions. These reasons have given rise to factors that cause pollution. 

Environmental pollution is of five basic types namely, Air, Water, Soil, and Noise pollution. 

Air Pollution: Air pollution is a major issue in today’s world. The smoke pouring out of factory chimneys and automobiles pollute the air that we breathe in. Gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and sulphur dioxide are emitted with this smoke which mixes with air and causes great harm to the human body, flora, and fauna. The dry-farm waste, dry grass, leaves, and coal used as domestic fuels in our villages also produce harmful gases. Acid rain occurs due to an excess of sulphur dioxide in the air.

The Main Sources of Air Pollution are as Follows:  

Automobile pollution 

Industrial air pollution 

Burning garbage 

Brick kilns 

Indoor air pollution 

Decomposed animals and plants 

Radioactive elements

Water Pollution: Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental issues. The waste products from the growing industries and sewage water are not treated properly before disposing of the wastewater into the rivers and other water bodies, thus leading to water pollution. Agricultural processes with excess fertilizers and pesticides also pollute the water bodies. 

The Main Sources of Water Pollution as Follows:  

Marine commerce. 

Industrial effluents joining seas and oceans. 

Dumping of radioactive substances into seawater. 

Sewage is disposed of into the sea by rivers. 

Offshore oil rigs. 

Recreational activities. 

Agricultural pollutants are disposed of into the water bodies.

Soil or Land Pollution: Soil pollution or land pollution results from the deposition of solid waste, accumulation of biodegradable material, deposition of chemicals with poisonous chemical compositions, etc on the open land. Waste materials such as plastics, polythene, and bottles, cause land pollution and render the soil infertile. Moreover, the dumping of dead bodies of animals adds to this issue. Soil pollution causes several diseases in man and animals like Cholera, Dysentery, Typhoid, etc.

The Main Causes of Soil Pollution are as Follows:  

Industrial waste 

Urban commercial and domestic waste 

Chemical fertilizers 

Biomedical waste 

Noise Pollution: With an increasing population, urbanization, and industrialization, noise pollution is becoming a serious form of pollution affecting human life, health, and comfort in daily life. Horns of vehicles, loudspeakers, music systems, and industrial activities contribute to noise pollution. 

The Main Sources of Noise Pollution as Follows:  

The machines in the factories and industries produce whistling sounds, crushing noise, and thundering sounds. 

Loudspeakers, horns of vehicles. 

Blasting of rocks and earth, drilling tube wells, ventilation fans, and heavy earth-moving machinery at construction sites.

How Pollution Harms Health and Environment

The lives of people and other creatures are affected by environmental pollution, both directly and indirectly. For centuries, these living organisms have coexisted with humans on the planet. 

1. Effect on the Environment

Smog is formed when carbon and dust particles bind together in the air, causing respiratory problems, haze, and smoke. These are created by the combustion of fossil fuels in industrial and manufacturing facilities and vehicle combustion of carbon fumes. 

Furthermore, these factors impact the immune systems of birds, making them carriers of viruses and diseases. It also has an impact on the body's system and organs. 

2.  Land, Soil, and Food Effects 

The degradation of human organic and chemical waste harms the land and soil. It also releases chemicals into the land and water. Pesticides, fertilisers, soil erosion, and crop residues are the main causes of land and soil pollution. 

3. Effects on water 

Water is easily contaminated by any pollutant, whether it be human waste or factory chemical discharge. We also use this water for crop irrigation and drinking. They, too, get polluted as a result of infection. Furthermore, an animal dies as a result of drinking the same tainted water. 

Furthermore, approximately 80% of land-based pollutants such as chemical, industrial, and agricultural waste wind up in water bodies. 

Furthermore, because these water basins eventually link to the sea, they contaminate the sea's biodiversity indirectly. 

4. Food Reaction

Crops and agricultural produce become poisonous as a result of contaminated soil and water. These crops are laced with chemical components from the start of their lives until harvest when they reach a mass level. Due to this, tainted food has an impact on our health and organs. 

5. Climate Change Impact 

Climate change is also a source of pollution in the environment. It also has an impact on the ecosystem's physical and biological components. 

Ozone depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and global warming are all examples of environmental pollution. Because these water basins eventually link to the sea, they contaminate the sea's biodiversity indirectly. Furthermore, their consequences may be fatal for future generations. The unpredictably cold and hot climate impacts the earth’s natural system. 

Furthermore, earthquakes, starvation, smog, carbon particles, shallow rain or snow, thunderstorms, volcanic eruptions, and avalanches are all caused by climate change, caused entirely by environmental pollution.

How to Minimise Environmental Pollution? 

To minimise this issue, some preventive measures need to be taken. 

Principle of 3R’s: To save the environment, use the principle of 3 R’s; Reuse, Reduce and Recycle. 

Reuse products again and again. Instead of throwing away things after one use, find a way to use them again.  Reduce the generation of waste products.  

Recycle: Paper, plastics, glass, and electronic items can be processed into new products while using fewer natural resources and lesser energy. 

To prevent and control air pollution, better-designed equipment, and smokeless fuels should be used in homes and industries. More and more trees should be planted to balance the ecosystem and control greenhouse effects. 

Noise pollution can be minimised by better design and proper maintenance of vehicles. Industrial noise can be reduced by soundproofing equipment like generators, etc.  

To control soil pollution, we must stop the usage of plastic. Sewage should be treated properly before using it as fertilizers and as landfills. Encourage organic farming as this process involves the use of biological materials and avoiding synthetic substances to maintain soil fertility and ecological balance. 

Several measures can be adopted to control water pollution. Some of them are water consumption and usage that can be minimized by altering the techniques involved. Water should be reused with treatment. 

The melting icebergs in Antarctica resulted in rising sea levels due to the world's environmental pollution, which had become a serious problem due to global warming, which had become a significant concern. Rising carbon pollution poses a risk for causing natural disasters such as earthquakes, cyclones, and other natural disasters. 

The Hiroshima-Nagasaki and Chernobyl disasters in Russia have irreversibly harmed humanity. Different countries around the world are responding to these calamities in the most effective way possible. 

Different countries around the world are responding to these calamities in the most effective way possible. More public awareness campaigns are being established to educate people about the hazards of pollution and the importance of protecting our environment. Greener lifestyles are becoming more popular; for example, energy-efficient lighting, new climate-friendly autos, and the usage of wind and solar power are just a few examples. 

Governments emphasise the need to plant more trees, minimise the use of plastics, improve natural waste recovery, and reduce pesticide use. This ecological way of living has helped humanity save other creatures from extinction while making the Earth a greener and safer ecology. 

 Conclusion

It is the responsibility of every individual to save our planet from these environmental contamination agents. If preventive measures are not taken then our future generation will have to face major repercussions. The government is also taking steps to create public awareness. Every individual should be involved in helping to reduce and control pollution.

FAQs on Environmental Pollution Essay

1. What do you understand by ‘Environmental Pollution’?  

Environmental pollution is the contamination of the environment and surroundings like air, water, soil by the discharge of harmful substances.

2. What preventive measures should be taken to save our environment?

Some of the preventive measures that should be taken to save our environment are discussed below. 

We can save our environment by adopting the concept of carpooling and promoting public transport to save fuel. Smoking bars are public policies, including criminal laws and occupational safety and health regulations that prohibit tobacco smoking in workplaces and other public places.  

The use of Fossil fuels should be restricted because it causes major environmental issues like global warming.  

Encourage organic farming to maintain the fertility of the soil.

3.  What are the main sources of soil pollution?

The main sources of soil pollution as follows:

Industrial waste

Urban commercial and domestic waste

Chemical fertilizers

Biomedical waste

4. What is organic farming?

 It is a farming method that involves growing and nurturing crops without the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.

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Explainer: What Is Sustainability and Why Is It Important?

It seems like nowadays, the term ‘sustainable’ is used all around us – from food packaging to clothing companies and even tourism. In fact, ‘sustainability’ was one of the most-searched terms in fashion in 2019, and Google searches for the term have been on the rise, illustrating the public’s growing interest in the topic. But what is sustainability exactly and why is it so important?

What Is Sustainability

The go-to definition when discussing sustainability is “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. And though you may have heard this before, many people do not know the origins of this definition in particular. In 1987, the United Nations Brundtland Commission published this particular definition of sustainability in the Brundtland report , which called for a strategy that united development and the environment. Over the years, alternative definitions have emerged, but the Brundtland report’s 1980s take on the explanation is still commonly used. 

The ‘ Three Pillars of Sustainability’ is another popular framework used to describe what sustainable development is. This tool conveys that sustainability consists of environmental, social, and economic factors that are vital when discussing the topic:

• Environmental sustainability is perhaps the most obvious of the three pillars, as it symbolises the importance of things like natural resources and biodiversity to support life on Earth. 
• Social sustainability places importance on social structures, well-being, and harmony; all factors that poverty, wars, and injustices can affect.
• Economic sustainability describes the ability of an economy to grow. This is especially important in today’s societies, at a time when many sustainable initiatives require financing and a strong economic rationale. 

In order to find solutions to ongoing sustainability issues, it is imperative that we consider all three pillars.

You might also like: We Need Sustainable Food Packaging Now. Here’s Why.

What Are the Planetary Boundaries And How Do They Relate to Sustainability?

The concept of planetary boundaries (PB) is focussed on nine aspects that humanity needs in order to thrive in the future. This idea was developed in 2009 by the Stockholm Resilience Centre and other groups: “ We propose a new approach to global sustainability in which we define planetary boundaries within which we expect that humanity can operate safely. Transgressing one or more […] may be deleterious or even catastrophic due to the risk of crossing .”

At the time when this new concept was introduced, scientists believed that humanity had already transgressed three boundaries, and was rapidly approaching several others. In 2022, a re-assessment of the PBs by fourteen scientists concluded that humanity had transgressed additional boundaries, relating to freshwater and environmental pollutants in particular.

The PBs have been widely cited in sustainability literature over the last decade, and provide an illustrative tool to track and evaluate how we are depleting the Earth’s valuable ecosystem services and precious systems. Though the tool is mainly environmentally focused, it has informed various policies and practices, including the World Business Council on Sustainable Development’s Action 2020 Strategy. In turn, this has had a knock-on effect on social and economic aspects of global policy and governance, including “financial investment, food, textiles, building, technology and household goods sectors”. 

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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 

In 2015, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by the UN Member States. One of the most well-known elements of this were the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which set out various goals that the international community must work together to achieve – ranging from environmental and social to economic issues. 

We cannot discuss the SDGs without first acknowledging their predecessor – the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – set out in September 2000. These goals ranged from halving extreme poverty to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS. By the end of the 15-year cycle of the MDGs in 2015, the UN established an even more ambitious set of goals – the SDGs – to enter into force on 1 January 2016. While not all of the MDGs were met globally, significant progress was made in several areas.

The SDGs have been continually monitored and provide key benchmarks for us to understand how sustainability is being achieved worldwide. Overview reports are regularly published and comment on the nuances that significant events bring to achieving the SDGs (like the COVID-19 pandemic, for example). You can read the 2022 SDG Report here . 

You might also like: Why the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 Are More Important Than Ever

Why Is Sustainability Important?

So far, we’ve discussed the different ways that sustainability is defined and the tools and metrics we have developed on a global scale to measure our impact on the environment, societies, and economies worldwide. But why is sustainability important? 

Here are a few reasons, although the list could go on for a lot longer: 

• Sustainability joins social, environmental, and economic issues together throughout global discussions, ensuring that key elements do not get left behind. Focusing on aspects other than the environment alone ensures a fairer, more equitable discussion (as long as a diverse range of players is at the table). 
• Sustainability opens up new conversations between a range of people with diverse skills and thought processes – for example scientists, sociologists, and economists all have key skills to enable humanity to thrive and sustain the Earth. 
• The SDGs are an impactful way to evaluate our progress and have encouraged key ideas and strategies to flourish while remaining realistic about the next steps and improvements.

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Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants.

Biology, Ecology, Health, Earth Science, Geography

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Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment . These harmful materials are called pollutants . Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash . They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land. Many things that are useful to people produce pollution. Cars spew pollutants from their exhaust pipes. Burning coal to create electricity pollutes the air. Industries and homes generate garbage and sewage that can pollute the land and water. Pesticides —chemical poisons used to kill weeds and insects— seep into waterways and harm wildlife . All living things—from one-celled microbes to blue whales—depend on Earth ’s supply of air and water. When these resources are polluted, all forms of life are threatened. Pollution is a global problem. Although urban areas are usually more polluted than the countryside, pollution can spread to remote places where no people live. For example, pesticides and other chemicals have been found in the Antarctic ice sheet . In the middle of the northern Pacific Ocean, a huge collection of microscopic plastic particles forms what is known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch . Air and water currents carry pollution. Ocean currents and migrating fish carry marine pollutants far and wide. Winds can pick up radioactive material accidentally released from a nuclear reactor and scatter it around the world. Smoke from a factory in one country drifts into another country. In the past, visitors to Big Bend National Park in the U.S. state of Texas could see 290 kilometers (180 miles) across the vast landscape . Now, coal-burning power plants in Texas and the neighboring state of Chihuahua, Mexico have spewed so much pollution into the air that visitors to Big Bend can sometimes see only 50 kilometers (30 miles). The three major types of pollution are air pollution , water pollution , and land pollution . Air Pollution Sometimes, air pollution is visible . A person can see dark smoke pour from the exhaust pipes of large trucks or factories, for example. More often, however, air pollution is invisible . Polluted air can be dangerous, even if the pollutants are invisible. It can make people’s eyes burn and make them have difficulty breathing. It can also increase the risk of lung cancer . Sometimes, air pollution kills quickly. In 1984, an accident at a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, released a deadly gas into the air. At least 8,000 people died within days. Hundreds of thou sands more were permanently injured. Natural disasters can also cause air pollution to increase quickly. When volcanoes erupt , they eject volcanic ash and gases into the atmosphere . Volcanic ash can discolor the sky for months. After the eruption of the Indonesian volcano of Krakatoa in 1883, ash darkened the sky around the world. The dimmer sky caused fewer crops to be harvested as far away as Europe and North America. For years, meteorologists tracked what was known as the “equatorial smoke stream .” In fact, this smoke stream was a jet stream , a wind high in Earth’s atmosphere that Krakatoa’s air pollution made visible. Volcanic gases , such as sulfur dioxide , can kill nearby residents and make the soil infertile for years. Mount Vesuvius, a volcano in Italy, famously erupted in 79, killing hundreds of residents of the nearby towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Most victims of Vesuvius were not killed by lava or landslides caused by the eruption. They were choked, or asphyxiated , by deadly volcanic gases. In 1986, a toxic cloud developed over Lake Nyos, Cameroon. Lake Nyos sits in the crater of a volcano. Though the volcano did not erupt, it did eject volcanic gases into the lake. The heated gases passed through the water of the lake and collected as a cloud that descended the slopes of the volcano and into nearby valleys . As the toxic cloud moved across the landscape, it killed birds and other organisms in their natural habitat . This air pollution also killed thousands of cattle and as many as 1,700 people. Most air pollution is not natural, however. It comes from burning fossil fuels —coal, oil , and natural gas . When gasoline is burned to power cars and trucks, it produces carbon monoxide , a colorless, odorless gas. The gas is harmful in high concentrations , or amounts. City traffic produces highly concentrated carbon monoxide. Cars and factories produce other common pollutants, including nitrogen oxide , sulfur dioxide, and hydrocarbons . These chemicals react with sunlight to produce smog , a thick fog or haze of air pollution. The smog is so thick in Linfen, China, that people can seldom see the sun. Smog can be brown or grayish blue, depending on which pollutants are in it. Smog makes breathing difficult, especially for children and older adults. Some cities that suffer from extreme smog issue air pollution warnings. The government of Hong Kong, for example, will warn people not to go outside or engage in strenuous physical activity (such as running or swimming) when smog is very thick.

When air pollutants such as nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide mix with moisture, they change into acids . They then fall back to earth as acid rain . Wind often carries acid rain far from the pollution source. Pollutants produced by factories and power plants in Spain can fall as acid rain in Norway. Acid rain can kill all the trees in a forest . It can also devastate lakes, streams, and other waterways. When lakes become acidic, fish can’t survive . In Sweden, acid rain created thousands of “ dead lakes ,” where fish no longer live. Acid rain also wears away marble and other kinds of stone . It has erased the words on gravestones and damaged many historic buildings and monuments . The Taj Mahal , in Agra, India, was once gleaming white. Years of exposure to acid rain has left it pale. Governments have tried to prevent acid rain by limiting the amount of pollutants released into the air. In Europe and North America, they have had some success, but acid rain remains a major problem in the developing world , especially Asia. Greenhouse gases are another source of air pollution. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane occur naturally in the atmosphere. In fact, they are necessary for life on Earth. They absorb sunlight reflected from Earth, preventing it from escaping into space. By trapping heat in the atmosphere, they keep Earth warm enough for people to live. This is called the greenhouse effect . But human activities such as burning fossil fuels and destroying forests have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This has increased the greenhouse effect, and average temperatures across the globe are rising. The decade that began in the year 2000 was the warmest on record. This increase in worldwide average temperatures, caused in part by human activity, is called global warming . Global warming is causing ice sheets and glaciers to melt. The melting ice is causing sea levels to rise at a rate of two millimeters (0.09 inches) per year. The rising seas will eventually flood low-lying coastal regions . Entire nations, such as the islands of Maldives, are threatened by this climate change . Global warming also contributes to the phenomenon of ocean acidification . Ocean acidification is the process of ocean waters absorbing more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Fewer organisms can survive in warmer, less salty waters. The ocean food web is threatened as plants and animals such as coral fail to adapt to more acidic oceans. Scientists have predicted that global warming will cause an increase in severe storms . It will also cause more droughts in some regions and more flooding in others. The change in average temperatures is already shrinking some habitats, the regions where plants and animals naturally live. Polar bears hunt seals from sea ice in the Arctic. The melting ice is forcing polar bears to travel farther to find food , and their numbers are shrinking. People and governments can respond quickly and effectively to reduce air pollution. Chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a dangerous form of air pollution that governments worked to reduce in the 1980s and 1990s. CFCs are found in gases that cool refrigerators, in foam products, and in aerosol cans . CFCs damage the ozone layer , a region in Earth’s upper atmosphere. The ozone layer protects Earth by absorbing much of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation . When people are exposed to more ultraviolet radiation, they are more likely to develop skin cancer, eye diseases, and other illnesses. In the 1980s, scientists noticed that the ozone layer over Antarctica was thinning. This is often called the “ ozone hole .” No one lives permanently in Antarctica. But Australia, the home of more than 22 million people, lies at the edge of the hole. In the 1990s, the Australian government began an effort to warn people of the dangers of too much sun. Many countries, including the United States, now severely limit the production of CFCs. Water Pollution Some polluted water looks muddy, smells bad, and has garbage floating in it. Some polluted water looks clean, but is filled with harmful chemicals you can’t see or smell. Polluted water is unsafe for drinking and swimming. Some people who drink polluted water are exposed to hazardous chemicals that may make them sick years later. Others consume bacteria and other tiny aquatic organisms that cause disease. The United Nations estimates that 4,000 children die every day from drinking dirty water. Sometimes, polluted water harms people indirectly. They get sick because the fish that live in polluted water are unsafe to eat. They have too many pollutants in their flesh. There are some natural sources of water pollution. Oil and natural gas, for example, can leak into oceans and lakes from natural underground sources. These sites are called petroleum seeps . The world’s largest petroleum seep is the Coal Oil Point Seep, off the coast of the U.S. state of California. The Coal Oil Point Seep releases so much oil that tar balls wash up on nearby beaches . Tar balls are small, sticky pieces of pollution that eventually decompose in the ocean.

Human activity also contributes to water pollution. Chemicals and oils from factories are sometimes dumped or seep into waterways. These chemicals are called runoff. Chemicals in runoff can create a toxic environment for aquatic life. Runoff can also help create a fertile environment for cyanobacteria , also called blue-green algae . Cyanobacteria reproduce rapidly, creating a harmful algal bloom (HAB) . Harmful algal blooms prevent organisms such as plants and fish from living in the ocean. They are associated with “ dead zones ” in the world’s lakes and rivers, places where little life exists below surface water. Mining and drilling can also contribute to water pollution. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a major contributor to pollution of rivers and streams near coal mines . Acid helps miners remove coal from the surrounding rocks . The acid is washed into streams and rivers, where it reacts with rocks and sand. It releases chemical sulfur from the rocks and sand, creating a river rich in sulfuric acid . Sulfuric acid is toxic to plants, fish, and other aquatic organisms. Sulfuric acid is also toxic to people, making rivers polluted by AMD dangerous sources of water for drinking and hygiene . Oil spills are another source of water pollution. In April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, causing oil to gush from the ocean floor. In the following months, hundreds of millions of gallons of oil spewed into the gulf waters. The spill produced large plumes of oil under the sea and an oil slick on the surface as large as 24,000 square kilometers (9,100 square miles). The oil slick coated wetlands in the U.S. states of Louisiana and Mississippi, killing marsh plants and aquatic organisms such as crabs and fish. Birds, such as pelicans , became coated in oil and were unable to fly or access food. More than two million animals died as a result of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Buried chemical waste can also pollute water supplies. For many years, people disposed of chemical wastes carelessly, not realizing its dangers. In the 1970s, people living in the Love Canal area in Niagara Falls, New York, suffered from extremely high rates of cancer and birth defects . It was discovered that a chemical waste dump had poisoned the area’s water. In 1978, 800 families living in Love Canal had to a bandon their homes. If not disposed of properly, radioactive waste from nuclear power plants can escape into the environment. Radioactive waste can harm living things and pollute the water. Sewage that has not been properly treated is a common source of water pollution. Many cities around the world have poor sewage systems and sewage treatment plants. Delhi, the capital of India, is home to more than 21 million people. More than half the sewage and other waste produced in the city are dumped into the Yamuna River. This pollution makes the river dangerous to use as a source of water for drinking or hygiene. It also reduces the river’s fishery , resulting in less food for the local community. A major source of water pollution is fertilizer used in agriculture . Fertilizer is material added to soil to make plants grow larger and faster. Fertilizers usually contain large amounts of the elements nitrogen and phosphorus , which help plants grow. Rainwater washes fertilizer into streams and lakes. There, the nitrogen and phosphorus cause cyanobacteria to form harmful algal blooms. Rain washes other pollutants into streams and lakes. It picks up animal waste from cattle ranches. Cars drip oil onto the street, and rain carries it into storm drains , which lead to waterways such as rivers and seas. Rain sometimes washes chemical pesticides off of plants and into streams. Pesticides can also seep into groundwater , the water beneath the surface of the Earth. Heat can pollute water. Power plants, for example, produce a huge amount of heat. Power plants are often located on rivers so they can use the water as a coolant . Cool water circulates through the plant, absorbing heat. The heated water is then returned to the river. Aquatic creatures are sensitive to changes in temperature. Some fish, for example, can only live in cold water. Warmer river temperatures prevent fish eggs from hatching. Warmer river water also contributes to harmful algal blooms. Another type of water pollution is simple garbage. The Citarum River in Indonesia, for example, has so much garbage floating in it that you cannot see the water. Floating trash makes the river difficult to fish in. Aquatic animals such as fish and turtles mistake trash, such as plastic bags, for food. Plastic bags and twine can kill many ocean creatures. Chemical pollutants in trash can also pollute the water, making it toxic for fish and people who use the river as a source of drinking water. The fish that are caught in a polluted river often have high levels of chemical toxins in their flesh. People absorb these toxins as they eat the fish. Garbage also fouls the ocean. Many plastic bottles and other pieces of trash are thrown overboard from boats. The wind blows trash out to sea. Ocean currents carry plastics and other floating trash to certain places on the globe, where it cannot escape. The largest of these areas, called the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, is in a remote part of the Pacific Ocean. According to some estimates, this garbage patch is the size of Texas. The trash is a threat to fish and seabirds, which mistake the plastic for food. Many of the plastics are covered with chemical pollutants. Land Pollution Many of the same pollutants that foul the water also harm the land. Mining sometimes leaves the soil contaminated with dangerous chemicals. Pesticides and fertilizers from agricultural fields are blown by the wind. They can harm plants, animals, and sometimes people. Some fruits and vegetables absorb the pesticides that help them grow. When people consume the fruits and vegetables, the pesticides enter their bodies. Some pesticides can cause cancer and other diseases. A pesticide called DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was once commonly used to kill insects, especially mosquitoes. In many parts of the world, mosquitoes carry a disease called malaria , which kills a million people every year. Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Muller was awarded the Nobel Prize for his understanding of how DDT can control insects and other pests. DDT is responsible for reducing malaria in places such as Taiwan and Sri Lanka. In 1962, American biologist Rachel Carson wrote a book called Silent Spring , which discussed the dangers of DDT. She argued that it could contribute to cancer in humans. She also explained how it was destroying bird eggs, which caused the number of bald eagles, brown pelicans, and ospreys to drop. In 1972, the United States banned the use of DDT. Many other countries also banned it. But DDT didn’t disappear entirely. Today, many governments support the use of DDT because it remains the most effective way to combat malaria. Trash is another form of land pollution. Around the world, paper, cans, glass jars, plastic products, and junked cars and appliances mar the landscape. Litter makes it difficult for plants and other producers in the food web to create nutrients . Animals can die if they mistakenly eat plastic. Garbage often contains dangerous pollutants such as oils, chemicals, and ink. These pollutants can leech into the soil and harm plants, animals, and people. Inefficient garbage collection systems contribute to land pollution. Often, the garbage is picked up and brought to a dump, or landfill . Garbage is buried in landfills. Sometimes, communities produce so much garbage that their landfills are filling up. They are running out of places to dump their trash. A massive landfill near Quezon City, Philippines, was the site of a land pollution tragedy in 2000. Hundreds of people lived on the slopes of the Quezon City landfill. These people made their living from recycling and selling items found in the landfill. However, the landfill was not secure. Heavy rains caused a trash landslide, killing 218 people. Sometimes, landfills are not completely sealed off from the land around them. Pollutants from the landfill leak into the earth in which they are buried. Plants that grow in the earth may be contaminated, and the herbivores that eat the plants also become contaminated. So do the predators that consume the herbivores. This process, where a chemical builds up in each level of the food web, is called bioaccumulation . Pollutants leaked from landfills also leak into local groundwater supplies. There, the aquatic food web (from microscopic algae to fish to predators such as sharks or eagles) can suffer from bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals. Some communities do not have adequate garbage collection systems, and trash lines the side of roads. In other places, garbage washes up on beaches. Kamilo Beach, in the U.S. state of Hawai'i, is littered with plastic bags and bottles carried in by the tide . The trash is dangerous to ocean life and reduces economic activity in the area. Tourism is Hawai'i’s largest industry . Polluted beaches discourage tourists from investing in the area’s hotels, restaurants, and recreational activities. Some cities incinerate , or burn, their garbage. Incinerating trash gets rid of it, but it can release dangerous heavy metals and chemicals into the air. So while trash incinerators can help with the problem of land pollution, they sometimes add to the problem of air pollution. Reducing Pollution Around the world, people and governments are making efforts to combat pollution. Recycling, for instance, is becoming more common. In recycling, trash is processed so its useful materials can be used again. Glass, aluminum cans, and many types of plastic can be melted and reused . Paper can be broken down and turned into new paper. Recycling reduces the amount of garbage that ends up in landfills, incinerators, and waterways. Austria and Switzerland have the highest recycling rates. These nations recycle between 50 and 60 percent of their garbage. The United States recycles about 30 percent of its garbage. Governments can combat pollution by passing laws that limit the amount and types of chemicals factories and agribusinesses are allowed to use. The smoke from coal-burning power plants can be filtered. People and businesses that illegally dump pollutants into the land, water, and air can be fined for millions of dollars. Some government programs, such as the Superfund program in the United States, can force polluters to clean up the sites they polluted. International agreements can also reduce pollution. The Kyoto Protocol , a United Nations agreement to limit the emission of greenhouse gases, has been signed by 191 countries. The United States, the world’s second-largest producer of greenhouse gases, did not sign the agreement. Other countries, such as China, the world’s largest producer of greenhouse gases, have not met their goals. Still, many gains have been made. In 1969, the Cuyahoga River, in the U.S. state of Ohio, was so clogged with oil and trash that it caught on fire. The fire helped spur the Clean Water Act of 1972. This law limited what pollutants could be released into water and set standards for how clean water should be. Today, the Cuyahoga River is much cleaner. Fish have returned to regions of the river where they once could not survive. But even as some rivers are becoming cleaner, others are becoming more polluted. As countries around the world become wealthier, some forms of pollution increase. Countries with growing economies usually need more power plants, which produce more pollutants. Reducing pollution requires environmental, political, and economic leadership. Developed nations must work to reduce and recycle their materials, while developing nations must work to strengthen their economies without destroying the environment. Developed and developing countries must work together toward the common goal of protecting the environment for future use.

How Long Does It Last? Different materials decompose at different rates. How long does it take for these common types of trash to break down?

• Paper: 2-4 weeks
• Orange peel: 6 months
• Milk carton: 5 years
• Plastic bag: 15 years
• Tin can: 100 years
• Plastic bottle: 450 years
• Glass bottle: 500 years
• Styrofoam: Never

Indoor Air Pollution The air inside your house can be polluted. Air and carpet cleaners, insect sprays, and cigarettes are all sources of indoor air pollution.

Light Pollution Light pollution is the excess amount of light in the night sky. Light pollution, also called photopollution, is almost always found in urban areas. Light pollution can disrupt ecosystems by confusing the distinction between night and day. Nocturnal animals, those that are active at night, may venture out during the day, while diurnal animals, which are active during daylight hours, may remain active well into the night. Feeding and sleep patterns may be confused. Light pollution also indicates an excess use of energy. The dark-sky movement is a campaign by people to reduce light pollution. This would reduce energy use, allow ecosystems to function more normally, and allow scientists and stargazers to observe the atmosphere.

Noise Pollution Noise pollution is the constant presence of loud, disruptive noises in an area. Usually, noise pollution is caused by construction or nearby transportation facilities, such as airports. Noise pollution is unpleasant, and can be dangerous. Some songbirds, such as robins, are unable to communicate or find food in the presence of heavy noise pollution. The sound waves produced by some noise pollutants can disrupt the sonar used by marine animals to communicate or locate food.

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Guest Essay

The Long-Overlooked Molecule That Will Define a Generation of Science

By Thomas Cech

Dr. Cech is a biochemist and the author of the forthcoming book “The Catalyst: RNA and the Quest to Unlock Life’s Deepest Secrets,” from which this essay is adapted.

From E=mc² to splitting the atom to the invention of the transistor, the first half of the 20th century was dominated by breakthroughs in physics.

Then, in the early 1950s, biology began to nudge physics out of the scientific spotlight — and when I say “biology,” what I really mean is DNA. The momentous discovery of the DNA double helix in 1953 more or less ushered in a new era in science that culminated in the Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, which decoded all of our DNA into a biological blueprint of humankind.

DNA has received an immense amount of attention. And while the double helix was certainly groundbreaking in its time, the current generation of scientific history will be defined by a different (and, until recently, lesser-known) molecule — one that I believe will play an even bigger role in furthering our understanding of human life: RNA.

You may remember learning about RNA (ribonucleic acid) back in your high school biology class as the messenger that carries information stored in DNA to instruct the formation of proteins. Such messenger RNA, mRNA for short, recently entered the mainstream conversation thanks to the role they played in the Covid-19 vaccines. But RNA is much more than a messenger, as critical as that function may be.

Other types of RNA, called “noncoding” RNAs, are a tiny biological powerhouse that can help to treat and cure deadly diseases, unlock the potential of the human genome and solve one of the most enduring mysteries of science: explaining the origins of all life on our planet.

Though it is a linchpin of every living thing on Earth, RNA was misunderstood and underappreciated for decades — often dismissed as nothing more than a biochemical backup singer, slaving away in obscurity in the shadows of the diva, DNA. I know that firsthand: I was slaving away in obscurity on its behalf.

In the early 1980s, when I was much younger and most of the promise of RNA was still unimagined, I set up my lab at the University of Colorado, Boulder. After two years of false leads and frustration, my research group discovered that the RNA we’d been studying had catalytic power. This means that the RNA could cut and join biochemical bonds all by itself — the sort of activity that had been thought to be the sole purview of protein enzymes. This gave us a tantalizing glimpse at our deepest origins: If RNA could both hold information and orchestrate the assembly of molecules, it was very likely that the first living things to spring out of the primordial ooze were RNA-based organisms.

That breakthrough at my lab — along with independent observations of RNA catalysis by Sidney Altman at Yale — was recognized with a Nobel Prize in 1989. The attention generated by the prize helped lead to an efflorescence of research that continued to expand our idea of what RNA could do.

In recent years, our understanding of RNA has begun to advance even more rapidly. Since 2000, RNA-related breakthroughs have led to 11 Nobel Prizes. In the same period, the number of scientific journal articles and patents generated annually by RNA research has quadrupled. There are more than 400 RNA-based drugs in development, beyond the ones that are already in use. And in 2022 alone, more than $1 billion in private equity funds was invested in biotechnology start-ups to explore frontiers in RNA research.

What’s driving the RNA age is this molecule’s dazzling versatility. Yes, RNA can store genetic information, just like DNA. As a case in point, many of the viruses (from influenza to Ebola to SARS-CoV-2) that plague us don’t bother with DNA at all; their genes are made of RNA, which suits them perfectly well. But storing information is only the first chapter in RNA’s playbook.

Unlike DNA, RNA plays numerous active roles in living cells. It acts as an enzyme, splicing and dicing other RNA molecules or assembling proteins — the stuff of which all life is built — from amino acid building blocks. It keeps stem cells active and forestalls aging by building out the DNA at the ends of our chromosomes.

RNA discoveries have led to new therapies, such as the use of antisense RNA to help treat children afflicted with the devastating disease spinal muscular atrophy. The mRNA vaccines, which saved millions of lives during the Covid pandemic, are being reformulated to attack other diseases, including some cancers . RNA research may also be helping us rewrite the future; the genetic scissors that give CRISPR its breathtaking power to edit genes are guided to their sites of action by RNAs.

Although most scientists now agree on RNA's bright promise, we are still only beginning to unlock its potential. Consider, for instance, that some 75 percent of the human genome consists of dark matter that is copied into RNAs of unknown function. While some researchers have dismissed this dark matter as junk or noise, I expect it will be the source of even more exciting breakthroughs.

We don’t know yet how many of these possibilities will prove true. But if the past 40 years of research have taught me anything, it is never to underestimate this little molecule. The age of RNA is just getting started.

Thomas Cech is a biochemist at the University of Colorado, Boulder; a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1989 for his work with RNA; and the author of “The Catalyst: RNA and the Quest to Unlock Life’s Deepest Secrets,” from which this essay is adapted.

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Introduction to Essays in Honour of Anastasios Xepapadeas

• Published: 30 May 2024

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In 2021, Anastasios Xepapadeas retired as professor of economic theory and policy at the Athens University of Economics and Business, with environmental economics as his main area of interest. From 1987 to 2007, he was affiliated with the University of Crete and since 2017, he is affiliated with the University of Bologna. He has contributed at a high level to all three areas of the academic profession: education, research, and administration. Many of the students he supervised have an academic career. His list of publications is diverse and impressive. He was dean in Crete and in Athens, president of the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, co-editor of the Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, and editor of Environment and Development Economics. He was also chair of the board of the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and last but not least, he was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences.

An important contribution of Professor Xepapadeas is that he introduced and developed advanced methodologies for environmental economics, wrote in a transparent way on this, and derived novel insights and conclusions for several environmental problems. He was one of the first researchers to use game theory in dynamic models, evolutionary games, robust control, tipping points, and diffusion for analyzing spatial issues. He uses these techniques, but he writes about economics, and mainly about policy in resource management and in pollution control. His papers are widely cited, because these papers are transparent, use advanced techniques, and reach novel conclusions in a wide range of issues in environmental economics.

The papers in this special issue are in some way related to the publications by Professor Xepapadeas. They do not cover the whole area of research in which he has been active but indicate a few areas to which he has made important contributions. The paper by Gautier and Fikru extends the analysis of the role of endogenous market structure under oligopoly in the design of emissions taxes. Katsoulacos and Xepapadeas ( 1995 ) showed that the emission tax should exceed the marginal damages when the number of firms is endogenous. In their paper in this special issue, Gautier and Fikru extend this result by considering the possibility of new firm acquisitions. The paper in this special issue by Agliardi and Lambertini is also on emission taxes in an oligopolistic market structure and shows under which conditions a win-win solution emerges in terms of abatement and profits, for a time-consistent policy.

An important issue for emission reduction in the international context is the possibility of carbon leakage. Petrakis and Xepapadeas ( 1996 ) studied international agreements on emission reduction when environmentally conscious countries commit but have to use side payments to include other countries. The paper by Antoniou et al. in this special issue shows that the relative emission intensities of tradable and non-tradable goods, and their relationship in production and consumption, are crucial for determining the direction of carbon leakage and the terms-of-trade effects.

One of the frequently cited articles of Professor Xepapadeas is his chapter on economic growth and the environment (Xepapadeas 2005 ) in the Handbook of Environmental Economics. This special issue has four papers in this area. Dioikitopoulos and Karydas use an endogenous growth model with local pollution externalities. The investments in advanced production methods are key to sustainable development but presuppose that households’ long-term views are not distorted by a currently poor natural environment. Chatzistamoulou and Koundouri show that the different aspects of the green transition in Europe, such as energy efficiency and environmental efficiency, cannot be handled in isolation. In an integrated econometric analysis, with a panel covering the EU-28 from 2010 to 2019, they show that green taxation fosters energy efficiency but hinders environmental efficiency. In another empirical paper, using panel data from 1995 to 2019, Halkos and Aslanidis show that total factor productivity in the EU increases much more when using renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable energy sources, by estimating the Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index. More specifically on the topic of growth and environment, Menuet et al. ( 2023 ) analyze the complex relationship between economic growth and environmental quality by an endogenous growth model where environmental policy may generate instability and may condemn the economy to an environmental poverty trap. Baret and Menuet extend this analysis by considering the role of public debt. Public debt can be used to finance abatement activities, but it also affects the long-run growth rate.

Mäler et al. ( 2003 ) is a seminal paper analyzing the eutrophication of a lake system as a common-property resource with a possible tipping point. The methodological basis for this analysis is a differential game with tipping. The paper in this special issue by de Zeeuw is a crash course in the concepts and techniques of differential games, covering these recent developments. When a tipping point is uncertain, such as in climate change, a hazard rate can be used to model a tipping point. In their paper in this special issue, Brausmann and Bretschger analyze optimal policy in the presence of climate shocks to the economy that occur with an endogenous hazard rate. In comparison, Athanassoglou and Xepapadeas ( 2012 ) use robust control (or the maxmin expected utility) to analyze the optimal policy under uncertainty and show that precaution does not have to increase with increasing uncertainty.

Brock and Xepapadeas ( 2003 ) develop a conceptual framework for valuing biodiversity from an economic perspective and show that a more diverse system could have a higher value although the genetic distance of the species could be almost zero. Furthermore, Levin and Xepapadeas ( 2021 ) show that deep uncertainty and ambiguity aversion are important concepts in ecological-economic systems. In their paper in this special issue, Agliardi, Agliardi and Spanjers continue these directions of research and find that while calculated risk creates a scope for biodiversity preservation, the presence of ambiguity aversion reduces it, which suggests that effective conservation strategies would involve a reduction of ambiguity aversion.

Environmental economic policy usually requires that individuals or countries come to an agreement while having different evaluations of uncertainty or different preferences. Petracou et al. ( 2022 ) develop a procedure for group decision making by using Fréchet-Wasserstein mean preferences. Koundouri et al. extend this analysis by developing an iterative procedure towards consensus based on the concept of the Fréchet barycenter. They apply this to reaching consensus on the social discount rate.

The papers in this special issue show the diversity and the importance of the research by Professor Xepapadeas but cover only part of the broad area of research and policy advice in which he has been active. We can only be grateful for his contributions and for his collegiality and friendship over so many years.

Athanassoglou, Stergios and Anastasios Xepapadeas (2012) Pollution control with uncertain stock dynamics: when, and how, to be precautious. J Environ Econ Manag 63:3, 304–320

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Katsoulacos, Yannis and Anastasios Xepapadeas (1995) Environmental policy under oligopoly with endogenous market structure. Scand J Econ 97:3, 411–420

Levin, Simon and Anastasios Xepapadeas (2021) On the coevolution of economic and ecological systems. Annual Rev Resource Econ 13:355–377

Mäler K-G, Anastasios Xepapadeas and, Aart de Zeeuw (2003) The economics of shallow lakes. Environmental & Resource Economics 26, 4, 603–624

Menuet M, Minea A, Villieu P, and Anastasios Xepapadeas (2023). Environmental quality along the process of economic growth: a theoretical reappraisal. Economic Theory

Petracou EV, Xepapadeas A, Yannacopoulos AN (2022) Decision making under model uncertainty: Fréchet-Wasserstein mean preferences. Manage Sci 68:2, 1195–1211

Petrakis E, Xepapadeas A (1996) Environmental consciousness and moral hazard in international agreements to protect the environment. J Public Econ 60(1):95–110

Xepapadeas A (2005) Economic growth and the environment. In: Karl-Göran Mäler and Jeffrey R. Vincent (eds). Handbook of Environmental Economics 3, Chap. 23, 1219–1271

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School of Economics & ReSEES, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece

Phoebe Koundouri

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Koundouri, P., Zeeuw, A. & Yannacopoulos, A. Introduction to Essays in Honour of Anastasios Xepapadeas. Environ Resource Econ (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-024-00883-w

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The Psychological Definition and Implications of Anorexia Nervosa

This essay about anorexia nervosa explores how it goes beyond dietary concerns or body image issues, highlighting it as a complex mental disorder influenced by genetics, environmental factors, and societal pressures. It emphasizes the distorted self-perception at its core and the extensive impact on individuals’ lives, including psychological distress, social isolation, and strained relationships. Effective treatment involves a comprehensive approach with therapy and medical stabilization, emphasizing empathy and understanding to support recovery.

How it works

Anorexia nervosa transcends mere dietary concerns or body image issues; it is a complex labyrinth of the mind, where internal struggles intertwine with external pressures to create a multifaceted disorder. This condition penetrates far beneath the surface, delving into the depths of the psyche and shaped by a combination of genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and societal expectations. The psychological landscape of anorexia is sculpted by diverse influences, ranging from personality traits like perfectionism to past traumas and family dynamics.

Central to anorexia nervosa is a deeply distorted self-perception.

Individuals view themselves through a warped lens, unable to see their dangerously thin reality. This misperception is not just skin-deep; it represents profound psychological conflict, an intense struggle between self-identity and body image that permeates every aspect of their lives.

The impact of anorexia nervosa extends beyond the psychological realm, affecting all areas of life. It fosters feelings of worthlessness and shame, strains relationships, and hampers ambitions. The physical consequences of malnutrition worsen concurrent mental health issues like depression and anxiety, complicating the path to recovery.

Socially, anorexia nervosa creates barriers of isolation, distancing sufferers from the crucial support they need. Misunderstandings and societal pressures further entrench the disorder, widening the gap between individuals and their loved ones.

Effective treatment of anorexia nervosa requires a comprehensive approach that combines medical stabilization with therapeutic interventions. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and family-based therapy (FBT) are key in addressing maladaptive thought patterns and fostering a healthier relationship with food and self-image.

The journey to recovery is fraught with obstacles, and the threat of relapse is ever-present. Genuine healing demands a compassionate and empathetic environment, one that provides a safe haven amidst the stigma and shame often associated with the disorder.

Ultimately, anorexia nervosa offers a profound insight into the human condition, highlighting the intricate interplay between mind, body, and society. Understanding its complexities calls for greater empathy and awareness, paving the way for healing and hope.

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High Court to Weigh Whether EPA Must Define ‘Too Much’ Pollution

By Bobby Magill

The US Supreme Court will consider San Francisco’s challenge to the Environmental Protection Agency’s authority to tell cities not to pollute water bodies “too much” without setting a specific limitation.

San Francisco says its National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permits for discharges into the Pacific Ocean don’t tell the city what it needs to do to control pollution from sewage overflows. The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit last July upheld EPA’s authority to issue generic limits, or “general narrative prohibitions,” on discharges under the Clean Water Act.

The city said that if the Supreme Court doesn’t require the EPA to set specific pollution limits, the EPA can enforce NPDES permits without defining what constitutes too much pollution. The high court granted certiorari Tuesday.

The federal government began an enforcement proceeding against San Francisco on May 1 when it sued the city for “repeated and widespread failures” to operate its stormwater system and sewage treatment plants in compliance with the Clean Water Act, leaving the public vulnerable to untreated human waste and sewage exposure on the beach.

Between October 2022 and March 2023, the city released 4 billion gallons of sewage, some of it untreated, into the Pacific due to sewer system overflows caused in part by improper maintenance, according to the lawsuit.

The case, US v. City and County of San Francisco , in US District Court for the Northern District of California, is asking the court to order the city to halt its sewage overflows; comply with its NPDES permits; and pay a variety of civil penalties, including fines of up to $37,500 per day for violations between 2009 and 2015 and up to $66,712 per day for each violation thereafter.

The city says it’s committed to complying with the Clean Water Act and has spent billions of dollars on pollution control infrastructure.

“We simply want to know the requirements that apply to us, and we want EPA to follow the rules that it set up to determine those requirements,” said Jen Kwart, spokeswoman for the San Francisco Office of the City Attorney.

“The EPA is trying to tell permit holders they can’t cause ‘too much’ pollution, but it isn’t telling us what ‘too much’ is,” Kwart said. “We’re asking for clear requirements to protect water quality so we can follow them.”

Water systems nationwide want specific effluent discharge requirements so they won’t be punished for complying with vague terms of a permit that can be interpreted differently depending on the reader, the National Association of Clean Water Agencies, or NACWA, said in an amicus brief .

The brief was cosigned by attorneys for the City of New York, the Boston Water and Sewer Commission, and the cities of Sunnyvale and Mountain View, Calif.

NACWA said that Congress designed the NPDES program to require permit writers to use water quality standards as the basis for determining specific enforceable effluent limits.

“The Ninth Circuit’s decision allows permit writers to treat the water quality standards themselves as independently enforceable ‘limitations’ without clarifying what is actually expected of an individual discharger to comply,” NACWA said in the brief. “This interpretation ignores the statute’s clear distinction between effluent limitations and water quality standards, as well as the CWA’s overall design and history.”

The case is City and County of San Francisco v. EPA , U.S., No. 23-753, Certiorari Granted 5/28/24.

To contact the reporter on this story: Bobby Magill at [email protected]

To contact the editors responsible for this story: Zachary Sherwood at [email protected] ; JoVona Taylor at [email protected] ; Maya Earls at [email protected]

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2025 Rivian R1 certification document reveals new battery, wheel options

Someone at Rivian Forums secured a portion of Rivian's application to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for its 2025 model range. The document covers new features headed to the R1T pickup and R1S SUV, some of which deliver on tech Rivian CEO R. J. Scaringe spoke of a couple of years ago. One such change is the arrival of a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery pack, which Scaringe dropped into the 'Coming Soon' column back in 2022, used for the entry-level Standard pack. LFP batteries are going into more vehicles of late as automakers work to pry profit out of electric vehicles , LFP being a less costly chemistry than the nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA) chemistry the automaker currently uses. But those vehicles tend to be further down on the price spectrum than the R1 models, such as the delivery vans Rivian makes that already use LFP.

The paperwork shows a capacity of 92.5 kWh. This is interesting because not only is that smaller than the current pack's 105.9 kWh, the LFP batteries aren't as energy dense as the an NCA pack of the same capacity. Last year, the company said it would use cell-to-pack installation for the LFP units — the same process Hyundai's employing in its new eM platform — it doesn't appear that's the case, but we can't be sure. Pack volume has shrunk from 562 liters to 505 liters (19.8 cubic feet to 17.8 cubes). The smaller pack means less weight, the EPA documents claiming the new LFP module is 1,602 pounds instead of 1,754 pounds. 

Countering the LFP's decreased performance in cold weather compared to NCA, all Rivians for 2025 will come with a heat pump, a feature we're surprised it took this long for Rivian to add, and a dedicated heater for the high-voltage battery. Max charging will be 210 kW, 10 kW slower than the current max, plugged into the rig's CCS charger . The Tesla NACS ports won't be ready at the start of the 2025 model year, looks like, owners will need to use the supplied adapter. 

Another range-dependent change comes down even lower, at the contact patch. Appears that Rivian is scrapping its 21-inch wheel, leaving either the 20-incher that comes with the all-terrain package, or two 22-inch options, one designed for performance, the other for aero efficiency. In the documents, the automaker gives estimated range for the R1S with the LFP pack and Dual Motor drivetrain on 20-inch wheels and all-terrain tires as 258 miles, on 22-inch wheels range rises to 270 miles. 

Three last mechanical changes are engineers adding a dedicated heater for the high-voltage battery, relocating the air conditioning compressor to reduce NVH in the cabin, and the A/T tires on the 20-inch wheels adding more sidewall, going from 275/60 to 275/65.

Cosmetically, X user EVguyZach happened on the exterior palette and new interior options. Among them are a range of more expensive colors , hues that cost $1,750 now going up to $2,500. On the other hand, Midnight and Red Canyon will cost less, dropping from $2,500 to $1,750. The Black Mountain & Black leather interior, and Black Mountain with a new, unnamed wood, carries over for no charge. Black Mountain & Ebony Ash costs $750, Ocean Coast & Ebony Ash costs $2,000, and a new interior color matched with Ebony Ash will also cost $2,000.

In February of this year, Rivian introduced a new pack trim to make four in total: Standard, Standard+, Large, and Max. Being nearly June now, we shouldn't have long to wait to find out what's in store for 2025, how the LFP will fit in, how it will be priced, and what its official range ratings will be. Rivian is aiming to achieve a modest gross profit for the full year this year, these 2025 models will be a big part of success.

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2025 Rivian R1 certification document reveals new battery, wheel options originally appeared on Autoblog on Tue, 28 May 2024 09:26:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds .

Essay on Environmental Pollution for Students and Children

500+ words essay on environmental pollution.

Essay on Environmental Pollution – Environment is the surroundings in which we live. But the contamination of our environment by pollutants is environmental pollution. The current stage of the earth that we are seeing is the cause of centuries of exploitation of earth and its resources.

Moreover, the earth cannot restore its balance because of environmental pollution . The human force has created and destroyed life on earth. Human plays a vital role in the degradation of the environment.

Effect of pollution on the health

The environmental pollution, directly and indirectly, affects the lives of humans and other species. These living beings co-existed on the earth with human from centuries.

Effect on Air

Carbon and dust particles string up with the air in the form of smog, damaging respiratory system , haze, and smoke. These are caused by the emission of industrial and manufacturing units by burning of fossil fuels, vehicle combustion of carbon fumes.

Moreover, these factors affect the immune system of birds which become a carrier of viruses and infections.

Besides, it also affects the body system and body organs.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Effects on Land, Soil, and Food

Human’s organic and chemical both waste harm the land and soil with its decomposition. Also, it introduces some chemical in the soil and water. Land and soil pollution mainly caused by the use of pesticides, fertilizers , soil erosion, and crop residues.

Effect on Water

Water gets contaminated easily with any pollutant whether it is human waste or chemical discharge from factories. Also, we use this water for irrigation of crops and drinking. But, because of infection they become contaminated too. Besides, an animal dies because they drink this same contaminated water.

Moreover, around 80% of pollutants of land such as chemical, industrial and agricultural waste end up in the water bodies.

Besides, these water bodies ultimately connect to the sea which means it indirectly pollutes the biodiversity of the sea.

Effect on Food

Because of contaminated soil and water, the crop or agricultural produce also get toxic. Furthermore, this contaminated food effect our health and organs. From the beginning of their life, these crops are laced with chemical components that reach a mass level until the time of harvest.

Effect on Climate

Climate change is also a cause of environmental pollution. Also, it affects the physical and biological components of the ecosystem.

Moreover, ozone depletion, greenhouse gases, global warming all these climate changes are a cause of environmental pollution.

Furthermore, some unstable climate changes are earthquakes, famine, smog, carbon particles, shallow rain or snow, thunderstorms, volcanic eruption, and avalanches are all because of climate change that happens all because of environmental pollution.

In conclusion, man has exploited the wealth of nature at the cost of his and environments health. Also, the effect that is now emerging rapidly is all because of the activities of humans for hundreds or thousands of years.

Above all, if we wish to survive and continue our life on earth then we have to take measures. These measures will help is securing our as well as our next generation future.

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