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100 Essay Topics for 2024

• Government’s Vision of Amrit Kaal
• Central Bank Digital Currency by RBI
• How important is flow of money for the economy?
• Need of the Hour is to Maximize Possibilities of Agriculture in India
• 50 Crore Jan Dhan Accounts: Giant leap towards financial inclusion
• Privatization in Defence Manufacturing
• RBI’s strategies to tackle inflation in Economy
• Non-Performing Assets and their impact on economy
• India to be the world’s third largest economy
• Global Recession and shapes of Economy
• India becoming a leader in Renewable Energy
• Is a 70-Hour Work Week Healthy?
• Crypto-currency and issues related to it
• Growing trends of Privatisation
• Fugitive Economic Offenders and the need to bring them back

EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCES

• Higher Education versus skill acquisition
• Entrance exams versus Qualifying exams - what is the relevance of entrance exams for admissions to UG and PG courses in India?
• Online schooling, can it be the future of education?
• New Education Policy: A Progressive Policy with Diverse Challenges
• Skills or knowledge: What matters more in today’s world?

ENVIRONMENT

• Biodiversity Conservation– Our Solutions are in Nature
• Hyper-globalism is threat to human prosperity
• Net Zero Carbon Emission
• Shifting of Earth's Geo-Magnetic field and its impact
• Money Laundering and Illegal Wildlife trade
• Ban on plastic: Environment vs. Economy
• Seed Bombs: Solution to Man-Animal Conflict
• Growing Pollution in Rivers
• Organic Farming in India
• Merger of Project Tiger and Project Elephant: Pros and Cons
• Growing Intolerance in the world
• Goodwill is the only asset that competition cannot undersell or destroy
• Role of kindness in an utterly competitive world
• Is defection becoming the new norm in Indian politics?
• New India @75
• Supreme Court Judgment on Jammu and Kashmir
• Pro poor policies of Modi Government
• Controversies surrounding the Present-day NDA government in India
• Supreme Court Judgment on Demonetisation
• India China border issues – Where is it headed?
• Too much Democracy is Detrimental to Development
• India needs aggressive and pragmatic neighborhood policy
• Today India Needs ‘Harmony in Diversity’, Not Unity in Diversity
• Atmanirbhar Bharat
• India and SDGs
• India’s Neighbourhood Policy
• India’s Participation in Central Asian Region
• India’s claim to UNSC permanent membership
• Presidential vs Parliamentary form of government: which one India should go for?
• India’s deepening malnutrition
• India as the World’s fifth largest economy
• One nation one election
• Falling parliamentary morals in India
• Is the era of coalitions over?
• GST growth indicates India’s growth
• Compatibility of the Contempt of Court with International Standards
• Decisive Interview, GD & Essay prep
• 100 Most Important Essay Topics for 2021
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• Top 100 Abstract Topics
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• Actual Essay/ WAT topics
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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

• Russia-Ukraine War and its impact on geopolitics
• India: From SAARC to BIMSTEC
• Israel-Hamas Conflict and Operation Ajay
• Has UNSC become redundant?
• 10 years of One Belt One Road (OBOR) Policy and India's Counter
• Democracy in its neighbourhood is in India’s interest
• Importance of regional trade blocs like NAFTA, RCEP etc.
• G20 New Delhi Summit
• SCO and its evolution
• Rising Chinese hegemony in Indo-Pacific and implications for India
• Climate Diplomacy and COP 28
• NASA’s Artemis Program
• IMEEEC and its prospects

PHILOSOPHICAL/ ABSTRACT

• A smooth sea never makes a good sailor
• Hour work week
• Light at the end of the tunnel is not an illusion, the tunnel is.
• Is humanity enough to handle crises and serve people in need?
• Is being vegetarian the way to go for the world?
• Happiness is not an ideal of reason, but of imagination.
• Knowledge will give you power, but character respect.
• War is the ultimate Price we pay for lasting Peace
• Artificial Intelligence is Not All Evil – It can Promote Social Good Too
• Our World is in a Surplus of Multilateral Challenges and a Deficit of Solutions.
• The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

• Does India need more missiles or more industries?
• Genetically Modified Crops
• National Infrastructure Pipeline
• How will the FASTag project help in improving the logistics and transport sector?

SOCIAL ISSUES (Society, Gender, Caste)

• Lack of civic sense among Indians is pushing the country backwards
• Media’s duty is to inform public, not manufacture opinion
• Urban exclusion of migrant workers in India is a reality and needs urgent robust policy measures.
• Women who seek to be equal with men lack ambition
• Economic Growth and Development are shaped by the societies in which they operate.
• Social media is the fourth pillar of democracy
• How does a leader impact the destiny of his country?
• The Cry of Transgenders
• Caste Census: Equity or casteism?
• One Nation, One Ration Card
• Legalizing Betting in India
• The ‘Dunki’ route to illegal migration
• Elderly Population in India
• Transparent Taxation- honoring the honest platform
• Sub-categorisation of castes in India
• Group Discussions
• Personality
• Past Experiences

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Here are the eight challenges that India is facing

1. Worsening Water Nightmare

India is facing the worst water crisis in history. Nearly half the population is struggling with drought-like conditions. This year, rainfall in western and southern states is below average. The NITI Aayog has warned that the demand for drinking water will outstrip supply by 2030 if preventive steps are not taken.

Nearly 600 million Indians suffer from high to extreme water stress. About 2,00,000 deaths per year are attributed to lack of access to safe water. Experts predict that 21 big cities will run out of groundwater by 2020.

2. Fake News Menace

Misinformation, hate speech and false propaganda on social media are dividing India’s community fabric one WhatsApp message at a time. Fact-checker Pratik Sinha believes, what gets maximum likes on Facebook goes viral at least five times more on WhatsApp. For two years his team has been debunking thousands of fake news cases. Ahmedabad-based Sinha, co-founder of India’s leading fact-checking site AltNews, says it is the lack of digital literacy that makes fake news acceptable.

3. Agrarian Catastrophe

Suicides, debt burden, falling prices of produce… India’s farm economy is in turmoil. Massive protests by farmers swept India late last year as thousands of them marched to Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai in the last week of November alone. An estimated 26 crore citizens work in agriculture making about 55-57percent of India’s population dependent on the sector. Despite the government’s implementation of the new MSP regime, profitable remuneration is eluding farmers. Agriculture contributed 21 percent to GDP in 2004-05 but has dropped to around 13 percent in the past 15 years. 

4. Political Arrogance

“Hua toh hua is the mantra of arrogant Congress,” PM Modi raged against Sam Pitroda’s cavalier remark on the anti-Sikh riots. Politicians consistently misuse their position to suppress cases, assault government staff, laud goons and in extreme cases even rape women and get pliant cops to intimidate. Members of ruling parties are the worst: the misconduct of Akash Vijayvargiya and Sadhvi Pragya Thakur invited Modi’s ire. Crimelord MP Shahabuddin was called ‘bahubali’ until he was sent to jail. An MP trashed an airline employee. Another ejected confirmed passengers from a train compartment to seat his gunmen. A law is necessary to rein in such hubris.

5. Flood Mismanagement

Monsoon is synonymous with floods. This year, rains killed nearly 500 between April 1 and July 17. Nearly six lakh houses and over four lakh hectares of crop were damaged, according to home ministry data.

It’s the same story everywhere, every year: thousands evacuated, hundreds dead, livelihoods lost, villages and settlements washed away, houses submerged, and the authorities always caught napping. People die even in financial capital Mumbai, which is paralysed by rain every monsoon.

6. Unemployment

One in three formally trained youth were unemployed in 2017-18, according to the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18. Automakers, parts manufacturers and dealers have laid off about 3,50,000 workers since April. In this economic climate, luck hasn’t favoured Akash Trivedi (name changed). The polytechnic graduate from Itarsi, Madhya Pradesh, came to Delhi seven years ago. “I borrowed money from friends and did a short course in programming and coding and got a job,” he says. After a year, he moved to a better job. Three years ago, he married a hospital receptionist. They bought a small house. Last year, Akash was sacked. “My firm said investors had pulled out and they couldn’t keep a large workforce. Since then I have been unemployed.” His younger brother completed his MBA a year ago but hasn’t found a job. Akash’s wife’s salary of `16,000 is their only income.

7. Pending Justice

Bureaucratic sloth coupled with slow settlement of cases in India’s courts is a scourge the country has to fix on priority. The 100-year-old M Kaliyan will tell you. He has been part of two struggles over a century. The first, the Independence movement, and the second, a Kafkaesque trial for his freedom fighter’s pension. The Tamil Nadu government initially turned down his application which was passed only in 2010 after a protracted legal battle. His application for central government pension is yet to be approved. 

8. Poor Policing

According to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, India’s ratio of 138 police personnel per lakh of population in 2013 was the fifth lowest among 71 countries.

Experts state that the archaic Indian police system doesn’t meet the requirements of a modern welfare state and reforms proposals have been pending for long. A 2018 Lokniti team survey at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies found that less than 25 percent of Indians trust the police highly. The distrust is mostly attributed to factors such as: interactions with the police can be frustrating, time-consuming and costly. 

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India could become the world’s 3rd largest economy in the next 5 years. Here's how

India is poised to play defining role in shaping the future of the global economy in 2024 and beyond. Image:  Getty Images/iStockphoto

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Suchi kedia.

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Stay up to date:.

• Amidst a challenging global scenario, India has emerged as a significant economic and geopolitical power.
• 2023 was a landmark year for India as it assumed the presidency of the G20, marked by some notable achievements.
• India is poised to play a defining role in shaping the future of the global economy in 2024 and beyond.

This article has been published in CNBC .

2024 begins at a critical and delicate juncture. While the global economy has managed to stave off recession, albeit narrowly, it has suffered significant volatility and unpredictability during the past year. Devastating conflicts have stoked geopolitical fractures, economic fragmentation and financial turbulence.

With new global challenges emerging, urgent progress is needed to address existing vulnerabilities, including fragile energy and food security, inclusive growth, and the intensifying climate emergency. Effective multilateral cooperation is key for the world to come to a common understanding to tackle these interlinked issues.

Have you read?

Davos 2024: who's coming and what to expect, how india’s climate leadership is building a better future for all, here are 4 ways ai is streamlining banking in india.

Amidst a challenging global scenario, India has emerged as a significant economic and geopolitical power. Its actions in the coming year could lay the groundwork for the country to become the world’s third largest economy in the next five years and a developed nation by 2047, setting an example on inclusive, sustainable economic growth, digital development and climate action.

A landmark year

2023 marked a landmark year for India as it assumed presidency of the world’s highest profile global economic assembly, the G20, and showcased its economic prowess and diplomatic finesse to the world.

India’s emphasis on a rule-based international order, advocacy for collaboration to solve common issues, and commitment to upholding democratic values positions makes it a stabilizing force in an increasingly complex global geopolitical landscape. Importantly, India also helped herald a new dawn of multilateralism where developing countries take their rightful place in shaping the global narrative by mainstreaming the Global South's concerns in international discourse.

The notable achievements during India’s tenure – the inclusion of the African Union into the G20; the launch of critical multistakeholder partnerships such as the Global Biofuel Alliance and the Global Initiative on Digital Health; the progress on United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); the reform of multilateral development banks; and the scaling of digital public infrastructure – demonstrate its ability to build consensus to address global challenges collectively and effectively.

The World Economic Forum, through its centres and initiatives, actively supported India’s G20 agenda and contributed to key thematic areas including energy and health.

On the economic front, India has been a key growth engine for the world, contributing 16% to the global growth in 2023 . The country’s growth rate of 7.2% in fiscal 2022-2023 was the second-highest among the G20 countries and almost twice the average for emerging market economies that year.

India’s efforts to maintain stability and enact structural reforms have contributed to its economic resilience in the face of global challenges. Investments in upgrading infrastructure and connectivity, including projects like the Bharatmala highway programme, the Sagarmala project for port-led development and the Smart Cities Mission, are transforming the country's landscape and playing a pivotal role in the country’s economic advancement.

India began laying a solid foundation for a more digital economy over a decade ago with the launch of its national identification programme, Aadhaar, which uses biometric IDs to establish proof of residence. Today, with a burgeoning tech industry, the country has become a key centre for innovation and technology services, not only boosting economic growth but also positioning India as a key player in shaping the future of the digital economy.

In the face of escalating climate-related concerns, India also plays a key leadership role in the global fight against climate change. Through the launch of the Mission LiFE of Lifestyle for Environment, coupled with a concerted push for Green Hydrogen, India has demonstrated a firm commitment to a growth trajectory that balances economic advancement with ecological responsibility.

India has also launched the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure, and proposed a global grid for renewables. A major announcement made by Prime Minister Modi at COP28 in Dubai was the introduction of the Green Credit Initiative as a substitute for carbon credits.

According to our Future of Jobs 2018 report, more than one-half of India’s workforce will need to be re-skilled by 2022 to meet the demands of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

With the world’s largest youth population and more than half of the population of working age, skills development is critical for India to sustain inclusive growth and development.

In late 2018, the World Economic Forum, in collaboration with India's oil and skills development minister as well as the head of business consulting company Infosys, launched a Task Force for Closing the Skills Gap in India .

The task force brings together leaders from business, government, civil society and the education and training sectors to help future-proof India’s education and training systems. Find out more about our Closing the Skills Gap 2020 initiative.

A focus on inclusive growth

Moving forward, fulfilling India’s national and global ambitions will require strategic policymaking to tread the delicate balance between economic growth, social development and environmental sustainability. India’s demographics will be advantageous to its growth story only if coupled with broad labour market reforms and human development measures to skill one of the world’s largest workforces and address youth unemployment.

Continued broad-based policy initiatives and structural changes focused on inclusive growth, sustained revival in domestic consumption demand, and rapid adoption of new and emerging technologies to enhance the productivity will be critical. Additionally, India must continue to engage in multilateral forums to address global issues such as health crises, economic disparities and geopolitical tensions.

The world is now witnessing a nation on the rise, with a booming economy, and a commitment to inclusivity, sustainability, and international collaboration. India is poised to play defining role in shaping the future of the global economy in 2024 and beyond.

This article was published as part of the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2024 discussions.

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World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

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Regions & Countries

Religion in india: tolerance and segregation, indians say it is important to respect all religions, but major religious groups see little in common and want to live separately.

This study is Pew Research Center’s most comprehensive, in-depth exploration of India to date. For this report, we surveyed 29,999 Indian adults (including 22,975 who identify as Hindu, 3,336 who identify as Muslim, 1,782 who identify as Sikh, 1,011 who identify as Christian, 719 who identify as Buddhist, 109 who identify as Jain and 67 who identify as belonging to another religion or as religiously unaffiliated). Interviews for this nationally representative survey were conducted face-to-face under the direction of RTI International from Nov. 17, 2019, to March 23, 2020.

To improve respondent comprehension of survey questions and to ensure all questions were culturally appropriate, Pew Research Center followed a multi-phase questionnaire development process that included expert review, focus groups, cognitive interviews, a pretest and a regional pilot survey before the national survey. The questionnaire was developed in English and translated into 16 languages, independently verified by professional linguists with native proficiency in regional dialects.

Respondents were selected using a probability-based sample design that would allow for robust analysis of all major religious groups in India – Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains – as well as all major regional zones. Data was weighted to account for the different probabilities of selection among respondents and to align with demographic benchmarks for the Indian adult population from the 2011 census. The survey is calculated to have covered 98% of Indians ages 18 and older and had an 86% national response rate.

For more information, see the  Methodology  for this report. The questions used in this analysis can be found  here .

More than 70 years after India became free from colonial rule, Indians generally feel their country has lived up to one of its post-independence ideals: a society where followers of many religions can live and practice freely.

India’s massive population is diverse as well as devout. Not only do most of the world’s Hindus, Jains and Sikhs live in India, but it also is home to one of the world’s largest Muslim populations and to millions of Christians and Buddhists.

A major new Pew Research Center survey of religion across India, based on nearly 30,000 face-to-face interviews of adults conducted in 17 languages between late 2019 and early 2020 (before the COVID-19 pandemic ), finds that Indians of all these religious backgrounds overwhelmingly say they are very free to practice their faiths.

Related India research

This is one in a series of Pew Research Center reports on India based on a survey of 29,999 Indian adults conducted Nov. 17, 2019, to March 23, 2020, as well as demographic data from the Indian Census and other government sources. Other reports can be found here:

How Indians View Gender Roles in Families and Society

Religious composition of india, india’s sex ratio at birth begins to normalize.

Indians see religious tolerance as a central part of who they are as a nation. Across the major religious groups, most people say it is very important to respect all religions to be “truly Indian.” And tolerance is a religious as well as civic value: Indians are united in the view that respecting other religions is a very important part of what it means to be a member of their own religious community.

These shared values are accompanied by a number of beliefs that cross religious lines. Not only do a majority of Hindus in India (77%) believe in karma, but an identical percentage of Muslims do, too. A third of Christians in India (32%) – together with 81% of Hindus – say they believe in the purifying power of the Ganges River, a central belief in Hinduism. In Northern India, 12% of Hindus and 10% of Sikhs, along with 37% of Muslims, identity with Sufism, a mystical tradition most closely associated with Islam. And the vast majority of Indians of all major religious backgrounds say that respecting elders is very important to their faith.

Yet, despite sharing certain values and religious beliefs – as well as living in the same country, under the same constitution – members of India’s major religious communities often don’t feel they have much in common with one another. The majority of Hindus see themselves as very different from Muslims (66%), and most Muslims return the sentiment, saying they are very different from Hindus (64%). There are a few exceptions: Two-thirds of Jains and about half of Sikhs say they have a lot in common with Hindus. But generally, people in India’s major religious communities tend to see themselves as very different from others.

This perception of difference is reflected in traditions and habits that maintain the separation of India’s religious groups. For example, marriages across religious lines – and, relatedly, religious conversions – are exceedingly rare (see Chapter 3 ). Many Indians, across a range of religious groups, say it is very important to stop people in their community from marrying into other religious groups. Roughly two-thirds of Hindus in India want to prevent interreligious marriages of Hindu women (67%) or Hindu men (65%). Even larger shares of Muslims feel similarly: 80% say it is very important to stop Muslim women from marrying outside their religion, and 76% say it is very important to stop Muslim men from doing so.

Moreover, Indians generally stick to their own religious group when it comes to their friends. Hindus overwhelmingly say that most or all of their close friends are also Hindu. Of course, Hindus make up the majority of the population, and as a result of sheer numbers, may be more likely to interact with fellow Hindus than with people of other religions. But even among Sikhs and Jains, who each form a sliver of the national population, a large majority say their friends come mainly or entirely from their small religious community.

Fewer Indians go so far as to say that their neighborhoods should consist only of people from their own religious group. Still, many would prefer to keep people of certain religions out of their residential areas or villages. For example, many Hindus (45%) say they are fine with having neighbors of all other religions – be they Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist or Jain – but an identical share (45%) say they would not be willing to accept followers of at least one of these groups, including more than one-in-three Hindus (36%) who do not want a Muslim as a neighbor. Among Jains, a majority (61%) say they are unwilling to have neighbors from at least one of these groups, including 54% who would not accept a Muslim neighbor, although nearly all Jains (92%) say they would be willing to accept a Hindu neighbor.

Indians, then, simultaneously express enthusiasm for religious tolerance and a consistent preference for keeping their religious communities in segregated spheres – they live together separately . These two sentiments may seem paradoxical, but for many Indians they are not.

Indeed, many take both positions, saying it is important to be tolerant of others and expressing a desire to limit personal connections across religious lines. Indians who favor a religiously segregated society also overwhelmingly emphasize religious tolerance as a core value. For example, among Hindus who say it is very important to stop the interreligious marriage of Hindu women, 82% also say that respecting other religions is very important to what it means to be Hindu. This figure is nearly identical to the 85% who strongly value religious tolerance among those who are not at all concerned with stopping interreligious marriage.

In other words, Indians’ concept of religious tolerance does not necessarily involve the mixing of religious communities. While people in some countries may aspire to create a “melting pot” of different religious identities, many Indians seem to prefer a country more like a patchwork fabric, with clear lines between groups.

The dimensions of Hindu nationalism in India

One of these religious fault lines – the relationship between India’s Hindu majority and the country’s smaller religious communities – has particular relevance in public life, especially in recent years under the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the BJP is often described as promoting a Hindu nationalist ideology .

The survey finds that Hindus tend to see their religious identity and Indian national identity as closely intertwined: Nearly two-thirds of Hindus (64%) say it is very important to be Hindu to be “truly” Indian.

Most Hindus (59%) also link Indian identity with being able to speak Hindi – one of dozens of languages that are widely spoken in India. And these two dimensions of national identity – being able to speak Hindi and being a Hindu – are closely connected. Among Hindus who say it is very important to be Hindu to be truly Indian, fully 80% also say it is very important to speak Hindi to be truly Indian.

The BJP’s appeal is greater among Hindus who closely associate their religious identity and the Hindi language with being “truly Indian.” In the 2019 national elections, 60% of Hindu voters who think it is very important to be Hindu and to speak Hindi to be truly Indian cast their vote for the BJP, compared with only a third among Hindu voters who feel less strongly about both these aspects of national identity.

Overall, among those who voted in the 2019 elections, three-in-ten Hindus take all three positions: saying it is very important to be Hindu to be truly Indian; saying the same about speaking Hindi; and casting their ballot for the BJP.

These views are considerably more common among Hindus in the largely Hindi-speaking Northern and Central regions of the country, where roughly half of all Hindu voters fall into this category, compared with just 5% in the South.

Whether Hindus who meet all three of these criteria qualify as “Hindu nationalists” may be debated, but they do express a heightened desire for maintaining clear lines between Hindus and other religious groups when it comes to whom they marry, who their friends are and whom they live among. For example, among Hindu BJP voters who link national identity with both religion and language, 83% say it is very important to stop Hindu women from marrying into another religion, compared with 61% among other Hindu voters.

This group also tends to be more religiously observant: 95% say religion is very important in their lives, and roughly three-quarters say they pray daily (73%). By comparison, among other Hindu voters, a smaller majority (80%) say religion is very important in their lives, and about half (53%) pray daily.

Even though Hindu BJP voters who link national identity with religion and language are more inclined to support a religiously segregated India, they also are  more  likely than other Hindu voters to express positive opinions about India’s religious diversity. Nearly two-thirds (65%) of this group – Hindus who say that being a Hindu and being able to speak Hindi are very important to be truly Indian  and  who voted for the BJP in 2019 – say religious diversity benefits India, compared with about half (47%) of other Hindu voters.

This finding suggests that for many Hindus, there is no contradiction between valuing religious diversity (at least in principle) and feeling that Hindus are somehow more authentically Indian than fellow citizens who follow other religions.

Among Indians overall, there is no overwhelming consensus on the benefits of religious diversity. On balance, more Indians see diversity as a benefit than view it as a liability for their country: Roughly half (53%) of Indian adults say India’s religious diversity benefits the country, while about a quarter (24%) see diversity as harmful, with similar figures among both Hindus and Muslims. But 24% of Indians do not take a clear position either way – they say diversity neither benefits nor harms the country, or they decline to answer the question. (See Chapter 2 for a discussion of attitudes toward diversity.)

India’s Muslims express pride in being Indian while identifying communal tensions, desiring segregation

India’s Muslim community, the second-largest religious group in the country, historically has had a complicated relationship with the Hindu majority. The two communities generally have lived peacefully side by side for centuries, but their shared history also is checkered by civil unrest and violence. Most recently, while the survey was being conducted, demonstrations broke out in parts of New Delhi and elsewhere over the government’s new citizenship law , which creates an expedited path to citizenship for immigrants from some neighboring countries – but not Muslims.

Today, India’s Muslims almost unanimously say they are very proud to be Indian (95%), and they express great enthusiasm for Indian culture: 85% agree with the statement that “Indian people are not perfect, but Indian culture is superior to others.”

Relatively few Muslims say their community faces “a lot” of discrimination in India (24%). In fact, the share of Muslims who see widespread discrimination against their community is similar to the share of Hindus who say Hindus face widespread religious discrimination in India (21%). (See Chapter 1 for a discussion of attitudes on religious discrimination.)

But personal experiences with discrimination among Muslims vary quite a bit regionally. Among Muslims in the North, 40% say they personally have faced religious discrimination in the last 12 months – much higher levels than reported in most other regions.

In addition, most Muslims across the country (65%), along with an identical share of Hindus (65%), see communal violence as a very big national problem. (See Chapter 1 for a discussion of Indians’ attitudes toward national problems.)

Like Hindus, Muslims prefer to live religiously segregated lives – not just when it comes to marriage and friendships, but also in some elements of public life. In particular, three-quarters of Muslims in India (74%) support having access to the existing system of Islamic courts, which handle family disputes (such as inheritance or divorce cases), in addition to the secular court system.

Muslims’ desire for religious segregation does not preclude tolerance of other groups – again similar to the pattern seen among Hindus. Indeed, a majority of Muslims who favor separate religious courts for their community say religious diversity benefits India (59%), compared with somewhat fewer of those who oppose religious courts for Muslims (50%).

Sidebar: Islamic courts in India

Since 1937, India’s Muslims have had the option of resolving family and inheritance-related cases in officially recognized Islamic courts, known as dar-ul-qaza. These courts are overseen by religious magistrates known as qazi and operate under Shariah principles . For example, while the rules of inheritance for most Indians are governed by the Indian Succession Act of 1925 and the Hindu Succession Act of 1956 (amended in 2005), Islamic inheritance practices differ in some ways, including who can be considered an heir and how much of the deceased person’s property they can inherit. India’s inheritance laws also take into account the differing traditions of other religious communities, such as Hindus and Christians, but their cases are handled in secular courts. Only the Muslim community has the option of having cases tried by a separate system of family courts. The decisions of the religious courts, however, are not legally binding , and the parties involved have the option of taking their case to secular courts if they are not satisfied with the decision of the religious court.

As of 2021, there are roughly 70 dar-ul-qaza in India. Most are in the states of Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. Goa is the only state that does not recognize rulings by these courts, enforcing its own uniform civil code instead. Dar-ul-qaza are overseen by the All India Muslim Personal Law Board .

Recent debates have emerged around Islamic courts. Some Indians have expressed concern that the rise of dar-ul-qaza could undermine the Indian judiciary, because a subset of the population is not bound to the same laws as everyone else. Others have argued that the rulings of Islamic courts are particularly unfair to women, although the prohibition of triple talaq may temper some of these criticisms. In its 2019 political manifesto , the BJP proclaimed a desire to create a national Uniform Civil Code, saying it would increase gender equality.

Some Indian commentators have voiced opposition to Islamic courts along with more broadly negative sentiments against Muslims, describing the rising numbers of dar-ul-qaza as the “Talibanization” of India , for example.

On the other hand, Muslim scholars have defended the dar-ul-qaza, saying they expedite justice because family disputes that would otherwise clog India’s courts can be handled separately, allowing the secular courts to focus their attention on other concerns.

Since 2018, the Hindu nationalist party Hindu Mahasabha (which does not hold any seats in Parliament) has tried to set up Hindu religious courts , known as Hindutva courts, aiming to play a role similar to dar-ul-qaza, only for the majority Hindu community. None of these courts have been recognized by the Indian government, and their rulings are not considered legally binding.

Muslims, Hindus diverge over legacy of Partition

The seminal event in the modern history of Hindu-Muslim relations in the region was the partition of the subcontinent into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan at the end of the British colonial period in 1947. Partition remains one of the largest movements of people across borders in recorded history, and in both countries the carving of new borders was accompanied by violence, rioting and looting .

More than seven decades later, the predominant view among Indian Muslims is that the partition of the subcontinent was “a bad thing” for Hindu-Muslim relations. Nearly half of Muslims say Partition hurt communal relations with Hindus (48%), while fewer say it was a good thing for Hindu-Muslim relations (30%). Among Muslims who prefer more religious segregation – that is, who say they would not accept a person of a different faith as a neighbor – an even higher share (60%) say Partition was a bad thing for Hindu-Muslim relations.

Sikhs, whose homeland of Punjab was split by Partition, are even more likely than Muslims to say Partition was a bad thing for Hindu-Muslim relations: Two-thirds of Sikhs (66%) take this position. And Sikhs ages 60 and older, whose parents most likely lived through Partition, are more inclined than younger Sikhs to say the partition of the country was bad for communal relations (74% vs. 64%).

While Sikhs and Muslims are more likely to say Partition was a bad thing than a good thing, Hindus lean in the opposite direction: 43% of Hindus say Partition was beneficial for Hindu-Muslim relations, while 37% see it as a bad thing.

Context for the survey

Interviews were conducted after the conclusion of the 2019 national parliamentary elections and after the revocation of Jammu and Kashmir’s special status under the Indian Constitution. In December 2019, protests against the country’s new citizenship law broke out in several regions.

Fieldwork could not be conducted in the Kashmir Valley and a few districts elsewhere due to security concerns. These locations include some heavily Muslim areas, which is part of the reason why Muslims make up 11% of the survey’s total sample, while India’s adult population is roughly 13% Muslim, according to the most recent census data that is publicly available, from 2011. In addition, it is possible that in some other parts of the country, interreligious tensions over the new citizenship law may have slightly depressed participation in the survey by potential Muslim respondents.

Nevertheless, the survey’s estimates of religious beliefs, behaviors and attitudes can be reported with a high degree of confidence for India’s total population, because the number of people living in the excluded areas (Manipur, Sikkim, the Kashmir Valley and a few other districts) is not large enough to affect the overall results at the national level. About 98% of India’s total population had a chance of being selected for this survey.

Greater caution is warranted when looking at India’s Muslims separately, as a distinct population. The survey cannot speak to the experiences and views of Kashmiri Muslims. Still, the survey does represent the beliefs, behaviors and attitudes of around 95% of India’s overall Muslim population.

These are among the key findings of a Pew Research Center survey conducted face-to-face nationally among 29,999 Indian adults. Local interviewers administered the survey between Nov. 17, 2019, and March 23, 2020, in 17 languages. The survey covered all states and union territories of India, with the exceptions of Manipur and Sikkim, where the rapidly developing COVID-19 situation prevented fieldwork from starting in the spring of 2020, and the remote territories of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep; these areas are home to about a quarter of 1% of the Indian population. The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir was covered by the survey, though no fieldwork was conducted in the Kashmir region itself due to security concerns.

This study, funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts and the John Templeton Foundation, is part of a larger effort by Pew Research Center to understand religious change and its impact on societies around the world. The Center previously has conducted religion-focused surveys across sub-Saharan Africa ; the Middle East-North Africa region and many other countries with large Muslim populations ; Latin America ; Israel ; Central and Eastern Europe ; Western Europe ; and the United States .

The rest of this Overview covers attitudes on five broad topics: caste and discrimination; religious conversion; religious observances and beliefs; how people define their religious identity, including what kind of behavior is considered acceptable to be a Hindu or a Muslim; and the connection between economic development and religious observance.

Caste is another dividing line in Indian society, and not just among Hindus

Religion is not the only fault line in Indian society. In some regions of the country, significant shares of people perceive widespread, caste-based discrimination.

The caste system is an ancient social hierarchy based on occupation and economic status. People are born into a particular caste and tend to keep many aspects of their social life within its boundaries, including whom they marry. Even though the system’s origins are in historical Hindu writings , today Indians nearly universally identify with a caste, regardless of whether they are Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist or Jain.

Buddhists in India nearly universally identify themselves in these categories, including 89% who are Dalits (sometimes referred to by the pejorative term “untouchables”).

Members of SC/ST/OBC groups traditionally formed the lower social and economic rungs of Indian society, and historically they have faced discrimination and unequal economic opportunities . The practice of untouchability in India ostracizes members of many of these communities, especially Dalits, although the Indian Constitution prohibits caste-based discrimination, including untouchability, and in recent decades the government has enacted economic advancement policies like reserved seats in universities and government jobs for Dalits, Scheduled Tribes and OBC communities.

Roughly 30% of Indians do not belong to these protected groups and are classified as “General Category.” This includes higher castes such as Brahmins (4%), traditionally the priestly caste. Indeed, each broad category includes several sub-castes – sometimes hundreds – with their own social and economic hierarchies.

Three-quarters of Jains (76%) identify with General Category castes, as do 46% of both Muslims and Sikhs.

Caste-based discrimination, as well as the government’s efforts to compensate for past discrimination, are politically charged topics in India . But the survey finds that most Indians do not perceive widespread caste-based discrimination. Just one-in-five Indians say there is a lot of discrimination against members of SCs, while 19% say there is a lot of discrimination against STs and somewhat fewer (16%) see high levels of discrimination against OBCs. Members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are slightly more likely than others to perceive widespread discrimination against their two groups. Still, large majorities of people in these categories do not think they face a lot of discrimination.

These attitudes vary by region, however. Among Southern Indians, for example, 30% see widespread discrimination against Dalits, compared with 13% in the Central part of the country. And among the Dalit community in the South, even more (43%) say their community faces a lot of discrimination, compared with 27% among Southern Indians in the General Category who say the Dalit community faces widespread discrimination in India.

A higher share of Dalits in the South and Northeast than elsewhere in the country say they, personally, have faced discrimination in the last 12 months because of their caste: 30% of Dalits in the South say this, as do 38% in the Northeast.

Overall, 64% of Indians say it is very important to stop women in their community from marrying into other castes, and about the same share (62%) say it is very important to stop men in their community from marrying into other castes. These figures vary only modestly across members of different castes. For example, nearly identical shares of Dalits and members of General Category castes say stopping inter-caste marriages is very important.

Majorities of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and Jains consider stopping inter-caste marriage of both men and women a high priority. By comparison, fewer Buddhists and Christians say it is very important to stop such marriages – although for majorities of both groups, stopping people from marrying outside their caste is at least “somewhat” important.

People surveyed in India’s South and Northeast see greater caste discrimination in their communities, and they also raise fewer objections to inter-caste marriages than do Indians overall. Meanwhile, college-educated Indians are less likely than those with less education to say stopping inter-caste marriages is a high priority. But, even within the most highly educated group, roughly half say preventing such marriages is very important. (See Chapter 4 for more analysis of Indians’ views on caste.)

Religious conversion in India

This survey, though, finds that religious switching, or conversion, has a minimal impact on the overall size of India’s religious groups. For example, according to the survey, 82% of Indians say they were raised Hindu, and a nearly identical share say they are currently Hindu, showing no net losses for the group through conversion to other religions. Other groups display similar levels of stability.

Changes in India’s religious landscape over time are largely a result of differences in fertility rates among religious groups, not conversion.

Respondents were asked two separate questions to measure religious switching: “What is your present religion, if any?” and, later in the survey, “In what religion were you raised, if any?” Overall, 98% of respondents give the same answer to both these questions.

An overall pattern of stability in the share of religious groups is accompanied by little net gain from movement into, or out of, most religious groups. Among Hindus, for instance, any conversion out of the group is matched by conversion into the group: 0.7% of respondents say they were raised Hindu but now identify as something else, and although Hindu texts and traditions do not agree on any formal process for conversion into the religion, roughly the same share (0.8%) say they were  not raised Hindu but now identify as Hindu. 5  Most of these new followers of Hinduism are married to Hindus.

Similarly, 0.3% of respondents have left Islam since childhood, matched by an identical share who say they were raised in other religions (or had no childhood religion) and have since become Muslim.

For Christians, however, there are some net gains from conversion: 0.4% of survey respondents are former Hindus who now identify as Christian, while 0.1% are former Christians.

Three-quarters of India’s Hindu converts to Christianity (74%) are concentrated in the Southern part of the country – the region with the largest Christian population. As a result, the Christian population of the South shows a slight increase within the lifetime of survey respondents: 6% of Southern Indians say they were raised Christian, while 7% say they are currently Christian.

Some Christian converts (16%) reside in the East as well (the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal); about two-thirds of all Christians in the East (64%) belong to Scheduled Tribes.

Nationally, the vast majority of former Hindus who are now Christian belong to Scheduled Castes (48%), Scheduled Tribes (14%) or Other Backward Classes (26%). And former Hindus are much more likely than the Indian population overall to say there is a lot of discrimination against lower castes in India. For example, nearly half of converts to Christianity (47%) say there is a lot of discrimination against Scheduled Castes in India, compared with 20% of the overall population who perceive this level of discrimination against Scheduled Castes. Still, relatively few converts say they, personally, have faced discrimination due to their caste in the last 12 months (12%).

Religion very important across India’s religious groups

Though their specific practices and beliefs may vary, all of India’s major religious communities are highly observant by standard measures. For instance, the vast majority of Indians, across all major faiths, say that religion is very important in their lives. And at least three-quarters of each major religion’s followers say they know a great deal about their own religion and its practices. For example, 81% of Indian Buddhists claim a great deal of knowledge about the Buddhist religion and its practices.

Indian Muslims are slightly more likely than Hindus to consider religion very important in their lives (91% vs. 84%). Muslims also are modestly more likely than Hindus to say they know a great deal about their own religion (84% vs. 75%).

Generally, younger and older Indians, those with different educational backgrounds, and men and women are similar in their levels of religious observance. South Indians are the least likely to say religion is very important in their lives (69%), and the South is the only region where fewer than half of people report praying daily (37%). While Hindus, Muslims and Christians in the South are all less likely than their counterparts elsewhere in India to say religion is very important to them, the lower rate of prayer in the South is driven mainly by Hindus: Three-in-ten Southern Hindus report that they pray daily (30%), compared with roughly two-thirds (68%) of Hindus in the rest of the country (see “ People in the South differ from rest of the country in their views of religion, national identity ” below for further discussion of religious differences in Southern India).

The survey also asked about three rites of passage: religious ceremonies for birth (or infancy), marriage and death. Members of all of India’s major religious communities tend to see these rites as highly important. For example, the vast majority of Muslims (92%), Christians (86%) and Hindus (85%) say it is very important to have a religious burial or cremation for their loved ones.

The survey also asked about practices specific to particular religions, such as whether people have received purification by bathing in holy bodies of water, like the Ganges River, a rite closely associated with Hinduism. About two-thirds of Hindus have done this (65%). Most Hindus also have holy basil (the tulsi plant) in their homes, as do most Jains (72% and 62%, respectively). And about three-quarters of Sikhs follow the Sikh practice of keeping their hair long (76%).

For more on religious practices across India’s religious groups, see Chapter 7 .

Near-universal belief in God, but wide variation in how God is perceived

Nearly all Indians say they believe in God (97%), and roughly 80% of people in most religious groups say they are absolutely certain that God exists. The main exception is Buddhists, one-third of whom say they do not believe in God. Still, among Buddhists who do think there is a God, most say they are absolutely certain in this belief.

While belief in God is close to universal in India, the survey finds a wide range of views about the type of deity or deities that Indians believe in. The prevailing view is that there is one God “with many manifestations” (54%). But about one-third of the public says simply: “There is only one God” (35%). Far fewer say there are many gods (6%).

Even though Hinduism is sometimes referred to as a polytheistic religion , very few Hindus (7%) take the position that there are multiple gods. Instead, the most common position among Hindus (as well as among Jains) is that there is “only one God with many manifestations” (61% among Hindus and 54% among Jains).

Among Hindus, those who say religion is very important in their lives are more likely than other Hindus to believe in one God with many manifestations (63% vs. 50%) and less likely to say there are many gods (6% vs. 12%).

By contrast, majorities of Muslims, Christians and Sikhs say there is only one God. And among Buddhists, the most common response is also a belief in one God. Among all these groups, however, about one-in-five or more say God has many manifestations, a position closer to their Hindu compatriots’ concept of God.

Most Hindus feel close to multiple gods, but Shiva, Hanuman and Ganesha are most popular

Traditionally, many Hindus have a “personal god,” or  ishta devata:  A particular god or goddess with whom they feel a personal connection. The survey asked all Indian Hindus who say they believe in God which god they feel closest to – showing them 15 images of gods on a card as possible options – and the vast majority of Hindus selected more than one god or indicated that they have many personal gods (84%). 7  This is true not only among Hindus who say they believe in many gods (90%) or in one God with many manifestations (87%), but also among those who say there is only one God (82%).

The god that Hindus most commonly feel close to is Shiva (44%). In addition, about one-third of Hindus feel close to Hanuman or Ganesha (35% and 32%, respectively).

There is great regional variation in how close India’s Hindus feel to some gods. For example, 46% of Hindus in India’s West feel close to Ganesha, but only 15% feel this way in the Northeast. And 46% of Hindus in the Northeast feel close to Krishna, while just 14% in the South say the same.

Feelings of closeness for Lord Ram are especially strong in the Central region (27%), which includes what Hindus claim is his ancient birthplace , Ayodhya. The location in Ayodhya where many Hindus believe Ram was born has been a source of controversy: Hindu mobs demolished a mosque on the site in 1992, claiming that a Hindu temple originally existed there. In 2019, the Indian Supreme Court ruled that the demolished mosque had been built on top of a preexisting non-Islamic structure and that the land should be given to Hindus to build a temple, with another location in the area given to the Muslim community to build a new mosque. (For additional findings on belief in God, see Chapter 12 .)

Sidebar: Despite economic advancement, few signs that importance of religion is declining

A prominent theory in the social sciences hypothesizes that as countries advance economically, their populations tend to become less religious, often leading to wider social change. Known as “secularization theory,” it particularly reflects the experience of Western European countries from the end of World War II to the present.

Despite rapid economic growth, India’s population so far shows few, if any, signs of losing its religion. For instance, both the Indian census and the new survey find virtually no growth in the minuscule share of people who claim no religious identity. And religion is prominent in the lives of Indians regardless of their socioeconomic status. Generally, across the country, there is little difference in personal religious observance between urban and rural residents or between those who are college educated versus those who are not. Overwhelming shares among all these groups say that religion is very important in their lives, that they pray regularly and that they believe in God.

Nearly all religious groups show the same patterns. The biggest exception is Christians, among whom those with higher education and those who reside in urban areas show somewhat lower levels of observance. For example, among Christians who have a college degree, 59% say religion is very important in their life, compared with 78% among those who have less education.

The survey does show a slight decline in the perceived importance of religion during the lifetime of respondents, though the vast majority of Indians indicate that religion remains central to their lives, and this is true among both younger and older adults.

Nearly nine-in-ten Indian adults say religion was very important to their family when they were growing up (88%), while a slightly lower share say religion is very important to them now (84%). The pattern is identical when looking only at India’s majority Hindu population. Among Muslims in India, the same shares say religion was very important to their family growing up and is very important to them now (91% each).

The states of Southern India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu and Telangana) show the biggest downward trend in the perceived importance of religion over respondents’ lifetimes: 76% of Indians who live in the South say religion was very important to their family growing up, compared with 69% who say religion is personally very important to them now. Slight declines in the importance of religion, by this measure, also are seen in the Western part of the country (Goa, Gujarat and Maharashtra) and in the North, although large majorities in all regions of the country say religion is very important in their lives today.

Across India’s religious groups, widespread sharing of beliefs, practices, values

Despite a strong desire for religious segregation, India’s religious groups share patriotic feelings, cultural values and some religious beliefs. For instance, overwhelming shares across India’s religious communities say they are very proud to be Indian, and most agree that Indian culture is superior to others.

Similarly, Indians of different religious backgrounds hold elders in high respect. For instance, nine-in-ten or more Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists and Jains say that respecting elders is very important to what being a member of their religious group means to them (e.g., for Hindus, it’s a very important part of their Hindu identity). Christians and Sikhs also overwhelmingly share this sentiment. And among all people surveyed in all six groups, three-quarters or more say that respecting elders is very important to being truly Indian.

Within all six religious groups, eight-in-ten or more also say that helping the poor and needy is a crucial part of their religious identity.

Beyond cultural parallels, many people mix traditions from multiple religions into their practices: As a result of living side by side for generations, India’s minority groups often engage in practices that are more closely associated with Hindu traditions than their own. For instance, many Muslim, Sikh and Christian women in India say they wear a bindi (a forehead marking, often worn by married women), even though putting on a bindi has Hindu origins.

Similarly, many people embrace beliefs not traditionally associated with their faith: Muslims in India are just as likely as Hindus to say they believe in karma (77% each), and 54% of Indian Christians share this view. 8  Nearly three-in-ten Muslims and Christians say they believe in reincarnation (27% and 29%, respectively). While these may seem like theological contradictions, for many Indians, calling oneself a Muslim or a Christian does not preclude believing in karma or reincarnation – beliefs that do not have a traditional, doctrinal basis in Islam or Christianity.

Most Muslims and Christians say they don’t participate in celebrations of Diwali, the Indian festival of lights that is traditionally celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists. But substantial minorities of Christians (31%) and Muslims (20%) report that they do celebrate Diwali. Celebrating Diwali is especially common among Muslims in the West, where 39% say they participate in the festival, and in the South (33%).

Not only do some followers of all these religions participate in a celebration (Diwali) that consumes most of the country once a year, but some members of the majority Hindu community celebrate Muslim and Christian festivals, too: 7% of Indian Hindus say they celebrate the Muslim festival of Eid, and 17% celebrate Christmas.

Religious identity in India: Hindus divided on whether belief in God is required to be a Hindu, but most say eating beef is disqualifying

While there is some mixing of religious celebrations and traditions within India’s diverse population, many Hindus do not approve of this. In fact, while 17% of the nation’s Hindus say they participate in Christmas celebrations, about half of Hindus (52%) say that doing so disqualifies a person from being Hindu (compared with 35% who say a person can be Hindu if they celebrate Christmas). An even greater share of Hindus (63%) say a person cannot be Hindu if they celebrate the Islamic festival of Eid – a view that is more widely held in Northern, Central, Eastern and Northeastern India than the South or West.

Hindus are divided on whether beliefs and practices such as believing in God, praying and going to the temple are necessary to be a Hindu. But one behavior that a clear majority of Indian Hindus feel is incompatible with Hinduism is eating beef: 72% of Hindus in India say a person who eats beef cannot be a Hindu. That is even higher than the percentages of Hindus who say a person cannot be Hindu if they reject belief in God (49%), never go to a temple (48%) or never perform prayers (48%).

Attitudes toward beef appear to be part of a regional and cultural divide among Hindus: Southern Indian Hindus are considerably less likely than others to disqualify beef eaters from being Hindu (50% vs. 83% in the Northern and Central parts of the country). And, at least in part, Hindus’ views on beef and Hindu identity are linked with a preference for religious segregation and elements of Hindu nationalism. For example, Hindus who take a strong position against eating beef are more likely than others to say they would not accept followers of other religions as their neighbors (49% vs. 30%) and to say it is very important to be Hindu to be truly Indian (68% vs. 51%).

Relatedly, 44% of Hindus say they are vegetarians, and an additional 33% say they abstain from eating certain meats. Hindus traditionally view cows as sacred, and laws pertaining to cow slaughter have been a recent flashpoint in India . At the same time, Hindus are not alone in linking beef consumption with religious identity: 82% of Sikhs and 85% of Jains surveyed say that a person who eats beef cannot be a member of their religious groups, either. A majority of Sikhs (59%) and fully 92% of Jains say they are vegetarians, including 67% of Jains who do not eat root vegetables . 9  (For more data on religion and dietary habits, see Chapter 10 .)

Sidebar: People in the South differ from rest of the country in their views of religion, national identity

The survey consistently finds that people in the South (the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana, and the union territory of Puducherry) differ from Indians elsewhere in the country in their views on religion, politics and identity.

For example, by a variety of measures, people in the South are somewhat less religious than those in other regions – 69% say religion is very important in their lives, versus 92% in the Central part of the country. And 37% say they pray every day, compared with more than half of Indians in other regions. People in the South also are less segregated by religion or caste – whether that involves their friendship circles, the kind of neighbors they prefer or how they feel about intermarriage. (See Chapter 3 .)

Hindu nationalist sentiments also appear to have less of a foothold in the South. Among Hindus, those in the South (42%) are far less likely than those in Central states (83%) or the North (69%) to say being Hindu is very important to be truly Indian. And in the 2019 parliamentary elections, the BJP’s lowest vote share came in the South. In the survey, just 19% of Hindus in the region say they voted for the BJP, compared with roughly two-thirds in the Northern (68%) and Central (65%) parts of the country who say they voted for the ruling party.

Culturally and politically, people in the South have pushed back against the BJP’s restrictions on cow slaughter and efforts to nationalize the Hindi language . These factors may contribute to the BJP’s lower popularity in the South, where more people prefer regional parties or the Indian National Congress party.

These differences in attitudes and practices exist in a wider context of economic disparities between the South and other regions of the country. Over time, Southern states have seen stronger economic growth than the Northern and Central parts of the country. And women and people belonging to lower castes in the South have fared better economically than their counterparts elsewhere in the country. Even though three-in-ten people in the South say there is widespread caste discrimination in India, the region also has a history of anti-caste movements . Indeed, one author has attributed the economic growth of the South largely to the flattening of caste hierarchies.

Muslim identity in India

Most Muslims in India say a person cannot be Muslim if they never pray or attend a mosque. Similarly, about six-in-ten say that celebrating Diwali or Christmas is incompatible with being a member of the Muslim community. At the same time, a substantial minority express a degree of open-mindedness on who can be a Muslim, with fully one-third (34%) saying a person can be Muslim even if they don’t believe in God. (The survey finds that 6% of self-described Muslims in India say they do not believe in God; see “ Near-universal belief in God, but wide variation in how God is perceived ” above.)

Like Hindus, Muslims have dietary restrictions that resonate as powerful markers of identity. Three-quarters of Indian Muslims (77%) say that a person cannot be Muslim if they eat pork, which is even higher than the share who say a person cannot be Muslim if they do not believe in God (60%) or never attend mosque (61%).

Indian Muslims also report high levels of religious commitment by a host of conventional measures: 91% say religion is very important in their lives, two-thirds (66%) say they pray at least once a day, and seven-in-ten say they attend mosque at least once a week – with even higher attendance among Muslim men (93%).

By all these measures, Indian Muslims are broadly comparable to Muslims in the neighboring Muslim-majority countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh, according to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in those countries in late 2011 and early 2012. In Pakistan, for example, 94% of Muslims said religion is very important in their lives , while 81% of Bangladeshi Muslims said the same. Muslims in India are somewhat more likely than those elsewhere in South Asia to say they regularly worship at a mosque (70% in India vs. 59% in Pakistan and 53% in Bangladesh), with the difference mainly driven by the share of women who attend.

At the same time, Muslims in India are slightly less likely to say there is “only one true” interpretation of Islam (72% in Pakistan, 69% in Bangladesh, 63% in India), as opposed to multiple interpretations.

When it comes to their religious beliefs, Indian Muslims in some ways resemble Indian Hindus more than they resemble Muslims in neighboring countries. For example, Muslims in Pakistan and Bangladesh almost universally say they believe in heaven and angels, but Indian Muslims seem more skeptical: 58% say they believe in heaven and 53% express belief in angels. Among Indian Hindus, similarly, 56% believe in heaven and 49% believe in angels.

Majority of Muslim women in India oppose ‘triple talaq’ (Islamic divorce)

Many Indian Muslims historically have followed the Hanafi school of thought, which for centuries allowed men to divorce their wives by saying “talaq” (which translates as “divorce” in Arabic and Urdu) three times. Traditionally, there was supposed to be a waiting period and attempts at reconciliation in between each use of the word, and it was deeply frowned upon (though technically permissible) for a man to pronounce “talaq” three times quickly in a row. India’s Supreme Court ruled triple talaq unconstitutional in 2017, and it was banned by legislation in 2019 .

Most Indian Muslims (56%) say Muslim men should not be allowed to divorce this way. Still, 37% of Indian Muslims say they support triple talaq, with Muslim men (42%) more likely than Muslim women (32%) to take this position. A majority of Muslim women (61%) oppose triple talaq.

Highly religious Muslims – i.e., those who say religion is very important in their lives – also are more likely than other Muslims to say Muslim men should be able to divorce their wives simply by saying “talaq” three times (39% vs. 26%).

Triple talaq seems to have the most support among Muslims in the Southern and Northeastern regions of India, where half or more of Muslims say it should be legal (58% and 50%, respectively), although 12% of Muslims in the South and 16% in the Northeast do not take a position on the issue either way.

Sikhs are proud to be Punjabi and Indian

Sikhism is one of four major religions – along with Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism – that originated on the Indian subcontinent. The Sikh religion emerged in Punjab in the 15th century, when Guru Nanak, who is revered as the founder of Sikhism, became the first in a succession of 10 gurus (teachers) in the religion.

Today, India’s Sikhs remain concentrated in the state of Punjab. One feature of the Sikh religion is a distinctive sense of community, also known as “Khalsa” (which translates as “ones who are pure”). Observant Sikhs differentiate themselves from others in several ways, including keeping their hair uncut. Today, about three-quarters of Sikh men and women in India say they keep their hair long (76%), and two-thirds say it is very important to them that children in their families also keep their hair long (67%). (For more analysis of Sikhs’ views on passing religious traditions on to their children, see Chapter 8 .)

Sikhs are more likely than Indian adults overall to say they attend religious services every day – 40% of Sikhs say they go to the gurdwara (Sikh house of worship) daily. By comparison, 14% of Hindus say they go to a Hindu temple every day. Moreover, the vast majority of Sikhs (94%) regard their holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib, as the word of God, and many (37%) say they read it, or listen to recitations of it, every day.

Sikhs in India also incorporate other religious traditions into their practice. Some Sikhs (9%) say they follow Sufi orders, which are linked with Islam, and about half (52%) say they have a lot in common with Hindus. Roughly one-in-five Indian Sikhs say they have prayed, meditated or performed a ritual at a Hindu temple.

Sikh-Hindu relations were marked by violence in the 1970s and 1980s, when demands for a separate Sikh state covering the Punjab regions in both India and Pakistan (also known as the Khalistan movement) reached their apex. In 1984, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards as revenge for Indian paramilitary forces storming the Sikh Golden Temple in pursuit of Sikh militants. Anti-Sikh riots ensued in Northern India, especially in the state of Punjab.

According to the Indian census, the vast majority of Sikhs in India (77%) still live in Punjab, where Sikhs make up 58% of the adult population. And 93% of Punjabi Sikhs say they are very proud to live in the state.

Sikhs also are overwhelmingly proud of their Indian identity. A near-universal share of Sikhs say they are very proud to be Indian (95%), and the vast majority (70%) say a person who disrespects India cannot be a Sikh. And like India’s other religious groups, most Sikhs do not see evidence of widespread discrimination against their community – just 14% say Sikhs face a lot of discrimination in India, and 18% say they personally have faced religious discrimination in the last year.

At the same time, Sikhs are more likely than other religious communities to see communal violence as a very big problem in the country. Nearly eight-in-ten Sikhs (78%) rate communal violence as a major issue, compared with 65% of Hindus and Muslims.

The BJP has attempted to financially compensate Sikhs for some of the violence that occurred in 1984 after Indira Gandhi’s assassination, but relatively few Sikh voters (19%) report having voted for the BJP in the 2019 parliamentary elections. The survey finds that 33% of Sikhs preferred the Indian National Congress Party – Gandhi’s party.

• Ahmed, Hilal. 2019. “ Siyasi Muslims: A story of political Islams in India .” ↩
• All survey respondents, regardless of religion, were asked, “Are you from a General Category, Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe or Other Backward Class?” By contrast, in the 2011 census of India, only Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists could be enumerated as members of Scheduled Castes, while Scheduled Tribes could include followers of all religions. General Category and Other Backward Classes were not measured in the census. A detailed analysis of differences between 2011 census data on caste and survey data can be found here . ↩
• According to the 2004 and 2009 National Election Studies by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), roughly half of Indians or more said that marriages of boys and girls from different castes should be  banned . In 2004, a majority also said this about people from different religions. ↩
• In both the 2004 and 2009 National Election Studies (organized by CSDS), roughly half of Indians said that “There should be a legal ban on religious conversions.” ↩
• This includes 0.2% of all Indian adults who now identify as Hindu but give an ambiguous response on how they were raised – either saying “some other religion” or saying they don’t know their childhood religion. ↩
• Puja is a specific worship ritual that involves prayer along with rites like offering flowers and food, using vermillion, singing and chanting. ↩
• Fifteen named deities were available for selection, though no answer options were read aloud. Respondents could select up to three of those 15 deities by naming them or selecting the corresponding image shown on a card. The answer option “another god” was available on the card or if any other deity name was volunteered by the respondent. Other possible answer options included “I do not have a god I feel closest to” and “I have many personal gods,” though neither was on the card. See the questionnaire or topline for the full list of gods offered. ↩
• The religious origins of karma are debated by scholars, but the concept has deep roots in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. ↩
• For an analysis of Jain theology on the concept of  jiva  (soul) see Chapple, Christopher K. 2014. “Life All Around: Soul in Jainism.” In Biernacki, Loriliai and Philip Clayton, eds. “ Panentheism Across the World’s Traditions .” ↩

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About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

Social Issues in India- Contemporary Major Current Problems in India

Social Issues in India are discussed in this post. Indian society has progressed over time, with advancements in a variety of disciplines. Know major issues in India here.

Table of Contents

Social Issues in India: Indian society has progressed over time, with advancements in a variety of disciplines. However, there are socio-cultural issues that must be recognised and addressed in every community. People’s safety, particularly that of vulnerable groups such as women, children, and the elderly, is a key issue in modern Indian culture.

Social Issues in India

Casteism, dowry, communalism, drunkenness, drug addiction, and other key socio-cultural concerns need to be addressed today. The topics covered here are not exhaustive. There are other more concerns that the country as a whole, as well as individual regions and communities, must address.

Current Social Issues in India (Political)- Casteism

Castes are rigid and at times even oppressive social groups, in which lifestyle, occupation, and social position are passed down through the generations. The caste system in India dates back to ancient times and has been influenced by numerous ruling elites throughout mediaeval, early modern, and modern India, particularly the Mughal Empire and the British Raj. Varna and jati, the two notions that make up the caste system, can be thought of as separate degrees of analysis.

After gaining independence in 1947, India implemented a number of affirmative action programmes aimed at helping historically underprivileged populations. These measures included reserving a certain number of spots in higher education and government jobs for these groups. Read About: What is the National Enblem of India?

Social Issues in India- Dowry System

In India, the dowry system refers to the items, such as cash, and permanent or personal property that the bride’s family pays to the groom, his parents, and relatives as a condition of marriage. Dowry is simply a financial payment or a present given to the groom’s family in addition to the bride, and it comprises cash, jewelry, electrical appliances, furniture, bedding, crockery, utensils, vehicles, and other household items that assist the newlyweds in setting up their home. In Arabic, dowry is referred to as Dahez. Dowry is referred to as Aaunnpot in India’s far east.

Read About: Important Amendments of Indian Constitution

Social issues in India- Communalism

The religious and cultural diversity of India gives rise to communalism as a political concept. It has been used as a political propaganda tool to generate divisions, tensions, and divisions amongst groups based on religious and ethnic identity, resulting in communal hatred and violence.

People of various faiths coexisted amicably in ancient Indian civilization.

Perhaps the first Indian prophet to introduce the concept of secularism was Buddha. Meanwhile, kings like Ashoka pursued a policy of religious tolerance and harmony.

The introduction of Islam in medieval India was marked by rare acts of violence, such as the destruction of Hindu temples by Mahmud Ghazni and the attack on Hindus, Jains, and Buddhists by Mahmud of Ghor. While religion played a significant role in people’s lives, there was no community philosophy or politics.

Rulers like Akbar and Sher Shah Suri adopted a religious policy of tolerance for many cultures and traditions practiced throughout the country. Some sectarian kings, such as Aurangzeb, were, nonetheless, among the least tolerant of other religious practices.

It originated as a result of British colonial impact and Indian social strata’s response as a modern phenomenon.

Read About: Second Battel of Panipat

Social issues in India- Gender-Based Discrimination

In every profession, our Constitution guarantees men and women equal rights. Women now have the ability to vote, inherit, and own property. In reality, the Constitution stipulates that the government shall promote the interests of the weaker parts of the population with great attention. Since independence, several laws have been established to advance the interests of women. These rules govern marriage, property inheritance, divorce, and dowry, among other things. The Equal Remuneration Act of 1976 was passed to ensure that men and women were paid equally for equivalent work.

Despite these restrictions, however, we still see a lot of prejudice against women.

In India, women face discrimination in a variety of areas, including health, education, and employment. The girls are responsible for the dowry, and they must leave their parents’ home after marriage. Furthermore, parents desire to produce male offspring in order to protect their old age. Because they are girls, many female babies are aborted, abandoned, purposefully neglected, and underfed. Read About: Partition of Bengal

Social issues in India- Drugs addiction

Drug misuse is frequently accompanied by a negative social impact on the community. The current article focuses on drug abuse’s negative impact on industry, education and training, and the family, as well as its role in the violence, crime, financial difficulties, housing issues, homelessness, and vagrancy.

Social Problems in India

India, being a diverse and populous country, faces a range of social issues. Here are some of the prominent ones:

• Poverty : India has a significant population living below the poverty line, leading to inadequate access to basic necessities like food, clean water, and shelter.
• Gender Inequality : Despite progress, gender disparities still exist in India, including unequal access to education, limited economic opportunities for women, and issues related to gender-based violence.
• Caste System : The caste system, although officially abolished, continues to influence Indian society. Discrimination and violence against lower-caste individuals, often referred to as Dalits, persist.
• Religious Tensions : India is home to multiple religions, and religious tensions and communal violence occasionally arise, particularly between Hindus and Muslims.
• Child Labor : Child labor remains a problem in some parts of India, with children being forced to work in hazardous conditions instead of receiving an education.
• Education Gap : There is a significant gap in the quality of education between urban and rural areas. Many children in rural regions lack access to quality education.
• Healthcare Challenges : Access to healthcare is uneven across the country. Rural areas often lack adequate medical facilities, and healthcare expenses can be a burden for many.
• Corruption : Corruption is prevalent in various sectors, from politics to public services, which hinders economic development and social progress.
• Environmental Issues : Rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to environmental problems such as air pollution, water pollution, and deforestation.
• Overpopulation : India’s population continues to grow, putting pressure on resources and infrastructure, which can exacerbate many of these social problems.

Current Issue in India

Here are some prominent issues:

• COVID-19 Pandemic: India faced significant challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, including healthcare infrastructure strain, vaccine distribution, and the emergence of new variants.
• Economic Challenges: The Indian economy faced challenges such as job losses, economic contraction, and a slowdown in various sectors due to the pandemic.
• Agricultural Protests: Farmers’ protests against new agricultural laws gained widespread attention and continued to be a major issue in some parts of the country.
• Air Pollution: Major Indian cities, including Delhi, faced severe air pollution, leading to health problems and environmental concerns.
• Political Unrest: Political tensions and debates over various issues, including citizenship laws and regional autonomy, were ongoing.
• Social Issues: India continued to grapple with social issues such as gender inequality, caste-based discrimination, and violence against women.
• Environmental Concerns: Deforestation, wildlife conservation, and water scarcity were some of the environmental issues facing the country.
• Education and Healthcare: Challenges in providing quality education and healthcare to all sections of society remained.
• Cybersecurity: With increasing digitization, India faced cybersecurity challenges, including data breaches and cyberattacks.
• Infrastructure Development: The need for infrastructure development and improving transportation networks continued to be a priority.

Contemporary Issues in India

some key contemporary issues that have been of concern in India:

• COVID-19 Pandemic: India, like the rest of the world, has been dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. Issues related to healthcare infrastructure, vaccine distribution, and the economic impact of lockdowns have been prominent.
• Economic Challenges: India has faced economic challenges, including job losses, economic inequality, and a need for economic reforms to stimulate growth.
• Environmental Concerns: Environmental issues such as air pollution, deforestation, and climate change have been a growing concern. Air quality in many Indian cities is often poor.
• Farmers’ Protests: In 2020 and 2021, farmers in India protested against new agricultural laws. These protests raised concerns about farmers’ livelihoods and agricultural reforms.
• Religious and Communal Tensions: India has faced communal tensions and religious conflicts in recent years, leading to debates about secularism and religious freedom.
• Education and Digital Divide: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the digital divide in education, with many students lacking access to online learning resources.
• Women’s Safety: Women’s safety remains a critical issue, with incidents of violence and harassment leading to discussions about gender equality and legal reforms.
• Cybersecurity and Privacy: As India becomes more digitally connected, concerns about cybersecurity and the protection of personal data have grown.
• Political Issues: Political debates, elections, and issues related to governance and accountability continue to be central to India’s contemporary landscape.
• Healthcare Infrastructure: The pandemic exposed weaknesses in India’s healthcare infrastructure, leading to discussions about the need for improvements and investments.

Top 10 Current Major Problems in India

Top 10 Current major problems in India is given below.

1. Corruption

2. Illiteracy

3. Education System

4. Basic Sanitation

5. Healthcare System

7. Pollution

8. Women’s Safety

9. Infrastructure

10. Unemployment 

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What exactly is a social problem?

A social problem is a societal issue that makes it difficult for individuals to reach their full potential.

Give some examples of Social Issues.

Social issues include poverty, unemployment, uneven opportunity, racism, and starvation.

Why do societal problems arise?

Individual or group disagreements in culture can also contribute to societal issues. This is referred to as the interaction viewpoint. The clash of cultures and religions in a society is one of the causes of societal difficulties. Culture and religion have a strong influence on people.

What is the current situation?

A current issue is anything that is occurring right now and has an impact on a certain group or society as a whole.

What is the difference between a problem and an issue?

A problem necessitates immediate resolution, but an issue necessitates discussion or debate.

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Essay on Social Issues in India for Students in 2000 Words

On this page, you will read an Essay on Social Issues in India for Students in 2000 Words. In India and Every society has specific problems that commonly refer to social issues or social problems. It is a problem that affects a significant percentage of the population or community in a country or world.

So, let’s Start the Essay on Social Issues in India

Table of Contents

What are Social Issues?

Social issues (social problems, social evil, and social conflict) refer to any undesirable state that opposes the society or part of society. This is an unwanted social situation, which often raises problems; continue that is harmful to society.

Social problems cause many problems by factors that are beyond the control of one person and cause many conflicts for moral reasons.

The drawback of all Social Issues

There are many drawbacks to all social issues. This includes:

• Social issues are situations that have adverse and harmful consequences for society.
• Social issues arise when people leave from nature or society from an ideal situation.
• Almost all social issues have some common origins.
• Many of them are interrogating, and if one solves, the other will also resolve.
• Social issues have a massive lousy impact on society and can affect any part of it.
• Social issues need a common approach to the solution.
• Almost everywhere, societies in this world have social issues.
• India is struggling with many social issues such as the caste system, child labor, illiteracy, gender inequality, superstition, religious conflicts, and more. It is a critical time for society to free itself from these undesirable social evils.

Major Social Issues in India

The main social issues in India are briefly discussed below in the following order-

• Caste system
• Child labor
• Child Marriage
• Gender Inequality
• Domestic Violence against Women
• Sexual Violence and Harassment to Women
• Child Sex Abuse
• Communalism
• Dowry system
• Superstition
• Religious Conflicts
• Untouchability
• Child Trafficking
• Over – Population

1. The caste system

The caste system is a system for determining the class or assigning a status to people from birth. The causes, effects, and solutions of the caste system in India are described below:

The main reason for creating the caste system in India is the caste assignment based on professional specialization. Four classes of the caste system: Four classes include:

• Brahmins – priesthood class.
• Kshatriyas – a class of warriors and rulers.
• Vaishyas – a commercial class.
• Sudras – the lowest of four traditional classes involved in household members and workers, etc.

The caste system has many disadvantages, such as:

• Promotes inequality
• Undemocratic by nature
• False differentiation in superiority and inferiority
• It increases the difference between people from the upper and lower caste.
• People fall victim to the caste.

Education will help people realize the disadvantages of the caste system. There is a need for broad social change for equality. There should include special classes in schools that give children value and moral education.  Thanks to better learning and economic progress, people belonging to different castes mix and cooperate.

Poverty means a situation in which it does not fulfill the basic needs of people. This is a vicious circle and means no money or material goods.

The significant causes of poverty are:

When resources and opportunities are limited, and the population is high, there is an unemployment situation that ultimately leads to poverty.

Poor people will always have to rely on others to survive. Poor food quality can lead to poor nutrition. Poor people have less freedom to choose their profession. Poverty can affect the morality and self-esteem of people living in extreme difficulties. It also causes stress, which ultimately affects interpersonal relationships.

Low living standards prevail among poor people. When many people live in poverty, the opportunities for developing the country’s economy become limited. Increasing employment opportunities can control debt.

The government should take further steps towards charity, trust, and some transparency when spending money in these social institutions. The education system should reform and initiatives to attract more children to attain the school.

3. Child labor

Child labor is a system of involving children in any business activity. Child labor means involving underage children. The main reasons for child labor in India are:

• Unemployment
• Illiteracy and
• A low standard of living

If the above problems resolve by Indian society, then the country will have fewer social issues. When the family is poor, they often have no choice but to send their children to work. Because of parents’ unemployment, children do not receive the proper education and forces to engage in child labor.

Adverse effects of child labor are:

Child labor is a cruel practice. It hinders personal development, destroys their childhood. Child labor deprives the opportunity to play, make friends, dreams, relax, and enjoy all critical aspects of a healthy, desirable childhood. Children are the upcoming pillars of the country and engaging them in child labor will weaken these pillars.

The primary solution to the problem of child labor is:

Provide education and knowledge to children. If the parent’s income increases, children get an education. The government will have to take further steps to enforce labor law properly. As the employment opportunity of adults will increase, it reduces child labor.

Child labor is an unfortunate and disturbing phenomenon that unfortunately still needs to be eliminated in many parts of the world, including India.

4. Illiteracy

Illiteracy describes the inability to read and/or write. Because of the problem of unemployment and poverty, children have no chance of proper education. Many people remain illiterate because of physical or mental disabilities. Other social evils like the caste system and gender inequalities also cause illiteracy. One of the leading causes of crime is illiteracy.

Most illiterate people are unaware of the advantages of maintaining cleanliness and hygiene . Illiterates have difficulty in getting a good job and earning. Overpopulation is a massive increase in the number of people and is causing by some factors.

The only and best way to eliminate illiteracy from society is education. The government should take steps to promote free education for the backward class of society in government schools. The government is also looking at the fact that people receive fair pay for their work.

5. The dowry system

Dowry is one of the worst practices widespread in Indian society. There is a tradition of asking for a dowry at the time of marriage and greed among the groom’s family for quick and easy money. People are also asking for a dowry to keep up status.

The main problems of the dowry system in society are:

The bride’s family, which usually belongs to the middle and low classes, face its bitter side. Parents often take out a loan for their daughter’s marriage. Most times, observing the lousy situation of their parents, the bride becomes mentally affected. Sometimes psychological torture caused by dowry leads to suicidal tendencies.

6. Religious conflicts:

Religious conflicts are among the most severe social issues today.

The difference in beliefs: people belonging to different religions have different views.Lack of education: People who want to spread violence in the name of religion can easily mislead illiterate people. Sometimes, conflicts between communities lead to violence and crime.

The solution to religious violence lies only in the hands of Societies.

7. Children’s marriage

Child marriage in India has been practiced for centuries, and children are married before their physical and mental maturity. Regardless of its roots, child marriage is a gross violation of human rights, leaving physical, psychological, and emotional scars for life.

Second, economically weak and large families encourage this practice because it helps to send girls early. While the boy’s marriage provides additional help in household and business operations.

Awareness-raising: all stakeholders should be alert and convinced of the adverse effects of child marriage. Checking loopholes in law: shortcomings need to be corrected to strengthen the law.

8. Gender Inequality

The problem of gender inequality is historical. The sociological reality behind this structure is the transition from a matriarchal society, which is more egalitarian, to a patriarchal society.

Although economic and technological progress has changed the social structure, the problem of gender inequality still exists, even in modern, urbanized societies.

The problem of the education system

In all areas of men-dominated society, including the structure of the state, the education system, the health care system, security forces, and the judiciary, there is a male culture and a sense of power.

In the education system, equal opportunities must be guaranteed for all children, regardless of gender, and the government should ensure this practice is implemented.

The program should be non-discriminatory and textbooks, especially in terms of language, should be prepared under the principles of gender equality.

9. Domestic violence against women

This form of domestic violence is the most common. The most common causes of harassment and torture of women are dissatisfaction with the dowry and abusing women for more, arguing with a partner, refusing sex with him, neglecting children, leaving home without telling the partner, improper cooking or on time, engaging in new matters, not caring for my parents-in-law, etc.

Many other factors in urban areas lead to differences at the beginning and then are domestic violence. Violence against young widows is also increasing in India.

Other forms of physical abuse of women also include beating, grabbing, burdening them with bullying, public humiliation, and neglecting health problems.

10. Starvation

Although the concept of food security was coined 17 years ago, humanity has been fighting hunger and thrust since ancient times. A new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty and set several time-bound targets with a deadline of 2015, known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), is expected to give new impetus to the cause of food security.

The reasons for this disturbing phenomenon are different in each case. The physical availability of food at both macro and micro levels can be negatively affected due to the lack of local production, natural and human-made disasters, seasonal changes, water scarcity, poor infrastructure, insufficient storage capacity, stockpiling, and even legal problems.

However, factors that impede food absorption include a lack of clean drinking water, inadequate health, hygiene and sanitation, a low level of literacy and a fiscal cushion for governments for public sector development programs that would help ensure essential service delivery.

11. Terrorism

Terrorism not only kills the innocent but it also undermines democratic governance, even in mature democracies such as the United States and much of Europe, India, and other parts of the world.

To eliminate the threat that terrorism poses to democracy , the United States and its allies should continue to emphasize sharing intelligence and make such efforts.

12. Sexual harassment and the violation of women’s rights

Violence against women and girls is a severe violation of human rights. Decades of mobilization of civil society and women’s movements have put the end of gender-based violence high on the list of national and international priorities.

We should work with governments to develop particular national action plans to prevent and counter-violence against women, strengthening coordination between the actors required for lasting and meaningful operation.

13. Sexual exploitation of children

In recent years, it reflects the reality of how child pornography is produced. Sexual exploitation of children is a severe problem in our society, and it happens more often than people realize it.

Based on reports submitted to Cybertip, the Studies show that most criminals do not have criminal records. The sexual exploitation of children covers a wide range of behaviors and situations.

14. Untouchability

This is a practice in which people from the lower caste are kept far away, deprived of social equality and suffering from touch disabilities. These are considered contaminating or polluting the people of the higher castes.

The word “untouchable” refers to a despised and degraded portion of the Hindu population. Untouchables occupy the lowest place in society and have been subjecting to various types of social, cultural, and other restrictions. Eve Govt has been worked a lot on this issue, but few are still happening in rural areas.

15. Child trafficking

Child trafficking is a crime that uses girls and boys for many purposes, including forced labor and sex. It is associated with criminal activity and corruption. Further, smuggling and exploitation are posing an increasing risk to children worldwide.

When human trafficking occurs, children are often victims of trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation or for work, such as domestic service, factory work, agricultural work, mining, or forced to fight conflicts.

16. Overpopulation

Overpopulation is a condition in which the human population increases to the extent that exceeds the carrying capacity of the ecological system. In an overcrowded environment, the number of people is higher than the number of necessary survival materials, such as transportation, water, shelter, food, or social facilities. This is regularly contributing to the deterioration of the environment, the quality of life, and even the collapse of the ecosystem.

Conclusion of Essay on Social Issues in India

Society can solve social issues themselves. These issues make up a barrier to the progress of society, which is why we should work together to end them. If we do not unite against them, social issues will continue to grow. It can be solved only through mass consciousness, education, humanity, and a positive attitude.

I hope you like this Essay on Social Issues for Students.

4 thoughts on “Essay on Social Issues in India for Students in 2000 Words”

It is really helpful… Thank you uploading such a nice things!

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It is really helpful in our annual Exam tq u????

It realy help me but I also want essay on Consumer Awareness

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UPSC Essay Topics - Important Essay Topics for UPSC Mains 2023

By vajiram & ravi.

Essay Course for UPSC

UPSC CSE Mains 2023 Essay Question Paper

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Understanding UPSC Essay Topics holds significant importance as it evaluates the candidate's ability to analyse, present arguments, and communicate effectively. In this article, we will explore the diverse range of UPSC essay topics, their significance, and essential tips to excel in this section. Get ready to enhance your writing and analytical skills and make a strong impression on the evaluators with well-crafted essays.

UPSC Essay Paper

The Essay paper in the UPSC Mains examination requires candidates to write multiple essays , each on a different topic, chosen from a given list of options. The essay topics for UPSC cover a wide range of issues, including social, economic, political, cultural, and philosophical aspects, both national and international.

The essay paper holds significant weightage in the UPSC Mains examination, contributing 250 marks out of the total 1750 marks . Scoring well in this section can have a considerable impact on the overall ranking and selection for the coveted civil services.

Weekly UPSC Essay Topics By Vajiram & Ravi

The UPSC Essay Paper is an opportunity for candidates to demonstrate their proficiency in expressing ideas and analysing complex issues. Vajiram & Ravi Pensive-Weekly Essay Writing Programme provides you with two Essay Topics every Saturday based on the previous year's question papers and the changing trends analysis. You can submit your Essay for peer evaluation on vajiramandravi.com. This will help you nourish your writing skills, give you clarity of thought, and build the capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Important Essay Topics for UPSC 2023

The purpose of the essay paper is to assess the candidate's ability to critically analyse a topic, present well-structured arguments, and communicate their ideas effectively. It also evaluates their knowledge of various issues, their clarity of thought, and their capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Some of the Important Essay Topics to prepare for the UPSC Mains Examination 2023 are:

• Gender Equality
• Environment/Urbanization
• Economic Growth
• Federalism/Decentralization
• Agriculture
• Economics 

UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy

Every year, UPSC typically provides you with two or more essay topics centred around philosophical thoughts, Indian philosophical schools, or quotes from notable personalities. To effectively address these philosophical topics, you should refer to Philosophy Books to gain a foundational understanding. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy :

• Everything comes to him, who hustles while he waits.
• We are always blind as we want to be.
• You cannot step twice in the same river.
• A disciplined mind brings happiness.
• The price of Greatness is Responsibility.
• People would rather Believe than Know.
• Mind - A beautiful Servant? Or a dangerous Master?

UPSC Essay Topics on Art and Culture

The UPSC Essay Topics related to Indian society, art, and culture cover a wide range of subjects, offering great diversity. To gain knowledge about the static content on these topics, you should rely on fundamental books on society, as recommended for the exam. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Indian Art and Culture :

• Culture changes with economic development.
• Culture is what we are, Civilization is what we have.
• Social reform is a myth if places of worship are open only to all castes and not to all genders.
• Impact of Globalization on Indian Art and Culture.
• Caste System - India’s Enduring Curse.
• Godmen - A Threat to Indian Art and Culture?

UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology

UPSC essay topics on Science and Technology can largely be addressed through current affairs. You may also benefit from consulting a Science and Technology Book for UPSC to compose a comprehensive and well-rounded essay. Here are some UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology:

• Deglobalisation is good for the world.
• Science is organised Knowledge. Wisdom is Organised life.
• Technology is a Weapon against Poverty.
• Prioritising Education Technology for Global Growth.
• Technology is the silent factor in International Relations.
• Scientific and Technological Progress cannot be equated with Human Progress.

UPSC Essay Topics on Education

Education stands as one of the preferred UPSC Essay Topics, with an essay related to this subject often appearing in the paper each year. To tackle this topic effectively, you should stay abreast of Current Affairs , incorporating significant changes and advancements in the field. Let's explore some of the Essay topics for UPSC centred around education:

• Self Education is a lifelong curiosity.
• Education Breeds Peace.
• Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.
• Education must also train one for quick, resolute and effective thinking.
• Schooling is not Education.

UPSC Essay Topics on Polity and Governance

To comprehensively address Polity and Governance topics, you should acquire fundamental knowledge from Polity Books for UPSC and Current Affairs. These resources offer static information about relevant issues and their historical context, which proves valuable while writing UPSC Essay Topics on Polity. Here are some Essay Topics on Polity and Governance:

• The Role of Politics in Development.
• Should Youth in India Consider Politics as a Career?
• Art, Freedom and Creativity will change society faster than politics.
• The politics of Identity is the Politics of the Weak.
• People should not be afraid of their Government. The Government should be afraid of its people.
• Government Surveillance - Good or Bad?

UPSC Essay Topics on Economy

Essays concerning economic growth are frequently included in the Essay Paper. To tackle these topics effectively, you should refer to Economy Notes for UPSC to gain a comprehensive understanding. Once the fundamentals are grasped, you can enhance their essays by incorporating examples, data, and statistics to create a multidimensional perspective. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Economy:

• We don't have to sacrifice a Strong Economy for a Healthy Environment.
• India, a $5 trillion Economy - Dream or Reality?
• Digital Economy: A leveller or a source of Economic Inequality?
• Innovation is the key determinant of social welfare and economic growth.
• Labour Reforms in India and its Role in Economic Growth.

UPSC Essay Topics on Social Issues

Social issues are a significant aspect of the UPSC essay paper, reflecting the candidates' understanding of societal challenges and their ability to propose viable solutions. These essays provide a platform for candidates to analyse, critique, and suggest measures for pressing social concerns. Topics related to social issues in the UPSC Essay paper may include:

• Inclusivity and Plurality are the hallmarks of a Peaceful Society.
• A Gender-sensitive Indian Society is a prerequisite for Women and Child Empowerment.
• The weaker sections of Indian Society - are their Rights and Access to Justice getting Better?

Previous Year UPSC Essay Topics

Practising previous year's essay topics will help you become familiar with the UPSC exam pattern , word limit, and the types of essay questions frequently asked in the Mains Examination. Analysing past essay topics will also allow you to identify recurring themes and trends, enabling you to prioritise their preparation accordingly. Regular practice with past essay topics will instil confidence in you, helping you feel more comfortable and prepared for the actual exam.

• Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence.
• Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.
• History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man.
• A ship in the harbour is safe, but that is not what a ship is for.
• The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining.
• A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities.
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right.

Tips to Excel in UPSC Essay Paper

• Understand the Topics: Thoroughly comprehend the essay topics, including the keywords and instructions. Choose a topic that aligns with your strengths and interests.
• Plan and Structure: Devote some time to plan your essay. Create an outline and organise your thoughts in a structured manner, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Be Objective: Present balanced arguments and avoid a biased or one-sided approach. Consider multiple perspectives and present a holistic view.
• Provide Examples and Evidence: Support your arguments with relevant examples, data, quotes and evidence to strengthen your essay.
• Maintain Clarity: Write in a clear and concise manner. Use simple language and avoid jargon or overly complex vocabulary.
• Practice Regularly: Regular practice is essential to improve Essay writing skills. Write essays on diverse topics to enhance your versatility.
• Time Management: Allocate appropriate time for planning, writing, and revising each essay to manage time effectively during the examination.
• Revise and Edit: Review your essays for coherence, grammar, and structure. Make necessary edits to refine your work.

FAQs on UPSC Essay Topics

What are the important UPSC Essay Topics?

Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics asked in Mains Examination previously:

• Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have.
• Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.
• What is research but a blind date with knowledge?
• Best for an individual is not necessarily best for society.
• Wisdom finds truth.
• Ships don’t sink because of water around them, ships sink because of water that gets into them.
• Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality.
• Technology as the silent factor in international relations.

How do I Prepare for the UPSC Essay?

To prepare for the UPSC essay, focus on understanding the essay syllabus and past topics to identify recurring themes. Regularly practise writing essays on various topics to improve your writing skills and time management. Structure your essays with a clear introduction, main body, and conclusion.

Which is the best source to practise UPSC Essay Topics?

The best sources to prepare Essay for UPSC include official UPSC materials, newspapers, and magazines like The Hindu, Yojana , and Kurukshetra for current affairs, standard books on diverse subjects, government reports and publications, online platforms like PIB and PRS India, UPSC previous year papers for understanding the exam pattern, and regular practice of essay writing on various topics.

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Essay on Unemployment in India: Look at the Most Essential Topic of India for UPSC

Unemployment in India is proving to be the worst state for the country. It is defined under many classifications but the impact of it is that it is leading the country towards lower GDP and low living standards. Unemployment is the state of actively seeking work but not finding any paid function. Rich people in India continue to grow towards richness and the poor turn out to be poorer. All these miserable situations must be placed in your mind along with the facts and statistics. This state is making the country regressive for the people who do not have money. Are you an aspirant searching for significant topics for the UPSC exam? If you are looking for an upsc essay, you have come to the right place because here is the essay on unemployment in India. Go through this article precisely and grab all the points.

Also Read: Permanent Court of Arbitration: Important Notes for UPSC Exam

Essay on Unemployment in India

Unemployment is defined as the health of the economy of a country. It is a scenario when someone actively searches for work but does not get any paid job . The rate of unemployment in a country is measured by a certain formulation. The formula is: Unemployment rate = (Unemployed Workers / Total labour force) × 100. A national sample survey organization has been set up for calculating such situations in a country. This organization comes under MoSPI. MoSPI is abbreviated as Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. It calculates the unemployment rate in India under three major approaches. These approaches are written below.

#1. Daily Status Approach

The unemployment rate of the citizens of a country is determined by this process. The unemployment status of a person is measured for each day but in a reference of a week. This is done by noticing that if any person is having no gainful work even for one hour in a day, then the person will be described as unemployed for that day.

#2. Weekly Status Approach

This approach is used effectively for measuring the unemployment rate of a nation. This approach works for highlighting the record of few people who did not have gainful or paid work even for an hour of a day. This is also valid for the unemployed people for an hour on any day of the week. This proceeds the date of the survey. A single day in the entire week is determined by this approach.

#3. Usual Status Approach

This is the most common form of reporting the number of unemployed people in a country. The approach tests the estimates of those individuals who had no gainful work or were unemployed for a major time during the whole year i.e. 365 days. It is calculated for the whole year.

Also Read: Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: A Very Important Healthcare Topic for UPSC

Causes of Unemployment

Many causes are leading to the increment in the unemployment rates in India. The causes include the given points.

#1. Overpopulation is the most important cause of unemployment.

#2. Lack of education is also contributing largely to the unemployment rates. The status of ineffective educational structures,  no or low educational levels along with lesser vocational skills of the working population is a major cause.

#3. Bad quality infrastructure and inadequate growth of industries are a  cause along with very few investment rates in the sectors of manufacturing.

Also Read: Recusal of Judges: A Potential Topic for The Next UPSC Exam

Have a Look at Other Major Causes!

#1. Lower concentration towards the agriculture sector causing greater unemployment and low investment in modern agricultural technologies.

#2. The other cause is the division of the larger workforce. The workforce is working for informal functioning due to lack of education and henceforth employment measurements are less. For example, construction workers, domestic helpers, etc.

#3. The most influential cause is the regressive state of women in the country. The subservient and orthodox social norms are deteriorating women from continuing employment.

Unemployment in India Essay

The facts say that India’s unemployment rate in February 2021 was 6.9 percent. It is still very down but has turned out to be better than before considering its downfall from 7.8 percent in February 2020 . It indicates that the country is returning to the pre COVID levels in terms of unemployment. The experts from the economic department say that the labour workforce was depressed even before the outbreak of the pandemic and the situation during COVID has made it worse. The Center for Monitoring Indian Economy has claimed that participation from the labour force and employment rates have remained low. This is the data that is indicating labour fallout from labour markets due to lack of jobs.

Also Read: New IT Rules 2021: Facts to Know for UPSC about New Provisions, Patterns & Rules

People Losing Jobs!

The unemployment rate in India is touching heights because of people losing jobs. The people who had jobs are losing them due to lesser market evolution and functioning. In the metropolitan areas, people are degrading financially and losing jobs. CMIE recently claimed that the unemployment rate is dramatically rising. The post-lockdown era is marked by a noticeable drop of 2.5 percent in employment along with a drop of 6.2 percent in the count of unemployment

There has been a reduction of 2.8 percent in the labour force as well.

Types of Unemployment in India

There are different kinds of unemployment traced in India. Disguised unemployment refers to the state when more than the expected number of people are unemployed which is majorly seen in unorganized sectors and agriculture. Seasonal unemployment is a state of a person being seasonally unemployed. Structural unemployment is a factor that arises due to a lack of requisite skills for a certain organization. It is a mismatch between the individual and industry. Cyclical unemployment is something that arises due to recessions or declines in the economic conditions of the country. Vulnerable unemployment is a state where people are working without a definite income and job contact. Technological unemployment is something that occurs due to a lack of technology. It was stated by the World Bank in 2016 that 69% of jobs are threatened under this case.

Also Read: What is Mission Indradhanush: A Potential UPSC Topic Related to Covid-19 Vaccine

Impact of Unemployment

The impact of unemployment is detrimental to the people. It leads to the generation and growth of poverty. It also increases the crime rates of the nation because the young mind finds some illegal and unlawful things to do when they do not get a potential job. The people become enticed by antisocial elements and start losing faith in the democracy of India. Unemployed people who indulge in drugs and commit suicides that are a loss of resources to the nation. It is a way of decreasing and degrading the economy of the country and pushing it towards devastation.

You must keenly know this UPSC essay to upgrade your learning capabilities regarding the current issues of society.

Initiatives by the Government of India

There are many initiatives taken by the government of India for the betterment of people and giving them employment. The initiative for the rural people was taken in 1980 as Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). In 1979, one scheme was launched that was primarily concerned with self-employment and SC/ST people. It was named Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM). It gave employment to youth ranging from the age of 18 to 35. RSETI/RUDSETI was launched by the government to minimize the issues of unemployment. The other schemes include PMKVY, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana which was launched in 2015 to enable the youth towards learning industry skills and getting a potential job.

Schemes Launched by the Government

The most known scheme is MNREGA which stands for Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. It came in 2005 for giving the right to work to all the citizens. The main aim of this scheme was to provide social security to the people for 100 days of paid work. It gave employment to many people across the nation. Start-Up India scheme and Stand Up India scheme came out in 2016 to uplift the people by developing an entrepreneurship environment for them and giving loan benefits to the SC/ST people and women respectively. The government has been making tremendous efforts to give employment to the youth and to turn the country into a larger economy and development.

Also Read: Addu Atoll UPSC Topic: Why is Addu Atoll Trending All Over India?

We hope that we have covered the essential points in this article. You must be aware of the problems faced by the country and should work appropriately to modify or upgrade the conditions. You must not read the articles for learning but you must enlighten your soul about the situations popping up before the citizens of the country.

If you are finding it difficult to crack the CSE or prepare for it excellently, you must visit UPSC Pathshala . You will get the best guidance over every hindrance and solutions to all your questions. You just have to click on your device and get connected to the most experienced faculties and experts through the websites. You will become confident and intelligent enough to achieve your goals.

One Comment

Unemployment is the traditional and major cause of India which hinders it’s development. I was looking for an article which has the overall outlook to the unemployment in India so that I could get the precise information. This article has helped me in getting it. Do you guys have same opinion?

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About the Author

Shilpa is a professional web content writer and is in deep love with travelling. She completed her mass communication degree and is now dedicatedly playing with words to guide her readers to get the best for themselves. Developing educational content for UPSC, IELTS aspirants from breakthrough research work is her forte. Strongly driven by her zodiac sign Sagittarius, Shilpa loves to live her life on her own notes and completely agrees with the idea of ‘live and let live. Apart from writing and travelling, most of the time she can be seen in the avatar of 'hooman' mom to her pets and street dogs or else you can also catch her wearing the toque blanche and creating magic in the kitchen on weekends.

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English Essay on various topics, current issues and general issues for Class 10 , 12 and Other Classes.

Essay topics.

Total Essays : 1050*

1. Rural Uplift Programme of India 2. Advertisement or The Age of Advertisements 3. AIDS- The Dreaded Disease or The AIDS Scare 4. Role of Judiciary in the Country Today 5. Reservation for Women in Legislative Assemblies and Parliament 6.The Coalition Politics 7. India’s Space Programme – Car to SAT Launched by Indian Space Scientists 8.Global Terrorism- The Fight Against Terrorism 9. Female F oeticide  –  Acculturate  Blemish  10.Information Technology is a developing technology 

11. Reservation 12. Regionalism and Nationalism  13. Man and Environment 14. Brain Drain

15. One Day Cricket Match 16. Future of English in India 17. A Terrifying Experience 18. My Pet Aversion 19. Journalism as a Profession 20. Freedom of the Press 21.Drug Addiction 22.Rising Prices or Price Hike 23.Family Planning 24.The Dowry System 25.Corruption in India 26.Population Problem 27.Black Money In India 28.Some Popular Indian Superstitions 29.Communal Riots 30.Student in Discipline 31. Are we Happier than Our Forefathers? 32. Man versus Machine 33. The Television Craze 34. Impact of Cinema in Life 35. The Video – CD Craze 36. Value of Newspapers 37. Democracy Vs Dictatorship 38. Future of Democracy in India 39. Adult Education in India 40. Participation of Students in Politics 41. The Present System of Examinations 42. Importance of Vocational Education 43. India and The Atom Bomb 44. A World free from wars 45. Advantages of Science 46. Energy Crisis in the World 47. Place of Women in Society Today 48. Computer Its Role in Life Today 49. Value of Discipline 50. Patriotism 51. The impact of Privatization 52. Role of Banking in Rural Development 53. Indo—Pak Bridges of Peace 54. India is a World Power 55. To Drink or Not to Drink 56. Role of Students in Free India 57. The Problem of Beggary in India 58. Problem of Unemployment 59. Need for Rural Uplift in India 60. Science and Religion 61. Country Life Versus Town Life 62. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hostel Life 63. Library and its Uses 64. Value of Travelling 65. Sports and Games—Their Importance 66. Pleasures of Mountaineering 67. Life in a Big City 68. The Concept of Secularism 69. Modern Fashions 70. Students and Military Training 71. Inside an Examination Hall 72. Your Aim in Life 73. Your Favourite Book 74. Your Favourite Writer 75. Value of Broadcasting 76. If I Become a Millionaire 77. A Journey in a Crowded Train 78. An Ideal Budget 79. Hobbies 80. An Ideal Student 81. Youth and Age 82. Variety is this Spice of Life 83. Work is worship 84. All that Glitters is Not Gold 85. Joys and Sorrows go Hand in Hand in Life 86. Beauties of Nature 87. An Ideal Citizen 88. Life in a College 89. The Value of Friendship 90. Pleasures of Reading 91. A Visit to a Historical Place 92. If I Become The Prime Minister of India 93. Cowards Die many a Time Before their Death 94. A College Function 95. My Likes and Dislikes 96. Adversity Brings out the Best in Man 97. The Greatest Day in your Life 98. A Thing of Beauty is a Joy Forever 99. Deficit Financing 100. Evils of Smuggling 101. Sexual Harassment: The Hidden Truth 102. Return of Democracy in Nepal 103. The Sardar Sarovar Dam and The Narmada Bachao Andolan 104. Value Added Tax (VAT) 105. Pope John Paul II Dies 106. Center—State Relations in India 107. The Tsunami Disaster and After 108. The Threat of Bio-Terrorism 109. Dr. Manmohan Singh—The Ex-Prime Minister of India 110. Chance of Government at the Center 111. Empowerment of Women 112. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam—The President of India 113. A Visit to the Hills

Large Essay 1000 to 1500 Words 

114. Reshaping the UN Security Council 115. NAM’S (Non- Aligned Movement) RELEVANCE 116. The Problem of Poverty 117. Secularism 118. Defence Preparedness and Security Challenges 119. Corruption Unbound 120. Corruption in High Places 121. The Era of Coalition 122. Space Exploration in India 123. Space Exploration and Research 124. Understanding Environment 125. Environment in Danger 126. Road Accidents 127. Empowerment of Women 128. Infrastructure in India 129. Power Famine in India 130. Gujral Doctrine 131. Electoral Reforms 132. Child Labour 133. Human Rights 134. Role of Bureaucracy in India 135. Need for Electoral Reforms in India 136. Decentralisation or Centralisation of Power 137. Public Opinion and Indian Democracy 138. Challenges to Indian Democracy 139. Today’s Women 140. The Menace of Terrorism 141. Religion And Politics 142. WTO-End of the Sovereign Nation State Concept 143. Electrical Reforms in India 144. Coalition Politics in India 145. Criminalisation of Politics 146. Is non-alignment relevant ? 147. Corruption- Do we need it or can’t help it 148. India at 50 – Achievements and Failures 149. Resurgence of Judiciary 150. Consumer Protection- Why and How ? 151. Sustainable Development 152. Indian Sports 153. Fifty Years of Indian foreign policy 154. Threats to Nation Building Process 155. The Relevance of Mahatma Gandhi 156. Communalism and Casteism are the two sides of the same coin. 157. Changing face of Caste System 158. The Impact of Multi TV Channel on Indian Society 159. Was India’s Nuclear Testing Necessary ? 160. Democracy and India 161. Vocational Education 162. High Prices and Their Effects 163. The Twelfth Lok Sabha Elections 164. Need for Peace and Harmony in India 165. Role of Banks in Solving Unemployment 166. Black Money problem in India 167. Can Technology Help Indian Villages? 168. Role of Public Sector in The Indian Economy 169. ” Export or Perish “ 170. Operation Flood 171. The End of Communist Ideology 172. Intellectual Property Rights-Patents 173. Globalization versus Regionalism 174. Globalization- Rich or Poor Dichotomy 175. The Future of English in India 176. Are Examination Necessary ? 177. Co-education 178. The Importance of Library 179. The value of games and sports 180. Sex Education necessary in Schools 181. Corporal Punishment in Schools 182. Should Cell Phones be allowed in Schools? 183. Pleasure of Reading 184. The Importance of Moral Education 185. Right to Education an Opportunity and a Challenge 186. Science- A Blessing or A Curse 187. The Role of Computers in Everyday Life 188. Space Programs of India 189. Our Cultural Heritage 190. Indian Festivals 191. Historical Monuments of India 192. Dances of India 193. My favourite Artiste 194. Unemployment in India 195. Land Reforms in India 196. Problems and Prospects of Small Scale Industries in India 197. Problem of Rural Indebtedness in India 198. Impact of Economic Reforms 199. Fifty Years of Indian Planning 200. Poverty Eradication Programmes-How Far Successful? 201. Educational Reforms in India 202. Conservation of Forests 203. Biodiversity – Relevance and Conservation 204. Environmental Pollution in India 205. Scientific Problems in India 206. Should India Manufacture Nuclear Bomb? 207. Peaceful uses of Nuclear Energy in India 208. Satellite Communications 209. Forests for National Welfare 210. Impact of Television on Our Social Values 211. Tasks before the Indian Scientists 212. Autonomy to Electronic Media (Prasar Bharti) 213. Social Problems of India 214. Role of Women in Indian Society 215. Drug Addiction 216. Whither Indian Youth 217. Crime Against Women 218. Beauty is Truth and Truth Beauty 219. Quotations (Social, Economic, Political, Literature, Sociology and General) 220. Education Problems of India 221. Cultural Problems of India 222. Political Emancipation of Women 223. Population Explosion-Remedies 224. Child Labour In India 225. Changing Idea of Family 226. Two Contradictory faces of human nature 227. Freedom is the birth-right of man 228. Modernity 229. The Past is the root of the Present 230. Democracy and Dictatorship 231. Role of Religion 232. Indian Architectural Skills 233. Politics is an Art of Gaining power and the craft of retaining it 234. God Plays an Important role in man’s life 235. Civilization Age 236. Discoveries and Inventions of Man endangered his life 237. Aim and Purpose of Education 238. The Role of Social Education in National Reconstruction 239. The Principal Business of Life is to Enjoy it 240. Science Progress 241. Concept of Art and Poetry 242. Drama and Real Life 243. Fifty Years of Indian Films 244. Role of Press 245. Democracy without discipline is meaningless 246. The Concept of Secularism 247. Role of opposition party in India 249. Religious Fundamentalism 250. My Favorite Poet 251. My Favorite Sports Start 252. Unity in Diversity 253. The New Seven Wonders of the World 254. It’s Contribution to Indian society 255. Pollution 256. The Role of Newspaper 257. The India of My Dreams 258. Tourism in India 259. The Craze for Fashion 260. The Problem of Insurgency 261. Disinvestment in Public Sector Undertaking 262. Indian Railways 263. Panchayati Raj 264. Economic Reforms 265. Indian Export Basket 266. Fresh Reorganization of States 267. Population trends in India 268. Concept of A Welfare State 269. Unity in Diversity 270. Unemployment Problem in India 271. Advertising 272. SAARC and the Male Summit 273. Examinations under Scrutiny 274. Travails of Living in Delhi 275. Feeding the Hungry Billions 276. Primary Education in India 277. Terrorism in India 278. Renewable Sources of Energy 279. India’s Missile Options 280. Science and Society 281. Forest and Wildlife Conservation 282. Reservation for Women in Parliament 283. Water Problem 284. The Nuclear Option 285. Indian Tourism 286. Advantage of Internet 287. Indian Democracy 288. Office Automation 289. Railway Accident : Causes and Remedies 290. India’s Indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) 291. Pakistan’s Proxy War Against India 292. The Cost of Corruption 293. Right to Information (RTI) 294. A Seat for Indian in the Security Council 295. The Second Freedom Struggle 296. War Achieves Nothing, Solves Nothing 297. India Goes Nuclear 298. Biodiversity 299. Paradoxes if democracy 300. Democracy implies tolerance of dissent 301. The Role of Opposition in a Democracy 302. Role of judiciary in a Democracy. 303. Judicial Activism 304. Elections – Lacunae and Remedies 305. Corruption in Public Life 306. Communalism 307. The Politics of Communalism 308. Should There Be Reservations? 309. The right and Wrongs of Conversion 310. Is India reedy for a uniform civil code? 311. Women should have reserved seats in Parliament 312. An Apolitical Defence Force 313. India’s Defence Needs in a Technological Scenario 314. United Nations-Role and Future 315. Human Rights 316. Can Human Rights be Universal Rights? 317. Status of Human rights in Independent India 318. Laser 319. Indian’s unity at the cross roads 320. Environment Pollution 321. Value Added Tax 322. The Concept of “One World One Nation” 323. The Problem of modern youth 324. Problems of urban life 325. Role of mass-media in present world affairs 326. Robotics or Future of Robotics 327. INSAT-4A 328. Ecological Considerations and Development must go together 329. What is wrong with our Education? 330. Child labour in India 331. Socio-economic justice- An unfulfilled dream of India 332. India as the world sees her 333. India needs a strong centre 334. Farm mechanization 335. Advertising an expensive means to sell 336. Computer Technology a harbinger o new life 337. Life a bane or a boom 338. Realism key to development 339. Food Grain Production in India 340. Check Erosion Or Lose Ground 341. Modernity and Tradition 342. India and CTBT 343. Banking in India 344. The Kashmir problem 345. Removal of Rural Poverty 346. 50 Years of Indian Independence 347. Indian Democracy 348. Ecology, economy and natural resources 349. AIDS: the sure and silent killer 350. Defections and horse-trading 351. The Euro has arrived 352. Global Warming 353. The Kargil War 354. Clinton visits India 355. Genome mapping 356. Human Rights and the Indian Armed Forces 357. Torture : The living Death 358. The Changing face of Terrorism 359. Can Terrorism be justified? 3 60. Economic Liberalisation- Challenges before India 3 61. Privatisation of the Economy 3 62. India’s Population and Its Economic Implications 3 63. How free are we? 3 64. Democracy in India 365. Road Rage and Democratic Values 366. The test of democracy is the freedom of criticism 367. The great end of life is not knowledge but action 368. Don’t ban capital punishment 369. Violence on the increase 370. Examinations are a necessary evil 371. A Visit To A Zoo 372. A Visit To A Circus 373. A Visit To A Historical Place 374. A Visit To A Fair 375. A Visit To A Museum 376. A Visit To A Garden 377. A Visit To An Art Exhibition 378. A Visit To A Hospital 379. A Scene At A Bus Stand 380. A Scene At A Railway Station 381. A Scene In Front Of A Cinema Hall 382. A Scene At The Ration Depot 383. A Scene At A Polling Station 384. A Marriage Scene 385. A Scene At Sunrise 386. A Scene In Front Of The Examination Hall 387. A Scene In The Examination Hall 388. A Street Scene 389. My First Day At College 390. Your College Sports Day 391. The Independence Day 392. A Hot Day in Summer 392. An Extremely Cold Day In Winter 393. The Saddest Day Of My Life 394. A Rainy Day 395. A Cultural Function In Your College 396. How You Spent Your Last Sunday 397. A Sleepless Summer Night 398. A Journey By Bus 399. A Journey By Train 400. An Accident 401. An Air Crash 402. My Favorite Teacher 403. Our Principal 404. My Best Friend 405. My Mother 406. My Favorite Author 407. An Ideal Citizen 408. The Postman 409. An Indian Farmer 410. A Modern Girl 411. The Person You Do Not Like 412. A Rickshaw Puller 413. Kabbadi Match 414. A One Day Cricket Match 415. A Football Match 416. The Pleasure of College Life 417. Our College Library 418. Your College Canteen 419. Life in a College Hostel 420. The Pleasure of Reading Books 421. Craze for Films 422. An Indian Festival 423. Fashions 424. A Morning Walk 425. My Hobby 426. Life in a Big City 427. Life an Indian Village 428. The Television 429. The Menace of Dowry 430. A Funeral Procession 431. A Visit to a Hill Station 432. Your Aim in Life 433. A Visit to a Crowded Market 434. Your Favorite Dress 435. Your Favorite Game 436. A Scene at a Polling Booth 437. If I Were the Principle of My College 438. A Moonlit Night 439. My Favorite Book 440. My Neighbors 441. A Prize Distribution Function 442. If I Were a Millionaire 443. Illiteracy: A Bane 444. Population 445. Poverty in India 446. Unemployment in India 447. Corruption:- A social evil 448. Dowry: a curse 449. Child labour:- A Bane 450. Brain Drain Or Brain Circulation 451. Violence against women 452. Terrorism 453. Global warming 454. Importance of opposition in a democracy 455. Liberalization 456. Euthanasia:- Mercy Killing 457. Uniform Civil Code 458. Reservation in Private Sector 459. The Coalition Government 460. Students and Politics 461. Human Cloning 462. Capital Punishment 463. Information Technology 464. Election Reforms 465. Female Feticide 466. Women Reservation 467. Corporal Punishment 468. Unemployment Allowance 469. Need of Fuel Subsidy 470. Globalization 471. Secret of Success in Life 472. Intellectuals and the Society 473. Human Cloning-2 474. Super-Conductivity 475. The Horrors of War 476. Importance of Sports

13 Precis with solutions

477. The Test of a Great Book 478. A good book is one of our best friends 479. Value of Letters 480. Importance of Self-Reliance 481. Books- An Antidote to Boredom 482. Conservation and Utilization of Water 483. Place of art in the modern world 484. The Importance of self confidence 485. India Advancement in the ancient ages 486. Value of Books 487. Work more important than money 488. Indian Culture 489. The status of a scientist

Essays 1000 to 1500 words 

490. Life in an Indian Village 491. Hostel life of a student 492. The Effects of Ragging 493. Should Smoking be banned 494. Effects of Global Warming 495. A School Picnic 496. Metro Train for Delhi 497. My Neighbors 498. My Favourite Writer 499. Bank Robbery 500. A Rainy Day in summer 501. Growing Population of India 502. Development and Population Control 503. People’s participation in Development 504. Tourism 505. Indian Society 506. The Problems of Old Age 507. Law 508. Morality and Law 509. Laughter 510. Protection from Internet Abuse 511. Terrorism and Democracy 512. Politicians Above the Law 513. Population Problem 514. Health 515. Child Welfare 516. Teaching 517. Criminalization of Politics 518. The Global Village 519. Should there be Liquor Prohibition? 520. Human Ability 521. Should smoking be banned in public places? 522. Tolerance 523. An Imaginary Flight In An Aeroplane 524. The Indian Soldier. 525. The Value Of Games 526. Street Quarrel 527. Your Favorite TV Channel 528. A Visit To A Book Fair 529. Value of Punctuality 530. Value of Discipline 531. A Cloudy Day In Winter 532. My Favourite Author 533. A Cold Day 534. A Morning Walk 535. A Picnic 536. A Journey by Train 537. A Flight by Air 538. How I spent my summer vacation 539. How I spent my last Sunday 540. Life in a big city 541. A visit to a circus show 542. A visit to a zoo 543. A visit to a cinema show 544. A visit to a historical place 545. A visit to a fair or The Baisakhi Fair 546. A visit to a hill station 547. A visit to an exhibition 548. Ambition of my life 549. Football match 550. The game of cricket 551. A volleyball match 552. A visit to a hospital 553. The annual sports day in our college 554. The prize distribution function in our college 555. Our College Canteen 556. Our college library 557. The choice of a profession 558. An Indian festival or the Diwali 559. A street beggar 560. A street quarrel 561. A house on fire 562. A river in flood 563. My grandmother 564. A bus accident 565. My friend 566. My experience of college life 567. A Wedding 568. An Election scene 569. A Scene at Railway Station 570. The Greedy Dog 571. A Wise Farmer and His Sons 572. The Fox and the grapes 573. The Hen that laid Golden Egg 574. Robert Bruce and Spider 575. Three Greedy Friends 576. The Hare and The Lion 577. The Hare and the Tortoise 578. Unthankful Tiger 579. Good out of Evil 580. The Elephant and The Tailor 581. A Foolish Crow 582. A Blind man with a lamp 583. The Lion and The Mouse 584. Thirsty Crow 585. The Slave and Lion 586. The Bee and The Dove 587. Birthday Party I enjoyed 588. The scene at an examination centre 589. Scene at a railway platform 590. Describe an accident 591. Describe a school atlas book 592. My Neighbour 593. Describe the people you hate 594. Travelling by a DTC Bus 595. Passing a night alone in the house 596. Describe How to Polish your Shoes 597. Describe Your College Library 598. Describe your Grandfather 599. Describe the Newspaper you Read 600. Mahatma Gandhi 601. Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan 602. Jawahar Lal Nehru 603. Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri 604. Shrimati Indira Gandhi 605. Abdul Kalam 606. Holi- “A Festival of Colors” 607. Diwali- The Festival of Lights 608. Republic Day 26 January 609. A Visit to the Zoo 610. A visit to a Circus 611. A visit to a Hospital as an Outdoor Patient 612. A Visit to a Hair Dresser 613. A Visit to the Super Bazaar 614. A Visit to a Ration Shop 615. Your visit to a holy place 616. A place of Historical Importance 617. A visit to a Restaurant 618. Rajghat 619. A day in the life of a student 620. A day in the Life of a Nurse. 621. Autobiography of a doll 622. Autobiography of a question paper 623. Autobiography of a Torn Shirt 624. Cinema 625. An Autobiography of a Knife 626. My first Day at school 627. My last day at school Saturday 628. My first Day in an Examination Hall 629. The House I live in 630. The Teacher I like Most 631. The Game I like best 632. Why I like my school 633. The Recess Period in a school 634. Scene When the School is over 635. A Scene at a Tonga Stand 636. The Scene Inside a Cinema Hall 637. A river in flood as seen by you 638. Morning Assembly in a School 639. A Morning Walk A morning walk 640. My Elder Sister 641. My best friend 642. My Family 643. My Favourite Fruit- Mango 644. My Idea of a Happy Life 645. The Ramayana-My Favorite Book 646. Personas and Things 647. Imagine that you are a statue in a park 648. Punctual Life in School 649. A Wedding Party You Recently Attended 650. A Birth day Party 651. Describe Some Memorable occasion in Your life 652. Describe a Journey by Boat 653. A journey by Train 654. The funniest Person in your Life 655. Advantages of Telephone 656. A Day in the Life of a Teacher 657. A Rainy Day 658. My Favourite Leader 659. My favourite Hobby “Gardening” 660. My Grandmother is an Asset to the Family 661. How I spent My Summer Vacation 662. How I spent my last Sunday 663. How I can Serve My Country 664. How I learnt to ride on a cycle 665. How My Friends and I spend our leisure 667. 1st April 668. How You Nursed 669. Taj Mahal on a Moonlight Night 670. How a thief was Caught 671. How you would hold the price line 672. How Science has Changed our lives 673. C.N.G. Vehicles in The Delhi 674. If I were the monitor of my class 675. If I were the Captain of My school Football Team 676. If I were the principal of my school 677. If I were a soldier 678. If I were the mayor of a City 679. If Electricity Fails 680. I had Wings 681. If there were no Newspaper 682. If Barbers go on Strike 683. If I could make myself invisible for a day 684. A day in the life of an Indian Farmer 685. A day in sick bed 686. A day at school 687. School life 688. A Foggy Day 689. My Diary 690. A Juggler’s Show 691. Imagine yourself to be a Bus Conductor 692. Things I see-Railway Platform 693. An ideal school 694. The People I dislike to Meet 695. Five Things I Hate 696. Five things I want to know 697. I want to become A Teacher or A Doctor 698. If I Posses on Lakh Rupee 699. Present I Like Most 700. My Mother 701. Thing I like Most 702. My Three Miracles 703. My Neighbor 704. An Incidence 705. An Accident 706. An Excursion 707. School Task 708. Short trip to hill 709. Restore a lost child 710. A Rainy Day 711. Describe a dust storm 712. Describe a Rainy Day 713. Describe the Scene of Robbery 714. Describe all that you saw and did 715. After High School Examination 716. My First Vote 717. Waiting for a bus 718. N.C.C. Cadet 719. An Exciting Match 720. Describe An Incidence 721. How I feel about the Hijackers 722. Interview of An Trained Graduate Teacher (TGT) 723. I like or dislike being teenager 724. My Grandmother 725. Aero Plane-its Beneficial and Harmful 726. The best way of serving my country 727. Social Service 728. A Memorable Day In My Life 729. The Power of Habit 730. A Morning Walk 731. Farewell Party at School 732. A Bad Workman Quarrels with His Tools 733. Population Problem 734. A Stitch in Time Saves Nine 735. Problems of Rising Prices 736. Character 737. Prosperity Brings Friends 738. Honesty is The Best Policy 739. We Live in Deeds 740. Haste Makes Waste 741. Knowledge is Power 742. Look Before You Leap 743. No Pains, No Gains 744. Five Virtues I Admire Most 745. Necessity is the Mother of Invention 746. The Wolf and the Lamb 747. A Faithful Dog and its Master 748. An Old Arab Merchant 749. A Cunning Jackal 750. A Patience 751. The Cap seller and the Monkeys 752. A Silver Key 753. The Monkey and Two Cats 754. Bad Company 755. The Shepherd Boy and the wolf 756. The Hidden Treasure 757. The Vain Stag 758. Duties of an Ideal Student 759. Value of Books 760. The Postman 761. How I saved a Drowning Child 762. A False Friend 763. Cleanliness 764. How I caught a Thief 765. Five Places I like most 766. My Pet 767. My Class Room 768. Grandmother 769. My First Day at Schoo 770. Our Neighbours 771. My Hobby 772. Goal of My life 773. Advantages of TV 774. Uses of Electricity 775. Science in Everyday Life 776. Pollution in Cities 777. Good Manners 778. Discipline 779. Simple Living and High Thinking 780. Traveling as a Part of Education 781. Knowledge is Power 782. Influence of Newspapers 783. Superstitions 784. Childhood 785. Reading Hobby 786. The Rainy Season 787. Students and Politics 788. The Spring Season 789. Problems of Working Women 790. Evils of Caste System 791. Violence in Public Life 792. Christmas Festival 793. How I Celebrated My Birthday 794. Space Travel 795. Cycling- Its Pleasures and Advantages 796. Journey by Train 797. Visit to a Circus 798. Five Professions I Admire Most 799. Our School Library 800. A Street Fight 801. A Journey by Bus 802. My Idea of a Happy Life 803. The Pen is Mightier than the Sword 804. Courtesy 805. Uninvited Guests 806. Cinema as a Means of Education 807. The Life of a Soldier 808. A Quarrelsome Man 809. Why Indians Should Study English 810. If I Were A Millionaire 811. A Memorable Day In My Life 812. The Power of Habit 813. Morning Walk 814. The tragedy of old age 815. Is government going out of fashion? 816. Education is Freedom 817. Green activism can go too far 818. Indians are non-violent by nature 819. Death penalty solves nothing Death 820. Pleasures of Reading 821. Can Television affect Society? 822. Science: Blessing or Curse? 823. Education in India 824. Privatization of Education 825. Child Labour Problem 826. Working Women Problems 827. Violence against Women 828. Farooq Abdullah 829. Lal Krishan Advani 830. A.K. Antony 831. Prakash Singh Badal 832. Recollections of My Childhood 833. A House on Fire 834. Scenes at a Village Well 835. A Visit to an Exhibition 836. A Municipal Election 837. A Visit to the Museum 838. A Hockey Match 839. My Favourite Hobby 840. Lokpal Bill 841. Census of India 842. World Cup Cricket 2011 843. PSLV-C17 Successful Launching 844. Lord Buddha 845. Guru Nanak Dev Ji 846. Jesus Christ 847. Ashoka-The Great 848. Rani Lakshmi Bai 849. Maharaja Ranjit Singh 850. Chhtrapati Shivaji 851. Maharana Pratap 852. Subhash Chandra Bose 853. Lala Lajpat Rai 854. Bal Gangadhar Tilak 855. Bhagat Singh 856. Mahatma Gandhi 857. Mother Teresa 858. Indira Gandhi 859. Rabindra Nath Tagore 860. Great Female Singers of India 861. Sonia Gandhi 862. Jawahar Lal Nehru 862. Lal Bhadur Shastri 863. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan 864. An Indian Beggar 865. Our School Peon 866. My aim in life 867. The creature I hate most 868. How I saved a drowning child 869. How I caught A thief 870. How I made a cup of tea 871. On being caught without ticket 872. An encounter with robbers 873. Indian Independence day 874. Republic day celebrations 875. Deepawali 876. Holi- The festival of colors 877. If I were the principal of my school 878. If I were a bird 879. If I were a cloud 880. A flight in an Aero plane 881. A Journey by Boat 882. A Railway Journey 883. A Journey by Bus 884. A visit to a hill station 885. A visit to the zoo 886. A visit to an exhibition 887. A visit to a Museum 888. A road accident 889. A Rail Accident 890. Cleanliness 891. Newspaper Reading 892. Recess 893. An Indian village 894. An Indian farmer 895. A village fair 896. Rural Reconstruction 897. The Gender Bias 898. Female Foeticide 899. Educational Reforms 900. The Menace of Adulteratio 9 01. Drug Abuse 902. Communal Harmony 903. National Integration 904. The future of democracy in India 905. Unemployment in India 906. A Road Accident 907. Population Control 908. Terrorism Problem 909. Corruption in Society 910. Aids 911. The value of water 912. The value of Trees 913. The value of truth 914. The Value of Character 915. The value of Discipline 916. The Value of Friendship 917. The Autobiography of a Five Rupee Coin 918. The Autobiography of a Cloth 919. The Autobiography of a Mango Tree 920. The Autobiography of a Horse 921. If Winter Comes, Can Spring be far behind? 922. The Season I Like Most 923. A Rainy Day 924. Work is Worship 925. Knowledge is Power 926. Necessity is the Mother of Invention 927. A Friend In Need Is a Friend Indeed 928. Slow and Steady Wins the Race 929. Handsome is That Handsome Does 930. Science – A Blessing or A Curse 931. Science and Religion 932. Science and Human Happiness 933. Some Emerging Science Trends in India 934. Renewable Energy 935. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation 936. The Jogging Robots Robots 937. The Menace of Garbage 938. The Menace Of Loudspeakers 939. Effects Of Greenhouse Gases 940. Global Warming Effects 941. An Earthquake 942. Management of Water 943. Environmental Pollution 944. The Secret Of Happiness 945. The Animal World 946. Life In A Big City 947. The Annual Prize Distribution Function 948. The Small Screen 949. The Story Of Man 950. Man And Machine 951. Examination System 952. Students and Politics in India 953. National Service Scheme Camp or NSS 954. Co- Education 955. My Best Friend 956. Importance of School Magazine 957. Age of Advertisements. 958. The Cable Boom in India 959. Film And Fashion 960. Patriotism alone is not Enough 961. Standardization of Indian Rupee 962. Teachers Day 963. Superstitions 964. Simplicity 965. Beauties of Nature 966. The Computer 967. Dangers of Rash Driving 968. Dangers of a Fast Life 969. Urban Life Vs Rural Life 970. Importance of Tourism 971. Cinema and its Effects 972. M.S. Dhoni : A Successful Captain 973. Importance of Yoga 974. Urbanization in India 975. Democracy and Discipline 976. Positive Thinking 977. Women Need Empowerment 978. Ragging 979. The Rights and Wrongs of Free Expression 980. Advertising and Social Responsibility 981. Indian Cinema 982. Challenge Before Television in India 983. Television and Teenage Violence 984. Foreign Media in India 985. The Politics of Information 986. Science is the need of the Day 987. Moral dilemmas inherent in Scientific Progress 988. Are Science and Art 989. Science and Literature 990. Science and Religion 991. Animals too have rights 992. Human Being and Natural Disaster 993. Biodiversity 994. Capital Punishment in India 995. Compassion 996. Computers Revolution 997. Crime: New Dimensions 998. Ethics in Sports 999. Euthanasia : Can death be a therapy? 1000. Generation Gap 1001. Growing Flexibility in Gender Roles of Men and Women 1002. History needs to be Rewritten 1003. History repeats itself 1004. Environment Degradation 1005. If human beings can be cloned 1006. If the British had not colonized India 1007. India Today 1008. Information Revolution 1009. Leadership 1010. Leisure-It’s Use and Advise 1011. Material process and Human Values 1012. Let Women Take Over 1013. Non-Violence 1014. On Good and Bad Neighbours 1015. Man and Deed 1016. Relevance of Gandhi Today 1017. Sports sans Sportsmanship 1018. Superstition 1019. Sustainable Development and Environment 1020. The Indian Republic 1021. Truth 1022. Freedom 1023. Drug Abuse 1024. Interview 1025. How to Plan your Career 1026. Professionalism 1027. India Education Economy 1028. Status of Women in India 1029. Importance of Education 1030. Dowry System in India 1031. My Aim in Life 1032. Agriculture in India 1033. Good Student 1034. Indian Space Programme-ISRO 1035. Women in Workplace 1036. Nuclear Power 1037. Cyber Terrorism 1038. Corruption 1039. Wars- Destructive for Humanity 1040. Age of Information Technology 1041. Cultural Unity of India 1042. Importance of Cleanliness 1043. Our Duties to the Poor 1044. National Flag 1045. Indian Economy 1046. Importance of Game 1047. Importance of Good Manners 1048. Fashion 1049. Role of Newspaper in India 1050. India’s Historical Monuments        

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Trending Essay Topics | Important Essay Topics for Competitive Exams

Essay writing is a part of various competitive exams. In most of the essay wring exams, trending topics are selected as subjects for essay writing. Here we have prepared a list of trending essay topics which are the most important essay topics for all upcoming competitive as well as academic exams.

• Trending Essay Topics
• Essay on PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana:  Read Here
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• Free and Fair Election:  Read Here  
• Governance 4.0 :  Read Here  
• Raising Legal Age of Marriage for Women :  Read Here  
• PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission :  Read Here  
• Electric Vehicle -The Future of Transport :  Read Here  
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• Essay on Climate Change :  Read Here  
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• Corona and its impact on human life :  Read Here  
• E-lerning: The Future of Education System :  Read Here  
• AatmaNirbhar Bharat :  Read Here  
• Vocal for Local :  Read Here  
• Advantage and Disadvantage of Online Classes :  Read Here  
• Single Use Plastic ban :  Read Here  
• Addiction of Social Media :  Read Here  
• Causes of Environmental Pollution :  Read Here  
• Uniform Civil Code :  Read Here  
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• Role of Students in Eradication of Drugs :  Read Here  
• Why Population Control is necessary :  Read Here  
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• Importance of Education :  Read Here

The above essay topics are the  most important essay topics  for all competitive exams as well as academic exams. These essay topics are currently in focus and discussed by everyone due to its current relevance. Therefore, these essays are trending essay topics for all competitive exams.

In addition to these trending essay topics , here is a list of evergreen best essay topics that are very important.

Evergreen best essay topics

• Beat Plastic Pollution   (Click on the Topic to Read Essays)
• Meri Mati Mera Desh
• Hate Speech
• PM SHRI School Scheme
• Plastic Waste Management
• Envisioning India @2047
• Commonwealth Games 2022
• Women Empowerment
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet
• Essay on Menace of Fake News  
• Essay on Power Crisis in India
• Essay on Freebie Politics
• Unsung Heroes of Freedom Struggle
• Cryptocurrency

• Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav
• Natural Farming
• Download 50 PDF Essays for all Exams
• Free and Fair Election
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Classes
• Corona and Its impact on human life
• Single-use plastic ban
• Impact of Poverty on Education
• Water Pollution: Causes and Prevention
• Environmental Pollution
• Addiction of Social Media
• Importance of Trees
• Importance of Education
• Natural Disaster
• Role of Students in eradication of drugs
• Human Trafficking
• Benefits of Yoga
• Online Shopping
• How to control pollution

These are the best essay topics for all competitive exams which contains all the current topics also. Above trending essay topics are most expected essay topics for competitive exams. 

Due to its current relevance these trending essay topics are most important for all exams. Hope these trending essay topics helped you in your exam preparation.

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20 socio-legal research topics India

20 socio-legal research topics India – India is a country with a complex and diverse social and legal landscape, and there are many research topics that could be explored at the intersection of these two areas. Here are 20 potential socio-legal research topics for India:

• Caste-based discrimination : Despite the abolition of untouchability and the caste system in India, discrimination based on caste continues to be a major issue. Research could explore the extent and nature of this discrimination and potential legal solutions.
• Access to justice: Many people in India, particularly those from marginalized communities, struggle to access justice due to factors such as cost, distance, and language barriers. Research could examine the barriers to access and potential solutions.
• Gender-based violenc e: Violence against women and girls is a major issue in India. Research could explore the legal and social factors that contribute to this violence and potential solutions.
• Child labor: Despite being illegal, child labor is still prevalent in many parts of India. Research could explore the social and legal factors that contribute to this issue and potential solutions.
• LGBTQ+ rights: LGBTQ+ individuals in India face legal and social discrimination. Research could examine the legal landscape and potential solutions for ensuring their rights are protected.
• 20 socio-legal related research topics India
• Environmental justice: India faces significant environmental challenges, with many communities disproportionately impacted. Research could examine the legal and social factors contributing to this and potential solutions.
• Mental health: Mental health is an often-overlooked issue in India, with significant social and legal implications. Research could explore the legal and social factors contributing to this and potential solutions.
• Access to education : Many children in India do not have access to quality education, which has significant social and legal implications. Research could examine the barriers to access and potential solutions.
• Disability rights: People with disabilities face significant legal and social barriers in India. Research could explore the legal landscape and potential solutions for ensuring their rights are protected.
• Religious freedom: India has a diverse religious landscape, but religious tensions and discrimination can be significant issues. Research could explore the legal and social factors contributing to this and potential solutions.
• Human trafficking: Human trafficking is a significant issue in India, with many women and children forced into sexual or labor exploitation. Research could examine the legal and social factors contributing to this and potential solutions.
• Access to healthcare: Many people in India do not have access to quality healthcare, which has significant social and legal implications. Research could explore the barriers to access and potential solutions.
• Elder abuse: Elder abuse is a growing issue in India, with many elderly individuals facing neglect, abuse, or financial exploitation. Research could explore the legal and social factors contributing to this and potential solutions.
• Police brutality: Police brutality is a significant issue in India, with many individuals from marginalized communities facing violence and abuse at the hands of the police. Research could examine the legal and social factors contributing to this and potential solutions.
• Right to privacy: T he right to privacy has become a significant issue in India in recent years, with concerns about government surveillance and data privacy. Research could explore the legal landscape and potential solutions.
• Mental health in the workplace: Mental health issues in the workplace can have significant social and legal implications. Research could examine the legal and social factors contributing to this and potential solutions.
• Maternal health : Maternal health is a significant issue in India, with high rates of maternal mortality and morbidity. Research could explore the legal and social factors contributing to this and potential solutions.
• Access to housing: Many people in India do not have access to adequate housing, which has significant social and legal implications.

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Essay on Issues and Problems faced by Women in India

500 words essay on issues and problems faced by women in india.

India is a country where women are given the status of a goddess. However, the problems they have to face just show the opposite of this concept. On hand they worship them as goddesses and on the other, they abuse them endlessly and consider them inferior. India women always had some problem or the other to face in society. People evolved and so did the problems, they did not go away but changed from one to another. We need to realize these problems and act on them fast to help our country thrive.

Problems Faced by Women in India

When in the early days, there were severe issues like the Sati system, no widow remarriage, devadasi system and more. While most of them are not prevalent now, there are new issues that women face. They may be not the same but they are still as severe as the early ones. They hinder the growth of a country and make the women feel inferior.

Firstly, violence against women is a very grave issue faced by women in India. It is happening almost every day in various forms. People turn a blind eye to it instead of doing something. Domestic violence happens more often than you think. Further, there is also dowry-related harassment, marital rape, genital mutilation and more.

Next up, we also have the issues of gender discrimination. Women are not considered equal to men. They face discrimination in almost every place, whether at the workplace or at home. Even the little girls become a victim of this discrimination. The patriarchy dictates a woman’s life unjustly.

Moreover, there is also a lack of female education and the gender pay gap. Women in rural areas are still denied education for being a female. Similarly, women do not get equal pay as men for doing the same work. On top of that, they also face workplace harassment and exploitation.

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Ways to Tackle These Issues

We must all come together as one to fight these issues faced by women in India. Every citizen and government must try to make it a safe place for women to be in. They must make more stringent laws against people who commit crimes against women. They must also be implemented properly to ensure everyone takes them seriously.

Furthermore, opportunities must be provided equally for men and women. In every field, we must encourage women to give their best. It does not matter whether it is the medical field or sports field, opportunities must be equal.

Moreover, education must be stressed upon gravely. It must be made a compulsion to educate every girl and woman for a better future. We must join hands to protect and safeguard our women in India. It will help us thrive as a country and make the world a better place.

Therefore, each one of us must be ready to treat women as equal counterparts. We must help them at every stage and more than that empower them to make their own decisions. After that, these issues can be eliminated so women need not face discrimination in the name of gender.

FAQs on Issues and Problems faced by Women in India

Q.1 What issues do women face in India?

A.1 Women in India have to face a lot of issues. They have to go through gender discrimination, harassment, sexual abuse, lack of education, dowry-related harassment, gender pay gap and much more.

Q.2 How can we tackle these issues?

A.2 We must come together to empower women. They must be given equal educational opportunities. Furthermore, they must be paid equally. Moreover, laws must be made more stringent for crimes against women.

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