montserrat eruption case study

Soufrière Hills 1995-present

Soufrière Hills in Montserrat has been erupting since 1995.

Chronic Medical Aspects

Crystalline silica in volcanic ash, when inhaled, adversely affects health..

The extended eruption of a lava dome at Soufrière Hills Volcano that began in 1995 generated large amounts of fine ash by (1) explosive events from the dome; and (2) frequent collapse of unstable parts of the growing dome that generated pyroclastic flows and associated plumes of ash. A detailed study of ash from both types of events determined that the sub-10 micron fraction of ash from the pyroclastic flows consisted of 10-24 percent crystalline silica , the highest yet documented for a historical eruption (Baxter and others, 1999). In contrast, the sub-10 micron fraction of ash from the explosive events consisted of 3-6 percent crystalline silica. The free silica minerals are produced within the lava dome over a period of many days or weeks.

Monitoring of the concentration of airborne respirable dust and ash around the volcano beginning in August 1997 showed that concentrations of ash have regularly exceeded 50 micrograms/m3 per 24-hour rolling average in areas subject to frequent ashfall. The exposures to cristobalite sometimes reached the 0.05 mg/m3 averaged over an 8-hour workday. Also, the monitoring consistently showed increased concentrations of airborne dust whenever there was human activity.

This study raises concern that exposure to long-lived eruptions of lava domes that produce persistent ashfall over many years may result in adverse health effects in affected communities.

Water Supply

The eruptions of Soufrière Hills during 1997 produced chemical contamination of rainwater and surface water. Water sampling in January 1997 indicated highly acidic water with high concentrations of sulphates, chloride and fluorides. Similar results were recorded until June 1997 although all fell within World Health Organization recommended levels for all measured components (see Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program ).

• The 1995 Soufrière Hills Eruption

In 1995, the Soufrière Hills volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat became active. As a result, half of Montserrat became uninhabitable. As the volcano had been dormant for over 3 centuries and had been deemed inactive, this came as a devastating blow to the small island and its inhabitants.

Location And Geography

The Soufriere Hills volcano is situated in the Caribbean Island of Montserrat. The Island is a British Overseas Territory and is a part of the Leeward Islands which is a chain of islands known as the Lower Antilles. The total land area is about 100 square kilometers. The Soufrière Hills Volcano is part of the Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc and is situated to the south of the island. The capital city was called Plymouth before it was buried in debris after the eruption.

History And Timeline

The early history of the volcano is relatively unknown due to inconsistent record keeping. The first explosive eruption is estimated to have been around 2,500 years ago. The last known eruption was in the 16th century where anywhere between 25 to 65 million cubic meters of lava erupted at Castle Peak. The 1995 eruption was preceded by seismic activity recorded in 1897, 1933 and lastly in 1966. The eruption in 1995 was also preceded by seismic activity but what ensued was mostly unexpected. Earthquake swarms had first been detected in 1992 and again in 1994.

Eruption Of The Soufrière Hills Volcano

The eruption of ash in July 1995 prompted an evacuation of almost 5,000 residents. The volcano grew a new dome on November 1995. By January 1996, the old dome was rapidly buried and between March and September of the same year, the first pyroclastic flows poured down the Tar river valley. This created a new delta and in April the south of the island was evacuated. The capital city of Plymouth was also abandoned. Pyroclastic flows and eruption columns are the main features of this volcano. They occur when the dome collapses or explodes. Tonnes of hot rock, lava and ash explode from the crater in a cloud moving at speeds of up to 100 miles per hour with temperatures reaching over 400°C. The fast moving cloud annihilates and incinerates everything in its way.

Aftermath Of The Eruption

The eruption left the southern two-thirds of the islands completely inhabitable. Pyroclastic flows still pour down the slopes of the volcano. The eruptions continued after the volcano became active. The disaster resulted in the collapse of the tourism and also the local rice processing industries. Unemployment shot up from a manageable 7% to over 50%. Agricultural activities became nearly impossible and living conditions were further worsened by respiratory problems caused by the spewing ash. The aid and relief activities were spearheaded by both British and Montserrat governments.

The 1995 eruption changed the landscape and living conditions of the Montserrat Island completely. It destroyed the economy and forced most residents to abandon the city. As a result of this eruption, several monitoring initiatives were undertaken like the establishment of an extensive seismograph network. The volcano is still active and subject to eruptions from time to time. It remains to be seen how long it will take until the island is habitable again.

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VOLCANO case study: Mt Soufriere, Montserrat 1997

Causes of eruption .

The island has been created because the Caribbean Plate and Atlantic Plate are moving towards each other and the dense oceanic plate is being subducted under the lighter continental plate.

At destructive boundaries oceanic crust is destroyed as it is forced below the less dense continental crust. The partially melted rock forces its way to an area of lower pressure ready to erupt.

Before 1995 Mount Soufriere had been dormant for over 300 years. 

In 1995 the volcano began to give off warning signs of an eruption (small earthquakes and eruptions of dust and ash)

In 1997, Large eruptions continued with the dome collapsing and large pyroclastic flows affecting much of the island

Primary and Secondary effects of the Eruption

Responses to the eruption, short-term responses.

• Evacuation of the southern part of the island
• Abandonment of the capital city.
• The British government gave £41 million in aid although riots occurred as locals complained that the British were not doing enough to help the island  money for compensation and redevelopment.
• Unemployment rose due to the collapse of the tourist industry.

Long-term responses

• Money was given to individuals to help them move to other countries. 
• An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region.
• New roads and a new airport were built.
• Services in the north of the island were expanded.
• The presence of the volcano resulted in a growth in tourism.
• The MVO (Montserrat Volcano Observatory) was set up to study the volcano and provide warnings for the future 
• A Risk assessment was done to help islanders understand which areas are at risk and reduce problems for the future.

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Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies.

Soufrière Hills Volcano , Montserrat, West Indies. Synopsis of events by former Montserrat resident, photographer and Author Lally Brown. 

Where is Montserrat? Montserrat is a small tropical island of approximately 40 sq. miles in the Caribbean, fifteen minutes flying time from Antigua. It is a British Overseas Territory and relies on UK Government aid money to survive. It is of volcanic origin with the Soufrière Hills above the capital of Plymouth the highest point of the island.

How and when did the volcano erupt? Prior to 1995 the volcano in the Soufrière Hills had been dormant for 350 years but on the morning of 18th July 1995 steam and fine ash could be seen coming from the flanks of the Soufrière Hills accompanied by a roaring sound, described as being like a jet engine. In the capital of Plymouth there was a strong smell of ‘bad eggs’ the hydrogen sulphide being emitted by the awakening volcano.

Montserrat was totally unprepared. No-one had ever imagined the dormant volcano would erupt. The Soufrière Hills was the breadbasket of the island where farmers worked the fertile agricultural land, while the busy capital and island port of Plymouth nestled at the foot of the hills.

Scientists arrived from the University of the West Indies to assess the situation. They said the volcano was producing ‘acoustic energy explosions’ at approximately half-hour intervals sending ash and vapour three to four hundred metres into the air.

What happened next? Before July 1995 Montserrat was a thriving tourist destination with a population of 10,000 people but over several weeks there was a mass exodus from the island and a run on the banks with people withdrawing cash.

Several areas near the vent that had opened up in the hillside were declared exclusion zones and residents were evacuated to the safe north of the island into schools and churches.

It was evident the volcano was becoming more active when a series of small earthquakes shook the island. Heavy rain from passing hurricanes brought mudflows down the hillsides into Plymouth. Sulphide dioxide emissions increased, a sure sign of heightened activity.

The scientists hoped to be able to give a six hour warning of any eruptive activity but when they discovered the magma was less than 1 km below the dome they said this could not be guaranteed, saying there was a 50% chance of an imminent eruption. An emergency order was signed by the Governor and new exclusion zones were drawn with people evacuated north.

The years 1995 to 1997 The Soufrière Hills volcano became increasingly active and more dangerous.

Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO) was established to monitor activity and advise the Government.

December 1995 saw the first pyroclastic flow from the volcano.

The capital of Plymouth was evacuated for the last time in April 1996.

Acid rain damaged plants.

Two-thirds of Montserrat became the new exclusion zone , including the fertile agricultural land.

Population dropped to 4,000 with residents leaving for UK or other Caribbean islands.

Frequent heavy ashfalls covered the island with blankets of thick ash.

On the seismic drums at the MVO swarms of small hybrid earthquakes frequently registered. Also volcano-tectonic earthquakes (indicating fracture or slippage of rock) and ‘Broadband’ tremors (indicating movement of magma).

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MVO Seismograph printout Dec 1997

‘Spines’ grew rapidly out of the lava dome to heights of up to 15 metres before collapsing back.

Rainfall caused dangerous mudflows down the flanks of the Soufrière Hills.

Temporary accommodation was built to house evacuees living in churches and schools.

25th June 1997 Black Wednesday For a period of twenty minutes at 12.59 pm the volcano erupted without warning with devastating consequences. A massive pyroclastic flow swept across the landscape and boulders up to 4 metres in diameter were thrown out of the volcano. Over 4 sq.km was destroyed including nine villages and two churches. The top 300ft had been blown off the lava dome. Tragically nineteen people were caught in the pyroclastic flow and died.

Post Office and War Memorial 1997

Lateral blast December 1997 Midnight on Christmas Day 1997 the MVO reported that hybrid earthquakes had merged into a near-continuous signal clipping the sides of the seismic drum. At 3am on Boxing Day there was a massive collapse of the dome. Approximately 55 million cubic metres of dome material shot down the flanks of the volcano into the sea. Travelling at speeds of 250-300 km per hour it took less than a minute to slice a 7 km wide arc of devastation across southern Montserrat. The evacuated villages of Patrick’s and O’Garros were blasted out of existence. A delta 2 km wide spilled into the sea causing a small tsunami .

Police checkpoint Montserrat

March 1999 After a year of apparent inactivity at the volcano the Scientists declared the risk to populated areas had fallen to levels of other Caribbean islands with dormant volcanoes. Arrangements were made to encourage overseas residents to return. Plans were put in place to reopen the abandoned airport.

2000 to 2003 One year after the volcano had been declared dormant there was a massive collapse of the dome, blamed on heavy rainfall.

In July 2001 another massive collapse of the dome described as ‘a significant eruption’ caused airports on neighbouring Caribbean islands to close temporarily due to the heavy ashfall they experienced. A Maritime Exclusion Zone was introduced around Montserrat and access to Plymouth and the airport prohibited.

Soufrière Hills volcano was now described as a ‘persistently active volcano’ that could continue for 10, 20 or 30 years. (ie possibly to 2032).

In July 2003 ‘the worst eruption to date’ took place, starting at 8 pm 12th July and continuing without pause until 4 am morning of 13th July. Over 100 metres in height disappeared from the mountain overnight. It was the largest historical dome collapse since activity began in July 1995.

A period of relative quiet followed.

2006 The second largest dome collapse took place with an ash cloud reaching a record 55,000 metres into the air. Mudflows down the flanks of the Soufrière Hills was extensive and tsunamis were reported on the islands of Guadeloupe and Antigua.

Another period of relative quiet followed.

Soufriere Hills volcano 2007

2010 Another partial dome collapse with pyroclastic flows reaching 400 metres into the sea and burying the old abandoned airport. There was extensive ashfall on neighbouring islands.

Again followed by a period of relative quiet.

2018 Although the Soufrière Hills volcano is described as ‘active’ it is currently relatively quiet. It is closely monitored by a team at the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO). They advise the Government and residents on the state of the volcano.

Negative effects of the volcano:

·       Approximately two-thirds of Montserrat now inaccessible (exclusion zone);

·       Capital of Plymouth including hospital, government buildings, businesses, schools etc. buried under ash;

·       Fertile farming land in the south in exclusion zone and buried under ash;

·       Population reduced from 10,000 to 4,000;

·       Businesses left Montserrat;

·       Tourism badly affected;

·       Concern over long term health problems due to ash;

·       Volcano Stress Syndrome diagnosed;

·       Huge financial cost to British Tax Payer (£400 million in aid);

·       Loss of houses, often not insured;

·       Relocation to the north of Montserrat by residents from the south.

Positive effects:

·       Tourists visiting Montserrat to see the volcano, MVO and Plymouth, now described as ‘Caribbean Pompeii’;

·       Geothermal energy being investigated;

·       Sand mining for export;

·       Plans for a new town and port in north;

·       New housing for displaced residents built;

·       New airport built (but can only accommodate small planes);

·       New Government Headquarters built;

·       Businesses opening up in the north of the island;

·       Ferry to Antigua operating.

Lally Brown

You can follow Lally Brown on Twitter.

If you are interested in reading a dramatic eyewitness account of life with this unpredictable and dangerous volcano then the book ‘THE VOLCANO , MONTSERRAT AND ME’ by Lally Brown is highly recommended. You can order a paper back or Kindle version on Amazon .

“As time moves on and memories fade, this unique, compelling book will serve as an important and accurate first-hand record of traumatic events, faithfully and sensitively recounted by Lally Brown.”

Prof. Willy Aspinall Cabot Professor in Natural Hazards and Risk Science, Bristol University.

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The Eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat from 1995 to 1999

Volcanoes are the most violent surface expression of the Earth’s internal energy. Only impacts of large extra-terrestrial bodies can match the explosive release and devastation of the largest volcanoes. Indeed for some of the most dramatic events the Earth has seen - the large terrestrial extinctions of animal life - the jury is still out as to whether they were brought about by meteoritic impact or by wide-scale effects of volcanic activity. Volcanoes have it too when it comes to sustained visual impact. Earthquakes, tsunamis and avalanches all cause massive devastation, but it is accomplished in the blink of an eye, and floods rise with a progressive and depressing inevitability. Volcanoes are simply the most spectacular of the destructive natural hazards to life on Earth.

To those who are far enough away to view them in safety, volcanoes can offer a truly awe-inspiring pyrotechnic display of the Earth’s innate power- a natural, spectacular son et lumière. For this reason from time immemorial they have exerted a siren-like attraction for geologists, photographers, filmmakers and many others. And, like the sirens of ancient fable, they have lured to their death all too many of those who dared to get too close. Indeed volcanoes inspired such awe in the ancient world that their own mythology sprang up about them. Cyclops, the one-eyed giant who all-unprovoked threw rocks great distances to kill shepherds tending their flocks, we know today as Mount Etna. The giant was also able to cause springs to flow where he struck the ground-it is not uncommon for groundwater flows to be disrupted during volcanic episodes.

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The Eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat from 1995 to 1999 Author(s): T. H. Druitt, B. P. Kokelaar https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021 ISBN (print): 9781862390980 ISBN (electronic): 9781862393967 Publisher: Geological Society of London Published: 2002

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• In Memorium: Peter William Francis, 1944–1999 Professor of Volcanology, The Open University Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for In Memorium: Peter William Francis, 1944–1999 Professor of Volcanology, The Open University in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Setting, chronology and consequences of the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (1995–1999) Author(s) B. P. Kokelaar B. P. Kokelaar Earth Sciences Department , University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.02 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Setting, chronology and consequences of the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (1995–1999) in another window Add to Citation Manager
• The eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (1995–1999): overview of scientific results Author(s) R. S. J. Sparks ; R. S. J. Sparks 1 Department of Earth Sciences , Bristol University, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. R. Young S. R. Young 2 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.03 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for The eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (1995–1999): overview of scientific results in another window Add to Citation Manager
• The Montserrat Volcano Observatory: its evolution, organization, role and activities Author(s) W. P. Aspinall ; W. P. Aspinall 1 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies 2 Aspinall & Associates , 5 Woodside Close, Beaconsfield, Bucks, HP9 IJQ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. C. Loughlin ; S. C. Loughlin 1 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies 3 British Geological Survey , Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3LA, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar F. V. Michael ; F. V. Michael 4 Emergency Department, Government of Montserrat , St John’s, Montserrat, West Indies Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. D. Miller ; A. D. Miller 1 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies 5 Geowalks , 24 Argyle Place, Edinburgh, EH9 1JJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. E. Norton ; G. E. Norton 1 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies 6 British Geological Survey , Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar K. C. Rowley ; K. C. Rowley 1 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies 7 Landata Ltd , Trinidad & tobago Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks ; R. S. J. Sparks 1 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies 8 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. R. Young S. R. Young 1 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.04 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for The Montserrat Volcano Observatory: its evolution, organization, role and activities in another window Add to Citation Manager
• The volcanic evolution of Montserrat using 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology Author(s) C. L. Harford ; C. L. Harford 1 Department of Earth Sciences, Bristol University , Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar M. S. Pringle ; M. S. Pringle 2 Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre , East Kilbride G75 OQF, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks ; R. S. J. Sparks 1 Department of Earth Sciences, Bristol University , Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. R. Young S. R. Young 3 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.05 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for The volcanic evolution of Montserrat using ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Growth patterns and emplacement of the andesitic lava dome at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) R. B. Watts ; R. B. Watts 1 Department of Earth Sciences , Wills Memorial Building, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. A. Herd ; R. A. Herd 2 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks ; R. S. J. Sparks 1 Department of Earth Sciences , Wills Memorial Building, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. R. Young S. R. Young 2 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.06 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Growth patterns and emplacement of the andesitic lava dome at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Dynamics of magma ascent and lava extrusion at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) O. Melnik ; O. Melnik 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ( [email protected] ) 2 Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University , 1 Michurinskii prosp., Moscow 117192, Russia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks R. S. J. Sparks 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.07 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Dynamics of magma ascent and lava extrusion at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Mechanisms of lava dome instability and generation of rockfalls and pyroclastic flows at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) E. S. Calder ; E. S. Calder 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 IRJ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. Luckett ; R. Luckett 2 British Geological Survey , Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks ; R. S. J. Sparks 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 IRJ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Voight B. Voight 3 Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.08 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Mechanisms of lava dome instability and generation of rockfalls and pyroclastic flows at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Pyroclastic flows and surges generated by the 25 June 1997 dome collapse, Sonfrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) S. C. Loughlin ; S. C. Loughlin 1 British Geological Survey , West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3LE, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar E. S. Calder ; E. S. Calder 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. Clarke ; A. Clarke 3 Departmentof Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P. D. Cole ; P. D. Cole 4 Centre for Volcanic Studies, University of Luton , Park Square, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. Luckett ; R. Luckett 5 British Geological Survey , Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar M. T. Mangan ; M. T. Mangan 6 United States Geological Survey , Menlo Park, California, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar D. M. Pyle ; D. M. Pyle 7 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks ; R. S. J. Sparks 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Voight ; B. Voight 3 Departmentof Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. B. Watts R. B. Watts 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.09 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Pyroclastic flows and surges generated by the 25 June 1997 dome collapse, Sonfrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Eyewitness accounts of the 25 June 1997 pyroclastic flows and surges at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, and implications for disaster mitigation Author(s) S. C. Loughlin ; S. C. Loughlin 1 British Geological Survey , West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LE, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P. J. Baxter ; P. J. Baxter 2 University of Cambridge Clinical School, Addenbrookes Hospital , Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar W. P. Aspinall ; W. P. Aspinall 3 Aspinall and Associates , 5 Woodside Close, Beaconsfield HP9 1JQ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Darroux ; B. Darroux 4 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar C. L. Harford ; C. L. Harford 5 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. D. Miller A. D. Miller 1 British Geological Survey , West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LE, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.10 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Eyewitness accounts of the 25 June 1997 pyroclastic flows and surges at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, and implications for disaster mitigation in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Deposits from dome-collapse and fountain-collapse pyroclastic flows at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) P. D. Cole ; P. D. Cole 1 Centre for Volcanic Studies, University of Luton , Park Square, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar E. S. Calder ; E. S. Calder 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1 RJ. UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks ; R. S. J. Sparks 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1 RJ. UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. B. Clarke ; A. B. Clarke 3 Department of Geosciences, Penn State University , 503 Deike Building, University Park, PA 16802 2714, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar T. H. Druitt ; T. H. Druitt 4 Department des Sciences de la Terre (UMR 6524 et CNRS), Université Blaise Pascal , 63038 Clermont Ferrand, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. R. Young ; S. R. Young 5 British Geological Survey, Murchison House , West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3LA, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. A. Herd ; R. A. Herd 6 British Geological Survey , Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar C. L. Harford ; C. L. Harford 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1 RJ. UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. E. Norton G. E. Norton 6 British Geological Survey , Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.11 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Deposits from dome-collapse and fountain-collapse pyroclastic flows at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Small-volume, highly mobile pyroclastic flows formed by rapid sedimentation from pyroclastic surges at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat: an important volcanic hazard Author(s) T. H. Druitt ; T. H. Druitt 1 Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (UMR 6524 & CNRS), Université Blaise Pascal , 5 rue Kessler, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar E. S. Calder ; E. S. Calder 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P. D. Cole ; P. D. Cole 3 Centre for Volcanic Studies, University of Luton , Park Square, Luton LU1 3JU, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. P. Hoblitt ; R. P. Hoblitt 4 David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory, US Geological Survey , 5400 Mac Arthur Boulevard, Vancouver, WA 98661, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. C. Loughlin ; S. C. Loughlin 5 British Geological Survey , Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LE, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. E. Norton ; G. E. Norton 5 British Geological Survey , Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LE, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar L. J. Ritchie ; L. J. Ritchie 3 Centre for Volcanic Studies, University of Luton , Park Square, Luton LU1 3JU, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks ; R. S. J. Sparks 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Voight B. Voight 7 Department of Geosciences, Penn State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.12 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Small-volume, highly mobile pyroclastic flows formed by rapid sedimentation from pyroclastic surges at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat: an important volcanic hazard in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Episodes of cyclic Vulcanian explosive activity with fountain collapse at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) T. H. Druitt ; T. H. Druitt 1 Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (UMR 6524 & CNRS) Université Blaise Pascal , 5 rue Kessler, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. R. Young ; S. R. Young 2 British Geological Survey, Murchison House , Edinburgh EH9 3LA, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Baptie ; B. Baptie 2 British Geological Survey, Murchison House , Edinburgh EH9 3LA, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar C. Bonadonna ; C. Bonadonna 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Queens Road, Bristol BS8 IRJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar E. S. Calder ; E. S. Calder 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Queens Road, Bristol BS8 IRJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. B. Clarke ; A. B. Clarke 4 Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park , PA 16802 USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P. D. Cole ; P. D. Cole 6 Centre for Volcanic Studies, University of Luton , Park Square, Luton LUI 3JU, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar C. L. Harford ; C. L. Harford 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Queens Road, Bristol BS8 IRJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. A. Herd ; R. A. Herd 6 British Geological Survey , Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. Luckett ; R. Luckett 2 British Geological Survey, Murchison House , Edinburgh EH9 3LA, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. Ryan ; G. Ryan 7 Environmental Science Department, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, University of Lacaster , Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Voight B. Voight 4 Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park , PA 16802 USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.13 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Episodes of cyclic Vulcanian explosive activity with fountain collapse at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Modelling of conduit flow dynamics during explosive activity at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) O. Melnik ; O. Melnik 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ( [email protected] ) 2 Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University 1 Michurinskii prosp., Moscow 117192, Russia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks R. S. J. Sparks 2 Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University 1 Michurinskii prosp., Moscow 117192, Russia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.14 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Modelling of conduit flow dynamics during explosive activity at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Computational modelling of the transient dynamics of the August 1997 Vulcanian explosions at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat: influence of initial conduit conditions on near-vent pyroclastic dispersal Author(s) A. B. Clarke ; A. B. Clarke 1 Department of Geosciences, Penn State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. Neri ; A. Neri 2 CNR-CSGSDA, Department of Earth Sciences , Pisa, Italy Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Voight ; B. Voight 1 Department of Geosciences, Penn State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. Macedonio ; G. Macedonio 3 Osservatorio Vesuviano , Napoli, Italy Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar T. H. Druitt T. H. Druitt 4 Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal et CNRS , Clermont-Ferrand 63038, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.15 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Computational modelling of the transient dynamics of the August 1997 Vulcanian explosions at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat: influence of initial conduit conditions on near-vent pyroclastic dispersal in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Hazard implications of small-scale edifice instability and sector collapse: a case history from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) S. R. Young ; S. R. Young 1 Montserrat Volcano Observatory Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Voight ; B. Voight 2 Department of Geosciences, Penn State University University Park PA16802, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J. Barclay ; J. Barclay 3 School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. A. Herd ; R. A. Herd 4 British Geological Survey Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J.-C. Komorowski ; J.-C. Komorowski 5 OVS-IPGP Le Houlement 97113, Guadeloupe, West Indies Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. D. Miller ; A. D. Miller 6 Geowalks 23 Summerfield Place, Edinburgh EH6 8AZ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks ; R. S. J. Sparks 7 Earth Sciences Department, University of Bristol, Queen’s Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. C. Stewart R. C. Stewart 8 Preparatory Commission for the CTBTO, PO Box 1250, A-1400 Wien, Austria Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.16 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Hazard implications of small-scale edifice instability and sector collapse: a case history from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• The 26 December (Boxing Day) 1997 sector collapse and debris avalanche at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) B. Voight ; B. Voight 1 Geosciences, Penn State University University Park, PA 16802, USA [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J-C. Komorowski ; J-C. Komorowski 2 Observatoire Volcanologique de la Soufriè (IPGP) Le Houelmont, Gourbeyre 97113, Guadeloupe Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. E. Norton ; G. E. Norton 3 British Geological Survey Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. B. Belousov ; A. B. Belousov 4 Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683006, Russia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar M. Belousova ; M. Belousova 4 Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683006, Russia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. Boudon ; G. Boudon 5 Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP) 4 Place Jussieu, B 89, 75252 Cedex 05 Paris, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P. W. Francis ; P. W. Francis 6 Department of Earth Sciences, Open University Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK (deceased) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar W. Franz ; W. Franz 7 Gannett-Fleming Engineers Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P. Heinrich ; P. Heinrich 8 Laboratoire de détection et de Géophysique Commisariat à l'Energie Atomique, BP 12, 91680 Bruyères-le-Chatel, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks ; R. S. J. Sparks 9 Department of Earth Sciences, Bristol University Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. R. Young S. R. Young 10 Montserrat Volcano Observatory Montserrat, West Indies Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.17 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for The 26 December (Boxing Day) 1997 sector collapse and debris avalanche at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Generation of a debris avalanche and violent pyroclastic density current on 26 December (Boxing Day) 1997 at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) R. S. J. Sparks ; R. S. J. Sparks 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J. Barclay ; J. Barclay 2 Department of Environment Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7JT, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar E. S. Calder ; E. S. Calder 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. A. Herd ; R. A. Herd 3 British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J-C. Komorowski ; J-C. Komorowski 4 Observatoire de Guadeloupe, Institut de Physique du Globe, Guadeloupe, French Antilles Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. Luckett ; R. Luckett 5 British Geological Survey, Murchision House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3LA, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. E. Norton ; G. E. Norton 3 British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar L. J. Ritchie ; L. J. Ritchie 6 Centre for Volcanic Studies, University of Luton, Park Square, Luton, LU1 3JU, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Voight ; B. Voight 7 Department of Geosciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. W. Woods A. W. Woods 8 BP Institute, Madingley Rise, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.18 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Generation of a debris avalanche and violent pyroclastic density current on 26 December (Boxing Day) 1997 at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Sedimentology of deposits from the pyroclastic density current of 26 December 1997 at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) L. J. Ritchie ; L. J. Ritchie 1 Centre for Volcanic Studies, University of Luton , Luton LU1 3JU, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P. D. Cole ; P. D. Cole 1 Centre for Volcanic Studies, University of Luton , Luton LU1 3JU, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks R. S. J. Sparks 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.19 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Sedimentology of deposits from the pyroclastic density current of 26 December 1997 at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• The explosive decompression of a pressurized volcanic dome: the 26 December 1997 collapse and explosion of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) A. W. Woods ; A. W. Woods 1 BP Institute, Madingley Rise, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 OEZ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks ; R. S. J. Sparks 1 BP Institute, Madingley Rise, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 OEZ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar L. J. Ritchie ; L. J. Ritchie 1 BP Institute, Madingley Rise, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 OEZ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J. Batey ; J. Batey 1 BP Institute, Madingley Rise, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 OEZ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar C. Gladstone ; C. Gladstone 1 BP Institute, Madingley Rise, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 OEZ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar M. I. Bursik M. I. Bursik 1 BP Institute, Madingley Rise, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 OEZ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.20 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for The explosive decompression of a pressurized volcanic dome: the 26 December 1997 collapse and explosion of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Pyroclastic flow and explosive activity at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, during a period of virtually no magma extrusion (March 1998 to November 1999) Author(s) G. E. Norton ; G. E. Norton 1 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies 2 British Geological Survey , Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. B. Watts ; R. B. Watts 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 I RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Voight ; B. Voight 4 Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. S. Mattioli ; G. S. Mattioli 5 Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. A. Herd ; R. A. Herd 1 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies 2 British Geological Survey , Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. R. Young ; S. R. Young 1 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J. D. Devine ; J. D. Devine 6 Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University , Providence R1 02912, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar W. P. Aspinnall ; W. P. Aspinnall 7 Aspinall & Associates, 5 Woodside Close, Beaconsfield , Bucks HP9 I JQ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar C. Bonadonna ; C. Bonadonna 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 I RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. J. Baptie ; B. J. Baptie 8 British Geological Survey , Ediburgh EH9 3LA, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar M. Edmonds ; M. Edmonds 9 Department of Earth Sciences, Cambridge University , Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar C. L. Harford ; C. L. Harford 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 I RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. D. Jolly ; A. D. Jolly 10 Geological Institute, University of Alaska , Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. C. Loughlin ; S. C. Loughlin 7 Aspinall & Associates, 5 Woodside Close, Beaconsfield , Bucks HP9 I JQ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. Luckett ; R. Luckett 11 International Seismological Centre, Pipers Lane , Thatcham, Berkshire RG19 4NS, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks R. S. J. Sparks 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 I RJ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.21 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Pyroclastic flow and explosive activity at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, during a period of virtually no magma extrusion (March 1998 to November 1999) in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Tephra fallout in the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) C. Bonadonna ; C. Bonadonna 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. C. Mayberry ; G. C. Mayberry 2 Department of Geological Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University , Houghton MI 49931, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar E. S. Calder ; E. S. Calder 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks ; R. S. J. Sparks 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar C. Choux ; C. Choux 3 Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal et CNRS , 63038 Clermont Ferrand, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P. Jackson ; P. Jackson 4 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. M. Lejeune ; A. M. Lejeune 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. C. Loughlin ; S. C. Loughlin 5 British Geological Survey , Edinburgh EH9 3LA, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. E. Norton ; G. E. Norton 6 British Geological Survey , Keyworth, Nottingham, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar W. I. Rose ; W. I. Rose 2 Department of Geological Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University , Houghton MI 49931, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. Ryan ; G. Ryan 7 Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar S. R. Young S. R. Young 4 Montserrat Volcano Observatory , Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.22 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Tephra fallout in the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Numerical modelling of tephra fallout associated with dome collapses and Vulcanian explosions: application to hazard assessment on Montserrat Author(s) C. Bonadonna ; C. Bonadonna 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. Macedonio ; G. Macedonio 2 Osservatorio Vesuviano , Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. S. J. Sparks R. S. J. Sparks 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.23 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Numerical modelling of tephra fallout associated with dome collapses and Vulcanian explosions: application to hazard assessment on Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Dynamics of volcanic and meteorological clouds produced on 26 December (Boxing Day) 1997 at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) G. C. Mayberry ; G. C. Mayberry Department of Geological Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, MI 49931, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar W. I. Rose ; W. I. Rose Department of Geological Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, MI 49931, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. J. S. Bluth G. J. S. Bluth Department of Geological Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, MI 49931, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.24 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Dynamics of volcanic and meteorological clouds produced on 26 December (Boxing Day) 1997 at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Monitoring of airborne particulate matter during the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) K. R. Moore ; K. R. Moore 1 Department of Geology, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar H. Duffell ; H. Duffell 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 3EQ,UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. Nicholl ; A. Nicholl 3 Institute of Occupational Medicine , 8 Roxburgh Place, Edinburgh EH8 9SU, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. Searl A. Searl 3 Institute of Occupational Medicine , 8 Roxburgh Place, Edinburgh EH8 9SU, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.25 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Monitoring of airborne particulate matter during the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Seismicity, gas emission and deformation from 18 July to 25 September 1995 during the initial phreatic phase of the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) C. A. Gardner ; C. A. Gardner 1 USGS, Cascades Volcano Observatory , 5400 Mac Arthur Blvd, Vancouver, WA 98661, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. A. White R. A. White 2 USGS , MS 910, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.26 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Seismicity, gas emission and deformation from 18 July to 25 September 1995 during the initial phreatic phase of the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Spaceborne radar measurements of the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) G. Wadge ; G. Wadge 1 Environmental System Science Centre, Harry Pitt Building, University of Reading , Reading RG6 6AL, UK [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Scheuchl ; B. Scheuchl 1 Environmental System Science Centre, Harry Pitt Building, University of Reading , Reading RG6 6AL, UK [email protected] 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T124, Canada Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar N. F. Stevens N. F. Stevens 1 Environmental System Science Centre, Harry Pitt Building, University of Reading , Reading RG6 6AL, UK [email protected] 3 Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd , Gracefield Research Centre, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.27 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Spaceborne radar measurements of the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• The relationship between degassing and rockfall signals at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) R. Luckett ; R. Luckett 1 British Geological Survey, , Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburg EH9 3LA, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B. Baptie ; B. Baptie 1 British Geological Survey, , Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburg EH9 3LA, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J. Neuberg J. Neuberg 2 School of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds, , Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.28 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for The relationship between degassing and rockfall signals at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• A model of the seismic wavefield in gas-charged magma: application to Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) J. Neuberg ; J. Neuberg School of Earth Sciences, The University of Leeds, , Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar C. O’Gorman C. O’Gorman School of Earth Sciences, The University of Leeds, , Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.29 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for A model of the seismic wavefield in gas-charged magma: application to Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Observations of low-frequency earthquakes and volcanic tremor at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) B. Baptie ; B. Baptie 1 Global Seismology Group, British Geological Survey, , Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R. Luckett ; R. Luckett 1 Global Seismology Group, British Geological Survey, , Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK ( [email protected] ) Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J. Neuberg J. Neuberg 2 School of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds, , Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.30 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Observations of low-frequency earthquakes and volcanic tremor at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Variation in HCl/SO 2 gas ratios observed by Fourier transform spectroscopy at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat Author(s) C. Oppenheimer ; C. Oppenheimer 1 Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, , Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar M. Edmonds ; M. Edmonds 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P. Francis ; P. Francis 3 Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, , Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar M. Burton M. Burton 1 Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, , Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK [email protected] 4 Present address: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, , Sezione de Catenia, U.F. Sistema Poseidon, Via Monti Rossi 12, 95030 Nicolosi, Catania, Italy Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.31 Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Variation in HCl/SO₂ gas ratios observed by Fourier transform spectroscopy at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Back Matter Open the PDF Link PDF for Back Matter in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Caribbean region
• debris avalanches
• geologic hazards
• Lesser Antilles
• mass movements
• Montserrat Island
• pyroclastic flows
• West Indies
• N16°40'00" - N16°49'60", W62°15'00" - W62°07'60"

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To evaluate the causes and effects of the Montserrat eruption and suggest sustainable ways to rebuild the island

Starter : Read the intro of the wikipedia page on Montserrat and take five notes of the features you find most relevant about this island. 

Task 1 - Study the Google maps below and make three notes of the physical characteristics of the island of Montserrat. 

Task 2 - Study the BBC bitesize case study in the textbox below and, on your exercise book, answer the questions that follow it.  (Click to open) 

Case study: Chances Peak, Montserrat, 1995-97 - an LEDC

Plymouth covered in ash from volcanic eruptions on Montserrat

Montserrat is a small island in the Caribbean. There is a volcanic area located in the south of the island on Soufriere Hills called Chances Peak . Before 1995 it had been dormant for over 300 years. In 1995 the volcano began to give off warning signs of an eruption (small earthquakes and eruptions of dust and ash). Once Chances Peak had woken up it then remained active for five years. The most intense eruptions occurred in 1997.

During this time, Montserrat was devastated by pyroclastic flows . The small population of the island (11,000 people) was evacuated in 1995 to the north of Montserrat as well as to neighbouring islands and the UK.

Despite the evacuations, 19 people were killed by the eruptions as a small group of people chose to stay behind to watch over their crops.

Volcanic eruptions and lahars have destroyed large areas of Montserrat. The capital, Plymouth, has been covered in layers of ash and mud. Many homes and buildings have been destroyed, including the only hospital, the airport and many roads.

The graphic shows the progress of the eruption and its impact on the island.

Montserrat - eruption progress and impact

Short-term responses and results

• Evacuation.
• Abandonment of the capital city.
• The British government gave money for compensation and redevelopment.
• Unemployment rose due to the collapse of the tourist industry.

Long-term responses and results

• An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region.
• A volcanic observatory was built to monitor the volcano.
• New roads and a new airport were built.
• Services in the north of the island were expanded.
• The presence of the volcano resulted in a growth in tourism.

Volcanic activity has calmed down in recent years and people have begun to return to the island.

You might be asked to consider the values and attitudes or opinions of people involved in the eruption, such as refugees or aid workers for example.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazards/volcanoes_rev6.shtml 

https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zgh79qt/revision/6

Click here to view http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/A-level/AQA/Year%2013/Plate%20Tectonics/Extra_case_studies/Montserrat.htm As a precaution, Firefly only embeds content that has a certificate to prove it's sent over the web securely.

http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/A-level/AQA/Year%2013/Plate%20Tectonics/Extra_case_studies/Montserrat.htm

Questions :       a. Define i. pyroclastic flows, ii. evacuated, iii. lahar                                                 b. Describe the short-term and long-term responses and results.

Task 3 - Watch the video below and complement your notes with additional information. 

Task 4 - You have been asked to rebuild Montserrat following the volcanic eruption. You have been given £84,000 (£21,000 per year) to spend over 4 years but must make sure you spend it wisely and consider where to put your new facilities on your map. Your teacher will give you a copy of the document below: 

• montserrat restructuring priorities SEN.docx

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Montserrat Case Study

The Montserrat Volcanic eruption happened in July 1997. There had been previous eruptions in 1996 and 1995, but these were only minor eruptions of short pyroclastic flows and ash clouds. 

• Created by: Zoe Susyn
• Created on: 06-04-14 17:40
• Natural hazards

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