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The paramount consideration in the recruitment and selection of UNDP staff members is “the necessity of securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity”, as set forth in Article 101, paragraph 3, of the UN Charter and UN Staff Regulation 4.2.

The recruitment and selection of staff members at UNDP is guided by the following five principles:

• Competition : Selection will follow a visible and fair competitive process for all vacancies.
• Objectivity : Screening is conducted with professional rigor, with candidates measured against clearly articulated criteria, job skills and competencies and corporate priorities.
• Transparency : The recruitment and selection criteria and all phases of recruitment processes are transparent to staff and candidates to the fullest extent possible. 
• Diversity : The United Nations Development Programme is committed to workforce diversity. Women, persons with disabilities, other ethnic or religious minorities, persons living with HIV, as well as refugees and other non-citizens legally entitled to work at UNDP, are particularly encouraged to apply.
• Accountability : Hiring managers are accountable both for their selection proposals and the manner in which they have followed the processes leading up to them.

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UNDP hires personnel through international or local recruitment. It applies several types of contracts depending on a number of criteria, such as legal basis and duration of services. The standard types of contracts are:

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Fixed Term Appointment (FTA) . FTA is concluded for the staff members contracted under Staff Rules. Salary scale for national staff is based on the best prevailing local conditions. Salary scale for international staff is based on the best comparator civil service.

Temporary Appointment (TA) . TA is concluded for the staff members under TA Guidelines. Maximum duration of the contract is 364 days. Salary scale for national staff is based on the best prevailing local conditions; Salary scale for international staff is based on the best comparator civil service.

National Personnel Service Agreement (NPSA).  NPSA   is a   contract modality, established by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), in order to engage the services of individuals to provide a time-limited service to UNDP under a service-based contract. The duration of the NPSA contract is from 1 day to 6 months (short-term contract) or from 6 months-to 1 year (regular contract). The two types of contracts have the flexibility of being both office and/or home-based. 

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Vacancies are posted in UNDPs eRecruitment platform (Oracle). The application is filled in and submitted online.

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IFLA Academic and Research Libraries Section Blog

News from academic and research libraries, facilitating research output in uganda: opportunities and challenges.

General Background: Libraries as innovative and esteemed information producers all over the world have a tremendous impact in the academic and public spheres. In science and technology researchers rely on the librarian’s expertise in organizing, disseminating and archiving their output as a critical element in fostering inclusive participation in the global economy. By comparison, social sciences and humanities research will help reshape the social, economic and political landscape leading to improved service delivery. In Uganda as elsewhere, research output is reliant on the availability of research funding and the constant cultivation of a research culture among academic and research institutions.

Expected role of librarians in the Research Process Librarians should: Facilitate the discovery of content and utilization of information resources Provide expertise on publishing and open access business models Suggest channels to disseminate research output Identify trustworthy environments for researchers to publish Facilitate the development and maintenance of Institutional Repositories (IRs) Provide training to researchers on resource location, literature review and information literacy Facilitate scholarly communication and scientific publishing Implement publisher policies for self-archiving Facilitate subscription and access to electronic resources Steps involved in the creation, publication, dissemination, and discovery of scholarly research follow a lifecycle involving several actors, such as researchers, peer reviewers, librarians, publishers, funders, technologists, RECs, and many more in between data collection and knowledge sharing.

[Hansen, 2018] Science publishing is the gateway to research outcomes. It facilitates results sharing with the academic community and the public, primarily through journal articles and monographs, conference proceedings, working papers, and datasets through libraries.

Librarians’ expertise for evaluation of research impact The research impact is useful for: Accountability – to demonstrate to funders the value of their research investment and enhance the chances for further funding. Understanding – to understand how research leads to impact, and thus ways in which it can be developed to maximize the impact of research findings Performance evaluation – in developing standards for employment, performance evaluation and promotion of researchers. Impact evaluation of research output enables the organization to gain an overall understanding of its performance and monitor how its contributions are disseminated to society. Research impact Assessment

[Research4Life, 2021] Librarians have a special skill set in Bibliometrics and use other indicators for assessing research impact that uses statistical methods to analyze books, articles, and other publications Metrics that are used in research assessment include: Scientometrics – Measures scholarly literature output of science in general, not limited to publications Webometrics (cyber metrics) – Measures quantitative aspects of the construction and use of information resources, innovative data structures, and technologies on the Web Informetrics – Measures production, dissemination, and use of all forms of information, regardless of its form or origin Altimetrics – Measures how datasets are discussed and used around the world – page views/downloads, shares, mentions, bookmarks, applauds, reviews, comments, and reports

A UGANDAN PERSPECTIVE Libraries in Uganda rely on proactive partners, either national or international: National: CUUL, Consortium of Uganda University Libraries RENU, Research and Education Network for Uganda Free Services catalogue ULIA, Uganda Library and Information Association International: AFLIA, African Library & Information Associations & Institutions AHILA, Association of Health Information and Libraries in Africa EIFL, Electronic Information for Libraries IFLA, International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions INASP, International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications SPIDER, Swedish Programme for ICT in Developing Regions Let’s take a deeper look at the major two collaborating networks based in Uganda and focused on research promotion: CUUL – Subscriptions and training, Collaboration and Networking RENU- Bandwidth (Data), Web hosting, Back up, Research discovery tools, training There have been very welcome moves by publishers, vendors and others working with libraries to facilitate access to content for researchers even when library buildings were forced to close due to COVID-19 Pandemic. A key step has been to allow remote access to content that has been restricted to on-site users. For instance, VitalSource has worked with its publisher partners to broaden access to materials using only an email address to log-in, as did ProQuest through eBook Central and Springer through extended log-in periods and Emerald and others through remote access possibilities. Consortium of Uganda University Libraries (CUUL) The Consortium of Uganda University Libraries seeks to facilitate effective and efficient collaboration and resource sharing among uuniversity and Institutional libraries in Uganda in order to strengthen the library services provided to their clients. Key objectives include: Improve the visibility of libraries and mobilize funding for collaboration Help librarians become part of larger national, regional and international conversations Researcher Focused Goals of CUUL: To build the capacity and effectiveness of its member institutions. Enhances access to quality information for learning, teaching and research; and develops resource sharing procedures Improve research generation and publication of its member institutions To advocate for the vital role of libraries in education, research and innovation in Uganda. Strengthen leadership and membership capability related to advocacy Build new and strengthen existing partnerships across a range of sectors, so that CUUL can play a vital bridging role in the knowledge economy In addition, the RENU – CUUL official partnership seeks to: Facilitate Research & Education collaboration Research, cooperation and resource sharing Support Research & Education transformation

Research and Education Network for Uganda Free Services catalogue: The following resources and services are provided to academics free of charge under the RENU framework: Institutional data traffic; IPv4 public addresses + IPv6; Web conferencing; Cybersecurity – RENU CERT reports; SSL Certificates; Network traffic monitoring; Open-source mirror; FileSender; Eduroam – eduVPN; Trainings and workshops; Technicians, researchers and librarians; Resource Discovery Tools. In addition, anti-plagiarism tool Turnitin is subsidized through bulk purchase

[RENU, 2019]

[RENU, 2021] The Availability of Free Research4life Access for Uganda Created with the initiative of UN under Kofi Anan, Research4Life is a public-private partnership of the FAO, WHO, UNEP, WIPO, ILO, Cornell University, Yale University, the International Association of Scientific, Technical & Medical (STM) Publishers and up to 160 international scientific publishers. Research4Life was created to reduce the knowledge gap between high-income countries and low and middle-income countries by providing affordable access to important scientific research. Research4life Project Since 2002, the five programmes – Research in Health (Hinari), Research in Agriculture (AGORA), Research in the Environment (OARE), Research for Development and Innovation (ARDI), and Research for Global Justice (GOALI) – have provided researchers from more than 10,000 institutions in more than 120 low- and middle-income countries with free or low-cost online access to up to 119,000 leading journals and books in the fields of health, agriculture, environment, applied sciences and law. Further information is available at www.research4life.org Here below are a few examples of the rich palette of tools that can be subscribed to by Ugandan librarians and information professionals: Web of Science – the largest citation research engine for acquiring, analyzing, and disseminating global research information; Scopus – Elsevier’s Scopus , the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature; Publons – Tracks research impact – publications, citation metrics, peer reviews and journal editing work, in one place; Reference Managers – Mendeley, Zotero, Endnote; Publisher e-resources Platforms – Wiley, EbscoHost, Emerald, Jstor, Elsevier, IEEE, etc.; Research data repository registry – re3data.org; Antiplagiarism tools – Turnitin.

3. CHALLENGES Several challenges can frustrate the library’s noble duty. Below are some typical obstacles for academic libraries across the world: Budget constraints; Communication about changes within the library; Training and career advancement; Keeping up with changing technical requirements; Virtual storage space and increased need to attain high internet speeds by expanding bandwidth. Understanding research trends and the librarian’s role in the research cycle; Keeping up with policy changes; Managing and Sharing Research Output; Countering the rise of predatory publishers; Conveying the value of librarians to researchers; Beyond these obvious difficulties, the Consortium of Uganda University Libraries (CUUL) has to address specific challenges: Expensive subscriptions to publisher e-resources; High cost of bandwidth for libraries and individuals; Fluctuating subscription timelines by members; Researchers need training and online support; Eifel Funding for Research Repositories ended in 2019; INASP funding for Library Consortiums ended 2019; SIDA funding on e-resources and scholarly communication ended in 2020. Conversely, the future of research in Uganda in our view should entail the following: Improve budgetary allocation for research generation and dissemination; Funding long-term sustainability of CUUL and RENU; Trainings/workshops for researchers and scholars to foster end user engagement; Collaboration between CUUL, RENU, INASP, RAF and other stakeholders Connectivity improvement (International bandwidth and content cloud hosting) through RENU Content development liaison & dissemination of research output with CUUL Better research & publication with Researchers and Academics Forum (RAF) Stronger LinkedIn presence and professional networking of Ugandan researchers Institutional repository development for various institutions with CUUL Subscription to the Web of Science platform

CONCLUSION Facilitated by exponential growth of the global ICT sector and the arrival of the 4th Industrial Revolution in 2015, Librarians and Information professionals in Uganda are quite optimistic about their changing roles in facilitating research output. If research is to thrive and gain international visibility, CUUL and RENU need to exploit all the opportunities including creating lasting partnerships that are readily available and forge new ones that can enable Librarians and Information professional access relevant training, collaborative support and alternative funding hence increasing our potential to provide inclusive services based on global standards.

Further reading: Consortium of Uganda University Libraries: https://cuul.or.ug/index.php/layout/aims-objectives International Federation of Library Associations and institution: https://www.ifla.org/news/libraries-for-human-rights-good-practices-and-key-trends-in-uganda/ International Network for Scientific Publications: https://www.inasp.info/project/improving-organizational-effectiveness-national-library-consortia Research4Life: https://www.research4life.org/wpcontent/uploads/2021/06/20210627_M1_L1.3.EN_.Research4Life-1.pptx; Research4Life: https://www.research4life.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/20210627_M1_L1.2.EN_.Research-Assessment-and-Bibliometrics-1.pptx Research4Life: https://www.research4life.org/about/programs/ Research and Education Network for Uganda: https://www.renu.ac.ug/services.html Hansen, Samuel (2018) Supporting Scholarly Communication

Supporting Scholarly Communication (Part 2)

Andrew Ojulong Senior Librarian | Ag. UL – Lira University, PhD Scholar – College of Computing & Information Science, Makerere University Contact: Mob: +256781308440; Email: [email protected]; Net: www.linkedin.com/in/andrew-ojulong

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Research Assistants (20 Positions) – CoBAMS Makerere University

Job Opportunity: Research Assistant (20 positions)

Department: Department of Population Studies (DPS) School: School of Statistics and Planning (SSP) College: College of Business and Management Sciences (COBAMS) Date: February 08, 2024

Position: Research Assistant (20 positions) Reports to: Field Supervisors/Research Coordinator Duty Station: Kampala Metropolitan Area (Kampala, Mukono, and Wakiso)

About the Project: The Department of Population Studies (DPS) at the School of Statistics and Planning (SSP) is conducting a study on “The Remaking of the Family in East Africa (FamilEA)”. The study aims to map out the shifting family landscape of residents in the Kampala Metropolitan Area, including family networks beyond the study area, termed the family archipelago. It adopts a mixed-method approach to explore family dynamics beyond the household and conjugal family to extended family and family-like relationships.

Key Duties and Responsibilities:

• Participate in training, pre-test activities, and pilot surveys.
• Recruit research participants for the FamilEA survey.
• Administer informed consent forms to all study participants.
• Conduct interviews following research project requirements and ethical considerations.
• Review and submit data for completed interviews for cross-checking and verification.
• Ensure completeness and accuracy of data from study participants.
• Handle study tools and equipment responsibly.
• Submit daily field reports/timesheets.
• Perform other duties related to data collection and management.

Relevant Education Qualifications:

• Bachelor’s degree in Demography, Population Studies, Statistics, Quantitative Economics, Business Statistics, Sociology, Social Sciences, Records and Archives Management, or related discipline. Postgraduate training is an added advantage.

Required Experience & Skills:

• Minimum one (1) year of experience in electronic survey data collection using tablets (Redcap, KoboCollect, ODK, or SurveyCTO).
• Experience working in Kampala Metropolitan Area.
• Fluency in Luganda and English (both written and oral).
• Excellent communication and interpersonal skills.
• Ability to deliver outputs under minimal supervision.
• Good teamwork attributes.
• Adherence to protocols and guidelines for data collection.

Desirable: Knowledge of other languages e.g., Lusoga, Runyakitara, and Luo.

How to Apply: Submit one PDF of the following 4 documents (in the order below):

• Cover letter (signed)
• CV (Maximum 5 pages)
• Copy of degree certificate/transcripts
• Copy of National ID
• The PDF must be named as follows: FirstName_LastName_Research Assistant Application
• Submission email: [email protected]
• Submit by midnight of the 18th February 2024.
• Only shortlisted candidates will be contacted for an interview.

By Tina Emily

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Business R&D Performance in the United States Tops $600 Billion in 2021

September 28, 2023

Funds spent for business R&D performed in the United States, by type of R&D, source of funds, and size of company: 2018–21

i = more than 50% of the estimate is a combination of imputation and reweighting to account for nonresponse.

a Domestic R&D performance is the cost of R&D paid for and performed by the respondent company and paid for by others outside of the company and performed by the respondent company. b R&D comprises creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge and to devise new applications of available knowledge. This includes (1) activities aimed at acquiring new knowledge or understanding without specific immediate commercial applications or uses (basic research), (2) activities aimed at solving a specific problem or meeting a specific commercial objective (applied research), and (3) systematic work, drawing on research and practical experience and resulting in additional knowledge, which is directed to producing new processes or to improving existing products—goods or services—or processes (development). c Includes foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies. d Includes companies located inside and outside the United States; U.S. state government agencies and laboratories; U.S. universities, colleges, and academic researchers; and all other organizations located inside and outside the United States. e Includes only companies with 10 or more domestic employees.

Detail may not add to total because of rounding.

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics and Census Bureau, Business Enterprise Research and Development Survey.

R&D Performance, by Type of R&D, Industry Sector, and Source of Funding

In 2021, of the $602 billion that companies spent on R&D, $40 billion (7%) was spent on basic research, $86 billion (14%) on applied research, and $476 billion (79%) on development ( table 1 ). In 2021, companies in manufacturing industries performed $326 billion (54%) of domestic R&D , defined as R&D performed in the 50 states and Washington, DC ( table 2 ). Most of the funding came from these companies’ own funds (88%). Companies in nonmanufacturing industries performed $276 billion of domestic R&D (46% of total domestic R&D performance), 87% of which was paid for from companies’ own funds.

The U.S. federal government was a large source of external funding for R&D ( also referred to as R&D paid for by others ) across all industries. Of the $75 billion paid for by others, the federal government accounted for $24 billion. Seventy-four percent of federal government funding went to three industry groups: aerospace products and parts (North American Industry Classification System [NAICS] code 3364) ($11 billion), scientific research and development services (NAICS 5417) ($4 billion), and computer and electronic products (NAICS 334) ($3 billion). Companies also received funds from other U.S. companies ($27 billion) and foreign companies—including foreign parent companies of U.S. subsidiaries ($23 billion). Eighteen billion dollars (69%) of all business R&D funded by other U.S. companies was for scientific research and development services (NAICS 5417). The distribution of foreign company R&D funding was spread more broadly across multiple industries ( table 2 ). (See “ Survey Information and Data Availability ” for information on the availability of data tables with full industry detail.)

Funds spent for business R&D performed in the United States, by source of funds, selected industry, and company size: 2021

D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information; i = more than 50% of the estimate is a combination of imputation and reweighting to account for nonresponse; r = relative standard error is more than 50%.

NAICS = North American Industry Classification System; nec = not elsewhere classified.

a All R&D is the cost of R&D paid for and performed by the respondent company and paid for by others outside of the company and performed by the respondent company. b Includes foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies ($32.1 billion). c Includes foreign parent companies of U.S. subsidiaries ($20.8 billion) and unaffiliated companies ($2.5 billion). Excludes funds from foreign subsidiaries to U.S. companies paid for through intercompany transactions ($32.1 billion). d Includes U.S. state government agencies and laboratories ($0.3 billion); U.S. universities, colleges, and academic researchers (< $0.01 billion); and all other organizations located inside ($0.7 billion) and outside the United States (< $0.01 billion). e Includes only companies with 10 or more domestic employees.

Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Industry classification was based on the dominant business code for domestic R&D performance, where available. For companies that did not report business codes, the classification used for sampling was assigned. Statistics are representative of companies located in the United States that performed or funded $50,000 or more of R&D.

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics and Census Bureau, Business Enterprise Research and Development Survey, 2021.

Sales, R&D Intensity, and Employment of Companies That Performed or Funded R&D

U.S. companies that performed or funded R&D reported domestic net sales of $13 trillion in 2021 ( table 3 ). ​ Determining the amount of domestic net sales and operating revenues was left to the reporting company. However, guidance was given to include revenues from foreign operations and subsidiaries and from discontinued operations and to exclude intracompany transfers, returns, allowances, freight charges, and excise, sales, and other revenue-based taxes. For all industries, the R&D intensity (R&D-to-sales ratio) was 4.6%; for manufacturers, 5.0%; and for nonmanufacturers, 4.2%. Manufacturing industries with high levels of R&D intensity in 2021 were pharmaceuticals and medicines (NAICS 3254) (16.1%) and computer and electronic products (NAICS 334) (13.0%). Among the nonmanufacturing industries, industries with high levels of R&D intensity were scientific research and development services (NAICS 5417) (41.2%), software publishers (NAICS 5112) (12.9%), and computer systems design and related services (NAICS 5415) (10.2%).

Businesses that performed or funded R&D employed 23.7 million people in the United States in 2021 ( table 3 ). ​ Employment statistics in this InfoBrief are headcounts unless they are designated as full-time equivalent (FTE) estimates. R&D employees include researchers (defined as R&D scientists and engineers and their managers) and the technicians, technologists, and support staff members who work on R&D or who provide direct support to R&D activities. Approximately 2.1 million (9%) were business R&D employees. ​ The number of persons employed who were assigned full time to R&D plus a prorated number of employees who worked on R&D only part of the time was 1.9 million FTEs, of which 1.3 million FTEs were R&D researchers.

Of the 2.1 million people working on R&D in companies that performed or funded business R&D in 2021, 1.5 million were men and 0.6 million were women; 48% of the men and 45% of the women worked in manufacturing industries ( table 4 ). Researchers—that is, scientists, engineers, and their managers—accounted for 1.4 million of the 2.1 million R&D workers (67%). Of the R&D workers, 130,000 (9%) held PhD degrees. R&D technicians numbered 501,000, and 205,000 were grouped as other supporting staff.

Sales, R&D, R&D intensity, and employment for companies that performed or funded business R&D in the United States, by selected industry and company size: 2021

a Dollar values are for goods sold or services rendered by R&D-performing or R&D-funding companies located in the United States to customers outside of the company, including the U.S. federal government, foreign customers, and the company's foreign subsidiaries. Included are revenues from a company’s foreign operations and subsidiaries and from discontinued operations. If a respondent company is owned by a foreign parent company, sales to the parent company and to affiliates not owned by the respondent company are included. Excluded are intracompany transfers, returns, allowances, freight charges, and excise, sales, and other revenue-based taxes. b All R&D is the cost of R&D paid for and performed by the respondent company and paid for by others outside of the company and performed by the respondent company. c R&D intensity is the cost of domestic R&D paid for by the respondent company and others outside of the company and performed by the company divided by domestic net sales of companies that performed or funded R&D. d Data recorded on 12 March represent employment figures for the year. e Headcounts of researchers, R&D managers, technicians, clerical staff, and others assigned to R&D groups. f Includes only companies with 10 or more domestic employees.

Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Industry classification was based on the dominant business code for domestic R&D performance, where available. For companies that did not report business codes, the classification used for sampling was assigned.

Domestic employment, R&D employment by sex and work activity, R&D researchers by level of education, and full-time equivalent researcher employment for companies that performed or funded business R&D in the United States, by industrial sector: 2021

NAICS = North American Industry Classification System.

a Data recorded on 12 March represent employment figures for the year. b Includes R&D scientists and engineers and their managers. c Includes clerical staff and others assigned to R&D groups. d The number of persons employed who were assigned full time to R&D, plus a prorated number of employees who worked on R&D only part of the time.

Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Industry classification was based on the dominant business code for domestic R&D performance, where available. For companies that did not report business codes, the classification used for sampling was assigned. Excludes data for federally funded research and development centers. Also available in the full set of data tables are statistics on domestic R&D employment, by state; foreign R&D personnel headcounts, by country; and headcounts of leased (i.e., external) R&D personnel, by function.

R&D Performance, by Company Size

Small- and medium-sized companies (10–249 domestic employees) performed 9.8% of the nation’s total business R&D in 2021 ( table 3 ). Frascati Manual ; see Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2015. Frascati Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development. The Measurement of Scientific, Technological, and Innovation Activities . Paris: OECD Publishing. Available at https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en . Anderson and Kindlon (2019) provide estimates of R&D performance and employment using these new classifications over 2008–15. The authors also compare the trends to those observed in SIRD for the time prior to 2008. The ABS, also cosponsored by NCSES and the Census Bureau, collects R&D data from companies with fewer than 10 employees for 2017 and beyond. See Anderson G, Kindlon A; NCSES. 2019. Indicators of R&D in Small Businesses: Data from the 2009–15 Business R&D and Innovation Survey . InfoBrief NSF 19-316. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2019/nsf19316/ ." data-bs-content="Company size classifications changed for 2017 and subsequent years in response to the revised Frascati Manual ; see Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2015. Frascati Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development. The Measurement of Scientific, Technological, and Innovation Activities . Paris: OECD Publishing. Available at https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en . Anderson and Kindlon (2019) provide estimates of R&D performance and employment using these new classifications over 2008–15. The authors also compare the trends to those observed in SIRD for the time prior to 2008. The ABS, also cosponsored by NCSES and the Census Bureau, collects R&D data from companies with fewer than 10 employees for 2017 and beyond. See Anderson G, Kindlon A; NCSES. 2019. Indicators of R&D in Small Businesses: Data from the 2009–15 Business R&D and Innovation Survey . InfoBrief NSF 19-316. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2019/nsf19316/ ." data-endnote-uuid="bbd761ec-4ed8-45ec-810e-9b53647fe422">​ Company size classifications changed for 2017 and subsequent years in response to the revised Frascati Manual ; see Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2015. Frascati Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development. The Measurement of Scientific, Technological, and Innovation Activities . Paris: OECD Publishing. Available at https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en . Anderson and Kindlon (2019) provide estimates of R&D performance and employment using these new classifications over 2008–15. The authors also compare the trends to those observed in SIRD for the time prior to 2008. The ABS, also cosponsored by NCSES and the Census Bureau, collects R&D data from companies with fewer than 10 employees for 2017 and beyond. See Anderson G, Kindlon A; NCSES. 2019. Indicators of R&D in Small Businesses: Data from the 2009–15 Business R&D and Innovation Survey . InfoBrief NSF 19-316. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2019/nsf19316/ . For these companies as a group, the R&D intensity was 8.8%. These companies accounted for 5% of sales and employed 7% of the 23.7 million employees who worked for R&D-performing or R&D-funding companies. They employed 18% of the 2.1 million employees engaged in business R&D in the United States.

Large companies with 250–24,999 domestic employees performed 52% of the nation’s total business R&D in 2021, and their R&D intensity was 4.7%. They accounted for 51% of sales, employed 42% of those who worked for R&D-performing or R&D-funding companies, and employed 51% of R&D employees in the United States.

The largest companies (25,000 or more domestic employees) performed 38% of the nation’s total business R&D in 2021, and their R&D intensity was 4.0%. They accounted for 44% of sales, employed 51% of those who worked for R&D-performing or R&D-funding companies, and employed 31% of business R&D employees in the United States.

R&D Performance, by State

In 2021, of the $602 billion of R&D performed in the United States, businesses in California alone accounted for 35.1% ( table 5 ). Other states with large amounts of business R&D were Washington (8.1% of the national total in 2021), Massachusetts (6.6%), Texas (4.7%), New York (4.4%), and New Jersey (4.2%). Over Half of U.S. Business R&D Performed in 10 Metropolitan Areas in 2015 . InfoBrief NSF 19-322. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2019/nsf19322/ . Also see Shackelford B, Wolfe R; NCSES. 2020. Businesses Performed 60% of Their U.S. R&D in 10 Metropolitan Areas in 2018 . InfoBrief NSF 21-331. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf21331 . Information and statistics on U.S. state trends in R&D, science and engineering education, workforce, patents and publications, and knowledge-intensive industries is also available in the Science and Engineering State Indicators data tool at https://ncses.nsf.gov/indicators/states ." data-bs-content="In addition to statistics for all states and for all states by industry, below-state level statistics are available in the full set of data tables and in other InfoBriefs; see Shackelford B, Wolfe R; NCSES. 2019. Over Half of U.S. Business R&D Performed in 10 Metropolitan Areas in 2015 . InfoBrief NSF 19-322. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2019/nsf19322/ . Also see Shackelford B, Wolfe R; NCSES. 2020. Businesses Performed 60% of Their U.S. R&D in 10 Metropolitan Areas in 2018 . InfoBrief NSF 21-331. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf21331 . Information and statistics on U.S. state trends in R&D, science and engineering education, workforce, patents and publications, and knowledge-intensive industries is also available in the Science and Engineering State Indicators data tool at https://ncses.nsf.gov/indicators/states ." data-endnote-uuid="8051c6cd-6983-4989-9a6c-bbc5713eaaa4">​ In addition to statistics for all states and for all states by industry, below-state level statistics are available in the full set of data tables and in other InfoBriefs; see Shackelford B, Wolfe R; NCSES. 2019. Over Half of U.S. Business R&D Performed in 10 Metropolitan Areas in 2015 . InfoBrief NSF 19-322. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2019/nsf19322/ . Also see Shackelford B, Wolfe R; NCSES. 2020. Businesses Performed 60% of Their U.S. R&D in 10 Metropolitan Areas in 2018 . InfoBrief NSF 21-331. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf21331 . Information and statistics on U.S. state trends in R&D, science and engineering education, workforce, patents and publications, and knowledge-intensive industries is also available in the Science and Engineering State Indicators data tool at https://ncses.nsf.gov/indicators/states .

Funds spent for business R&D performed in the United States, by state and source of funds: 2021

a All R&D is the cost of domestic R&D paid for by the respondent company and others outside of the company and performed by the respondent company. b Includes data reported that were not allocated to a specific state by multi-establishment companies. For single-establishment companies, data reported were allocated to the state in the address used to mail the survey form.

Capital Expenditures

Companies that performed or funded R&D in the United States in 2021 spent $793 billion on capital, that is, assets with expected useful lives of more than 1 year ( table 6 ). Of this amount, $53 billion (7%) was for assets used for domestic R&D operations (i.e., land acquisitions, buildings and land improvement, equipment, capitalized software, and other assets). Companies in manufacturing industries spent $28 billion on capital for domestic R&D, and companies in nonmanufacturing industries spent $24 billion. Industries with high levels of capital expenditures on assets used for domestic R&D in 2021 were pharmaceuticals and medicines (NAICS 3254) ($7.5 billion, or 14% of national capital expenditures on assets used for R&D) and semiconductor and other electronic products (NAICS 3344) ($5 billion, or 9%). Among all types of capital assets, manufacturing industries spent the most on equipment ($15 billion, or 53% of total capital assets used for domestic R&D), and nonmanufacturing industries disbursed the most on capitalized software ($13.7 billion, or 56%).

Capital expenditures in the United States, total and used for domestic R&D, by type of expenditure, industry, and company size: 2021

* = amount < $500,000; i = more than 50% of the estimate is a combination of imputation and reweighting to account for nonresponse; r = relative standard error is more than 50%.

a Domestic R&D is the R&D paid for by the respondent company and others outside of the company and performed by the company. b Capital expenditures are payments by a business for assets that usually have a useful life of more than 1 year. The value of assets acquired or improved through capital expenditures is recorded on a company’s balance sheet. BERD Survey statistics exclude the cost of assets acquired through mergers and acquisitions. c Capital expenditures for long-lived assets used in a company’s R&D operations are not included in its R&D expense, but any depreciation recorded for those assets is included in its R&D expense. For 2021, depreciation associated with domestic R&D paid for and performed by the company was $18.4 billion and with domestic R&D performed by the company and paid for by others was $2.7 billion. d Includes the cost of purchased or improved buildings and other facilities that are fixed to the land. e Includes the cost of other capital expenditures, including purchased patents and other intangible assets, and expenditures not distributed among the categories shown. f Includes only companies with 10 or more domestic employees.

Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Industry classification was based on dominant business code for domestic R&D performance, where available. For companies that did not report business codes, the classification used for sampling was assigned. An estimate range may be displayed in place of a single estimate to avoid disclosing operations of individual companies.

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics and U.S. Census Bureau, Business Enterprise Research and Development Survey, 2021.

Survey Information and Data Availability

The sample for the BERD Survey was selected to represent all for-profit, nonfarm companies that were publicly or privately held, had 10 or more employees in the United States, and performed or funded R&D either domestically or abroad. The estimates in this InfoBrief are based on responses from a sample of the population and may differ from actual values because of sampling variability or other factors. As a result, apparent differences between the estimates for two or more groups may not be statistically significant. All comparative statements in this InfoBrief have undergone statistical testing and are significant at the 90% confidence level unless otherwise noted. The variances of estimates in this report were calculated using design-based formulas. Also, because the statistics from the survey are based on a sample, they are subject to both sampling and nonsampling errors. (See the 2021 “Technical Notes” at https://ncses.nsf.gov/surveys/business-enterprise-research-development/ .) ​ The Census Bureau reviewed the information in this InfoBrief for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and approved the disclosure avoidance practices applied (Project No. P-7504682, Disclosure Review Board (DRB) approval number: CBDRB-FY23-0161).

Beginning in survey year 2018, companies that performed or funded less than $50,000 of R&D were excluded from tabulation.

In this InfoBrief, money amounts are expressed in current U.S. dollars and are not adjusted for inflation. A company is defined as a business organization located in the United States, either U.S. owned or a U.S. affiliate of a foreign parent company, of one or more establishments under common ownership or control.

For 2020, a total of 47,500 companies were sampled to represent the population of 1,140,000 companies; for 2021, a total of 47,500 companies were sampled, representing 1,137,000 companies. The actual numbers of reporting units in the sample that remained within the scope of the survey between sample selection and tabulation were 44,500 for 2020 and 44,000 for 2021. These lower counts represent the number of reporting units that were determined to be within the scope of the survey after all data collected were processed. Reasons for the reduced counts include mergers, acquisitions, and instances where companies had fewer than 10 employees in the United States or had gone out of business in the interim. Of these in-scope reporting units, 67% were considered to have met the criteria for a complete response to the 2020 survey; 69% fulfilled the 2021 complete response criteria. Coverage of the previous year’s known positive R&D stratum for 2020 was 92%; the coverage rate for 2021 was also 92%. Industry classification was based on the dominant business activity for domestic R&D performance, where available. For reporting units that did not report business activity codes for R&D, the classification used for sampling was assigned.

The estimation methodology for state estimates in the BERD Survey takes the form of a hybrid estimator, combining the unweighted reported amount, by state, with a weighted amount apportioned (or raked) across states with relevant industrial activity. The hybrid estimator smooths the estimate over states with R&D activity, by industry, and accounts for real observed change within a state. Table 5 shows the adjusted state estimates after this estimation methodology was applied.

The full set of data tables from the 2021 survey will be available at the BERD Survey page . Individual data tables and tables with relative standard errors and imputation rates from the 2021 survey are available from the author in advance of the full release. To minimize reporting burden, survey items are rotated on and off the survey on an odd- and even-numbered year schedule. Statistics on patents, intellectual property, and technology transfer activities were rotated off the survey for 2021. Items rotated on the survey for 2021 include questions on R&D performed by others by type of performer, federal R&D by government agency, and R&D by application area.

The BERD Survey contains confidential data that are protected under Title 13 and Title 26 of the U.S. Code. Restricted microdata can be accessed at the secure Federal Statistical Research Data Centers (FSRDCs) administered by the Census Bureau. FSRDCs are partnerships between federal statistical agencies and leading research institutions. FSRDCs provide secure environments supporting qualified researchers using restricted-access data while protecting respondent confidentiality. Researchers interested in using the microdata can submit a proposal to the Census Bureau, which evaluates proposals based on their benefit to the Census Bureau, scientific merit, feasibility, and risk of disclosure. To learn more about the FSRDCs and how to apply, please visit https://www.census.gov/about/adrm/fsrdc.html .

Suggested Citation

Britt R; National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES). 2023. Business R&D Performance in the United States Tops $600 Billion in 2021 . NSF 23-350. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at http://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf23350 .

1 NSF has cosponsored an annual business R&D survey since 1953. The Survey of Industrial Research and Development (SIRD) collected data for 1953–2007, and its successor, the Business R&D and Innovation Survey (BRDIS), collected data for 2008–16. Beginning with 2017, the collection of innovation data was moved to the Annual Business Survey (ABS), another survey cosponsored with the Census Bureau, and BRDIS became the Business Research and Development Survey (BRDS). Beginning with 2019, the business R&D data collection reported here was renamed the Business Enterprise Research and Development (BERD) Survey for international comparability.

2 Determining the amount of domestic net sales and operating revenues was left to the reporting company. However, guidance was given to include revenues from foreign operations and subsidiaries and from discontinued operations and to exclude intracompany transfers, returns, allowances, freight charges, and excise, sales, and other revenue-based taxes.

3 Employment statistics in this InfoBrief are headcounts unless they are designated as full-time equivalent (FTE) estimates. R&D employees include researchers (defined as R&D scientists and engineers and their managers) and the technicians, technologists, and support staff members who work on R&D or who provide direct support to R&D activities.

4 The number of persons employed who were assigned full time to R&D plus a prorated number of employees who worked on R&D only part of the time was 1.9 million FTEs, of which 1.3 million FTEs were R&D researchers.

5 Company size classifications changed for 2017 and subsequent years in response to the revised Frascati Manual ; see Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2015. Frascati Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development. The Measurement of Scientific, Technological, and Innovation Activities . Paris: OECD Publishing. Available at https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en . Anderson and Kindlon (2019) provide estimates of R&D performance and employment using these new classifications over 2008–15. The authors also compare the trends to those observed in SIRD for the time prior to 2008. The ABS, also cosponsored by NCSES and the Census Bureau, collects R&D data from companies with fewer than 10 employees for 2017 and beyond. See Anderson G, Kindlon A; NCSES. 2019. Indicators of R&D in Small Businesses: Data from the 2009–15 Business R&D and Innovation Survey . InfoBrief NSF 19-316. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2019/nsf19316/ .

6 In addition to statistics for all states and for all states by industry, below-state level statistics are available in the full set of data tables and in other InfoBriefs; see Shackelford B, Wolfe R; NCSES. 2019. Over Half of U.S. Business R&D Performed in 10 Metropolitan Areas in 2015 . InfoBrief NSF 19-322. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2019/nsf19322/ . Also see Shackelford B, Wolfe R; NCSES. 2020. Businesses Performed 60% of Their U.S. R&D in 10 Metropolitan Areas in 2018 . InfoBrief NSF 21-331. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. Available at https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf21331 . Information and statistics on U.S. state trends in R&D, science and engineering education, workforce, patents and publications, and knowledge-intensive industries is also available in the Science and Engineering State Indicators data tool at https://ncses.nsf.gov/indicators/states .

7 The Census Bureau reviewed the information in this InfoBrief for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and approved the disclosure avoidance practices applied (Project No. P-7504682, Disclosure Review Board (DRB) approval number: CBDRB-FY23-0161).

Report Author

Ronda Britt Survey Manager NCSES Tel: (703) 292-7765 E-mail: [email protected]

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences National Science Foundation 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Suite W14200 Alexandria, VA 22314 Tel: (703) 292-8780 FIRS: (800) 877-8339 TDD: (800) 281-8749 E-mail: [email protected]

Source Data & Analysis

Data Tables (NSF 23-351)

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Research Billing Charge Review Analyst - Remote - 127813

Job description, #127813 research billing charge review analyst - remote.

UCSD Layoff from Career Appointment : Apply by 2/15/24 for consideration with preference for rehire. All layoff applicants should contact their Employment Advisor.

Special Selection Applicants : Apply by 02/27/24. Eligible Special Selection clients should contact their Disability Counselor for assistance.

Candidates hired into this position may have the ability to work remotely.

DESCRIPTION

UC San Diego Health's Revenue Cycle department supports the organization's mission to deliver outstanding patient care and to create a healthier world - one life at a time. We are a diverse, patient-focused, high-performing team with a commitment to quality, collaboration, and continuous improvement that enables us to deliver the maximum standard of care to our patients. We offer challenging career opportunities in a fast-paced and innovative environment and we embrace individuals who demonstrate a deep passion for problem-solving and customer service.

The Clinical Research Charge Review Analyst will promote and facilitate a culture of financial solvency and compliance through accurate and timely clinical charge review (both technical and professional) for all study participants involved in clinical research activities at UCSD and includes mixed billed services(standard of care and research). This involves using research billing documentation< Epic EMR and/or Velos CTMS to support the clinical research revenue cycle. This includes, but is not limited to, comparing charges to the charge router, internal documentation and seeking concurrence from research staff and physicians to confirm accurate charge posting. Reviews clinical research protocols and determines whether the charges meet the necessary criteria for billing of routine costs to the patient/insurance.

Analyzes and interprets governmental and commercial payer guidelines in conjunction with the study documentation to determine the appropriate payer for each test/procedure required by the research protocol. Maintains up-to-date knowledge on Medicare, Medicaid, and other regulatory requirements pertaining to accepted coverage, billing, and reimbursement policies and standards. Reviews study documentation, medical records, and study coverage analysis grid to appropriately segregate research charges from charges billable to the patient/insurance once the patient visit has been completed and charges appear in the electronic health record billing system. Acts as an expert resource for preparation of claims for patients participating in research studies. Reviews protocol amendments to determine whether changes to the study billing grids will result in rebilling.

Facilitates change in the research revenue cycle process and related interfaces through communication with study teams, clinical departments, revenue integrity/charge description master, finance, information services, compliance, physician group and patient financial services to ensure the integrity and accuracy of medical records and hospital/physician bills.Communicates relevant governmental and commercial policy rules to study teams and appropriate service lines for reimbursement of coverage for services on research patients. Provides education, feedback, and clinical expertise to study teams and clinical departments to ensure consistency and accuracy in research charging and billing process. Collaborates with appropriate personnel to identify and remedy issues with particular studies and/or patient bills. Works with appropriate personnel to manage and appeal rejections/denials on clinical research patients. Incorporates knowledge gained from such activities to enhance front-end processes. Independently works on additional projects as requested.

MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS

Seven (7) years of related experience, education/training, OR a Bachelor’s degree in related area plus three (3) years of related experience/training. Related experience: clinical research billing, research administration(grants and contracts) or research compliance.

Experience and proven success in billing and / or collections processes, concepts, systems and external regulations. Knowledge of medical terminology and coding

PREFERRED QUALIFICATIONS

HFMA Certified Revenue Cycle Representative (CRCR) highly desired.

AAPC or AHIMA coding certification highly desired.

Lean Six Sigma Green Belt or higher highly desired.

Two (2) years of work experience in healthcare finance (patient billing, collections, account reconciliations, etc.).

Knowledge and experience with aspects of third party reimbursement (Medicare, Blue Cross, Medicaid).

Working knowledge of medical terminology.

Demonstrated accuracy and precision, attention to detail, and exceptional organizational skills are essential.

Ability to interpret research protocol information highly.

Ability to manage large quantities of data in a manner which facilitates sharing of information.

Ability to handle high volume of work with changing priorities and constant interruptions and establish priorities and deadlines.

SPECIAL CONDITIONS

Must be able to work various hours and locations based on business needs.

Employment is subject to a criminal background check and pre-employment physical.

Pay Transparency Act

Annual Full Pay Range: $61,800 - $108,000 (will be prorated if the appointment percentage is less than 100%)

Hourly Equivalent: $29.60 - $51.72

Factors in determining the appropriate compensation for a role include experience, skills, knowledge, abilities, education, licensure and certifications, and other business and organizational needs. The Hiring Pay Scale referenced in the job posting is the budgeted salary or hourly range that the University reasonably expects to pay for this position. The Annual Full Pay Range may be broader than what the University anticipates to pay for this position, based on internal equity, budget, and collective bargaining agreements (when applicable).

If employed by the University of California, you will be required to comply with our Policy on Vaccination Programs, which may be amended or revised from time to time. Federal, state, or local public health directives may impose additional requirements. If applicable, life-support certifications (BLS, NRP, ACLS, etc.) must include hands-on practice and in-person skills assessment; online-only certification is not acceptable.

UC San Diego Health is the only academic health system in the San Diego region, providing leading-edge care in patient care, biomedical research, education, and community service. Our facilities include two university hospitals, a National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, Shiley Eye Institute, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, the only Burn Center in the county, and and dozens of outpatient clinics. We invite you to join our team!

Applications/Resumes are accepted for current job openings only. For full consideration on any job, applications must be received prior to the initial closing date. If a job has an extended deadline, applications/resumes will be considered during the extension period; however, a job may be filled before the extended date is reached.

To foster the best possible working and learning environment, UC San Diego strives to cultivate a rich and diverse environment, inclusive and supportive of all students, faculty, staff and visitors. For more information, please visit UC San Diego Principles of Community .

UC San Diego is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, disability, age or protected veteran status.

For the University of California’s Affirmative Action Policy please visit: https://policy.ucop.edu/doc/4010393/PPSM-20 For the University of California’s Anti-Discrimination Policy, please visit: https://policy.ucop.edu/doc/1001004/Anti-Discrimination

UC San Diego is a smoke and tobacco free environment. Please visit smokefree.ucsd.edu for more information.

UC San Diego Health maintains a marijuana and drug free environment. Employees may be subject to drug screening.

Application Instructions

Please click on the link below to apply for this position. A new window will open and direct you to apply at our corporate careers page. We look forward to hearing from you!

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Posted : 4/26/2024

Job Reference # : 127813

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2023 saw some of the biggest, hardest-fought labor disputes in recent decades

The nearly four-month actors’ strike against major Hollywood production studios in 2023 was the second-largest labor dispute in the United States in at least three decades, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of federal data through Nov. 30.

By the time the strike by the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) ended on Nov. 8, it had idled 160,000 workers for 82 workdays. That resulted in 13,120,000 “days idle,” a metric that the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) uses to describe the impact of work stoppages.

Given the spate of high-profile labor disputes in 2023 and what’s been reported as unions’ greater willingness to confront management , we wanted to take a closer look at the history of labor actions in the United States.

Our source for this analysis was the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics’ database of “major work stoppages,” which has summary figures starting in 1947 and detailed monthly information about individual stoppages since 1993. The agency defines as “major” any work stoppage that involves at least 1,000 workers and lasts at least one full shift during the work week. (The term “work stoppage” encompasses both strikes by workers and lockouts by management. The workers involved may or may not be unionized.)

Unless the context indicates otherwise, all of the analyses in this post are based on stoppages beginning in a given calendar year, rather than all stoppages in effect during a calendar year.

When calculating total days idled, the BLS counts only days that employees are normally scheduled to work (Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays) but don’t work due to a stoppage. The agency adjusts its calculations if the number of workers involved changes during a stoppage.

Since 1993, when the BLS began keeping detailed monthly statistics on major work stoppages, the only labor dispute to have a greater impact was a strike over actors’ pay for appearing in commercials by the then-separate SAG and AFTRA in 2000. (The two unions merged in 2012.) That strike, against the American Association of Advertising Agencies and the Association of National Advertisers, lasted nearly six months, resulting in 17.3 million days idle and, reportedly, considerable bitterness and division among union members .

Beyond the SAG-AFTRA strike, 2023 was the most active year overall for major labor disputes in more than two decades, according to our analysis of BLS data on major work stoppages. The BLS defines major stoppages as those involving 1,000 or more workers and lasting at least one full shift during the Monday-Friday work week.

Through the end of November, 30 major stoppages had begun in 2023 – the most of any year since 2000. The 2023 stoppages involved a total of 464,410 workers, the second-most since 1986. And several of last year’s stoppages lasted long enough to generate 16.7 million total days idle, more than any year since 2000.

Besides the SAG-AFTRA strike, other significant stoppages last year included:

• The Writers Guild strike against the same group of production companies (11,500 workers idled for 102 workdays; 1,173,000 days idle)
• The United Auto Workers strike against Ford, General Motors, Mack Trucks and Stellantis (53,700 workers, 43 workdays, 925,900 days idle)
• A strike by a coalition of unions against health care company Kaiser Permanente (75,600 workers, three workdays, 226,800 days idle)

While 2023 stands out against the past few decades for its labor strife, it appears less turbulent if one goes back further in U.S. history.

From 1947, the earliest year for which the BLS provides comparable annual data on major work stoppages, through the 1970s, the U.S. routinely experienced hundreds of stoppages a year. Hundreds of thousands or even millions of workers were involved.

The peak was arguably in 1952, when there were 470 major work stoppages involving more than 2.7 million workers. Those stoppages created 48.8 million days idle, the third-most on record. (The top year for days idle was 1959, with 60.9 million, but there were fewer major stoppages that year and fewer workers were involved.)

Whether measured by raw numbers, workers involved or days idle, major work stoppages generally became less common after about 1980 – though not without occasional upsurges. The U.S. economy grew away from its heavily unionized manufacturing sectors , and the federal government under then-President Ronald Reagan turned hostile to organized labor . In 2009, for instance, only five major work stoppages took place, involving a total of just 12,500 workers.

In more recent years, relatively few major stoppages have occurred in traditional manufacturing sectors. From January 2018 through November 2023, just 13 out of 122 major stoppages (11%) involved manufacturing. That compares with 77 out of 176 (44%) between 1993 and 1997.

Instead, major work stoppages in recent years have tended to occurr in two service sectors: education and health care. Nearly two-thirds (65%, or 79 out of 122) of all major stoppages that began between January 2018 and November 2023 were in those two sectors.

The information sector has also seen notable labor actions in recent years. For instance, before the SAG-AFTRA strikes, there was a six-week strike against Verizon in 2016 (36,500 workers involved, 1.2 million days idle) and a strike by 1,800 electrical workers against cable-television giant Charter Communications that started in 2017 and lasted over five years .

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Drew DeSilver is a senior writer at Pew Research Center

A look at small businesses in the U.S.

Majorities of adults see decline of union membership as bad for the u.s. and working people, a look at black-owned businesses in the u.s., from businesses and banks to colleges and churches: americans’ views of u.s. institutions, older workers are growing in number and earning higher wages, most popular.

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