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Effect of operating temperature on the performance of expansion joints between tube and tube plate

• Original Article
• Published: 18 April 2024
• Volume 38 , pages 1813–1822, ( 2024 )

Cite this article

• Guojie Han 1 ,
• Yingying Zhang 1 ,
• Qiang Ji 2 &
• Jijiao Tong 1  

The strength of the joint between the heat exchange tube and the tube plate affects the performance and operation cycle of the heat exchanger. Different expansion processes were adopted for same material Q345R+10# and dissimilar materials Q345R+S30403 joints, respectively, in order to verify the performance of the joint under frequent heating and cooling during actual operation. Through theoretical calculation of expansion pressure, the same expansion pressure and similar expansion degree were applied to each group of joint specimens, and the pull-off stress of Q345R+10# joints of the same material at room temperature, 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C was compared, as well as the sealing and pull-off stress of Q345R+10# and Q345R+S30403 joints before and after thermal vibration. This paper mainly introduces the expansion process of the joints between heat exchanger tubes and tube plate. Mechanical and hydraulic tube expansion machines were used for tube expansion experiments, and the joint specimens were treated with heat treatment and thermal vibration to simulate the operating temperature of the equipment. The expansion quality and expansion performance of the joint were analyzed to determine the optimal expansion pressure, and the sealing performance and tensile resistance of the joint were tested, so as to provide a reference for the processing and manufacturing of the joint between the heat exchanger tube and tube plate similar to the heat exchanger.

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Acknowledgments

This work is supported by talent scientific research fund of LIAONING PETROCHEMICAL UNIVERSITY (No. 2023XJJL-003).

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School of Mechanical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun, China

Guojie Han, Yingying Zhang & Jijiao Tong

Fushun Chemical Machinery Equipment Manufacturing Co., LTD, Fushun, China

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Correspondence to Yingying Zhang .

Additional information

Guojie Han is currently an M.E. student in Mechanical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun, China. His interest is in the development of energy efficient heat transfer equipment.

Yingying Zhang is currently an Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun, China. She received her Ph.D. in Materials Processing Engineering from Shenyang University of Technology in 2022. Her research interests include the research and development of efficient energy-saving heat exchange equipment, high-performance material welding, and welding materials research and manufacturing.

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Han, G., Zhang, Y., Ji, Q. et al. Effect of operating temperature on the performance of expansion joints between tube and tube plate. J Mech Sci Technol 38 , 1813–1822 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-024-0315-6

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Received : 16 July 2023

Revised : 30 December 2023

Accepted : 14 January 2024

Published : 18 April 2024

Issue Date : April 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-024-0315-6

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Wind Turbine Power Production Estimation for Better Financial Agreements , Shanon Fan, Mechanical Engineering

Finite Element Analysis of Impact and Cohesion of Cold Sprayed Particles onto Non-Planar Surfaces , Zhongkui Liu, Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Design and Analysis: High-Precision Microcontact Printhead for Roll-to-Roll Printing of Flexible Electronics , Mehdi Riza, Mechanical Engineering

Jet Breakup Dynamics of Inkjet Printing Fluids , Kashyap Sundara Rajan, Mechanical Engineering

Ground Source Heat Pumps: Considerations for Large Facilities in Massachusetts , Eric Wagner, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2020 2020

Modeling of Electrical Grid Systems to Evaluate Sustainable Electricity Generation in Pakistan , Muhammad Mustafa Amjad, Mechanical Engineering

A Study on Latent Thermal Energy Storage (LTES) using Phase Change Materials (PCMs) 2020 , Ritvij Dixit, Mechanical Engineering

SunDown: Model-driven Per-Panel Solar Anomaly Detection for Residential Arrays , Menghong Feng, Mechanical Engineering

Nozzle Clogging Prevention and Analysis in Cold Spray , Alden Foelsche, Mechanical Engineering

Short Term Energy Forecasting for a Microgird Load using LSTM RNN , Akhil Soman, Mechanical Engineering

Optimization of Thermal Energy Storage Sizing Using Thermodynamic Analysis , Andrew Villanueva, Mechanical Engineering

Fabrication of Binder-Free Electrodes Based on Graphene Oxide with CNT for Decrease of Resistance , Di Zhang, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2019 2019

Computational Fluid Dynamics Models of Electromagnetic Levitation Experiments in Reduced Gravity , Gwendolyn Bracker, Mechanical Engineering

Forecasting the Cost of Electricity Generated by Offshore Wind Turbines , Timothy Costa, Mechanical Engineering

Optical-Fiber-Based Laser-Induced Cavitation for Dynamic Mechanical Characterization of Soft Materials , Qian Feng, Mechanical Engineering

On the Fuel Spray Applications of Multi-Phase Eulerian CFD Techniques , Gabriel Lev Jacobsohn, Mechanical Engineering

Topology Network Optimization of Facility Planning and Design Problems , Ravi Ratan Raj Monga, Mechanical Engineering

The Promise of VR Headsets: Validation of a Virtual Reality Headset-Based Driving Simulator for Measuring Drivers’ Hazard Anticipation Performance , Ganesh Pai Mangalore, Mechanical Engineering

Ammonia Production from a Non-Grid Connected Floating Offshore Wind-Farm: A System-Level Techno-Economic Review , Vismay V. Parmar, Mechanical Engineering

Calculation of Scalar Isosurface Area and Applications , Kedar Prashant Shete, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2018 2018

Electroplating of Copper on Tungsten Powder , Richard Berdos, Mechanical Engineering

A NUMERICAL FLUTTER PREDICTOR FOR 3D AIRFOILS USING THE ONERA DYNAMIC STALL MODEL , Pieter Boersma, Mechanical Engineering

Streamwise Flow-Induced Oscillations of Bluff Bodies - The Influence of Symmetry Breaking , Tyler Gurian, Mechanical Engineering

Thermal Radiation Measurement and Development of Tunable Plasmonic Thermal Emitter Using Strain-induced Buckling in Metallic Layers , Amir Kazemi-Moridani, Mechanical Engineering

Restructuring Controllers to Accommodate Plant Nonlinearities , Kushal Sahare, Mechanical Engineering

Application and Evaluation of Lighthouse Technology for Precision Motion Capture , Soumitra Sitole, Mechanical Engineering

High Strain Rate Dynamic Response of Aluminum 6061 Micro Particles at Elevated Temperatures and Varying Oxide Thicknesses of Substrate Surface , Carmine Taglienti, Mechanical Engineering

The Effects of Mechanical Loading and Tumor Factors on Osteocyte Dendrite Formation , Wenbo Wang, Mechanical Engineering

Microenvironment Regulates Fusion of Breast Cancer Cells , Peiran Zhu, Mechanical Engineering

Design for Sustainability through a Life Cycle Assessment Conceptual Framework Integrated within Product Lifecycle Management , Renpeng Zou, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2017 2017

Improving the Efficiency of Wind Farm Turbines using External Airfoils , Shujaut Bader, Mechanical Engineering

Evaluation Of Impedance Control On A Powered Hip Exoskeleton , Punith condoor, Mechanical Engineering

Experimental Study on Viscoelastic Fluid-Structure Interactions , Anita Anup Dey, Mechanical Engineering

BMI, Tumor Lesion and Probability of Femur Fracture: a Probabilistic Biomechanics Approach , Zhi Gao, Mechanical Engineering

A Magnetic Resonance Compatible Knee Extension Ergometer , Youssef Jaber, Mechanical Engineering

Non-Equispaced Fast Fourier Transforms in Turbulence Simulation , Aditya M. Kulkarni, Mechanical Engineering

INCORPORATING SEASONAL WIND RESOURCE AND ELECTRICITY PRICE DATA INTO WIND FARM MICROSITING , Timothy A. Pfeiffer, Mechanical Engineering

Effects of Malformed or Absent Valves to Lymphatic Fluid Transport and Lymphedema in Vivo in Mice , Akshay S. Pujari, Mechanical Engineering

Electroless Deposition & Electroplating of Nickel on Chromium-Nickel Carbide Powder , Jeffrey Rigali, Mechanical Engineering

Numerical Simulation of Multi-Phase Core-Shell Molten Metal Drop Oscillations , Kaushal Sumaria, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2016 2016

Cold Gas Dynamic Spray – Characterization of Polymeric Deposition , Trenton Bush, Mechanical Engineering

Intent Recognition Of Rotation Versus Translation Movements In Human-Robot Collaborative Manipulation Tasks , Vinh Q. Nguyen, Mechanical Engineering

A Soft Multiple-Degree of Freedom Load Cell Based on The Hall Effect , Qiandong Nie, Mechanical Engineering

A Haptic Surface Robot Interface for Large-Format Touchscreen Displays , Mark Price, Mechanical Engineering

Numerical Simulation of High Velocity Impact of a Single Polymer Particle during Cold Spray Deposition , Sagar P. Shah, Mechanical Engineering

Tunable Plasmonic Thermal Emitter Using Metal-Coated Elastomeric Structures , Robert Zando, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2015 2015

Thermodynamic Analysis of the Application of Thermal Energy Storage to a Combined Heat and Power Plant , Benjamin McDaniel, Mechanical Engineering

Towards a Semantic Knowledge Management Framework for Laminated Composites , Vivek Premkumar, Mechanical Engineering

A CONTINOUS ROTARY ACTUATION MECHANISM FOR A POWERED HIP EXOSKELETON , Matthew C. Ryder, Mechanical Engineering

Optimal Topological Arrangement of Queues in Closed Finite Queueing Networks , Lening Wang, Mechanical Engineering

Creating a New Model to Predict Cooling Tower Performance and Determining Energy Saving Opportunities through Economizer Operation , Pranav Yedatore Venkatesh, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2014 2014

New Generator Control Algorithms for Smart-Bladed Wind Turbines to Improve Power Capture in Below Rated Conditions , Bryce B. Aquino, Mechanical Engineering

UBOT-7: THE DESIGN OF A COMPLIANT DEXTEROUS MOBILE MANIPULATOR , Jonathan Cummings, Mechanical Engineering

Design and Control of a Two-Wheeled Robotic Walker , Airton R. da Silva Jr., Mechanical Engineering

Free Wake Potential Flow Vortex Wind Turbine Modeling: Advances in Parallel Processing and Integration of Ground Effects , Nathaniel B. Develder, Mechanical Engineering

Buckling of Particle-Laden Interfaces , Theo Dias Kassuga, Mechanical Engineering

Modeling Dynamic Stall for a Free Vortex Wake Model of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine , Evan M. Gaertner, Mechanical Engineering

An Experimental Study of the C-Start of a Mechanical Fish , Benjamin Kandaswamy Chinna Thambi, Mechanical Engineering

Measurement and Verification - Retro-Commissioning of a LEED Gold Rated Building Through Means of an Energy Model: Are Aggressive Energy Simulation Models Reliable? , Justin M. Marmaras, Mechanical Engineering

Development of a Support Structure for Multi-Rotor Wind Turbines , Gaurav Murlidhar Mate, Mechanical Engineering

Towards Accessible, Usable Knowledge Frameworks in Engineering , Jeffrey Mcpherson, Mechanical Engineering

A Consistent Algorithm for Implementing the Space Conservation Law , Venkata Pavan Pillalamarri Narasimha Rao, Mechanical Engineering

Kinetics of Aluminization and Homogenization in Wrought H-X750 Nickel-Base Superalloy , Sean Reilly, Mechanical Engineering

Single-Phase Turbulent Enthalpy Transport , Bradley J. Shields, Mechanical Engineering

CFD Simulation of the Flow around NREL Phase VI Wind Turbine , Yang Song, Mechanical Engineering

Selection of Outputs for Distributed Parameter Systems by Identifiability Analysis in the Time-scale Domain , Teergele, Mechanical Engineering

The Optimization of Offshore Wind Turbine Towers Using Passive Tuned Mass Dampers , Onur Can Yilmaz, Mechanical Engineering

Design of a Passive Exoskeleton Spine , Haohan Zhang, Mechanical Engineering

TURBULENT TRANSITION IN ELECTROMAGNETICALLY LEVITATED LIQUID METAL DROPLETS , Jie Zhao, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2013 2013

Optimization of Mixing in a Simulated Biomass Bed Reactor with a Center Feeding Tube , Michael T. Blatnik, Mechanical Engineering

Continued Development of a Chilled Water System Analysis Tool for Energy Conservation Measures Evaluation , Ghanshyam Gaudani, Mechanical Engineering

Application of Finite Element Method in Protein Normal Mode Analysis , Chiung-fang Hsu, Mechanical Engineering

Asymmetric Blade Spar for Passive Aerodynamic Load Control , Charles Mcclelland, Mechanical Engineering

Background and Available Potential Energy in Numerical Simulations of a Boussinesq Fluid , Shreyas S. Panse, Mechanical Engineering

Techno-Economic Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems Used as an Electricity Storage Technology in a Wind Farm with Large Amounts of Intermittent Energy , Yash Sanghai, Mechanical Engineering

Multi Rotor Wind Turbine Design And Cost Scaling , Preeti Verma, Mechanical Engineering

Activity Intent Recognition of the Torso Based on Surface Electromyography and Inertial Measurement Units , Zhe Zhang, Mechanical Engineering

Theses from 2012 2012

Simulations of Non-Contact Creep in Regimes of Mixed Dominance , Maija Benitz, Mechanical Engineering

Techniques for Industrial Implementation of Emerging Semantic Technologies , Jay T. Breindel, Mechanical Engineering

Environmental Impacts Due to Fixed and Floating Offshore Wind Turbines , Micah K. Brewer, Mechanical Engineering

Physical Model of the Feeding Strike of the Mantis Shrimp , Suzanne M. Cox, Mechanical Engineering

Investigating the Relationship Between Material Property Axes and Strain Orientations in Cebus Apella Crania , Christine M. Dzialo, Mechanical Engineering

A Multi-Level Hierarchical Finite Element Model for Capillary Failure in Soft Tissue , Lu Huang, Mechanical Engineering

Finite Element Analysis of a Femur to Deconstruct the Design Paradox of Bone Curvature , Sameer Jade, Mechanical Engineering

Vortex-Induced Vibrations of an Inclined Cylinder in Flow , Anil B. Jain, Mechanical Engineering

Experimental Study of Stability Limits for Slender Wind Turbine Blades , Shruti Ladge, Mechanical Engineering

Semi-Active Damping for an Intelligent Adaptive Ankle Prosthesis , Andrew K. Lapre, Mechanical Engineering

A Finite Volume Approach For Cure Kinetics Simulation , Wei Ma, Mechanical Engineering

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Top 150 Mechanical Engineering Research Topics [Updated]

Mechanical engineering is an intriguing discipline that holds significant sway in shaping our world. With a focus on crafting inventive machinery and fostering sustainable energy initiatives, mechanical engineers stand as pioneers in driving technological progress. However, to make meaningful contributions to the field, researchers must carefully choose their topics of study. In this blog, we’ll delve into various mechanical engineering research topics, ranging from fundamental principles to emerging trends and interdisciplinary applications.

How to Select Mechanical Engineering Research Topics?

Table of Contents

Selecting the right mechanical engineering research topics is crucial for driving impactful innovation and addressing pressing challenges. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you choose the best research topics:

• Identify Your Interests: Start by considering your passions and areas of expertise within mechanical engineering. What topics excite you the most? Choosing a subject that aligns with your interests will keep you motivated throughout the research process.
• Assess Current Trends: Stay updated on the latest developments and trends in mechanical engineering. Look for emerging technologies, pressing industry challenges, and areas with significant research gaps. These trends can guide you towards relevant and timely research topics.
• Conduct Literature Review: Dive into existing literature and research papers within your field of interest. Identify gaps in knowledge, unanswered questions, or areas that warrant further investigation. Building upon existing research can lead to more impactful contributions to the field.
• Consider Practical Applications: Evaluate the practical implications of potential research topics. How will your research address real-world problems or benefit society? Choosing topics with tangible applications can increase the relevance and impact of your research outcomes.
• Consult with Advisors and Peers: Seek guidance from experienced mentors, advisors, or peers in the field of mechanical engineering. Discuss your research interests and potential topics with them to gain valuable insights and feedback. Their expertise can help you refine your ideas and select the most promising topics.
• Define Research Objectives: Clearly define the objectives and scope of your research. What specific questions do you aim to answer or problems do you intend to solve? Establishing clear research goals will guide your topic selection process and keep your project focused.
• Consider Resources and Constraints: Take into account the resources, expertise, and time available for your research. Choose topics that are feasible within your constraints and align with your available resources. Balancing ambition with practicality is essential for successful research endeavors.
• Brainstorm and Narrow Down Options: Generate a list of potential research topics through brainstorming and exploration. Narrow down your options based on criteria such as relevance, feasibility, and alignment with your interests and goals. Choose the most promising topics that offer ample opportunities for exploration and discovery.
• Seek Feedback and Refinement: Once you’ve identified potential research topics, seek feedback from colleagues, advisors, or experts in the field. Refine your ideas based on their input and suggestions. Iteratively refining your topic selection process will lead to a more robust and well-defined research proposal.
• Stay Flexible and Open-Minded: Remain open to new ideas and opportunities as you progress through the research process. Be willing to adjust your research topic or direction based on new insights, challenges, or discoveries. Flexibility and adaptability are key qualities for successful research endeavors in mechanical engineering.

By following these steps and considering various factors, you can effectively select mechanical engineering research topics that align with your interests, goals, and the needs of the field.

Top 50 Mechanical Engineering Research Topics For Beginners

• Analysis of the efficiency of different heat exchanger designs.
• Optimization of airfoil shapes for enhanced aerodynamic performance.
• Investigation of renewable energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials.
• Development of smart materials for adaptive structures in aerospace applications.
• Study of vibration damping techniques for improving vehicle ride comfort.
• Design and optimization of suspension systems for off-road vehicles.
• Analysis of fluid flow characteristics in microchannels for cooling electronics.
• Evaluation of the performance of different brake systems in automotive vehicles.
• Development of lightweight materials for automotive and aerospace industries.
• Investigation of the effects of friction stir welding parameters on joint properties.
• Design and testing of a small-scale wind turbine for rural electrification.
• Study of the dynamics of flexible multibody systems in robotics.
• Development of a low-cost prosthetic limb using 3D printing technology.
• Analysis of heat transfer in electronic packaging for thermal management.
• Investigation of energy harvesting from vehicle suspension systems.
• Design and optimization of heat sinks for electronic cooling applications.
• Study of material degradation in composite structures under various loading conditions.
• Development of bio-inspired robotic mechanisms for locomotion.
• Investigation of the performance of regenerative braking systems in electric vehicles.
• Design and analysis of an autonomous agricultural robot for crop monitoring.
• Optimization of gas turbine blade profiles for improved efficiency.
• Study of the aerodynamics of animal-inspired flying robots (bio-drones).
• Development of advanced control algorithms for robotic manipulators.
• Analysis of wear mechanisms in mechanical components under different operating conditions.
• Investigation of the efficiency of solar water heating systems.
• Design and optimization of microfluidic devices for biomedical applications.
• Study of the effects of additive manufacturing parameters on part quality.
• Development of assistive devices for individuals with disabilities.
• Analysis of the performance of different types of bearings in rotating machinery.
• Investigation of the feasibility of using shape memory alloys in actuator systems.
• Design and optimization of a compact heat exchanger for space applications.
• Study of the effects of surface roughness on friction and wear in sliding contacts.
• Development of energy-efficient HVAC systems for buildings.
• Analysis of the performance of different types of fuel cells for power generation.
• Investigation of the feasibility of using biofuels in internal combustion engines.
• Design and testing of a micro-scale combustion engine for portable power generation.
• Study of the mechanics of soft materials for biomedical applications.
• Development of exoskeletons for rehabilitation and assistance in mobility.
• Analysis of the effects of vehicle aerodynamics on fuel consumption.
• Investigation of the potential of ocean wave energy harvesting technologies.
• Design and optimization of energy-efficient refrigeration systems.
• Study of the dynamics of flexible structures subjected to dynamic loads.
• Development of sensors and actuators for structural health monitoring.
• Analysis of the performance of different cooling techniques in electronics.
• Investigation of the potential of hydrogen fuel cells for automotive applications.
• Design and testing of a small-scale hydroelectric power generator.
• Study of the mechanics of cellular materials for impact absorption.
• Development of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for environmental monitoring.
• Analysis of the efficiency of different propulsion systems in space exploration.
• Investigation of the potential of micro-scale energy harvesting technologies for powering wireless sensors.

Top 50 Mechanical Engineering Research Topics For Intermediate

• Optimization of heat exchanger designs for enhanced energy efficiency.
• Investigating the effects of surface roughness on fluid flow in microchannels.
• Development of lightweight materials for automotive applications.
• Modeling and simulation of combustion processes in internal combustion engines.
• Design and analysis of novel wind turbine blade configurations.
• Study of advanced control strategies for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
• Analysis of wear and friction in mechanical components under varying operating conditions.
• Investigation of thermal management techniques for high-power electronic devices.
• Development of smart materials for shape memory alloys in actuator applications.
• Design and fabrication of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for biomedical applications.
• Optimization of additive manufacturing processes for metal 3D printing.
• Study of fluid-structure interaction in flexible marine structures.
• Analysis of fatigue behavior in composite materials for aerospace applications.
• Development of energy harvesting technologies for sustainable power generation.
• Investigation of bio-inspired robotics for locomotion in challenging environments.
• Study of human factors in the design of ergonomic workstations.
• Design and control of soft robots for delicate manipulation tasks.
• Development of advanced sensor technologies for condition monitoring in rotating machinery.
• Analysis of aerodynamic performance in hypersonic flight vehicles.
• Study of regenerative braking systems for electric vehicles.
• Optimization of cooling systems for high-performance computing (HPC) applications.
• Investigation of fluid dynamics in microfluidic devices for lab-on-a-chip applications.
• Design and optimization of passive and active vibration control systems.
• Analysis of heat transfer mechanisms in nanofluids for thermal management.
• Development of energy-efficient HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems.
• Study of biomimetic design principles for robotic grippers and manipulators.
• Investigation of hydrodynamic performance in marine propeller designs.
• Development of autonomous agricultural robots for precision farming.
• Analysis of wind-induced vibrations in tall buildings and bridges.
• Optimization of material properties for additive manufacturing of aerospace components.
• Study of renewable energy integration in smart grid systems.
• Investigation of fracture mechanics in brittle materials for structural integrity assessment.
• Development of wearable sensors for human motion tracking and biomechanical analysis.
• Analysis of combustion instability in gas turbine engines.
• Optimization of thermal insulation materials for building energy efficiency.
• Study of fluid-structure interaction in flexible wing designs for unmanned aerial vehicles.
• Investigation of heat transfer enhancement techniques in heat exchanger surfaces.
• Development of microscale actuators for micro-robotic systems.
• Analysis of energy storage technologies for grid-scale applications.
• Optimization of manufacturing processes for lightweight automotive structures.
• Study of tribological behavior in lubricated mechanical systems.
• Investigation of fault detection and diagnosis techniques for industrial machinery.
• Development of biodegradable materials for sustainable packaging applications.
• Analysis of heat transfer in porous media for thermal energy storage.
• Optimization of control strategies for robotic manipulation tasks in uncertain environments.
• Study of fluid dynamics in fuel cell systems for renewable energy conversion.
• Investigation of fatigue crack propagation in metallic alloys.
• Development of energy-efficient propulsion systems for unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs).
• Analysis of airflow patterns in natural ventilation systems for buildings.
• Optimization of material selection for additive manufacturing of biomedical implants.

Top 50 Mechanical Engineering Research Topics For Advanced

• Development of advanced materials for high-temperature applications
• Optimization of heat exchanger design using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
• Control strategies for enhancing the performance of micro-scale heat transfer devices
• Multi-physics modeling and simulation of thermoelastic damping in MEMS/NEMS devices
• Design and analysis of next-generation turbofan engines for aircraft propulsion
• Investigation of advanced cooling techniques for electronic devices in harsh environments
• Development of novel nanomaterials for efficient energy conversion and storage
• Optimization of piezoelectric energy harvesting systems for powering wireless sensor networks
• Investigation of microscale heat transfer phenomena in advanced cooling technologies
• Design and optimization of advanced composite materials for aerospace applications
• Development of bio-inspired materials for impact-resistant structures
• Exploration of advanced manufacturing techniques for producing complex geometries in aerospace components
• Integration of artificial intelligence algorithms for predictive maintenance in rotating machinery
• Design and optimization of advanced robotics systems for industrial automation
• Investigation of friction and wear behavior in advanced lubricants for high-speed applications
• Development of smart materials for adaptive structures and morphing aircraft wings
• Exploration of advanced control strategies for active vibration damping in mechanical systems
• Design and analysis of advanced wind turbine blade designs for improved energy capture
• Investigation of thermal management solutions for electric vehicle batteries
• Development of advanced sensors for real-time monitoring of structural health in civil infrastructure
• Optimization of additive manufacturing processes for producing high-performance metallic components
• Investigation of advanced corrosion-resistant coatings for marine applications
• Design and analysis of advanced hydraulic systems for heavy-duty machinery
• Exploration of advanced filtration technologies for water purification and wastewater treatment
• Development of advanced prosthetic limbs with biomimetic functionalities
• Investigation of microscale fluid flow phenomena in lab-on-a-chip devices for medical diagnostics
• Optimization of heat transfer in microscale heat exchangers for cooling electronics
• Development of advanced energy-efficient HVAC systems for buildings
• Exploration of advanced propulsion systems for space exploration missions
• Investigation of advanced control algorithms for autonomous vehicles in complex environments
• Development of advanced surgical robots for minimally invasive procedures
• Optimization of advanced suspension systems for improving vehicle ride comfort and handling
• Investigation of advanced materials for 3D printing in aerospace manufacturing
• Development of advanced thermal barrier coatings for gas turbine engines
• Exploration of advanced wear-resistant coatings for cutting tools in machining applications
• Investigation of advanced nanofluids for enhanced heat transfer in cooling applications
• Development of advanced biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
• Exploration of advanced actuators for soft robotics applications
• Investigation of advanced energy storage systems for grid-scale applications
• Development of advanced rehabilitation devices for individuals with mobility impairments
• Exploration of advanced materials for earthquake-resistant building structures
• Investigation of advanced aerodynamic concepts for reducing drag and improving fuel efficiency in vehicles
• Development of advanced microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for biomedical applications
• Exploration of advanced control strategies for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
• Investigation of advanced materials for lightweight armor systems
• Development of advanced prosthetic interfaces for improving user comfort and functionality
• Exploration of advanced algorithms for autonomous navigation of underwater vehicles
• Investigation of advanced sensors for detecting and monitoring air pollution
• Development of advanced energy harvesting systems for powering wireless sensor networks
• Exploration of advanced concepts for next-generation space propulsion systems.

Mechanical engineering research encompasses a wide range of topics, from fundamental principles to cutting-edge technologies and interdisciplinary applications. By choosing the right mechanical engineering research topics and addressing key challenges, researchers can contribute to advancements in various industries and address pressing global issues. As we look to the future, the possibilities for innovation and discovery in mechanical engineering are endless, offering exciting opportunities to shape a better world for generations to come.

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Rowan Glenn Takes Flight with Undergraduate Research

• by Molly Medin
• April 19, 2024

For Rowan Glenn, applying for the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, or AIAA, Jefferson Goblet Student Paper Award, wasn't top of mind while researching aviation with Assistant Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Christina Harvey , who leads the Biologically Informed Research and Design, or BIRD , lab at the University of California, Davis.

So, it was a bit of a surprise when Glenn, a fourth-year mechanical engineering major, found out they had won the prestigious award for aerospace design and structures, typically presented to a Ph.D. student.

"It was a hectic month leading up to our research paper. I got so focused on the presentation about our research that I forgot that I had submitted for the award at all," they said. "I got through the presentation, and then a day later, Christina told me I won an award. I was like, 'I forgot I was doing that.'"

Between preparing to graduate and conducting award-winning research, plus their other obligations as a lead in UC Davis' liquid rocketry club and a machine shop tech at the Diane Bryant Engineering Student Design Center , or ESDC, Glenn is one busy undergraduate, going all in on everything they can.

For their research, Glenn collaborated with Lucas Dahlke, a fellow mechanical engineering major, and Andy Engilis, the curator at the UC Davis Museum of Wildlife and Fish Biology, to collect data on the wingspan of birds to learn about aviation.

Glenn's team used an infrared and visual light scanner to create 3D models of 18 prepared bird wings, provided by Engilis, across several species. Glenn then adapted these models with a slicing algorithm for 3D printing, which slices a model into layers that the 3D printer prints, to measure the morphology of birdwings by extracting information about the shape of the wings' airfoils, or parts of the wing that create lift.

From there, Glenn compared the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoils from gliding birds to the airfoils of flapping birds to determine if there were any differences between them. The research showed a statistically insignificant difference in the aerodynamic efficiency of the different airfoils, concluding that further research is needed. 

Glenn will continue this research in collaboration with the University of North Carolina using their larger database of wing scans.

Glenn wasn't initially interested in bird flight research, but kept an open mind when they joined Harvey's lab. That willingness to try anything, coupled with their engineering skills and drive to excel, led to their research being recognized. 

When speaking about undergraduate research and not letting fear limit their opportunities, Glenn said, "You're not going to feel qualified because you're an undergrad. But that doesn't mean you can't do it. It just means you just got to start."

Rocket Science, Literally

Glenn continues to apply that same openness and drive in all aspects of their student life. As the engine lead in the Aggie Propulsion and Rocketry Lab , or APRL, the first liquid rocketry team at UC Davis, Glenn is currently designing their first rocket engine with the club. They will travel to the Mojave Desert to perform a hot fire test on their engine, a huge milestone in the engine's development.  

Another environment Glenn excels in is manufacturing at the ESDC. Glenn works part-time as a machine shop tech, getting more hands-on engineering experience and developing manufacturing knowledge. They maintain and service machines in the shop, train students to use shop equipment and manufacturing techniques and implement new organizational systems for the shop to improve the workflow and functionality of the shop.

Glenn is continually pushing to learn something new and apply maximum effort in all of their roles. They have learned that fear shouldn't stop them from trying out something new, which Glenn believes is a key part of the college experience and finding success.

"The thing I try to remind myself of is, it's not that I'm not finding it hard because I'm not competent enough," said Glenn. "I'm finding this difficult or confusing because the work is difficult and confusing. It's complicated engineering stuff. This work is hard. This is literally rocket science. That's why I'm finding it difficult, not because I'm not good enough to do this."

In their lead role at APRL, they make it a point to teach younger students about their lessons learned in intimidating research labs about fighting imposter syndrome and confidence.

Glenn plans to continue research as an undergraduate student, keep trying new things, and apply to grad school in a few years after graduating and starting work. In winning the Jefferson Goblet Student Paper Award, Glenn found a bit of outside validation that their plan, or lack thereof, is working. 

"I like to joke with my friends that I'm an award-winning aerospace engineer now. I think it has solidified for me that just starting something and seeing what happens is a valid way to get work done." 

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A new way to detect radiation involving cheap ceramics

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The radiation detectors used today for applications like inspecting cargo ships for smuggled nuclear materials are expensive and cannot operate in harsh environments, among other disadvantages. Now, in work funded largely by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security with early support from the U.S. Department of Energy, MIT engineers have demonstrated a fundamentally new way to detect radiation that could allow much cheaper detectors and a plethora of new applications.

They are working with Radiation Monitoring Devices , a company in Watertown, Massachusetts, to transfer the research as quickly as possible into detector products.

In a 2022 paper in Nature Materials , many of the same engineers reported for the first time how ultraviolet light can significantly improve the performance of fuel cells and other devices based on the movement of charged atoms, rather than those atoms’ constituent electrons.

In the current work, published recently in Advanced Materials , the team shows that the same concept can be extended to a new application: the detection of gamma rays emitted by the radioactive decay of nuclear materials.

“Our approach involves materials and mechanisms very different than those in presently used detectors, with potentially enormous benefits in terms of reduced cost, ability to operate under harsh conditions, and simplified processing,” says Harry L. Tuller, the R.P. Simmons Professor of Ceramics and Electronic Materials in MIT’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering (DMSE).

Tuller leads the work with key collaborators Jennifer L. M. Rupp, a former associate professor of materials science and engineering at MIT who is now a professor of electrochemical materials at Technical University Munich in Germany, and Ju Li, the Battelle Energy Alliance Professor in Nuclear Engineering and a professor of materials science and engineering. All are also affiliated with MIT’s Materials Research Laboratory

“After learning the Nature Materials work, I realized the same underlying principle should work for gamma-ray detection — in fact, may work even better than [UV] light because gamma rays are more penetrating — and proposed some experiments to Harry and Jennifer,” says Li.

Says Rupp, “Employing shorter-range gamma rays enable [us] to extend the opto-ionic to a radio-ionic effect by modulating ionic carriers and defects at material interfaces by photogenerated electronic ones.”

Other authors of the Advanced Materials paper are first author Thomas Defferriere, a DMSE postdoc, and Ahmed Sami Helal, a postdoc in MIT’s Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering.

Modifying barriers

Charge can be carried through a material in different ways. We are most familiar with the charge that is carried by the electrons that help make up an atom. Common applications include solar cells. But there are many devices — like fuel cells and lithium batteries — that depend on the motion of the charged atoms, or ions, themselves rather than just their electrons.

The materials behind applications based on the movement of ions, known as solid electrolytes, are ceramics. Ceramics, in turn, are composed of tiny crystallite grains that are compacted and fired at high temperatures to form a dense structure. The problem is that ions traveling through the material are often stymied at the boundaries between the grains.

In their 2022 paper, the MIT team showed that ultraviolet (UV) light shone on a solid electrolyte essentially causes electronic perturbations at the grain boundaries that ultimately lower the barrier that ions encounter at those boundaries. The result: “We were able to enhance the flow of the ions by a factor of three,” says Tuller, making for a much more efficient system.

Vast potential

At the time, the team was excited about the potential of applying what they’d found to different systems. In the 2022 work, the team used UV light, which is quickly absorbed very near the surface of a material. As a result, that specific technique is only effective in thin films of materials. (Fortunately, many applications of solid electrolytes involve thin films.)

Light can be thought of as particles — photons — with different wavelengths and energies. These range from very low-energy radio waves to the very high-energy gamma rays emitted by the radioactive decay of nuclear materials. Visible light — and UV light — are of intermediate energies, and fit between the two extremes.

The MIT technique reported in 2022 worked with UV light. Would it work with other wavelengths of light, potentially opening up new applications? Yes, the team found. In the current paper they show that gamma rays also modify the grain boundaries resulting in a faster flow of ions that, in turn, can be easily detected. And because the high-energy gamma rays penetrate much more deeply than UV light, “this extends the work to inexpensive bulk ceramics in addition to thin films,” says Tuller. It also allows a new application: an alternative approach to detecting nuclear materials.

Today’s state-of-the-art radiation detectors depend on a completely different mechanism than the one identified in the MIT work. They rely on signals derived from electrons and their counterparts, holes, rather than ions. But these electronic charge carriers must move comparatively great distances to the electrodes that “capture” them to create a signal. And along the way, they can be easily lost as they, for example, hit imperfections in a material. That’s why today’s detectors are made with extremely pure single crystals of material that allow an unimpeded path. They can be made with only certain materials and are difficult to process, making them expensive and hard to scale into large devices.

Using imperfections

In contrast, the new technique works because of the imperfections — grains — in the material. “The difference is that we rely on ionic currents being modulated at grain boundaries versus the state-of-the-art that relies on collecting electronic carriers from long distances,” Defferriere says.

Says Rupp, “It is remarkable that the bulk ‘grains’ of the ceramic materials tested revealed high stabilities of the chemistry and structure towards gamma rays, and solely the grain boundary regions reacted in charge redistribution of majority and minority carriers and defects.”

Comments Li, “This radiation-ionic effect is distinct from the conventional mechanisms for radiation detection where electrons or photons are collected. Here, the ionic current is being collected.”

Igor Lubomirsky, a professor in the Department of Materials and Interfaces at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, who was not involved in the current work, says, “I found the approach followed by the MIT group in utilizing polycrystalline oxygen ion conductors very fruitful given the [materials’] promise for providing reliable operation under irradiation under the harsh conditions expected in nuclear reactors where such detectors often suffer from fatigue and aging. [They also] benefit from much-reduced fabrication costs.”

As a result, the MIT engineers are hopeful that their work could result in new, less expensive detectors. For example, they envision trucks loaded with cargo from container ships driving through a structure that has detectors on both sides as they leave a port. “Ideally, you’d have either an array of detectors or a very large detector, and that’s where [today’s detectors] really don’t scale very well,” Tuller says.

Another potential application involves accessing geothermal energy, or the extreme heat below our feet that is being explored as a carbon-free alternative to fossil fuels. Ceramic sensors at the ends of drill bits could detect pockets of heat — radiation — to drill toward. Ceramics can easily withstand extreme temperatures of more than 800 degrees Fahrenheit and the extreme pressures found deep below the Earth’s surface.

The team is excited about additional applications for their work. “This was a demonstration of principle with just one material,” says Tuller, “but there are thousands of other materials good at conducting ions.”

Concludes Defferriere: “It’s the start of a journey on the development of the technology, so there’s a lot to do and a lot to discover.”

This work is currently supported by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office. This support does not constitute an express or implied endorsement on the part of the government. It was also funded by the U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency.

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• 2024 MMAE Student Research Poster Competition and Departmental Awards

The  Department of Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering  at Illinois Institute of Technology held its annual MMAE Student Research Poster Competition and departmental awards ceremony on March 22, 2024. 

The MMAE Student Research Poster Competition is a longstanding tradition of the department, drawing keen interest and wide participation among students, faculty, and the Illinois Tech community.

This year 22 MMAE students representing all degree levels presented posters displaying their completed research. Participants were evaluated for the originality and relevance of the research, as well as their overall presentation skills. Two separate panels judged the bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate students’ posters.

The judges included members from the MMAE External Advisory Board, in addition to representatives from academia and industry. The department awarded a certificate and monetary prize to top-scoring presenters from each academic level. 

Additional departmental awards were presented to faculty and students to recognize their outstanding contributions to research and teaching. 

During the event, the MMAE 2024 distinguished alumnus, Mathieu Joerger (M.S. MAE ’02, Ph.D. MAE ’09), Assistant Professor in the Kevin T. Crofton Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering at Virginia Tech, delivered a lecture,  “Resilient Positioning, Navigation, and Timing for Safe Transportation.”

Congratulations to the following winners:

DEPARTMENT AWARDS 

2024 MMAE Distinguished Alumni Award — Mathieu Joerger  (M.S. MAE ’02, Ph.D. MAE ’09)

2024 MMAE Excellence in Teaching Award — Assistant Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Scott Dawson

2024 MMAE Excellence in Research Award — Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Boris Pervan

2024 Outstanding Teaching Assistant Award — Joseph Borrelli  (AE ’22, M.S. MAE 2nd Year) in the fall 2023 MMAE 315 course taught by Assistant Teaching Professor in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering John Bernhardt  

2024 Outstanding Research Assistant Award — Hossein Khodavirdi (M.S. ME ’21, Ph.D. ME Candidate) in Associate Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Ankit Srivastava's research group

2024 MMAE Outstanding Service Award — Associate Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Ankit Srivastava

2024 MMAE Outstanding Service Award — Laboratory Director Russ Janota

POSTER COMPETITION WINNERS 

First Place (Bachelor’s and Master’s Category) — Manav Tailor (EE, M.S. ASR 4th Year) advised by Assistant Professor Nelson Rosa

Second Place (Bachelor’s and Master’s Category) — Michael Fenelon (M.S. ME 2nd Year) advised by John G. and Jane E. Olin Endowed Department Chair in Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering Louis Cattafesta

First Place (Doctoral Category) — Kana Nagai (ME ’19, M.S. MAE ’22, Ph.D. MAE Candidate) advised by Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Boris Pervan

Second Place (Doctoral Category) — Nickolas Payne (Ph.D. MAE Candidate) advised by John G. and Jane E. Olin Endowed Department Chair in Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering Louis Cattafesta  

Third Place (Doctoral Category) — Barbara Lopez-Doriga Costales (M.Eng. MAE ’19, Ph.D. MAE Candidate), advised by Assistant Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Scott Dawson   

Image: Group photo from the MMAE Student Research Poster Competition

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EDITORIAL article

This article is part of the research topic.

Mechanical Ventilation in Anesthesia and Critical Care Animal Patients, Volume II

Editorial: Mechanical Ventilation in Anesthesia and Critical Care Animal Patients, Volume II Provisionally Accepted

• 1 University of São Paulo, Brazil

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Mechanical ventilation, a cornerstone of modern veterinary medicine, has evolved significantly. It has become an indispensable tool in ensuring the safety and stability of animals during surgery. It plays a crucial role in intensive care units, where it aids in the recovery of critically ill patients. The intricacies and nuances of mechanical ventilation are often overlooked, yet they hold the key to the successful management of anesthesia and the survival of animals in critical conditions.In this editorial, we investigate mechanical ventilation during animal anesthesia or intensive care, exploring its significance, advancements, and challenges that veterinarians must weigh. We aim to shed light on this technology's pivotal role in enhancing the quality of care provided to animals and the constant pursuit of refinement to minimize potential risks and optimize outcomes. As the field of veterinary medicine continues to advance, we must maintain a comprehensive understanding of the intricacies of mechanical ventilation. Through this exploration, we aim to underscore the importance of this life-saving technique and inspire a continued commitment to excellence in animal anesthesia and intensive care. This Research Topic presents four new papers that illuminate these issues in mechanical ventilation in horses and dogs. Horses undergoing general inhalation anesthesia often present complications related to the decubitus position in which they are lying on the operating table. Such complications are related to difficulties in gas exchange due to a decrease in the ventilation/perfusion ratio, pulmonary atelectasis, and a drop in blood pressure. Lung atelectasis in horses is produced mainly due to dorsal or lateral decubitus. In dorsal decubitus, the lungs receive compression from the diaphragm produced by the compression of the abdominal viscera 1 . In lateral decubitus, the upper lung compresses the mediastinum and, consequently, the lower lung. Due to the loss of functional areas of the lungs, there is a drop in gas exchange, causing a reduction in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen and an increase in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, impairing cellular processes. Alveolar recruitment maneuvers (ARMs) reverse atelectasis, and positive endexpiratory pressure 2 keeps the alveoli open. However, they are not free from side effects, including barotrauma, volutrauma, and atelectrauma, and monitoring is essential. The evaluation can be done through imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) in humans and small animals. However, it is only possible in horses through electrical impedance tomography 3; 4 , respiratory mechanics, or arterial oxygenation through blood gas analysis. Therefore, Sacks et al. present a study comparing the ventilation distribution measured by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in foals under diazepam sedation, postural changes, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Specific spirometry data and F-shunt calculation were also assessed to support the interpretation of EIT variables. They verified that in healthy foals, diazepam administration did not alter the distribution of ventilation or minute ventilation, and the lateral recumbency results in the collapse of dependent lung areas. The CPAP use in dorsal recumbency foals increases pulmonary pressures and improves ventilation in dependent regions, suggesting improvement of ventilation-perfusion mismatch. These findings will help anesthesiologists and intensivists understand what happens in these animals and how to improve ventilation in sedated and lateral recumbent foals. In adult horses, Brandly et al. studied the flow-controlled expiration technique (FLEX) during anesthesia to reduce PEEP requirement in dorsally recumbent. They observed that FLEX ventilation was associated with a lower PEEP requirement due to a more homogenous lung ventilation distribution during expiration. This lower PEEP requirement led to more stable and improved cardiovascular conditions in horses ventilated with FLEX. This study makes an essential contribution to the anesthesia and ventilation of horses as it presents a strategy to treat intraoperative hypoxemia and protect the lungs using lower PEEP to maintain alveolar recruitment. In dogs, alveolar recruitment is needed to reverse pulmonary atelectasis. Likewise, ARMs can cause lung damage and can be monitored by CT 5; 6 , a gold standard method, in addition to EIT, ventilatory mechanics, and blood gas analysis. The lung protection strategy should also employ low tidal volumes and PEEP. Sanchez et al. studied dogs submitted to a stepwise ARM and monitored lung volume distribution by CT. They verified that the CT showed maximum pulmonary aeration distribution by PEEP titration, which occurred at PEEP 20 cmH2O and maintained the lungs normoaerated and without hyperaeration. However, based on the best static compliance and driving pressure associated with the absence of hemodynamic changes, the best PEEP value to keep the alveoli open after ARMs was PEEP from 10 and 5 descending for this study condition. In another randomized clinical trial, Rodrigues et al. studied intraoperative protective mechanical ventilation in dogs based on 8 mL.kg -1 tidal volume, recruitment maneuvers, and PEEP. Their results showed the possibility of using volumes smaller than 10 mL. kg in dogs to protect the lungs against injuries caused by excessive volumes during mechanical ventilation. In surgeries lasting up to 1 hour, there is no need for ARMs if PEEP is maintained from the beginning at 5cmH2O. The four studies in this edition demonstrated that performing recruitment maneuvers and subsequent administration of PEEP to keep the alveoli open is an essential technique for reversing hypoxemia in horses and dogs during anesthesia or ICU. These studies have also demonstrated the importance of monitoring these to avoid lung injuries and hemodynamic dysfunctions.

Keywords: Mechanical ventilalion, Dogs, Horses, Alveolar Recruitment Maneuver(ARM), Foal

Received: 18 Mar 2024; Accepted: 16 Apr 2024.

Copyright: © 2024 Ambrósio and Fantoni. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Prof. Aline M. Ambrósio, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Amanda Hoover

Students Are Likely Writing Millions of Papers With AI

Students have submitted more than 22 million papers that may have used generative AI in the past year, new data released by plagiarism detection company Turnitin shows.

A year ago, Turnitin rolled out an AI writing detection tool that was trained on its trove of papers written by students as well as other AI-generated texts. Since then, more than 200 million papers have been reviewed by the detector, predominantly written by high school and college students. Turnitin found that 11 percent may contain AI-written language in 20 percent of its content, with 3 percent of the total papers reviewed getting flagged for having 80 percent or more AI writing. (Turnitin is owned by Advance, which also owns Condé Nast, publisher of WIRED.) Turnitin says its detector has a false positive rate of less than 1 percent when analyzing full documents.

ChatGPT’s launch was met with knee-jerk fears that the English class essay would die . The chatbot can synthesize information and distill it near-instantly—but that doesn’t mean it always gets it right. Generative AI has been known to hallucinate , creating its own facts and citing academic references that don’t actually exist. Generative AI chatbots have also been caught spitting out biased text on gender and race . Despite those flaws, students have used chatbots for research, organizing ideas, and as a ghostwriter . Traces of chatbots have even been found in peer-reviewed, published academic writing .

Teachers understandably want to hold students accountable for using generative AI without permission or disclosure. But that requires a reliable way to prove AI was used in a given assignment. Instructors have tried at times to find their own solutions to detecting AI in writing, using messy, untested methods to enforce rules , and distressing students. Further complicating the issue, some teachers are even using generative AI in their grading processes.

Detecting the use of gen AI is tricky. It’s not as easy as flagging plagiarism, because generated text is still original text. Plus, there’s nuance to how students use gen AI; some may ask chatbots to write their papers for them in large chunks or in full, while others may use the tools as an aid or a brainstorm partner.

Students also aren't tempted by only ChatGPT and similar large language models. So-called word spinners are another type of AI software that rewrites text, and may make it less obvious to a teacher that work was plagiarized or generated by AI. Turnitin’s AI detector has also been updated to detect word spinners, says Annie Chechitelli, the company’s chief product officer. It can also flag work that was rewritten by services like spell checker Grammarly, which now has its own generative AI tool . As familiar software increasingly adds generative AI components, what students can and can’t use becomes more muddled.

Detection tools themselves have a risk of bias. English language learners may be more likely to set them off; a 2023 study found a 61.3 percent false positive rate when evaluating Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) exams with seven different AI detectors. The study did not examine Turnitin’s version. The company says it has trained its detector on writing from English language learners as well as native English speakers. A study published in October found that Turnitin was among the most accurate of 16 AI language detectors in a test that had the tool examine undergraduate papers and AI-generated papers.

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Schools that use Turnitin had access to the AI detection software for a free pilot period, which ended at the start of this year. Chechitelli says a majority of the service’s clients have opted to purchase the AI detection. But the risks of false positives and bias against English learners have led some universities to ditch the tools for now. Montclair State University in New Jersey announced in November that it would pause use of Turnitin’s AI detector. Vanderbilt University and Northwestern University did the same last summer.

“This is hard. I understand why people want a tool,” says Emily Isaacs, executive director of the Office of Faculty Excellence at Montclair State. But Isaacs says the university is concerned about potentially biased results from AI detectors, as well as the fact that the tools can’t provide confirmation the way they can with plagiarism. Plus, Montclair State doesn’t want to put a blanket ban on AI, which will have some place in academia. With time and more trust in the tools, the policies could change. “It’s not a forever decision, it’s a now decision,” Isaacs says.

Chechitelli says the Turnitin tool shouldn’t be the only consideration in passing or failing a student. Instead, it’s a chance for teachers to start conversations with students that touch on all of the nuance in using generative AI. “People don’t really know where that line should be,” she says.

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