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193 HIV Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on hiv, ✍️ hiv essay topics for college, 👍 good hiv research topics & essay examples, 💡 simple hiv essay ideas, 🎓 most interesting hiv research titles, ❓ essay questions on hiv.

• HIV/AIDS Education and Teaching Plan
• HIV and AIDS Prevention: Teaching Plan
• Health Promotion Among HIV, AIDS Patients
• Concepts of Biology: HIV and AIDS
• HIV and AIDS Comparing and Contrasting
• HIV, AIDS Prevention: Sonagachi Project
• Application of Analysis of Variance in the Analysis of HIV/AIDS-Related Depression Cases
• HIV/AIDS: Prevention, Control, Treatment The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a global issue that can have a negative impact on healthcare and social dynamics.
• HIV/AIDS Treatment Obstacles in Mumbai: Research Naik et al.’s article “Cost of treatment” dwells upon the major issues concerning HIV/AIDS treatment in India’s lower-middle class.
• Stigma and Discrimination in Children Living With HIV-AIDS The paper aims to conduct a literature review to establish the contributing factors of prejudice among and against children victims of HIV/AIDS.
• HIV Intervention in South Africa: Awareness and Campaign The paper discusses HIV/AIDS awareness and campaign as an intervention applied to prevent HIV in South Africa.
• Public Health: The Issue of HIV/AIDS Pandemic The public is involved in the prevention of HIV through the enhancement of public awareness. Advertisements that show prevention measures should be made for the public.
• The Relationship Between HIV and Kaposi Sarcoma This paper investigated the nature of the relationship between HIV and Kaposi Sarcoma, conclusion and discussion of the conducted study.
• The Importance of World AIDS Day This essay discusses the importance of celebrating World AIDS Day, ways of showing solidarity and how it contributes to the HIV response.
• HIV/AIDS Epidemiology and Nursing This paper applies the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to HIV/Aids: description of the disease, epidemiologic triangle, the role of the Community Health Nurse.
• HIV/AIDS in Children of Nigeria Over the recent years, there has been a slow progress providing healthcare to children infected by HIV/AIDS in Nigeria.
• HIV Treatment Compliance and Social Support The research focuses on the way HIV treatment compliance is influenced by social support among African American women with HIV.
• HIV Treatment Compliance and Social Support The aim of the quantitative study is to determine the correlation between medical and social support and medication adherence among HIV-positive African American women.
• HIV-AIDS Risks Awareness Among Adolescents The paper discusses a series of intervention programs that can raise awareness among adolescents and improve their understanding of HIV/AIDS risks.
• HIV and AIDS Epidemic in Africa: Causes and Effects This research paper is designed to explain the reasons for the HIV/AIDS epidemic within the context of the antecedents of African colonization.
• Factors Challenging the Development of an Effective Vaccine for HIV Developing this vaccine is one of the greatest challenges that medical practitioners and organizations worldwide have encountered for the longest time.
• HIV Research: Assessment of Adolescents ́ Sexual Behaviour It must be emphasized once again that HIV infection is an extremely dangerous disease leading to AIDS and the death of the patient.
• HIV-AIDS in Countries of Sub-Sahara Africa The severity and prevalence of HIV/AIDS vary from one nation to another, depending on how the national strategies manage the disease effectively.
• Correlation of HIV, AIDS in White Males Who Are Injection Drug Users The testable hypothesis for this work states that socioeconomic status is correlated with HIV/AIDS in white males who are injection drug users.
• “And the Band Played On” During the AIDS Pandemic The movie “And the Band Played On” touches on different prevalent issues during the AIDS pandemic that affected the world in the 1980s.
• The U.S. Government and the Global Fund: Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria The United States participates in a range of international health programs, in particular, and contributes financially to the Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria.
• HIV: Epidemiology, Symptoms and Consequences This paper analyzes the symptoms and consequences of HIV, demographic data, the treatment of the infection, and the organizations specializing in it.
• Age of AIDS: Analysis of Problem The world should create awareness about HIV and stigmatization of the people living with the virus. Awareness should be provided as early.
• Nurses in HIV-AIDS Diagnosis and Treatment The analysis of the current state of the problem of HIV/AIDS proves the impact of this disease both on individuals and on the state of healthcare industry in general.
• The Lack of Awareness About the HIV Currently, the lack of awareness about the issue, and the fact that HIV status is considered to be a stigma, leads to the decreased willingness for people to take the test.
• New York City STD-HIV Prevention Training Center The New York City STD/HIV Prevention Training Center is aimed at managing the problems associated with reproductive health among the U.S. population.
• HIV-AIDS, Nutrition and Cancer in Society Patients suffering from HIV/AIDS need to have a perfect schedule for their nutrition. It is important that they watch their diet to boost their immunity.
• An Investigation of HIV/ AIDS Prevention Program Targeted to Unique Population Group in Bangkok The prevention strategy for unique populations, like in the project initiated in Thailand, is aggravated by the necessity to study these populations.
• The U.S President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief The overall mission of the U.S President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is to consider the populace living with HIV/AIDS all over the globe.
• African American Women With HIV in the United States This paper aims to determine factors that can influence treatment compliance among African American women and provide support during the treatment process.
• HIV Disease’s and Kaposi Sarcoma’s Relationship This paper analyzes the relationship between Kaposi Sarcoma and HIV disease, analyzes the relationship between these two variables, provides results and statistical analysis.
• Sampling for African American HIV Women Study This paper is aimed at defining the appropriate sampling strategy and sample size for the study concerning the relationship between HIV treatment compliance and social support.
• Education Level and HIV Transmission Among Alcoholics in California This research highlights the objective elements and statistical information regarding the relationship between education level and HIV transmission among alcoholics in California.
• Stigma in HIV-Positive Women Article by Sandelowski et al. This article attempts to describe how studies have addressed issues of gender, race/ethnicity, and social class in studying stigma among HIV-positive women.
• Overview of Immune Dysfunction and AIDS AIDS can be characterized by a weakened state of the immune system. The loss of those cells leads to a highly vulnerable state of the immune system and further complications.
• Surveillance for Implementing the HIV-AIDS Awareness Program Monitoring the needs of the target audience is a crucial step toward creating a safe environment in which the needs of patients can be addressed accordingly.
• An Investigation of HIV/ AIDS Prevention Program This paper presents a letter to the editor on the topic of an investigation of HIV/AIDS prevention programs targeted to a unique population group in Bangkok, Thailand.
• Public Health Issue of HIV Infection in Australia Public health statistics indicate important facts about the distribution of HIV/AIDS in Australia. There are diverse segments of the population already affected by this condition.
• Correlation Between HIV, AIDS and Kaposi Sarcoma Based on the causative correlation between HIV/AIDS and Kaposi Sarcoma, this paper presents the details about a Biostatistics project that investigates the correlation.
• Rising Heights Program for HIV The principles of economics underlying the evaluation and assessment processes for the Rising Heights Program for HIV Care premise on the concepts of cost-benefit analysis.
• HIV & AIDS Among African-Americans in the United States The paper begins with a detailed synopsis that describes the African Americans, followed by highlighting factors that lead to the propagation of the disease.
• HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Russia Overview The rate of HIV/AIDS infection has risen up to about two hundred and fifty percent in Russia, central Asia, and Eastern Europe.
• HIV/AIDs and STDs in the USA and Other Countries The paper introduces the difference in view and Challenges facing people living with HIV/AIDs and STDs in the United States and other countries.
• New Strategies for HIV Vaccines The HIV virus is spreading fast worldwide, and the AIDS clinical consequences are clearly devastating. Therefore, an effective vaccine is required to contain the situation.
• Women and HIV Resource Availability: Challenges and Needs The study aims at showing how strategies such as providing education, emotional support, resource outlets, and counseling can be used to help in lowering HIV infection rates.
• HIV: Populations and Factors that Affect Its Control, Prevention, and Treatment This paper aims to investigate what populations traditionally face the most substantial risk of HIV infection and how HIV is affected by economic, social, and legislative variables.
• Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, Education & Community Mobilisation The paper discusses the health issues associated with HIV/AIDS and their transmissions and the preventive measures that have been adopted to curb and minimise the cases.
• The Level of HIV & AIDS in African Countries The level of HIV/AIDS in African countries is extremely high. The research shows that the level of information awareness among the population is rather low.
• The Individualistic Approach to HIV Prevention The individualistic approach to HIV prevention has notable strengths and limitations. The concept of personal behavior change is very crucial.
• HIV Treatment Compliance and Social Support Among African American Women HIV is one of the major public health threats. Researchers find that among all the groups of the American population, African-Americans are affected by HIV the most.
• Current Ethical Dilemma: HIV and AIDS in Africa The New Hock Times newspaper published on May 14, 2010, was about the rising percentages of people suffering from Aids in South Africa.
• Epidemiology: Controling Spread of HIV in China Chang conducted the study “China tries to stop spread of HIV/AIDS among prostitutes” to evaluate efforts by the Chinese government to control the spread of HIV in China.
• HIV Among Adolescents: Nurse Practitioners Intervention The increased prevalence of HIV among the representatives of the adolescent population can partly be attributed to drug abuse.
• HIV and AIDS Etiology and Management The paper reviews HIV and AIDS as two different disease processes that are related but occur at different stages.
• HIV/AIDS: Etiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus that kills body cells aimed at helping people combat different kinds of viruses. The human body is protected by the immune system.
• Return on Investment of HIV Treatment Among African-American Women This paper has briefly analyzed the MAAH program, which has a high return on investments and strives to improve support among African-American women suffering from HIV.
• Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing Practice: Dealing With HIV & AIDS Patients When one is faced with an ethical dilemma, making decisions between two conflicting options should be done with care.
• HIV Treatment Compliance in African American Women The study tries to prove that social support for African American females affects HIV treatment adherence and allows them to cope with negative influences.
• Today’s HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the United States Today, more than 1.5 million U.S. citizens are living with HIV infection and approximately 1 out of 5 U.S. citizens are not aware of their HIV infection.
• Maternal Mortality of HIV‐Infected Pregnant Women in Tanzania This research paper determines the risk factors for mortality rates in expectant women in the Republic of Tanzania.
• The Efficacy of Female Condom Skills Training in HIV Risk The paper includes an evaluation of the research method and validity of the research concerning the efficacy of the training on the use of female condoms.
• HIV and AIDS Pathophysiology and Management Comparison This paper is an investigation of the similarities and differences between the AIDS condition and HIV infection.
• Treatment Compliance Among African American Women With HIV This study looks into how African American women relate to HIV in terms of treatment and the social support offered to those living with HIV.
• HIV & AIDS Prevention by International Non-Governmental Organizations Because of their limited connection with the local government, NGO programs aimed at improving HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention can be quite effective.
• HIV Treatment in the African American Women The research is important for finding out the connections between social support and HIV treatment in the African American women population, which is the most affected.
• HIV-Positive African American Women Living in Rural Areas This study shows how Black American women have a higher transmission rate of being infected and are more affected relative to their counterparts in the population.
• Prince George’s County: Demographic and Epidemiological Situation for HIV/AIDS This paper will focus on the county of Prince George, in Maryland, its demographic and epidemiological situation, and the problem of HIV/AIDS.
• Female Condom Skills Training for HIV Risk Reduction The number of women who are victims of HIV amounts to almost half the total number of victims who live with the virus.
• Demographic Change Among People With HIV & AIDS The research paper examines the demographic nature of people with AIDS in the United States and the changes over certain time intervals analyze.
• HIV and Kaposi Sarcoma: Research Methodology The proposed study would use a quantitative research approach. Its appropriateness for paper emerges from its ability to gather personal data.
• HIV in Adolescent Population: Healthy Promotion Intervention Plan The intervention program is about the distribution of leaflets for adolescents with HIV as well as other representatives of society.
• The HIV-AIDS Spread in African Regions Low economical development and lack of population awareness about HIV/AIDS danger are the main reasons for the increase of newly infected people in African regions.
• Sexually Transmissible Infections and HIV in Uganda Uganda since 1986 is one of the countries with a high HIV prevalence, but in recent years, there has been a decline in patients with sexually transmitted infections.
• Prevalence Study of HIV Infection Analysis The purpose of this study is to determine the occurrence of HIV infection among adults aged 18-60 who present themselves for care to the ED at Franklin Square Hospital.
• Mandatory HIV Testing for All Pregnant Women Ensuring the health of the nation required component activities to ensure universal access to prevention and treatment of HI, significant reduction in HIV-related morbidity.
• HIV and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS patients have increased chances of developing a wide range of microbial infections. This outcome is possible since the destroyed cells are unable to fight microorganisms.
• Books Devoted to the AIDS: Key Points Summary This paper is an annotated bibliography for three books on AIDS thematics, the paper briefly summarizes the key points of each.
• STIs: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS HIV diagnosis is associated with detecting particular particles in the blood called the retrovirus. These are the tiny viruses that penetrate the T cells of the blood.
• Nutritional “Cures” for Clients With Cancer or HIV-AIDS The paper analysis nutrition, which can play a pivotal role in providing some relief to patients especially those with HIV/AIDS.
• AIDS Project Los Angeles Organization’s Strategic Planning Process This paper seeks to bring to the fore the typical managerial challenges faced by non-profit health organizations and recommend a strategic planning process.
• Opportunistic Infections: HIV and Kaposi’s Sarcoma Kaposi’s Sarcoma is usually triggered by the herpes virus, which, on condition of immunity functions normally, does not affect health.
• HIV and AIDS: Treatment Management HIV/AIDS is a virus that quickly multiplies and mutates. While no cure exists for the disease, effective treatment and management vital to maintaining good health are available.
• HIV Medication Adherence: Analysis of There Articles Introducing new tools for assisting patients with HIV is essential for managing both physiological effects of the disease and the psychological weight that HIV patients have to carry.
• HIV&AIDS Articles by Betancur et al. and Téllez et al. The paper analyzes Betancur et al.’s and Téllez et al.’s articles on quality of life and a care program for HIV/AIDS patients.
• AIDS Pandemic: Impact on Human Health Scientific evidence has shown that AIDS is the causative virus of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that is the cause of death because it affects the immune system.
• Proper Education Through Music for Youth for HIV, AID Prevention The attachment of youths to music and their high level of vulnerability form the basis for the implementation of a prevention strategy , use of music to prevent the spread of HIV and AIDS.
• Rhetoric. Should the State Know Your HIV Status? by Alfieri In her article “Should the State Know Your HIV Status?”, Rosemarie Gionta Alfieri sets a case against the proposals to make the practice of HIV testing mandatory.
• Why HIV Has Spread So Rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa? AIDS , the deadly disease caused by HIV has plagued the Sub-Saharan African countries more than any other region in the world.
• Preventing HIV: Clean Needle Exchange Programs The many view clean needle exchange programs as a state-sponsored encouragement for drug users to continue their practice.
• Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Oral Health in HIV Patients The oral manifestations could occur as initial signs, as side effects of medications, underlying systemic disease or as opportunistic infections.
• HIV&AIDS Impact on Australians HIV/AIDS remains a potential danger to many Australians, if left unchecked. Interventional, supportive, and educational solutions help keep the spreading of the disease in check.
• PEPFAR’s Impact on Africa’s Fight Against AIDS The United States extended a helping hand when the Bush Administration created the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief or PEPFAR.
• Globalization, the Sex Trade and HIV-AIDS Two separate incidents but same destiny. Caught in the racket of sex traffickers both the girls end up as sex slaves. This brings us only to face with an increasing truth of trafficking of women globally.
• HIV & AIDS Education Programs and Interventions The proposed intervention was to introduce community-wide education programs to raise awareness of the people regarding the needs of HIV/AIDS patients.
• World AIDS Day Celebration: Newspaper Research The concept of the celebration of World AIDS Day started at the 1998 World Summit of Ministers of Health on Programmes for AIDS Prevention joined by 140 countries.
• HIV Management in African American Residents of Houston, TX Due to the drop in health literacy levels among vulnerable groups, along with restricted access to the necessary healthcare resources, the levels of HIV have risen among the specified demographic.
• Miami-Based Sources for Patients Living With HIV This paper reports on three Miami-based sources for patients living with HIV. They include AIDS Drug Assistance Program, Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS, and South Florida AIDS Network.
• Chronic Illness of Interest: HIV HIV, which is human immunodeficiency virus, is a burden for contemporary society and a challenge for healthcare.
• Communicable Diseases: The Epidemiological Potential of HIV This study aims to investigate HIV from the perspective of epidemiology, addressing various issues related to the selected disease, including its causes and symptoms.
• HIV&AIDS Education in Afro-American Community The engagement of African American women in discussions about HIV/AIDS is one of the efficient ways to eliminate existing health disparities and promote community well-being.
• The International Conference on HIV Treatment and Prevention Adherence On June 8, I have attended the International Conference on HIV Treatment and Prevention Adherence, which was held in Miami, Florida.
• HIV Among Caucasian, African American, and Latino Homosexual Men Creating awareness at the community level would play a significant role in reducing the number of new HIV infections among Caucasian, African American, and Latino homosexual men.
• Managing the Problem of HIV Among Gay Men at the Community Level Since there are noticeable disparities in the degree of HIV contraction among gay men belonging to different ethnicities, a detailed analysis of the factors to which the vulnerable groups are exposed must be due.
• HIV: The Impact of Chronic Illness The care plan should follow the goals and objectives of Healthy People 2020 program about HIV which are focused on HIV prevention.
• HIV Criminalization: From a Bill to a Law Despite the fact that the current legislation is admittedly legitimate from the perspective of the community and its members’ safety, it jeopardizes the security of HIV patients.
• HIV Transmission and Syringe Trade-In System In the modern societal culture, the transmission of HIV is more commonly found to happen via sexual intercourse rather than sharing of syringes while using narcotics.
• HIV/AIDS and Safe Sex Behaviors in India This article is devoted to the problem of HIV and AIDS in India. It attracts national and international priority, as the rate of spreading the disease has been increased.
• Association of Nurses in AIDS Care and Its Activity ANAC (Association of Nurses in AIDS Care) is one of the leading professional nursing organizations working on the issue of AIDS and HIV.
• HIV/AIDS as an Epidemiological Problem in the US Many people in the United States are affected by the problem of HIV/AIDS. This condition has been observed to catalyze numerous implications such as reduced social problems.
• AIDS, Hepatitis A, Influenza A in Miami, Florida Healthy People 2020 provides no goals for combating influenza A. But the Miami Health Department follows the guidelines by the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.
• HIV Prevention and Education Among Population The presence of high HIV rates among the population is a concern that might lead to severe consequences. The problem of HIV can be viewed from multiple angles.
• Ethical Health Informatics for HIV Patients Privacy concerns should never be inferior to the ultimate performance of the system, especially when it comes to patients with HIV (or any other ethically-marked illness).
• Adherence to Antiretroviral in HIV Treatment The article delves into the relevance of the drugs and narrows down to the reasons why ARVs need consistent usage.
• The Spreading of HIV Across the Gay Men A thorough study of the age distribution of the HIV-positive gay men population would be the first step to determining an effective prevention strategy.
• Reducing HIV Amongst Gay and Bisexual Men in Florida There are many misconceptions regarding the passage of HIV among men with different sexual preferences.
• Cultural Variations in Environment and Biology: AIDS
• HIV/AIDS Epidemiology in Miami, Florida
• HIV and AIDS among African American Women
• AIDS, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis in Miami Community
• Drug Abuse, HIV/AIDS, and Songs on Social Issues
• The HIV Risk for Older Hispanic Women
• Malaria, AIDS, and Tuberculosis in Miami, Florida
• AIDS, Influenza, Syphilis as Florida Health Issues
• Prevention of HIV Among Older Adults: Review and Research
• HIV/AIDS Prevalence in African-American Population
• Prevention of HIV Prevalence Among Latinos
• HIV/AIDS Infection among Women
• Influenza, Tuberculosis, AIDS Prevention in Miami
• Epidemics of HIV in Gay Men
• The Problem of Addressing HIV in Gay Populations
• Lesotho Apparel Industry Unites to Fight AIDS
• Tuberculosis, AIDS, and Influenza A Virus in Miami
• HIV/AIDS Prevalence Among Latino Population
• AIDS, Influenza, Rabies in Miami-Dade County
• HIV, Gonorrhea, and Tuberculosis in Miami
• Gonorrhea, Syphilis, AIDS and Healthy People 2020
• HIV/AIDS, Influenza, and Syphilis Rates in Miami
• HIV/AIDS: Public Administration of Western Nations
• HIV/STI Risk Factors in African-American Students
• Old Hispanic Women and HIV Risk Factors
• Patient Attitudes towards HIV Testing
• HIV/AIDS Trend, Monitoring, Management in the USA
• HIV/AIDS Patients’ Prognosis and Affecting Factors
• HIV/AIDS, Respiratory Syndrome, Unhealthy Lifestyle
• HIV and AIDS Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
• Hepatitis A, Syphilis, AIDS in Miami-Dade County
• Seasonal Influenza, AIDS, Zika Fever in Miami
• The Trend of HIV and AIDS Infection
• Tuberculosis, Influenza A, AIDS in Healthy People 2020
• HIV/AIDS Awareness in Mississippi Youth Population
• Influenza A, HIV/AIDS, Giardiasis in Miami, Florida
• Women and Men HIV Prevention
• Addressing HIV Prevalence among Gay Men
• The Black Coalition for AIDS Prevention: Human Resources
• Medicine: HIV Case Management
• Development Project. Avahan: India AIDS Initiative
• AIDS and Other Social Viruses
• Immunology: HIV and AIDS in the African-American Community
• Are Condoms Effective in Reducing the Spread of HIV?
• Are Evolution and the Intracellular Innate Immune System Key Determinants in HIV Transmission?
• How Is HIV Diagnosed?
• Are Geographical Cold Spots of Male Circumcision Driving Differential HIV Dynamics in Tanzania?
• What Does HIV Do to a Person?
• What Are the Five Symptoms of HIV?
• Are HIV Carriers Suffering From Discrimination?
• What Are the Four Stages of HIV Infection?
• Can HIV-1-Specific ADCC Assist the Clearance of Reactivated Latently Infected Cells?
• What Is the Best Treatment for HIV?
• Can HIV Be Treated Permanently?
• Can Community Group Participation Help Young Women to Avoid HIV?
• How Long Does HIV Treatment Last?
• Does Antigen Glycosylation Impact the HIV-Specific T Cell Immunity?
• Does Democracy Reduce the HIV Epidemic?
• Can HIV Be Treated or Cured?
• Does Education Affect HIV Status?
• What Are Symptoms of HIV in Males?
• Has HIV Displaced Other Health Funding Priorities?
• What Is the Impact of HIV/Aids on Society?
• Have Cells Harboring the HIV Reservoir Been Immunoedited?
• How Does Communal HIV Affect Fertility?
• How Common Is HIV in Pregnancy?
• Can a Mother With Aids Have a Healthy Baby?
• How Does HIV Infect the Body?
• Should People Adopt Foreign Children With HIV?
• What Does It Mean to Adopt a Child Who Has HIV?
• When Do HIV Signs Start Showing?
• What Can Gamma Delta T Cells Contribute to an HIV Cure?
• How Common Is HIV in Adults?

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This essay topic collection was updated on December 27, 2023 .

264 HIV Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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• The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the Movie “And the Band Played On” In particular, they knew that many of the patients had sexual intercourse with one another, but they could not explain why this disease was widespread in the gay community.
• Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS Gates Foundation The main objective of the Gates Foundation is “to reduce the incidence of HIV infection and extend the lives of people living with HIV”.
• Epidemiologic Triangle Elements Applied to HIV The epidemiologic triangle can be extremely beneficial in this perspective, because it “is a model for explaining the organism causing the disease and the conditions that allow it to reproduce and spread”. Anyway, the spread […]
• AIDS Discrimination in “Philadelphia” (1993) by Jonathan Demme “Philadelphia” is the film that appeared on the screens at the end of the 20th century. He is a lawyer, who copes with his duties easily and is known as one of the best professionals.
• HIV in South Africa This negative side of the warfare led to the re-interpretation of human security on the onset of the Cold War that ushered in the second phase of the human security approach.
• AIDS/HIV: Description of the Disease This is the very reason why many who have acquired HIV or AIDS result to an eventual death because of the lack of immune system that protects them from acquiring other forms of illnesses.
• Anglo American Plc’s HIV/AIDS Strategy The stakeholders include the South African government, the Anglo American employees, the populations of surrounding communities, families of employees, the Global Council on HIV/AIDS, The National Union of Mineworkers, pharmaceutical companies and other multinational companies […]
• Ethical Issues on HIV/AIDS The issues to be discussed include ethical issues related to research and counseling for AIDS patients, discrimination, and intentional transmission of the disease and the protection of vulnerable groups in the society.
• HIV/AIDS Education’ Importance for Young People Due to the impact of this challenge in many countries, better education system that informs the youth and new generation is essential in informing the youths on the safety behaviors that can help reduce the […]
• The International Problem of HIV/AIDS in Modern World In addition, the effects of HIV/AIDS today are not only confined to the families and individuals infected, but also involve the political, economic, and social factors of the country and people in the country.
• HIV/AIDS in Africa and The PEN-3 Model In most communities in Africa, the prevention of HIV/AIDS lies within the cultural practices. In conclusion, the fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa should lie parallel with the eradication of cultural practices, which hinder promotion of […]
• Group Policy Regarding the HIV/AIDS Transmission Issue The primary issues related to HIV transmission are the following: A high risk of infection Limited access to treatment The virus’s rapid growth and transmission A tremendous number of people born with the virus Lack […]
• Microbial-Environmental Interactions in HIV & AIDS The virus manifests in two subtypes, HIV-1 and HIV-2, and the severity of infection depends on the type of viral attack.
• HIV and AIDS Prevalence in South Africa According to Africa Science Focus, despite effective HIV/AIDS treatments available around the world, there is a distinct inequality in the ability of South Africa to access them. Before listening to the podcast, I knew that […]
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS in Women HIV and AIDS are global health problems affecting women disproportionately due to cultural beliefs and worldviews. Biological variations also contribute to the spread of HIV and AIDS among women due to peculiarities of their body […]
• Addressing the Issue of the HIV Epidemic in the US It aims to end the HIV epidemic in the country by utilizing the latest scientific advancements in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
• Living With HIV: Stigma and Discrimination The mental health and emotional well-being of the population living with this virus are affected due to the humiliation and judgment they face from their fellows around them.
• Recent Advancements in HIV Treatment An example of a recent advancement is the approval of Cabenuva, an injectable HIV therapy reducing the need for daily medication intake.
• Nursing: HIV Among Queer (LGBT) Community A combinatory program is required to reduce the rates of HIV transmission, improve the prevention techniques against the virus and ensure the early-stage diagnosis procedures are as effective as possible.
• HIV-Positive Women’s Mental Health Problems Peer review implies the submission of the article describing the details of the research process and the design to a journal that then sends this article to the professionals working in the same field, who […]
• The HIV Vaccine: Discontinuation of Trials Therefore, the primary benefit of this study is that people could get immune to the HIV infection, provided the vaccine worked.
• The Stigma of People Living With HIV and AIDS Consequently, in this case, it is recommended to pay special attention to the development and implementation of policies to combat HIV/AIDS stigmatization from the point of view of taking into account the interests of older […]
• Aspects of Stop AIDS Delaware Initiative The four that are incredibly essential to their own lives as well as to a wider community include emotional resilience, communication skills, medical knowledge of the condition, and empathy.
• Stigma and Psychological Distress in HIV Caregivers The inclusion criteria of the participants in the study were if they had a confirmed HIV diagnosis. This study’s findings are similar to the findings in “Depression, anxiety, stress, and stigma in informal caregivers of […]
• Math: Aspects of HIV Modeling The indicator of the fit of the constructed model to the data set is the parameter R2, the coefficient of determination.
• Ethical and Legal Issues With the Disclosure of HIV Status of Healthcare Workers The first glance at the situation compels one to immediately support the idea that healthcare professionals should disclose their HIV status since the alternative scenario would pose a significant health risk to a patient.
• Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among HIV People The abstract provides a concise summary of the background of the research, aims, methodology, results, and conclusions to help the audience understand the without reading the entire report.
• HIV Infection: Diagnosing and Testing Therefore, a comprehensive approach to clarifying the diagnosis, using a synthesis of scientifically based and subjective aspects of the course of the disease. The purpose of this study is to determine a comprehensive approach to […]
• HIV-AIDS Prevention & Advocacy Through Legislation Despite the existing programs to promote HIV/AIDS prevention among the population and criminalization of the failure to disclose HIV status prior to sexual intercourse, the Florida state legislature does not obtain any mandatory outreach and […]
• Increasing Public Awareness of HIV Infection The HIV denialism movement, which emerged almost immediately after the discovery of the disease and its identification as the cause of AIDS, actively promotes anti-scientific hypotheses about the absence of both the virus itself and […]
• Stories of People Battling HIV-AIDs She always ensures that supportive communication is at the center of her engagement with the children and shows acceptance and respect to improve her relationship with them.
• Counseling Clients With HIV-AIDS Thus, the central recommendation for human service professionals counseling clients with HIV/AIDS is to allow time for the shock of the news to sink.
• HIV Subtype Diversity Worldwide HIV is a severe global health issue because almost 40 million people were infected in 2017. That is why it is not surprising that Australians also suffer from this health problem.
• Los Angeles: Community Strategic Plan For STD and HIV Reduction Thus, one of the main concerns is the risk of transmission of both STDs and HIV due to the crisis of homelessness and loneliness in Los Angeles Country.
• Vulnerable Population: HIV-AIDS The latest statistics identify HIV/AIDS as a major medical problem affecting the health sector. The disease currently affects over one million citizens.
• African American Women With HIV: HIV Treatment Compliance The sampling strategy that will be used in the study is simple random sampling. This strategy will be appropriate because it is likely that the sample will be representative of the general population, for any […]
• HIV, STI as a Public Health Issue In light of the fact that the HIV/STI development levels remain rather high among the target population, the necessity to educate young people about the threats of HIV/STI, as well as the methods of avoiding […]
• Health Interventions in the AIDS Epidemic This development has created the need for introducing the social-ecological model in curbing the increased rates of HIV infection in some communities. This paper identifies income and stigma as the main social factors that affect […]
• Changes in the Research on AIDS Some of the current researches on this disease include treatment of the disease, the content of Aids protein and the preventive modes.
• The Most Effective Methods of Preventing the Spread of HIV Recent statistics show that in the United States the number of people living with HIV and AIDS is higher among men than women.
• Segregation of HIV-Positive Prisoners The biggest debate on segregation of HIV-positive prisoners surrounds the ethical impact it renders to the inmates. The proponents of segregation of HIV-positive prisoners believe that segregation protects prisoners and the correctional staff from catching […]
• The Problem of Homeless Youths With HIV-AIDS Studies carried out in the city of New York in 2008 showed that 21 percent of homeless youth males and 24 percent of homeless female youths had “more than 100 lifetime partners”. 5 percent of […]
• Country Health Policy Proposal on Improving HIV-AIDS Outcomes in South Africa One of the significant public health problems facing the South African public health system is the high prevalence of HIV/AIDs. Inefficiency of the public health system contributes significantly to the HIV burden in South Africa.
• HIV/AIDS and International Health Community Over the years, the level of people’s awareness about the notion of HIV/AIDS has increased dramatically, yet the health condition itself remains frowned upon and stigmatized by the global community.
• AIDS, Then and Now This view spread to the U.S.culture at large and contributed to an exaggerated representation of the disease as a “gay plague” in the media.
• Film “The Silent Partner: HIV in Marriage” In a region whose fight against HIV is slowed by a lack of awareness, the film shows how traditional ways of fighting the pandemic fail to serve the needs of married women.
• Communicable Disease Health Education Tool: HIV, AIDS The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a contagious that causes a condition known as the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
• The HIV/AIDS Situation in India Most of the initial cases had occurred through heterosexual sex; but at the end of the 1980s, a rapid spread of HIV was observed among injecting drug users in Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland. An explosion […]
• HIV, Health & Rights – Sustaining Community Action In general, the strategies are useful since they focus on the existing challenges and address the target population. In conclusion, one can state that the strategic drivers have been successfully developed into the four directional […]
• Saudi Student Nurses’ Perception of Their Educational Preparation for HIV/AIDS Patient Care In this research, the review will explore the current knowledge and literature regarding the level of comfort of nursing student’s on educational program preparation for the care of people living with HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia.
• HIV in Saudi Arabian Children Analysis For a long time, this society has considered those who are suffering from HIV as adulterous and are not living according to the teachings of the Quran.
• Problem of HIV in Saudi Arabian Children Although the rate of HIV infection still remains low when compared to the world’s average, the number has been on the rise over the past five years.
• HIV and AIDS as a Chronic Disease: The Unique Contributions of Nursing Through Philosophical, Theoretical, and Historical Perspectives In most societies across the world, the responsibility of caring for the sick in the community feel on the family and the entire society.
• The Historical and Current Role of Stigma in the Provision of HIV and AIDS Care: The Context of Ghana The paper describes the historical and current role of stigma in the provision and care of people living with HIV and AIDS in the context of Ghana.
• Men Issues With HIV/AIDS in Miami Various men’s issues and social well-being have contributed to the increased rate of infection among men in Miami and Florida. In conclusion, the rate of HIV/AIDS infection in Miami is higher among men than among […]
• From Exceptional to Chronic Illness: New Challenges in HIV Prevention in the UK The current paper is an attempt to analyze the shift in the perception of HIV from an exception to a chronic illness and the new challenges experienced in HIV prevention in the UK.
• Researching HIV, AIDS and Social Justice Disney claims that poverty and social injustice lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS among underprivileged people in all countries. The disease was a kind of stigma and infected people were subjected to discrimination and alienation.
• The Threat of HIV, AIDS and the Means to Avoid It Taking into account the results of the case study conducted by Cornish and Ghosh, instances of people in India becoming infected with the HIV virus have increased recently, which is given as a reason for […]
• The Combivir Medication in HIV, AIDS Treatment Hence by blocking the enzyme the rate of virus multiplication is reduced and consequently the amount of HIV cells in the blood is reduced.
• Natural HIV Control by Bruce Walker The ability of the immune system of individuals to fight HIV infection depends on T cells and not by how many T cells are produced. The article is important in that it shows the role […]
• The Policy Topic on the Impact of HIV/AIDS Pandemic in the USA This paper will discuss the policy topic on the impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the United States and the rest of the world.
• Circumcision of Male Infants as a Way to Combat the HIV Therefore, by circumcising all the men, the rate of heterosexual infections in Australia will reduce considerably as circumcised men are lesser prone to HIV infections than uncircumcised ones.
• Genco Company: A Distribution of HIV-AIDS Drugs in Malaysia The management of Genco Company should be keen on setting out the date of registration because it helps to determine the period, which the business will be legal to operate in the country.
• HIV From a Social Sciences Perspective In the US, the disease was initially associated with gays only but in the recent past, it is has been claiming many lives in the country and other parts of the world. The first social […]
• Microbiological View of HIV Epidemic and Possibility of Discovering Its Cure The glycoprotein facilitates attachment and fusion of the virus to human cell membrane. In Golgi complex it is cleaved by protease and proceased in to human immunodeficiency virus and released.
• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Prevention In so doing, they ignore the importance of the community in the prevention of HIV transmission. HIV prevention strategies that focus on the social drivers of HIV transmission are usually very effective.
• HIV/AIDS Pandemic Facing the Female Global Population The questions that arise are; what factors are contributing to the prevalence, who are the most affected and what are the actions taken to mitigate the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
• HIV Transmission From Homosexual Men Receiving Cure The study reaches the following conclusions: In general, male partners to MSM receiving treatment are at risk of contracting HIV virus although the risk is relative to condom use as well as the last time […]
• Depressive Symptoms and HIV Disease Relationship Moreover, the study also noted that it was imperative to identify and treat causes of physical symptoms while self-esteem and emotional support for HIV-positive pregnant women required strengthening in Thailand.
• Hepatitis C and HIV Among Intravenous Drug Users In relation to this health issue of HIV and HCV, the community health nurse has the responsibility of promoting health among intravenous drug users.
• Addressing the Needs of HIV Patients According to the latest report published on the subject matter, the therapy provided to the patients in question implies that the family members should take an active part in the process of managing the disorder […]
• HIV-AIDS in News Reports and Literature The report further shows that the use of ART has led to a reduction in the total cost of managing HIV-related cases annually in low and middle-income countries.
• Decreasing Inflammation in People With HIV: The Efficiency of Low-Dose Methotrexate The principal objective of the research is to obtain a numerical estimate of the issue and the reaction of respondents towards it.
• HIV Pandemic in Africa and the United States However, there is no epidemic of AIDS in the United States due to appropriate measures conducted by the government including the prohibition of the polygamy and anti-drug policy. Additionally, authors regard the role of the […]
• Communicable Disease Control Strategies for AIDS Governments should consider AIDS as a health priority, among the strategies to control the spread of disease are ensuring that public and private sectors are sharing AIDS’ responsibility, provision of enough resources to research on […]
• Guidelines on HIV and Infant Feeding The objective of this guideline was to find ways through which HIV-positive mothers can protect their HIV-free children from a possible infection.
• People Infected With HIV in India The proposed research aims to highlight the particular factors that led to a decrease in the number of people infected with HIV in India.
• Pneumonia Infection & Risk of Mortality in HIV-Infected Children The topic is quite interesting because only a few studies have attempted to focus on the role of HIV infection on the rates of mortality and morbidity rates in pneumonia infections. It is the first […]
• HIV Rates and Infant Mortality: US, UK and Kenya The purpose of this paper is to compare the HIV rates and infant mortality cases of the United States with the situation in a developed country such as the United Kingdom) and a developing nation […]
• Disclosure of a Physician’s HIV Status The addition of another corpus that needs the disclosure of HIV/AIDS status to partners is as important as it is harmful if done without prior consent.
• AIDS: The Legal Rights and Responsibilities of Employees and Patients It is the responsibility of employees to adhere to adjusted schedules and to maintain high productivity and efficiency. Employees also have a right to assess information on HIV and AIDS in the workplace.
• Late Phase of HIV Type 1 Replication The Late Phase of HIV type 1 replication involves the assembly of Gag proteins with the plasma membrane of hematopoietic cells.
• Baby With HIV Is Deemed Cured After reading the article, the first question I asked myself was whether it is possible for a baby with HIV to be cured without medication.
• Routes of HIV Transmission Based on the NACO annual report, it can be seen that the primary drivers of the HIV epidemic in India are commercial female sex workers, drug use and unprotected sex between homosexuals and heterosexuals.
• Health Services Research: AIDS-Related Stigma The information obtained from the analysis of the research findings are used by the healthcare organizations and policy makers to improve on the delivery of quality healthcare services to the people.
• HIV Intervention in Gay Community The AIDS scourge is at the center of this study because this paper seeks to address AIDS as a special health concern affecting the gay community in the Montrose area, with a clear aim of […]
• Risks for HIV&AIDS in Juvenile Detention The participants in this study willingly shared their perceptions and experience of risk for HIV/AIDS within the context of their social and ecological environments and, in so doing, embodied other models of interaction and behavior […]
• The Impact of HIV and AIDS Epidemic on Women In the anatomy while having intercourse the vagina is very susceptible to tears and irritations when engaging in sex and thus with the tears and the irritations the exposed flesh offers a good penetrating surface […]
• The Impact of Social Determinants of Health in the HIV-AIDS Efforts have been made to contain the pandemic but in vain, and that is why researchers are concentrating on the social determinants of health in the context of HIV/AIDS.
• The Social Environments and the Effectiveness of Youth HIV Prevention It is saddening that most of the youth view sex education negatively since their elders have socialized them to view it as a curse.
• Combining Efforts to Combat HIV and AIDS The difference in health care systems and standards of health care resources available in different parts of the world, greatly affect the course of the disease in individuals and groups.
• HIV Testing of High School Seniors Should Not Be a Mandatory Requirement for Graduation Still if a policy like mandatory HIV screening of students is formulated by the governing body of the University it is the indication of a serious lack of proper understanding of HIV/AIDS and the rights […]
• Research Into the Causes of HIV Though HIV is still incurable in modern days, one of the problems that people in slow developing countries face is high death rate from HIV due to the lack of funds for purchasing effective medication […]
• The Problem of HIV & AIDS in Spain: The Leading Rate of Infection in Europe Considering the fact that Spain has the leading number of the homosexual in Europe, the rate of the infections in this group stands at 10%.
• HIV and People Who Use Drugs: Cases of Infection Caused by Injection Drug Use The existing condition of the epidemic in a certain region can be termed as low-level, concentrated, or generalized depending on the prevalence levels of the virus in the specified demographic.
• Concepts of Culture and Disease Paper: AIDS However, in general, African governments and non-governmental organizations with the help of the United Nations Department of AIDS, UNAids, continue to educate Africans on the spread, symptoms, and other AIDS factors. In sub-Saharan Africa, numerous […]
• AIDS and Its Trends: An Infectious Disease That Causes the Vulnerability of the Human Internal System These facts address the query of the author having the valid experience to make writings regarding the Disease, it is clear that he had first-hand experiences. The disease is manageable with the use of drugs […]
• Effects of HIV and AIDS on Young Children and Women The hypothesis of this study is to establish the prevalence of HIV and AIDS on the general population this is with particular attention to the young children and the women who are more vulnerable.
• HIV Counseling and Testing: Lifetime Treatment Program Some of the possible intervention that can be adopted by the clinicians in order to improve adherence include the encouragement of the patients to be in contact with people of their age who will encourage […]
• Epidemiological Analysis of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) The virus is found in most of the body fluids of the infected person; and this is the main route of infections.
• Drugs for the Treatment of HIV Infection: Over 30 Antiretroviral Drugs to Counter the Effects of the Deadly AIDS Virus By the latest study, the Food and Drug Administration has approved 30 antiretroviral drugs to counter the effects of the deadly AIDS virus According to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the drugs, […]
• Health Care Management: HIV and AIDS Prevention and Treatment To define the measurement system, and define the failure or success of HIV/AIDS treatment it is necessary to give the image of the situation in general.
• HIV, AIDS Health Determinants in Africa: The Research and Development in Curative and Preventive Medicare Emphasis was laid on the research and development in curative and preventive Medicare so that the members of the society lived a healthy life. This is compared to a total of between 130,000 and 180,000 […]
• HIV Crisis in Africa: Review of Major Public Health Concerns on the Continent The paper will examine the issue of HIV/AIDS in Africa, focusing on the effects of the disease, procedures of its containment, and the prevention tactics used by the African public.
• The Spread of HIV and AIDS in Prisons: Causes and Measures of Control Other causes of the spread of the disease include overcrowding and lack of education on the danger of the virus. At-risk individuals need to be sensitized about the devastating consequences of this virus and the […]
• ART HIV Medicine Saves Lives: Maintains Functions of the Immune System and Prevents Opportunistic Infections The goal of the essay is to increase the level of awareness of readers on the importance of ART. A brief overview of HIV treatment programs should also be included in the essay to support […]
• HIV: Overview of the Clinical Manifestations of Infection and Symptoms and Known Cases of Complete Cure The information includes detailed information about the molecular structure of the virus, the form of the genome, and the mechanism of self-reproduction within a targeting cell.
• Faith-Based Organization Services as the Best Means to Prevent HIV and AIDS in Southern Cameroons The HIV/AIDS issue was complicated by the fact that at the moment of this research, there was no cure and the only way of addressing the infection spread was through prevention and ensuring that people […]
• An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Drug Treatment for HIV and AIDS It is also vital to stress that non-adherence leads to the return of the symptoms and the development of HIV-related diseases that could lead to death.
• HIV & AIDS Diagnosis and Treatment Measures After decades of its first appearance, the human immunodeficiency virus, which causes AIDS at a more severe stage, continues to be a major threat to human health and searches for developments in diagnosis and treatment.
• Breast Cancer and AIDS: Significant Issues in the United States in the Late 20th Century Thus, the given paper is going to explain why these activists challenged regulatory and scientific authorities and what they demanded. That is why the enthusiasts challenged their practices and made specific demands to improve the […]
• The Effect of HIV Treatment on Individuals and Contributing to a Longer Life of the Patients As a result, better treatment of the illnesses globally and especially in Africa has contributed to a longer life expectancy of the patients.
• Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in South Africa The primary purpose of this study is to determine the cost-effectiveness of the use of circumcision and if this practice is appropriate.
• Misinform Partner’s HIV-AIDS Status: How to Prevent From Being Misinformed However, I believe that the key to avoiding the issue of the HIV growing epidemic does not lie in the doctor’s duty to anonymously inform one’s sexual partners.
• The Issue of HIV-AIDS-Positive Status Disclosure Whereas at the beginning of the epidemic, the therapists felt it was their duty to inform the patient’s surroundings of the issue, the introduction of the HIV/AIDS Confidentiality Act turned this duty into a forthright […]
• Global Health Issue Analysis: HIV – A Relatively New Disease Rapid detection and treatment are crucial to limit the spread of HIV and limit the patient’s effects. As the frequency and intensity of symptoms vary from person to person, testing is the only clear way […]
• High Risk of HIV Among Injection Drug Users The aim of this Health Promotion Plan is to improve the situation with infection diseases spreading among the injection drug users due to the social importance of this problem and the high level of mortality […]
• Childhood Sexual Abuse and HIV Risk in San Salvador Still, the women interviewed presented a peculiar layer of the society that made it possible to understand the clear connection of the CSA to HIV/AIDS and drug addictions.
• New Directions and Strategies for Current and Future Research in HIV The authors therefore are in agreement that future research paradigms focusing on HIV should lay much focus on developing an efficacious vaccine to curtail further spread of the virus.
• Health and Health Policy of HIV and AIDS: Physical and Psychological Wellbeing Health is defined and understood as the state of full physical and psychological wellbeing, and not just the absence of diseases in the body, while a health policy is the plans, strategies and actions undertaken […]
• Bubonic Plague and AIDS: Differences and Similarities Transmission of the diseases is also another area that generated debate in the entire course of The Plague and during the initial stages of AIDS.
• Pricing AIDS Drugs Sold to Developing Countries The majority of the world’s HIV/AIDS cases are in Africa particularly the sub-Saharan and many of the infected have been faced with a huge challenge to live a normal life due to limitations in access […]
• HIV-AIDS and Male Circumcision: The Cases of Kenya and Sri Lanka In India, religion and culture have been identified as impediments to the fight and prevention of HIV-AIDS. Religion as the main basis of culture has resulted in the entrenchment of the ban on circumcision to […]
• Does Black America Need White Support in Order to Combat HIV, AIDS Epidemic? The economic instability, the lack of education and improper health care facilities all attribute to the spread of the epidemic in the black community which is set to rise in the coming years.
• Women With AIDS in Africa: Treatment Possibilities Starting with the economical issues, the countries of Africa are the countries of the third world and the economy is very weak in the area.
• The Relationship Between the High Rate of Urbanization in Africa and AIDS Spread This movement results in to increase in the number of people in the towns and cities in a particular year. The increased social interaction of people in towns has led to increased HIV/AIDS infections in […]
• Language and Stigmatization: Cancer, HIV, and AIDS Much has been written concerning the alarming spread and effects of HIV/AIDS in the society and the effects of cancer and the position of its victims and how to care for them.
• HIV and AIDS in Adolescents The teenagers in America and the world are a group that is constantly at risk of infection with the Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus and developing the Acquired-Immune-Deficiency-Syndrome, the disease condition that eventually results; this is stemming mainly from […]
• The Human and Economic Effects of AIDS on the United States The social impact of HIV has been well documented and widely distributed which has served to educate the public and acted to stem the tide of the epidemic.
• Workplace Stereotypes About People With HIV: Business Ethics After analyzing the every angel of the case, it can be said that this is the picture of the stereotyping prejudice of people with AIDS.
• Capitalism and Industrialization as a Cause of AIDS Spread Population growth rates are the highest in most of Asia, Africa, and Latin America due to the high degree of fertility and the dramatic decrease in mortality following World War II.
• The Pharmaceutical Industry Faces AIDS in Africa Food insecurity in these countries has to lead to the quick progression of patients to full brown AIDS and completely worsened the immunity of the patients.
• HIV, AIDS and the Social Environment The obvious place to start is to find out the sociological impact of HIV/AIDS with regards to the infected person. Thus, there is a tendency to concentrate on the scientific aspect of the disease as […]
• African Gold: Ethics and AIDS in the Workplace The issue that is troubling the management of the organization in the case, African Gold is that of the costs, medical costs and disability programs as a result of the rising workforce succumbing to the […]
• Center for Disease Control and HIV Prevention Goals The first short-term mission of the CDC Preventions is to increase the percentage of those HIV-affected people who indulge in such activities which alleviates the risks or dangers of HIV transmission.
• AIDS Infection in Europe Statistics: A National Disaster in Many Countries Most of these young men and women that engage in this business are end up being infected with HIV virus since they do not have the power to negotiate for safe sex and especially the […]
• Rational System of HIV Disclosure Laws Since the start of HIV pandemic, the humanity aimed to regulate and minimize the spread of the infection. The people, who became the victims, as they were unaware of the danger of the infection, finally […]
• World AIDS Day Celebration: Increasing the Awareness of the People About the Disease The World AIDS Day is not just celebrated in the United States, Europe, or Asia, it is observed all over the world because the disease does not only affect this part of the globe, but […]
• Public Policy Development. AIDS.gov Benefit Types CDC is a premier public health agency which undertakes the control and prevention of AIDS in US, and their mission is to promote health and quality of life.
• Public Policy. Eligibility Rules Used by AIDS.gov There are no restrictions that prohibit the tailoring of health care programs by clients and using various services and providers that are eligible for meeting the health care needs of individuals.
• HIV/AIDS and Orphans in Sub-Saharan Africa On the choice of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa as the topic for this research, it aims at addressing the cause of overwhelming numbers of orphans in the region and how this impacts society.
• Social Networks of People Living With HIV and AIDS The purpose of the study was to compare the social networks of younger patients with the older ones. The convoy theory of social support lent credence to the research.
• Changes in Prostitution and AIDS Epidemic in Thailand This provided information on commercial sex trends such as the types of CSEs in existence, the number of sex workers, and the price of sex. However, the decline in the number of sex workers was […]
• How AIDS.gov Fund Its Programs to Respond to the Impact of the Epidemic on Ethnic and Minority Populations Transportation costs to go to the clinic and lost wages should be accounted for and records kept acting as evidence of how the funds were used.
• The Pharmaceutical Industry and the AIDS Crisis in Developing Countries One of the reasons of this difference is that excise and custom duties that are responsible for the unaffordable prices of medicines have been avoided by the developed countries by the creation of pharmaceutical industries, […]
• Advancements in AIDS Research: A Potential Advancement in the Attempt to Cure HIV Infection After HIV’s genetic code is altered from a single thread to a double-strand by the reverse transcriptase enzyme, it gets included in the genetic code of the infected cell.
• Ethics of Leukemia Treatment With Disabled HIV Cells In recent years, the medical community has pondered the radically new approach to cancer treatment, which is isolating and collecting T-cells from the patient.
• AIDS: Emergence Factors of Infectious Disease Emerging diseases refer to the newly identified pathogens that have been recognized in the past few decades that lead to a new manifestation of diseases.
• AIDS and Its Impact on Humankind: The Leading Killer Disease in the World From these statistics, it is easy to deduce the effect of the disease of humankind. At the international level, more and more funds have been committed to the treatment of AIDS.
• AIDS in a Different Culture Review: Cultural Differences, Prejudice, and Racism Now, gay youth and men face the possibility of HIV infection in the course of sexual relationships. The pejorative view of gay men prevalent in some black and Hispanic communities can inhibit they are coming […]
• Lewis’ Race Against Time: Curbing HIV&AIDS in Africa Lewis points out that, “HIV/AIDS has sabotaged all of the socioeconomic indices, and the continued damaging western policies in trade and aid and debt, serve to drive the nails into the coffins”.
• Community Health. HIV/AIDS Prevention for the 50+ The specificity of the paper is that it relates the issue of HIV prevention for the people over 50. It is necessary to mention, that: 10% of all AIDS cases in the USA are people […]
• Microbiology. AIDS Vaccine Studies: Different Developments Strategy So far there is no practical hope that ongoing AIDS vaccine development will produce tangible results, According to one of the leading AIDS vaccine expert Mr. Clinical trials will have to continue as they will […]
• Medical Anthropology. HIV&AIDS Preventive Measures Since the detection of the first case of HIV in India, the government introduced both surveillance and preventative plans to reduce the risk of the disease spread.
• Drug Treatments for HIV/AIDS To lower the complacency of people to HIV/AIDS and change the perceptions about the condition for individuals with and without HIV/AIDS, health care professionals should focus on such aspects as safety, responsibility, and stigma.
• Descriptive and Analytical Epidemiology: Tuberculosis and HIV The establishment of trends in the epidemic process for the rapid introduction of adjustments helps optimize preventive and anti-epidemic measures alongside the evaluation of the effectiveness of the activities.
• AIDS and Its Related Aspects The report aims to show that clinicians and nurses should discuss AIDS and associated risks with their patients to enhance individuals’ health outcomes and eliminate the prevalence of the disease.
• Anti-HIV Nonprofit’s Organizational Design Particularly, three areas of concern are of the primary interest: the design and functional characteristics of NGOs, the problem of HIV in the context of NGOs, and differences between organic and mechanistic organizational structures.
• HIV and AIDS: Legal and Ethical Conduct During the conversation, I would inform the patient about his HIV status, focusing on the potential health effects of this condition and the types of contacts that may cause the further transmission of the virus.
• OraQuick Home HIV Test and Its Pros & Cons
• Female HIV-Positive Patients’ Medication Adherence
• Immunology and Virology of HIV Infection
• Mandatory HIV Screening: Ethical Issues
• Spreading and Dying From AIDS and the Increasing Spread of the Disease
• Health Fraud: HIV/AIDS and Sexual Enhancement Scams
• HIV and AIDS Early History and Risks
• HIV Prevention Programs in Africa
• HIV and AIDS Infection Levels and Their Social Effects
• HIV Prevalence Among American Queer Communities
• HIV Testing Among African American Women
• HIV Rates Among African American Women
• HIV Prevention Policy Development for Chicago
• HIV Prevention Among Young Adults in Chicago
• Techniques for Helping Women With HIV
• Pharmacology: HIV Drug Resistance
• HIV Prevention in Youth: Public Health Campaign
• HIV/AIDS as a Long-Wave Event in Politics
• Act Up Movement for Surviving HIV/AIDS Plague
• HIV/AIDS Activism in “How to Survive a Plague”
• HIV/AIDS Prevention by Anti-Retroviral Drugs
• The Impact of AIDS and Reasons Behind the Outbreak
• HIV/AIDS Policies in India and Antropological Study
• AIDS in New York in “How to Survive a Plague” Film
• ”The Cure for AIDS” by Apoorva Mandavilli and Various Ethical Issues
• Qatari Laws: HIV/AIDS Visitors, Pets, Dressing Code
• Legal Ethics, Patients’ Rights, and HIV/AIDS
• HIV/AIDS as a Communicable Disease
• Ancillary Services for HIV/AIDS Patients
• HIV/AIDS Patients: Legal Ethics and Patient Rights
• Medicine: HIV/ AIDS Campaign Slogan
• Medicine: HIV/AIDS as the Key Threat for the Kenyan Population
• HIV and AIDS in Kenya
• HIV/AIDS in Kenya: Evaluation Plan
• Health Promotion Program HIV/AIDS in Kenya
• HIV Among Adolescents – Treatment and Prevention
• HIV/AIDS Definition, Prevention and Treatment
• Medical Issues: HIV in the U.S.
• 5 Years Strategic Plan for HIV Prevention in Swaziland
• HIV and AIDS Prevention Among the Youth in Asia
• STD/HIV Health Promotion Evaluation Plan
• HIV and AIDS: an Evolving Global Response
• HIV Epidemic in Enrique’s Native Country
• AIDS: From the Perspective of Sociology
• Critical Analysis of Avahan – the India AIDS Initiative
• HIV/AIDS by Allan Whiteside
• Thailand Issues: Environment, Child Prostitution, and HIV/AIDS
• The Rate of Smoking Among HIV Positive Cases.
• Critical Review of Chapter 5 and 6 of the Book HIV/AIDS
• AIDS Combating in the 21st Century: Issues and Challenges
• HIV/AIDS in the UK
• History of Treatment the HIV/AIDS
• Pathology of HIV and AIDS
• How the AIDS Epidemic Has Affected the World on a Political, Social, Economical Way
• The HIV and AIDS Problem Between Educated and Non-Educated Children in Uganda
• Implementation of AIDS Control Policies in Australia and South Africa
• HIV/AIDS Among African Americans
• AIDS: The Guilt and Failure of the West in a Spread of the Disease
• AIDS as an Epidemic of Signification: A Globally Potential Threat
• Key Drivers of HIV/AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa and in San Francisco
• Key Drivers of HIV and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa and in San Francisco and Church’s Response to the AIDS Pandemic
• Drivers of HIV and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa and San Francisco
• Impact of HIV/AIDS on Microeconomics
• Why Lack of Awareness Leads to the Spread of HIV/AIDS in New York Prisons
• Theory, Methodology and Human Development: HIV/AIDS and Education in African Countries
• Vital Signs: HIV Testing and Diagnosis Among Adults – United States, 2001-2009
• Community HIV/AIDS Mobilization Project (CHAMP)
• HIV/AIDS Stigma in Tanzania
• Communicable Diseases: HIV and AIDS
• Why HIV/AIDS Crises Are High in African-American Community
• A Project on Establishment of Jousing Flats Voluntary Counselling and Testing Centers in Njoro Area to Reduce Prevalence of HIV/AIDS and Provide Nutritional Support Among the Youths Aged Between 16-35 Years
• HIV/AIDS Issues in African Women
• AIDS in Lesotho, Africa: The Highest Prevalence Rate of HIV Infections in the World
• Prevention of HIV/AIDS in Rural Ethiopia: Identifying Risks
• Is Being HIV Positive a Disability?
• Why Does the Immune System Weaken With HIV Infection?
• What Is the Main Cause of HIV?
• How Does HIV Gain Entry Into the Cells It Attacks?
• What Can Gamma Delta T Cells Contribute to an HIV Cure?
• What Are the 4 Stages of HIV Infection?
• What Are the 5 Symptoms of HIV?
• Does the HIV Virus Evolve?
• What Is the Good News for HIV-Positive Patients?
• What Is the Impact of HIV on Society?
• What Are the Symptoms of HIV/Aids?
• How Long Will HIV Take to Show Up?
• Can Mosquitoes Transmit HIV?
• How Can You Get HIV?
• How Fast Does HIV Spread in the Body?
• What Can the Government Do to Stop HIV?
• When Did HIV First Arise?
• Why Are Child Victims of Sexual Abuse at Greater Risk of HIV?
• How Long Do HIV Symptoms Last?
• Will There Be a Cure for HIV by 2030?
• Can You Survive HIV-Positive?
• How Many Teenagers Are Affected by HIV?
• Is There Currently a Cure for HIV?
• What Age Group Has the Highest HIV Infection Rate?
• How Long Can You Live After Having HIV?
• What Are the Three Biggest Risk Factors for HIV?
• Which Antibody Functions Are Important for an HIV Vaccine?
• Can You Drink When HIV Positive?
• Why Is HIV Research Important?
• What Resources Are Available for HIV Patients?
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IvyPanda . "264 HIV Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 29, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/hiv-essay-topics/.

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CDC provides national leadership for HIV prevention research, including the development and evaluation of HIV biomedical and behavioral interventions to prevent HIV transmission and reduce HIV disease progression in the United States and internationally. CDC’s research efforts also include identifying those scientifically proven, cost-effective, and scalable interventions and prevention strategies to be implemented as part of a high-impact prevention approach for maximal impact on the HIV epidemic.

The AIDS epidemic, although first recognized only 20 years ago, has had a profound impact in communities throughout the United States.

The Serostatus Approach to Fighting the HIV Epidemic: Prevention Strategies for Infected Individuals R. S. Janssen, D. R. Holtgrave, and K. M. De Cock led the writing of this commentary. R. O. Valdiserri, M. Shepherd, and H. D. Gayle contributed ideas and helped with writing and reviewing the manuscript.

CDC has provided funding to HIV partners to help implement programs that will help curb the increase of HIV infections. These programs facilitated with our partners and grantees are critical in the goal of eliminating HIV infection in the United States.

CDC has researched several HIV prevention interventions that have proven effective in helping to prevent HIV infection in certain populations and communities.

CDC has worked with key cities to create effective policies and programs to curb the tide of HIV infections in those cities. These cities have higher rates of HIV due to a number of factors therefore making them key locations for studies.

The Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) is a surveillance system designed to learn more about the experiences and needs of people who are living with HIV. It is supported by several government agencies and conducted by state and local health departments along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• Assessment of 2010 CDC-funded Health Department HIV Testing Spending and Outcomes pdf icon [PDF – 359 KB]
• HIV Testing Trends in the United States, 2000-2011 pdf icon [PDF – 1 MB]
• HIV Testing at CDC-Funded Sites, United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, 2010 pdf icon [PDF – 691 KB]
• HIV Prevention Funding Allocations at CDC-Funded State and Local Health Departments, 2010 pdf icon [PDF – 792 KB]

Cost-effectiveness of HIV Prevention

• The cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention efforts has long been a criterion in setting program priorities. The basic principle is straightforward: choose those options that provide the greatest outcome for the least cost.
• The fact sheet Projecting Possible Future Courses of the HIV Epidemic in the United States pdf icon compares the cost-effectiveness of three different prevention investment scenarios.

The HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis (PRS) Project identifies evidence-based HIV behavioral interventions (EBIs) listed in the Compendium of Evidence-Based HIV Behavioral Interventions to help HIV prevention planners and providers in the United States choose the interventions most appropriate for their communities.

• On January 1, 2012, CDC began a new 5-year HIV prevention funding cycle with health departments, awarding $339 million annually.
• The STD/HIV National Network of Prevention Training Centers provides training for health departments and CBOs on the HIV prevention interventions.
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Page 1 of 19

Angiolipoma associated with antiretroviral switch therapy: a case report

Angiolipomas have been well described in patients with HIV exposed to protease inhibitors with possible resolution after switching to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens. Resolution o...

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Assessing the resilience of HIV healthcare services provided to adolescents and young adults after the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Beira (Mozambique): an interrupted time series analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic has put the provision of health services globally at risk. In Sub-Saharan Africa, it had a major impact on HIV services. However, there is a lack of data on the post-pandemic period. This...

The importance of self-management for better treatment outcomes for HIV patients in a low-income setting: perspectives of HIV experts and service providers

Self-management is the most important strategy to improve quality of life in patients with a chronic disease. Despite the increasing number of people living with HIV (PLWH) in low-income countries, very little...

The association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms within type 1 interferon pathway genes and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load in antiretroviral-naïve participants

Human genetic contribution to HIV progression remains inadequately explained. The type 1 interferon (IFN) pathway is important for host control of HIV and variation in type 1 IFN genes may contribute to diseas...

Correction: Presence of tuberculosis symptoms among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in Zimbabwe

The original article was published in AIDS Research and Therapy 2024 21 :18

Severe BCG immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome lymphadenitis successfully managed with pre-antiretroviral counseling and a non-surgical approach: a case report

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) reactions are the most common cause of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV-positive infants who initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART). There is limited evid...

Exploring the association between erythema multiforme and HIV infection: some mechanisms and implications

Erythema multiforme (EM) is an immune-mediated mucocutaneous condition characterized by hypersensitivity reactions to antigenic stimuli from infectious agents and certain drugs. The most commonly implicated in...

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents living with HIV after dolutegravir - based antiretroviral therapy start in Kampala, Uganda

Dolutegravir (DTG)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) is currently the preferred first-line treatment for persons living with HIV (PLHIV) including children and adolescents in many low- and middle-income count...

Evaluation of the effects of Artemisia Annua L. and Moringa Oleifera Lam. on CD4 count and viral load among PLWH on ART at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial

Initiation of ART among people living with HIV (PLWH) having a CD4 count ≤ 350cells/µl, produces poor immunological recovery, putting them at a high risk of opportunistic infections. To mitigate this, PLWH on ...

Evaluation of an HIV homecare program for lost-to-follow-up populations: a mixed methods study in Detroit, Michigan

Maintaining people living with HIV (PLWHIV) in clinical care is a global priority. In the Metro Detroit area of Michigan, approximately 30% of PLWHIV are out of care. To re-engage lost-to-follow-up patients, W...

Missed opportunities for HIV testing and sexual health-related challenges in an individual with intellectual disability: a case report

HIV testing remains an important tool in identifying people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). An early diagnosis of HIV can lead to a prolonged life expectancy if treatment is initiated promptly. Indicator conditi...

Secondary syphilis presenting with alopecia and leukoderma in a stable HIV-positive patient in a resource-limited setting: a case report

Syphilis is an infection caused by the bacteria T reponema pallidum . It is mainly transmitted through oral, vaginal and anal sex, in pregnancy and through blood transfusion. Syphilis develops in primary, secondary...

Presence of tuberculosis symptoms among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in Zimbabwe

We conducted secondary data analysis using a biobehavioral survey dataset of 1538 MSM from Zimbabwe. Survey participants were screened for the four symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis infection using the WHO T...

The Correction to this article has been published in AIDS Research and Therapy 2024 21 :26

Efficacy and safety of switching to dolutegravir/lamivudine in virologically suppressed people with HIV-1 aged ≥ 50 years: week 48 pooled results from the TANGO and SALSA studies

As the population of people with HIV ages, concerns over managing age-related comorbidities, polypharmacy, immune recovery, and drug-drug interactions while maintaining viral suppression have arisen. We presen...

Assessing high-risk sexual practices associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection among young female sex workers in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a cross-sectional study

Young female sex workers (YFSWs) face a higher risk of HIV infection compared to older workers, but there is a lack of comprehensive data on their sexual practices and HIV infection risks, which may present un...

Factors influencing rapid antiretroviral therapy initiation in Jiulongpo, Chongqing, China: a retrospective cohort from 2018 to 2022

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is pivotal in extending the lives of people living with HIV (PLWH) and minimizing transmission. Rapid ART initiation, defined as commencing ART within seven days of HIV diagnosis, ...

Support, not blame: safe partner disclosure among women diagnosed with HIV late in pregnancy in South Africa and Uganda

HIV partner disclosure rates remain low among pregnant women living with HIV in many African countries despite potential benefits for women and their families. Partner disclosure can trigger negative responses...

Diffuse myocardial fibrosis is uncommon in people with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death in people living with HIV. Myocardial fibrosis is well-described in HIV infection acquired in adulthood. We evaluate the burden of fibrosis by card...

Brief communication: body composition and hidden obesity in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy

Increased incidence of lifestyle diseases as side-effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been reported in people living with HIV (PLWH). Few studies have evaluated obesity and hidden obesity in Japanese ...

Factors associated with knowledge of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among reproductive-age women in Indonesia: a multilevel analysis

Maternal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) commonly occurs from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding which accounts for almost all the new HIV infections among childre...

Characterization of intestinal fungal community diversity in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA)

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a highly dangerous infectious disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a virus that attacks the human immune system. To explore the correlation be...

A call for change: addressing the implementation strategy using pre exposure Prophylaxis for combating the escalating HIV crisis in Zanzibar’s key populations

The Integrated Bio-Behavioural Surveillance Survey of 2022–2023 among key populations report from Zanzibar has been released. The prevalence of HIV is estimated to be 21.1%, 11.4%, and 9.3% among Female Sex Wo...

Outcomes of antiretroviral treatment for 0-14-year-old children living with HIV in Ganzhou, China, 2006–2023

Studies on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children living with HIV (CLHIV) are limited due to the small population and low accession rate of ART.

Experiences of people living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries and their perspectives in self-management: a meta-synthesis

Availability of anti-retroviral treatment has changed HIV in to a manageable chronic disease, making effective self-management essential. However, only a few studies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)...

Satisfaction of antiretroviral therapy services and its associated factors among adult clients attending antiretroviral therapy in Woliso town, Ethiopia

Antiretroviral therapy client satisfaction is a significant tool that enables to strengthen the quality of life of the clients. The study aimed to assess the satisfaction of clients with antiretroviral therapy...

Hypertension among persons living with HIV/AIDS and its association with HIV-related health factors

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV) infection remains a public health concern in many countries. The increased life expectancy in the post-Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) era has led to an increased risk of cardiovas...

Effect of dolutegravir-based versus efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy on excessive weight gain in adult treatment-naïve HIV patients at Matsanjeni health center, Eswatini: a retrospective cohort study

There is limited data on dolutegravir (DTG)-associated weight gain from settings with a dual burden of HIV and overnutrition.

Bifocal malakoplakia in a patient living with HIV: case report

Malakoplakia is a rare chronic granulomatous disease characterized by the presence of Michaelis-Gutmann bodies (MGBs) within histiocytic aggregates. It predominantly affects immunocompromised individuals, incl...

Empyema caused by Streptococcus constellatus in a patient infected with HIV: a case report and literature review

Empyema caused by Streptococcus constellatus (S. constellatus) is rare in patients with HIV. To analyze the clinical data of a patient living with HIV (PLHIV), who got empyema caused by S. constellatus, invest...

Brief communications: changes in inflammatory biomarkers and lipid profiles after switching to long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine

We assessed whether the impact of cabotegravir plus rilpivirine on inflammation reduction differs from that of oral antiretrovirals, using real-world data. Inflammatory biomarkers and lipid profiles were follo...

Adolescent’s and youth’s adherence to antiretroviral therapy for better treatment outcome and its determinants: multi-center study in public health facilities

Low-adherence to Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) negatively affects the clinical, immunological, and virologic outcomes of patients. Adherence is the most important factor in determining Antiretroviral Therapy (...

Risk factors for unsuppressed viral load after intensive adherence counseling among HIV infected persons in Kampala, Uganda: a nested case–control study

Intensive adherence counseling (IAC) is the global standard of care for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) who have unsuppressed VL after ≥ 6 months of first-line anti-retroviral therapy (...

Prevalence of depression among people living with HIV in rural hospitals in South-Western Nigeria-Association with clinico-demographic factors

Major depression is the most common neuropsychiatric disorder among people living with HIV (PLWH) and is predictive of high morbidity and mortality among them. This study estimated the prevalence and explored ...

Determinants of survival of adolescents receiving antiretroviral therapy in the Centre Region of Cameroon: a multi-centered cohort-analysis

In spite of the global decreasing mortality associated with HIV, adolescents living with HIV (ADLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa still experience about 50% mortality rate. We sought to evaluate survival rates and d...

Addressing HIV stigma in healthcare, community, and legislative settings in Central and Eastern Europe

Surging HIV prevalence across countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is largely a result of poor HIV care engagement and a lack of comprehensive support for key populations. This is fostered by widespre...

Research priorities in HIV, aging and rehabilitation: building on a framework with the Canada-International HIV and Rehabilitation Research Collaborative

In 2016, the Canada-International HIV and Rehabilitation Research Collaborative established a framework of research priorities in HIV, aging and rehabilitation. Our aim was to review and identify any new emerg...

Clinical, molecular, and histological characteristics of severely necrotic and fatal mpox in HIV-infected patients

This case series of 5 patients with severely necrotic mpox highlights the predominantly necrotic nature of lesions seen in cases of severe mpox as shown by skin and lung biopsy, as well as the extensive dissem...

Predictors of HIV status disclosure among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Ghana: the disclosure conundrum and its policy implications in resource limited settings

Globally, over 40 million lives have been claimed by HIV/AIDS. In Ghana, more than 350,000 people are living with HIV. Non-disclosure of HIV status is a major barrier to HIV/AIDS eradication; yet, little is kn...

Standard of care in advanced HIV disease: review of HIV treatment guidelines in six sub-Saharan African countries

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an evidence-based package of care to reduce mortality and morbidity among people with advanced HIV disease (AHD). Adoption of these recommendations by national gu...

HIV gp120/Tat protein-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition promotes the progression of cervical lesions

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with an elevated incidence of cervical cancer, and accelerated disease progression, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study ...

“Sex without fear”: exploring the psychosocial impact of oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis on gay men in England

Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) experience a high prevalence of psychosocial health problems, such as harmful substance use and depression, as well as being disproportionately affect...

Qualitative study of barriers and facilitators to HIV detection and treatment among women who inject drugs during the war against Ukraine

The Russian Federation’s invasion in Ukraine has resulted social hardship, millions of internally displaced persons, the destruction of medical infrastructure, and limited access to HIV services. There is no a...

Readmission rates in HIV-associated burkitt lymphoma patients in the USA: a nationwide readmission database (NRD) analysis

People with human immunodeficiency virus have an increased risk of developing AIDS-defining malignancies including Burkitt lymphoma. Survival outcomes in HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma remain worse than non-H...

Association between psychological discomforts and sleep quality among people living with HIV/AIDS

Psychological discomfort and sleep problems are considered separate disorders. Due to the high prevalence of both disorders among people living with HIV (PLWH), this study was designed to evaluate how those ch...

Uptake of retroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis and its associated factors among female sex workers, Northwest Ethiopia

Pre-exposure prophylaxis is the use of antiretroviral medications by HIV-negative individuals to prevent infection before exposure. Ethiopia has made progress in reducing new HIV infections, but the burden rem...

Strategies to improve the care of older adults 50 years and above living with HIV in Uganda

With effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), many persons living with HIV (PLHIV) live to old age. Caring for aged PLHIV necessitates the engagement of caregivers and patients to establish agreed-upon goals of...

Mixed methods implementation research to understand success of intensive combination approach to roll back the epidemic in Nigerian adolescents) (iCARE Nigeria) HIV testing uptake and linkage to care among young men focusing on young men who have sex with men in Ibadan

HIV seroprevalence in Nigeria is increasing among men who have sex with men (MSM) from 14% to 2007 to 23% in 2014, threatening progress towards ending the epidemic in the country. Expanding access to HIV testi...

Current ART, determinants for virologic failure and implications for HIV drug resistance: an umbrella review

The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence of determinants for virologic failure and to identify predisposing factors to enhance treatment efficacy. Tackling this global public health issue is t...

Preventative behaviours and COVID-19 infection in a Canadian cohort of people living with HIV

Few studies have examined preventative behaviour practices with respect to COVID-19 among people living with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). Using a cross-sectional survey from a Canadian Institutes of Hea...

The hidden effects of COVID-19 on HIV services in Zanzibar: country report

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major effect on HIV-related healthcare services. Zanzibar has experienced several interruptions of HIV services in the areas of testing and counselling, prevention of mother-to-...

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HIV Overview

Hiv and aids clinical trials.

• A clinical trial is a research study done to evaluate new medical approaches in people. HIV and AIDS clinical trials help researchers find better ways to prevent, detect, or treat HIV and AIDS.
• Examples of HIV and AIDS clinical trials underway include studies of new HIV medicines, studies of vaccines to prevent or treat HIV, and studies of medicines to treat infections related to HIV and AIDS.
• The benefits and possible risks of participating in an HIV and AIDS clinical trial are explained to study volunteers before they decide whether to participate in a study.
• Use the find a study search feature on ClinicalTrials.gov to find HIV and AIDS studies looking for volunteer participants. Some HIV and AIDS clinical trials enroll only people who have HIV. Other studies enroll people who do not have HIV.

What is a clinical trial?

A clinical trial is a research study that evaluates new medical approaches in people. These approaches include:

• new medicines or new combinations of medicines
• new medical devices or surgical procedures
• new ways to use an existing medicine or device
• new ways to change behaviors to improve health

Clinical trials are conducted in several phases to determine whether new medical approaches are safe and effective in people. Results from a  Phase 1 Trial , Phase 2 Trial , and Phase 3 Trial are used to determine whether a new drug should be approved for sale in the United States. Once a new drug is approved, researchers continue to track its safety in a  Phase 4 Trial .

Interventional trial and observational trial are two main types of clinical trials.

What is an HIV and AIDS clinical trial?

HIV and AIDS clinical trials help researchers find better ways to prevent, detect, or treat HIV and AIDS. Every HIV medicine was first studied through clinical trials.

Examples of HIV and AIDS clinical trials include:

• studies of new medicines to prevent or treat HIV and AIDS
• studies of vaccines to prevent or treat HIV
• studies of medicines to treat infections related to HIV and AIDS

Can anyone participate in an HIV and AIDS clinical trial?

It depends on the study. Some HIV and AIDS clinical trials enroll only people who have HIV. Other studies include people who do not have HIV.

Participation in an HIV and AIDS clinical trial may also depend on other factors, such as age, gender, HIV treatment history, or other medical conditions.

What are the benefits of participating in an HIV and AIDS clinical trial?

Participating in an HIV and AIDS clinical trial can provide benefits. For example, many people participate in HIV and AIDS clinical trials, because they want to contribute to HIV and AIDS research. They may have HIV or know someone who has HIV.

People with HIV who participate in an HIV and AIDS clinical trial may benefit from new HIV medicines before they are widely available. HIV medicines being studied in clinical trials are called investigational drugs . To learn more, read the HIVinfo What is an Investigational HIV Drug? fact sheet.

Participants in clinical trials can receive regular and careful medical care from a research team that includes doctors and other health professionals. Often the medicines and medical care are free of charge.

Sometimes people get paid for participating in a clinical trial. For example, they may receive money or a gift card. They may be reimbursed for the cost of meals or transportation.

Are HIV and AIDS clinical trials safe?

Researchers try to make HIV and AIDS clinical trials as safe as possible. However, volunteering to participate in a study testing an experimental treatment for HIV can involve risks of varying degrees. Most volunteers do not experience serious side effects; however, potential side effects that may be serious or even life-threatening can occur from the treatment being studied.

Before enrolling in a clinical trial, potential volunteers learn about the study in a process called informed consent . The process includes an explanation of the possible risks and benefits of participating in the study.

Once enrolled in a study, people continue to receive information about the study through the informed consent process.

If a person decides to participate in an HIV and AIDS clinical trial, will their personal information be shared?

The privacy of study volunteers is important to everyone involved in an HIV and AIDS clinical trial. The informed consent process includes an explanation of how a study volunteer’s personal information is protected.

How can one find an HIV and AIDS clinical trial looking for volunteer participants?

There are several ways to find an HIV and AIDS clinical trial looking for volunteer participants.

• Use the find a study search feature on ClinicalTrials.gov to find HIV and AIDS studies looking for volunteer participants.
• Call a Clinical  Info health information specialist at 1-800-448-0440 or email [email protected] .
• Join ResearchMatch , which is a free, secure online tool that makes it easier for the public to become involved in clinical trials.

This fact sheet is based on information from the following sources:

From the National Institutes of Health (NIH):

• NIH Clinical Research Trials and You: The Basics

From the National Library of Medicine:

• Learn About Clinical Studies

Also see the HIV Source  collection of HIV links and resources.

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Final HIV Research Highlights from AIDS 2020

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As the 23rd International AIDS Conference Exit Disclaimer (AIDS 2020: Virtual) drew to a close yesterday, HIV.gov shared a final interview with Carl Dieffenbach, Ph.D., director of the Division of AIDS at NIH’s  National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), about more of the week’s important HIV research developments. Among the topics he discussed were:

• An important milestone in an HIV vaccine study and an update on where things stand in that arena,
• A new partnership to expedite development of globally accessible and affordable HIV antibody combination products,
• NIH’s engagement in the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative, and
• A look to what’s on the horizon in HIV research in the year ahead.

View our conversation below:

Link to video on Facebook Exit Disclaimer

Here is additional information on the topics Dr. Dieffenbach highlighted:

• Imbokodo vaccine trial reaches important milestone. Dr. Dieffenbach reported that this week the ongoing HIV vaccine efficacy study known as Imbokodo, or HVTN 705/HPX2008, reached a key milestone: all the experimental vaccines have been administered to the trial participants. Launched in 2017, the study is evaluating whether an experimental vaccine regimen is safe and able to prevent HIV among more than 2,600 HIV-negative women between the ages of 18 to 35 years from five countries in sub-Saharan Africa: South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, and Zambia. Women and girls in these countries are disproportionately affected by HIV in comparison to men of the same age group. Read more about Imbokodo . Dr. Dieffenbach also briefly discussed the other late-stage, NIH-supported HIV vaccine trial underway: the Mosaico trial among men who have sex with men and transgender people in the Americas and Europe.
• New NIH partnership announced around HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies . Dr. Dieffenbach noted that a new public-private partnership between NIH, IAVI, and other collaborators was announced Exit Disclaimer at the conference yesterday, focused on development of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), a type of antibody that can block many types of HIV from entering healthy cells in the laboratory. Clinical studies evaluating bNAbs for HIV prevention and treatment are currently underway. Under the new partnership, the collaborators will pool their bNAb assets and expertise to expedite development of an accessible and affordable combination product specifically designed to be produced at scale, should bNAbs be shown to be efficacious for HIV prevention, and possibly for treatment.  
• NIH’s role in the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative. Observing that Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America had been discussed during several AIDS 2020 sessions, Dr. Dieffenbach described NIH’s role in supporting the 10-year initiative to reduce new HIV transmissions by 90% by 2030. He highlighted NIH’s initial $11 million investment in implementation science research conducted by the NIH-supported Centers for AIDS Research and AIDS Research Centers in coordination with local partners in many of the 57 jurisdictions prioritized in phase 1 of the initiative. He also announced that NIH is continuing their support of that implementation science research for a second year. Some of the projects funded in the first year will be extended and expanded, and there will be some new areas of emphasis. One of those, he explained, is exploring how can we improve communication about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to increase uptake among cisgender women.
• HIV research in the coming year. Dr. Dieffenbach remarked that in the next year, he hopes to see findings from HPTN 084 , the NIH-sponsored study of long-acting injectable cabotegravir among cisgender women. This is the companion study to HPTN 083, one of the studies he discussed earlier this week , which found that long-acting injectable cabotegravir is even more effective in preventing HIV than daily oral Truvada among cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women who have sex with men. Another area of activity he is looking ahead to in the coming year is new research on gene-based cures for both sickle cell disease and HIV being performed as part of a new collaboration with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Follow HIV.gov for continued coverage of advances in HIV research .

AIDS 2020: Virtual

The 23rd International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2020: Virtual) took place from July 6-10 and was the first-ever online edition of the world’s largest conference on HIV. The biennial meeting is organized by the International AIDS Society and brings together scientists, policy makers, healthcare professionals, people living with HIV, funders, media, and community.

Related HIV.gov Blogs

• AIDS 2020 International AIDS Conference 2020
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• NIAID National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases
• NIH National Institutes of Health
• Vaccine HIV Vaccine
• Women & Girls Women & Girls

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• Published: 17 September 2020

HIV/AIDS research in Africa and the Middle East: participation and equity in North-South collaborations and relationships

• Gregorio González-Alcaide   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3853-5222 1   na1 ,
• Marouane Menchi-Elanzi 2   na1 ,
• Edy Nacarapa 3 , 4 &
• José-Manuel Ramos-Rincón 2 , 5  

Globalization and Health volume  16 , Article number:  83 ( 2020 ) Cite this article

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HIV/AIDS has attracted considerable research attention since the 1980s. In the current context of globalization and the predominance of cooperative work, it is crucial to analyze the participation of the countries and regions where the infection is most prevalent. This study assesses the participation of African countries in publications on the topic, as well as the degree of equity or influence existing in North-South relations.

We identified all articles and reviews of HIV/AIDS indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection. We analyzed the scientific production, collaboration, and contributions from African and Middle Eastern countries to scientific activity in the region. The concept of leadership, measured through the participation as the first author of documents in collaboration was used to determine the equity in research produced through international collaboration.

A total of 68,808 documents published from 2010 to 2017 were analyzed. Researchers from North America and Europe participated in 82.14% of the global scientific production on HIV/AIDS, compared to just 21.61% from Africa and the Middle East. Furthermore, the publications that did come out of these regions was concentrated in a small number of countries, led by South Africa (41% of the documents). Other features associated with HIV/AIDS publications from Africa include the importance of international collaboration from the USA, the UK, and other European countries (75–93% of the documents) and the limited participation as first authors that is evident (30 to 36% of the documents). Finally, the publications to which African countries contributed had a notably different disciplinary orientation, with a predominance of research on public health, epidemiology, and drug therapy.

Conclusions

It is essential to foster more balance in research output, avoid the concentration of resources that reproduces the global North-South model on the African continent, and focus the research agenda on local priorities. To accomplish this, the global North should strengthen the transfer of research skills and seek equity in cooperative ties, favoring the empowerment of African countries. These efforts should be concentrated in countries with low scientific activity and high incidence and prevalence of the disease. It is also essential to foster intraregional collaborations between African countries.

HIV infection and its clinical manifestation, AIDS, are considered a pre-eminent challenge for global public health [ 1 ], affecting populations worldwide since the 1980s. Despite the progress made in prevention and treatment programs, the disease is still pandemic, with the African continent being the hardest hit [ 2 ]. An estimated 37.9 million people were living with HIV in 2018, of whom 20.6 million lived in Eastern and Southern Africa, 5 million in Western and Central Africa, and 240,000 in the Middle East and North Africa. The same year saw about 770,000 deaths from this disease and 1.7 million new infections, 61% of which occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. Over half of the new cases in Eastern and Southern Africa were concentrated in Mozambique, South Africa, and Tanzania, while 71% of new infections in Western and Central Africa were in Cameroon, the Côte d’Ivoire, and Nigeria. In the Middle East and North Africa, two-thirds of new cases were registered in Egypt, Iran and Sudan [ 3 ]. In response to this challenge, researchers worldwide have worked to produce evidence on HIV/AIDS across a wide range of biomedical disciplines, including epidemiology, virology, immunology, and pharmacology, as well as in non-biomedical fields such as social sciences and the humanities. This body of work has situated HIV/AIDS among the most studied infectious diseases today [ 4 ].

Bibliometrics is a method that enables the quantitative and qualitative assessment of scientific research in any area of knowledge, at an individual, institutional, or national level [ 5 ]. In that sense, ample literature has been published on bibliometric analyses of HIV/AIDS research since the 1980s [ 6 , 7 ], including some papers that focus specifically on the regions most affected by the virus and the infection, like Central Africa [ 8 ]; sub-Saharan Africa [ 9 ]; or on countries like Kenya, Uganda, Nigeria, or Lesotho [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. However, many of these papers were published more than a decade ago and investigated the scientific production in the geographical areas analyzed. In the current context of globalization and predominance of cooperative work, Africans are under-represented in terms of authorship in collaborative research publications. This situation has led some investigators to call for studies that quantify authorship equity [ 13 ] and explore North-South relationships in research collaboration [ 8 ].

The overarching objective of the present study is to provide an up-to-date description of participation from Africa and the Middle East in the literature on HIV/AIDS published in high-visibility journals, and of the role played by researchers from African countries in publications produced in international collaboration. Our specific research questions were: (1) What was the contribution from Africa and the Middle East, both overall and by country, to the global scientific research output on HIV/AIDS? (2) Is North-South participation balanced international collaboration papers? and (3) Are there differences in the subject-area orientation between publications produced with or without participation from African and Middle Eastern authors on HIV/AIDS research?

The methodological process was as follows.

Identification of global scientific research production on HIV/AIDS

To identify the scientific literature on HIV/AIDs, we used the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus of the National Library of Medicine, selecting all of the descriptors related to HIV, human immunodeficiency related to HIV infection, and the development of vaccines for preventing or clinically treating the immunodeficiency. The final MeSH (plus their variants and synonyms) were: HIV, HIV Infections, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, and AIDS Vaccines.

Although the MeSH thesaurus is linked to the MEDLINE database, which is freely available through the PubMed platform, we performed a second search of the documents identified in MEDLINE and which were also indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS-CC) databases. Although this database does not cover all of the documents indexed in MEDLINE/PubMed, it does include all of the institutional affiliations (which MEDLINE started listing only in 2014), making it an ideal source for characterizing scientific production by country and the collaboration from Africa and the Middle East in HIV/AIDS publications during the study period.

The collection of journals in the WoS-CC, moreover, represents the information sources with the highest visibility at an international level. Thus, using that source to calculate our bibliometric study indicators allows a vision of the development of the most relevant and impactful research worldwide.

Definition of the document sample analyzed

Our literature search yielded 93,031 documents on HIV, 256,354 on HIV Infections, 76,359 on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, and 7528 on AIDS Vaccines. After removing duplicate descriptors, there were 298,718 unique documents. We then restricted the results to those published from 2010 to 2017 ( n  = 83,316) in order to focus the analysis on the most recent research. We ruled out the inclusion of documents from 2018 to avoid delays related to indexation, as at least a year is needed to ensure updated information related to the assignment of MeSH terms. We subsequently identified the documents that were also included in the WoS-CC databases by searching for all of the documents from the initial sample using their PMIDs (the PubMed identifier used as a reference in MEDLINE and included as a bibliographic field in WoS-CC). In total, 89.29% ( n  = 74,375) of the MEDLINE documents were also in the WoS-CC. This set of papers was further restricted to three document types: articles, reviews, and letters ( n  = 68,808), chosen because they are the most prominent papers for transmitting the results of original research (articles); situating and evaluating the development of research in a highly relevant way for other researchers (reviews); and contributing critical viewpoints, comments, relevant information, and perspectives on published studies (letters). The searches took place in November 2018. Figure  1 presents a flow chart showing the selection process for the sample of documents analyzed in the study.

Flow chart for the selection of included documents

Download of bibliographic information and review of the standardization of data

Following the bibliographic search and document selection, we downloaded the bibliographic information from the selected records ( n  = 68,808), generating a relational database in Microsoft Access in order to enumerate and individualize the multiple entries contained in certain bibliographic fields. This is the case of institutional affiliations, as a single field collates the data for all co-authors’ institutions and countries. Likewise, the subject area field for the journal of publication may also have several assigned topics, and various MeSH and other text words are assigned to different documents to describe their content.

We also reviewed the standardization and quality of the data. For example, we looked at the years of publication, as the date of some documents’ public dissemination on the journal website differed from the definitive date of publication in the journal (the latter was taken as the reference). Likewise, we consolidated all the information on geographic origins from England, Scotland, Wales, and North Ireland—presented individually in the WoS-CC—under the UK.

Identification of participation from Africa and the Middle East in HIV/AIDS publications

To analyze the participation from Africa and the Middle East in HIV/AIDS publications, we took as a reference the UNAIDS (2018) definitions of geographical regions, assigning each country to its respective region as defined in that source. The regions were: North America, Western and Central Europe, Asia and Pacific, Eastern and Southern Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, West and Central Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, and Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

Indicators obtained and analyses performed

The indicators and analyses applied in our study are structured in three blocks.

Analysis of the scientific production, research collaboration and leadership, by geographical region

As an introductory step to understanding global HIV/AIDS research, we quantified absolute scientific production by UNAIDS regions, calculating the number of documents authored by researchers from these areas. Moreover, we assessed inter-regional and international collaboration along with research leadership. The concepts used in the present study are defined as follows:

- International collaboration: joint participation in the authorship of a document by researchers from two or more countries.

- Inter-regional collaboration: joint participation in the authorship of a document by researchers from countries in two or more regions.

- Leadership: the degree of participation as the first author of documents in collaboration (number or % with respect to the total documents produced in collaboration).

Geographical affiliations were based, therefore, on authors’ institutional affiliations. The section on limitations includes an in-depth discussion on the shortcomings of this procedure, which should be considered when interpreting the results.

Analysis of research production, collaboration and leadership from countries in Africa and the Middle East

To specifically analyze HIV/AIDS research publications from African and Middle Eastern countries, we determined the number of documents authored by researchers from these countries as well as the proportion of total publications with their participation. With regard to research collaboration and leadership, the absolute and relative values on international collaboration are complemented by a specific analysis of research leadership in the top 10 most productive countries in Africa. Furthermore, a directed collaboration network was generated, representing the main African countries collaborating in global HIV/AIDS research. The nodes represent countries, and the links represent countries’ participation in the first positions of authorship. This visual representation clarifies the position that different countries occupy in the network and the collaborative links that they have established.

Subject areas and research fields in global HIV/AIDS research production

We analyzed the research subject areas and fields according to the disciplines that contributed most to scientific production on HIV/AIDS, as identified by means of the subject area classification of scientific journals in the WoS-CC as well as the MeSH descriptors and qualifiers assigned to the documents. To compare research orientations, we present data for global research output, for publications produced solely by researchers from African countries, and publications produced through collaborations between researchers from African countries and others (Africa+global collaboration). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was estimated for these three groupings to determine the affinity between African and global research production.

Finally, a co-occurrence network of MeSH terms was generated to analyze the relationships between them and to identify the specific subject areas or research orientations on HIV/AIDS in Africa and the Middle East.

Pajek and VoSViewer (Version 1.6.8, Center for Science and Technology, Leiden University) software were used to perform all processes (analysis, network generation) and obtain all descriptive indicators.

Scientific production by region and degree of international collaboration

Scientific production on HIV/AIDS is dominated by North America (which participated in 55.60% of all documents analyzed) and by Western and Central Europe (35.79%). Together, these regions participated in 82.13% of global scientific research production on HIV/AIDS that was indexed in the sources consulted. For their part, the three regions of Africa and the Middle East participated in 21.61% of the documents, albeit contributions from Eastern and Southern Africa (17.80%) were much higher than those from Western and Central Africa (3.34%) and Middle East and North Africa (1.18%) (Table  1 ). This limited scientific production contrasts with the high percentages of collaboration observed in these regions; in Eastern and Southern Africa, 82.42% of the papers were published in collaboration with authors from countries in other regions, and in Western and Central Africa, 78.39%. In contrast, 43.22% of the documents from North America were produced in inter-regional collaboration, and 47.99% from Western and Central Europe. Looking only at documents produced with inter-regional collaboration, authors from Africa and the Middle East occupied the first position on just 30 to 36% of the papers, compared to 45% for Western and Central Europe and 54% for North America (Table 1 ).

Scientific production by country and degree of international collaboration

Research production in Africa and the Middle East is concentrated in South Africa, whose researchers participated in 40.94% of the documents from these regions. At some distance are several other countries from Eastern and Southern Africa: Uganda (12.97%), Kenya (10.71%), Malawi (6.19%) and Tanzania (6.03%). Thirteen other countries show values ranging from 1.32 to 4.73%. Nigeria is the most prominent producer in Western and Central Africa, at 4.59%, while Iran leads production in the Middle East and North Africa (2.02%). Another 45 countries in Africa and the Middle East contributed to less than 1 % of the total research output (Table  2 ). Among the most productive countries (> 100 documents), Iran, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and South Africa present the lowest degree of international collaboration and the highest participation as first authors. Many of these show values of international collaboration that exceed 90%, with participation as first author under 30%. This situation is similar or even more pronounced in most low-producing countries (Table 2 ).

Generally speaking, African research output on HIV/AIDS is characterized by its cooperative links, particularly with the USA, UK, and other European countries (75 to 93% of the collaborations). However, South Africa also stands out for its intraregional ties, and it has become the main reference for research collaboration on HIV/AIDS, both in Eastern and Southern Africa and among the top 10 most productive African countries. It has collaborated with 34 different countries, led 41.44% of the collaborations, and participated in 35.76% of the papers led by other African countries. Uganda ranks second in terms of collaborative leadership within Africa, albeit with values that are much more modest, having led 14.06% of its collaborative research and participated in 11.11% of papers led by other African countries. The rest of the countries contribute less than 10% to the total collaborative links established. Except for South Africa, Uganda, and a few other countries like Zimbabwe, the collaborative links between different countries in Africa are few and far between, constituting weak and sporadic ties (Table  3 ).

Figure  2 shows a graphic representation of the collaboration network. The USA is in the center as the main reference for international collaboration on scientific output on HIV/AIDS, while the UK, Canada, and other European countries like France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium also occupy prominent locations. South Africa is the main African reference for HIV/AIDS publications, reflecting not only its collaborations with the USA, Canada and the European countries but also its prominent role in intraregional collaborations.

International collaboration network of research papers on HIV/AIDS with African and Middle Eastern countries (2010–2017)

Subject areas addressed in publications on HIV/AIDS in Africa and the Middle East

The correlation analysis on scientific HIV/AIDS output, produced by all countries worldwide, by African countries alone, and through Africa+global collaborations, shows differences in disciplinary orientations and research topics. In terms of disciplines involved, the lowest degree of correlation pertains to global publications versus solely African publications (k = 0.73; Table  4 ). There is also certain discordance between solely African publications and Africa+global collaborations (k = 0.79). In contrast, there is great affinity between global research output and output from Africa+global collaborations (k = 0.97). Of note, HIV/AIDS publications from Africa alone was dominated by papers in the field of “Public, Environmental & Occupational Health,” while the disciplines of “Infectious Diseases” and “Immunology” occupy the first rankings both globally and in African+global collaborations. The disciplines of “Medicine, General & Internal” and “Health Policy & Services” were also of great relevance in the publications from African countries alone (Table 4 ).

Our comparison of the MeSH qualifiers revealed similar disparities (Table  5 ). The lowest degrees of correlation were between global versus solely African research output (k = 0.68) and between global versus Africa+global collaborations (k = 0.69). However, there was a high degree of correlation between solely African publications and Africa+global collaborations (k = 0.97). With regard to the most prominent MeSH qualifiers, epidemiological studies occupy the top spot in both global and solely African publications. However, “Drug therapy” and “Therapeutic use” are more popular orientations in solely African publications than “Inmmunology,” “Genetics,” and “Metabolism” (Table 5 ).

Finally, with regard to MeSH descriptors, publications from Africa and the Middle East reflects the high prioritization of terms related to prevalence and treatment approaches (Table  6 ). Furthermore, global scientific production on HIV/AIDS suggests gender parity in terms of the research focus (both the “Male” and “Female” terms were assigned to 55% of the documents). However, for publications produced by researchers from solely African countries, the “Female” term is present in 73.38% of the documents, and for publications produced by Africa+global collaborations, this MeSH appeared in 76.71% of the documents.

Figure  3 presents a visualization of the main MeSH terms used to represent Africa and Middle East HIV/AIDS research topics and the links between them. Overall, studies that analyze anti-HIV agents, prevalence, and risk factors constitute the main subject areas that articulate the research. Incidence and its relation to sexual behaviors and health education (knowledge, prevention, acceptance of treatment for the disease) is also an important topic, as is research on pregnancy, maternal health, and prenatal care. Other relevant areas focus on co-infection (with tuberculosis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, meningitis), resistance to anti-viral agents, and the use of certain medicines to treat the infection (lamivudine, tenofovir etc.).

MeSH co-occurrence network on HIV/AIDS research papers from African and Middle Eastern countries (2010–2017)

Growth, visibility, and concentration of scientific production

Our analysis shows that scientific production on HIV/AIDS is still dominated by researchers from North America and Western and Central Europe, which together participated in 82% of the documents analyzed, although just 6% of people with HIV live in these regions. In contrast, researchers from countries in Africa and the Middle East participated in less than a quarter of the research papers on HIV/AIDS published between 2010 and 2017 (22%), although two-thirds of all people who are infected with the virus live there. Nevertheless, in relation to previous studies analyzing HIV/AIDS publications produced by researchers from African countries, our results indicate two highly relevant trends: (a) the notable growth in scientific production on HIV/AIDS in this region and (b) the elevated participation in scientific publications with greater visibility and international impact. In absolute terms, the number of documents we identified are double those reported by Macías-Chapula & Mijangos-Nolasco [ 8 ], based on their analysis of HIV/AIDS literature from sub-Saharan Africa included in the National Library of Medicine from 1980 to 2000, and by Uthman [ 9 ] analyzing scientific production on HIV/AIDS from sub-Saharan Africa and indexed in PubMed from 1981 to 2009.

At a country level, the advances made in research are even more significant. In their study on HIV/AIDS literature included in the National Library of Medicine, Onyancha & Ocholla [ 10 ] reported negligible contributions from Uganda and Kenya in the form of journal articles published from 1989 to 1998 ( n  = 11 and n  = 16, respectively). Our results show that these two countries have now become the second and third most productive on the continent, with a high number of contributions to journals indexed in the WoS-CC ( n  = 1921 documents from Uganda and n  = 1586 in Kenya). Uthman [ 11 ] studied HIV/AIDS research production from Nigeria between 1987 and 2006, identifying 254 articles in the WoS databases. Our findings, of 679 documents, nearly triple that number, even though the study period is substantially shorter. In South Africa, the production we identified from 2010 to 2017 ( n  = 6063) is close to that reported by Uthman [ 9 ] for the entire period from 1981 to 2009 ( n  = 8361).

Our results also show a trend toward greater research concentration, with an increase in the relative weight of high-producing countries (particularly South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya), which stand out as the main references for African scientific production on HIV/AIDS. Indeed, these countries now account for over half of all publications from Africa, and their relative contributions are trending upward. Thus, while Uthman [ 9 ] reported that South Africa participated in 34% of the HIV/AIDS publications produced by sub-Saharan Africa, in our results this figure stands at 43%. Similarly, the relative weight of Uganda and Kenya (the second and third most productive countries) has risen from 8 and 7% of the total contributions, respectively, to 14 and 11%. Similar observations have been made in other research fields [ 14 ] and particularly in the biomedical area [ 15 , 16 ], demonstrating that economic development and investments in research constitute key factors explaining the rise in scientific productivity [ 17 ].

The trend toward a greater concentration of research production in a few countries indicates the need to develop policies that facilitate a greater integration of lower-producing and less-developed countries in research activities. The literature describes some measures to stimulate research in these countries that go beyond economic investments, including training and retaining experienced researchers and fostering long-term partnerships based on equitable collaborative research ties. These strategies can enable researchers from these countries to acquire the methodological skills they need and can favor their leadership in spearheading or directing the research [ 13 ].

More specifically to the field of HIV/AIDS, Uthman [ 9 ] analyzed the factors associated with scientific productivity on HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. His results showed that the number of people living with HIV and the number of indexed journals published in the country were predictive of an increase in publications. Other relevant factors include national scientific policies related to countries’ research agendas for this area, plus the adequate integration and participation in the system for publication and dissemination of scientific knowledge. These variables are more closely associated with scientific productivity on HIV/AIDS than others like the number of higher institutions or the number of physicians. The fact that South Africa is the country with the highest number of HIV-positive people and that this subject area has become a priority on the national research agenda [ 18 ] is clearly related to the country’s high research productivity in the field. Its economic growth has complemented this boost; together with other BRICS countries, especially China and Brazil, South Africa has laid the groundwork for development by strengthening its educational, healthcare, and social systems [ 19 , 20 ]. Increased investments in research go hand in hand with this strategy, including through establishing collaborative links with the most advanced economies at a scientific level [ 21 , 22 ]. However, as Adams et al. [ 23 ] signaled in their study, a myriad of factors affect scientific productivity and collaboration in African countries apart from structural factors like the level of economic growth or population size. For example, countries in the Commonwealth sphere, mostly situated in Eastern and Southern Africa and using English as a second language, generally present a higher level of scientific production and collaborative research than other African countries, like those in the Francophone community [ 16 ]. Our results are consistent with this trend: 10 of the 12 most productive countries are linked with the Commonwealth.

Although some countries like Nigeria or Ethiopia have made important research efforts, with corresponding increases in their scientific productivity, different studies have highlighted the need for increasing ties with neighboring countries. This would enable a more fluid exchange of knowledge and experience and foster research in key areas like detection and treatment [ 11 , 24 ].

High degree of international collaboration, low level of leadership

The two main bibliometric features we observed to be associated with HIV/AIDS research activity in Africa were: (a) a high degree of international collaboration with countries from other geographical regions, dominated by the USA and Europe (81% of the documents) and (b) a low level of research leadership, as seen through the low participation of African investigators as the first authors of documents produced in collaboration (20 to 38% among the top 10 most productive countries).

These two features may reflect a certain scientific dependence and subordination among African countries in relation to more developed countries. Moreover, the same situation has been observed in other biomedical research fields that are of special importance to the global South, like tropical diseases, infectious diseases, and pediatrics [ 22 , 25 , 26 ]. More specifically, Kelaher et al. [ 27 ] analyzed randomized controlled trials in the fields of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis that were undertaken in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 1990 to 2013, identifying three relevant features associated with research leadership. First, there was a much higher proportion of first authors from LMICs in studies funded by LMICs (90%) than in studies funded by the USA (32%). Second, participation as first authors from LMICs was sensibly lower in the field of HIV/AIDS (33%) than for other diseases like malaria (67%). Finally, among first authors from all LMICs worldwide, those from Africa authored fewer papers than those from other regions like Latin America or Asia.

The literature describes different barriers that hinder researchers in LMICs from assuming leadership roles. Some of these are related to the absence of infrastructures or adequate financing [ 28 ]. Without an established institutional framework, stable research groups cannot be created or sustained; researchers cannot access the technical and financial support they need to submit research tenders; and coordination and monitoring of research priorities in relation to local research agendas is inadequate [ 13 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Other barriers have to do with deficits in methodological skills (like research design and statistical interpretation) or language (composition of articles or fluency in English). All of these factors can affect researchers’ capacity to lead studies and authorship [ 32 , 33 , 34 ].

At the same time, there are structural factors related to the hub-and-spoke model that favor the increased recognition and success of countries conducting mainstream research. Economic and human resources are concentrated in North America and Europe, and these regions also establish priority research topics. Editorial bias and the Matthew effect of accumulated advantage cement the structural forces perpetuating the under-representation of researchers from the global South from assuming positions of leadership in scientific publications [ 26 , 32 ].

The two countries constituting the axis of the collaborative research network on HIV/AIDS are the USA and South Africa. The former stands out for the high number of collaborative links it has established, with its researchers co-authoring papers with most African and Middle Eastern countries (52 countries). In total, 7693 collaborative ties (co-authored papers) were established in the study period, 70% of which were led by researchers in American institutions. Other bibliometric studies have also described the relevance of the USA in collaborative HIV/AIDS research output in Africa [ 11 ], Latin America and the Caribbean [ 35 ], and Asia [ 36 ]. Our own group have highlighted this role in other biomedical research fields [ 37 ].

For its part, South Africa is clearly the country of reference for HIV/AIDS research activity on the African continent, with a quantitative weight that is well above that observed in other biomedical areas in which it also exercises leadership. Nachega et al. [ 16 ] assessed the participation of African countries in publications on epidemiology and public health in the WoS databases, reporting that South Africa was represented in 22% of the documents, Kenya in 10%, and Nigeria in 9%. In our study, 41% of the documents on HIV/AIDS were authored by researchers in South Africa. This country, along with Ethiopia, is also notable for its leadership, figuring in the affiliations of 38% of the first authors. A similar phenomenon has also been observed in other fields of the health sciences, such as infectious diseases [ 15 , 38 ].

In addition to maintaining important collaborative ties with the USA and different European countries [ 39 , 40 ], South Africa has also emerged as a hub for intraregional collaborations within Africa. It has established links with 35 countries—far more than other African countries. Indeed, it is the main collaborator for all the other African countries in the top 10 for HIV/AIDS research productivity, even though these collaborations represent just 12% of the total collaborations in which South Africa participates. In that sense, some papers have called for BRICS countries, including South Africa, to increase their efforts to tackle the challenges primarily affecting the developing world [ 19 ]. In the case of South Africa, this could be done by promoting intraregional collaborations in sub-Saharan Africa, as research undertaken at a local level has the most potential to produce benefits, both for population health and socioeconomic development [ 20 , 41 ]. Hernandez-Villafuerte, Li & Hofman [ 42 ] analyzed collaborations among sub-Saharan countries conducting economic evaluations of healthcare interventions, reporting results consistent with ours: researchers in this region tend to collaborate more with Europeans and North Americans than with each other.

The literature highlights specific barriers impeding equitable research collaboration for African researchers, for example the paper by Okeke [ 43 ], who pointed to the limited duration of research programs, which should be longer in order to nurture stable collaborations that build hard and leadership capacities. In addition to infrastructure, other aspects mentioned include managerial expertise, administrative capabilities, and the capacity to improvise at African partner institutions. In the same line, Boum II [ 44 ] and Boum II et al. [ 45 ] discuss the difficulties in harmonizing conflicting interests between Western and African countries, making it essential to prioritize financing for equitable initiatives that lay out specific goals and expectations for partnerships, or which promote initiatives like mentorship programs and investment in Africa-based researchers that strengthen institutional capacity.

Some examples of successful collaborations for promoting equitable research partnerships and African leadership in HIV research include initiatives like the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) in Kenya, the International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium, and different initiatives coordinated and driven by the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) or the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS), among others.

Research interests in public health, epidemiology, and treatment approaches

HIV/AIDS research produced by solely African countries differed from global research in terms of disciplinary and subject area orientations, with a greater focus on public health, epidemiology, and treatment. This finding indicates the need to consider regional, national, and local specificities and interests when determining research priorities. In fact, numerous studies have already signaled the poor alignment between the priorities laid out in African countries’ national research agendas and the research topics that are actually financed [ 12 , 16 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ].

From a public health perspective, for example, Uthman [ 11 ] pointed out the need for further research evidence to inform HIV prevention and control programs. In this field, some countries perform better than others: South Africa is particularly strong in public health research [ 50 ], while other African countries and regions, such as French Africa, have made limited contributions [ 51 ].

Studies on epidemiology and treatment approaches for HIV/AIDS are very relevant for research produced in Africa, in contrast to what occurs on a global scale, where these orientations have a relatively limited weight. Nachega et al. [ 16 ] pointed out that research on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria have become the main research topics addressed in epidemiological and public health publications in African countries. However, these authors argued for moving epidemiology and public health research beyond the limited sphere of communicable disease control in order to address the regional impact of non-communicable diseases, for example in maternal and child health. This is especially relevant in the case of sub-Saharan Africa, where epidemiologists are overwhelmingly deployed to control infectious diseases, especially HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. The study also calls for strengthening regional expertise in epidemiology in order to shed light on the underlying causes of ill health, rather than to merely control infections and outbreaks [ 16 ].

In addition to epidemiological studies, African research also reflects an intense interest in drug therapies for HIV/AIDS, illustrating that control of the infection is a priority for research agendas and policies in African countries [ 12 ].

More specifically, previous literature on HIV/AIDS research has shown a greater focus on women in studies carried out with the participation of African researchers [ 10 ]. Our study confirms this finding: 73 to 77% of the documents investigated women, compared to 55% in the global literature. One possible explanation for this includes the fact that women are more biologically, economically, socially, and culturally vulnerable to infection. Indeed, for every 10 African men who are HIV-positive, there are 12 to 13 infected women; moreover, 55% of adults who acquire HIV are women, with profound implications for mother-to-child transmission [ 10 ]. In consonance with this fact, a greater number of women participate and work on HIV care programs in Africa, and a large proportion of the clinicoepidemiological investigations in these settings are based on care program data [ 52 ].

The different epidemiological patterns of HIV/AIDS transmission in North America and Western and Central Europe must also be taken into account, that motivate a greater interest of research in these regions on sexual transmission between men and intravenous drug users. These epidemiological patterns are less important in Africa [ 53 ]. The presence in the MeSH co-occurrence network of the descriptors “pregnancy” and “sexual behavior” are noteworthy, reflecting how African researchers are investigating aspects like maternal-fetal transmission of HIV [ 54 ] or knowledge and prevention of sexual risk, and changing the preconceptions that still persist about the social determinants of transmission [ 47 ]. The prominence of topics related to preventing mother-to-child transmission stands in contrast to the near absence of topics related to children and young people. These groups are especially sensitive to the physical and psychosocial impacts of HIV and AIDS, indicating the need for increased research on young people who are at risk of or living with HIV [ 55 ].

The greater research attention to topics related to public health, epidemiology, and treatment may also respond to limited laboratory capacity, which is needed for virologic, immunological, and basic research. In that sense, it is essential to promote initiatives that strengthen these research structures and capacities in African countries, rather than only supporting programs and projects on preventive and clinical approaches.

Limitations and future lines of research

Limitations of the present study include the fact that a considerable portion of HIV/AIDS research in African countries is disseminated using document types and media that we did not consider, such as meeting abstracts and journals that are not indexed in the WoS-CC. Moreover, using the MeSH thesaurus from the field of health sciences could have resulted in an underestimation of research spheres related to our subject area, such as research in the social sciences. In that sense, some papers have indicated that stigma and discrimination still constitute the main barriers to controlling HIV/AIDS [ 56 ]. The process used to assign geographic place variables to the papers included in the sample was based on authors’ stated institutional affiliation; this method has the inherent limitation of not being able to measure the author’s origin, nationality, or identification with the country, but rather the institution’s (and the country’s) capacity to generate outputs in the form of scientific publications. Thus, many researchers of African origin who work at institutions in the USA and Europe would be coded as US/European researchers. Furthermore, the use of first author status as a proxy for African leadership may be misleading, as an African senior author may be the last author on a publication or may have played a leadership role in some aspects other than the manuscript preparation.

Our study focused on obtaining macro indicators on scientific collaboration and output by regions and countries. Future lines of research could conduct meso- or microlevel analyses, for example focusing on the participation of institutions or authors in African HIV/AIDS research or on the impact of the publications. It would also be of great interest to identify the organisms or programs that have funded the research inspiring the publications about HIV, measuring resource contributions according to domestic versus international as well as public versus private origins.

The main conclusions of our study are as follows.

1. Our results reflect significant progress in African-produced HIV/AIDS research, at both a quantitative level (with notable increases in the number of publications) and qualitative level (through participation in journals indexed in a bibliographic database that brings together the most high-impact and high-visibility international publications). Despite these advances, however, scientific output is still concentrated in a small number of countries, chief among them South Africa, while other countries in Africa and the Middle East make only negligible contributions, despite the high burden of HIV infections.

2. The participation of African countries conducting HIV/AIDS research is characterized by a dependence on and subordination to the USA and European countries. Collaborations between these regions reflect limited leadership by African countries, as measured by the participation of African researchers as the first authors of published studies.

3. HIV/AIDS research conducted with participation from African countries shows appreciably different disciplinary and subject-area interests than global HIV/AIDS research, with a stronger focus on public health, epidemiology, and drug treatments.

It is essential to promote balanced North-South research that properly addresses the most acute needs and gaps in the places where HIV/AIDS has the largest impact. To achieve this balance, it is necessary to transfer research skills to African partners, promote equitable collaborative ties, and empower African countries, especially those with less scientific activity and more disease prevalence. In the same way, the lack of investment in research infrastructure by African governments likely makes it more difficult for African investigators to lead their own research. Intraregional collaborations among African countries can also help to avoid the further concentration of research capacity, reproducing the global North-South model on the African continent.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the Harvard Dataverse repository, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/RJMAY5 .

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Meggan Harris in translating our manuscript from Spanish.

Open access funding provided by University of Valencia, Special Research Actions Program (UV-19-INV-AE19).

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Gregorio González-Alcaide and Marouane Menchi-Elanzi contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

Department of History of Science and Documentation, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

Gregorio González-Alcaide

Department of Internal Medicine, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante, Spain

Marouane Menchi-Elanzi & José-Manuel Ramos-Rincón

Infectious Disease Division, Carmelo Hospital of Chókwè – Daughters of Charity, Saint Vincent of Paul, Chókwè, Gaza Province, Mozambique

Edy Nacarapa

Tinpswalo Association, Research Unit, Vincentian Association to Fight AIDS and TB, Chókwè, Gaza Province, Mozambique

Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain

José-Manuel Ramos-Rincón

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GGA: study conception, data collection, data analysis, manuscript writing and final manuscript approval; MME: study conception, data collection, data analysis, manuscript writing and final manuscript approval; NE: data analysis, manuscript writing and final manuscript approval; JMRR: study conception, manuscript writing and final manuscript approval.

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Two of the four authors of the present study are European (GGA and JMRR), including the first author of the study. In addition, a third author (MME) working at a European institution has signed with this affiliation. As we were aware of this imbalance, these three authors sought the collaboration of an African researcher (EN), who is from one of the most affected countries by HIV/AIDS and has extensive knowledge of the subject matter at a clinical and epidemiological level. His participation facilitated the acquisition of the methodological skills necessary for leading a study like the present one, and it strengthened our commitment to seek future collaborators enabling more balanced representation among our author teams. However, African research teams wishing to perform similar studies would likely face a range of problems, such as the lack of recognition for their research activities; time constraints due to clinical workload; and economic barriers impeding access to bibliographic databases, full-text articles for many scientific journals, translation services, and publishing costs. Indeed, although BMC “offers waivers and discounts for article processing charges (APCs) for papers whose corresponding authors are based in low-income countries,” the publication itself is only the culmination of the research process, which includes numerous processes and activities requiring economic resources or financing.

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Correspondence to José-Manuel Ramos-Rincón .

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González-Alcaide, G., Menchi-Elanzi, M., Nacarapa, E. et al. HIV/AIDS research in Africa and the Middle East: participation and equity in North-South collaborations and relationships. Global Health 16 , 83 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00609-9

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00609-9

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• Scientific research
• Human immunodeficiency virus infection
• Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
• African countries
• Bibliometrics
• International collaboration

Globalization and Health

ISSN: 1744-8603

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Identifying HIV/AIDS research priorities for the next millennium: a Delphi study with nurses in AIDS care

Affiliation.

• 1 Department of Administrative and Clinical Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA.
• PMID: 10826303
• DOI: 10.1016/S1055-3290(06)60275-6

The purpose of this study was to identify HIV/AIDS research priorities for the next millennium from the perspective of nurses in AIDS care. The study used a three-round Delphi technique, with study participants (the panel of experts) selected from the membership of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. In the first round of the Delphi study, 317 nurses identified more than 2,000 topics they viewed as important for overall HIV/AIDS research and for HIV/AIDS nursing research. Using qualitative analysis, 12 priority topics were generated in the overall research category and 12 priority topics in the nursing research category. In Round II of the Delphi survey, study participants ranked the 12 topics in categories (overall and nursing research priorities) identified in Round I. Finally, in Round III, the top five priority topics from Round II were prioritized in each category. The overall HIV/AIDS research topics identified were (a) HIV community-level education and prevention; (b) development of more tolerable drugs; (c) HIV prevention focusing on individual or specific group behavior; (d) vaccine development; and (e) development of new and more effective drugs. The HIV/AIDS nursing research priorities identified were (a) symptom management; (b) community-level HIV education and prevention; (c) quality of life issues in chronic HIV disease; (d) HIV prevention focusing on individual or specific group behavior; and (e) research related to adherence to drug therapy.

• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / nursing*
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / prevention & control*
• Attitude of Health Personnel*
• Delphi Technique
• Educational Status
• Middle Aged
• Nursing Research*
• United States