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Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice contains eight (8)

principles related to the behavior of and decisions made by professional

software engineers, including practitioners, educators, managers, supervisors,

and policymakers, as well as trainees and students of the profession. After

reading the materials uploaded in the google classroom, write a minimum of 250

words of commentary about it and its impact/benefits to us as users/readers of

In a hypothetical situation, select an industry of your choice. Given that there is a perennial issue that begs for automation or mechanization of the "as-is system":

 i. develop a requirement elicitation technique (use at least four and explain explicitly how you used them) to appraise yourself with the issue, given that you have just been appointed as a freelance systems analyst; 

 ii. develop a use-case for the data gathered;

 iii. develop a DFD for the information gathered.

 NOTE: There should be at least 5 processes or subsystem in the organization (Meaning you should have at least 5 levels.

i. develop a requirement elicitation technique (use at least four and explain explicitly how you used them) to appraise yourself with the issue, given that you have just been appointed as a freelance systems analyst;

Give three reasons why you should use code reviews as well as testing when you are developing software.

6. Explain why it is easier to develop automated unit tests than automated feature tests.

10. Scrum has been designed for use by a team of 5-8 people working together to develop a software product. What problems might arise if you try to use Scrum for student team projects where a group work together to develop a program. What parts of Scrum could be used in this situation?

6. Explain why it is important that software products are developed and delivered quickly. Why is it sometimes sensible to deliver an unfinished product and then issue new versions of that product after delivery?

7. Explain why the fundamental objectives of agile software engineering are consistent with the accelerated development and delivery of software products.

8. Explain why the product owner is an essential role in a Scrum development team. How might a development team that is working in an environment where there are no external customers (e.g. a student project team) reproduce this product owner role?

9. Why is it is important that each sprint should normally produce a ‘potentially shippable’ product increment? When might the team relax this rule and produce something that is not ‘ready to ship’?

ASSIGNMENT -3

1. Explain why it is important that software products are developed and delivered quickly. Why is it sometimes sensible to deliver an unfinished product and then issue new versions of that product after delivery?

2. Why should you develop a prototype before you start developing a new software product?

3. What are three important differences between software products and software product lines.

4. Why do software product managers have to be generalists with a range of skills rather than simply technical specialists?

5. Why should you develop a prototype before you start developing a new software product?

1. What are the important distinctions between unit testing and feature testing?

2. Imagine that your software includes a feature that can automatically create a contents list for a document or book. This is described by the following user stories: As a user, I want to automatically create a contents list for my document that includes all of the headings that I have marked up in my text. As a user, I want to be able to identify elements of a contents list and to mark these up at different levels. For simplicity, I have left out stories concerned with formatting the contents list. 

Suggest tests that you might develop to test this feature.

3. What is regression testing and why is it important? Explain why automated testing makes regression testing straightforward.

4. Explain why software security testing is more difficult than functional testing.

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SE Exams Questions with Answers

These selected questions and answers are prepared from Software Engineering Exam point of view and will also help in quick revision to get good marks in Software Engineering Examination. These questions has been prepared for the computer science graduates (B.C.A, M.C.A, B.Tech, B.E. and so...), to help them understand and revise the basic to advanced concepts related to Software Engineering.

Following is the selected list of questions and their answers and will help in quick revision to get good marks in Software Engineering Examination.

Explain the meaning of software danger and its importance in concerned of software engineering.

Describe the importance of software Engineering? What should be steps taken under the process of developing a software system.

Explain the principles which play a major role in development of software.

Explain the design principle of software Engineering.

Software Engineering Process

Describe the components and quality which is necessary for the documents of software specification.

What are the benefits of metrics in software engineering?

Explain the term Configuration management.

Explain concept of data flow diagram.

Write a short note on review process.

Define the blue print methodology.

Give your views about what is more important - the product or the process.

Software Engineering Quality

Write a short note on Software Testing process.

What are the differences between verification and validation in software development?

Give the benefits of verification and validation in software development and tell about the techniques of verification and validation in the process of software development.

Define the meaning of software quality and detail the factors which affects the quality not productivity of a software product?

Give the detail of quality parameters which are used in a software system.

Define the meaning of quality assurance. Explain the role of testing in Quality assurance.

What are the difference between alpha testing and Beta testing?

What are the difference between white box testing and black box testing techniques?

Explain software reliability and define how software and hardware reliability related to each other.

Write short note on Software failure, Black box testing, White box testing and Stress Testing.

What are test cases in Software Engineering?

Software Engineering Models

Explain the various types of models which used in software Engineering.

Explain the generic views of software Engineering.

What is Coding Standard?

Explain the objectives of a)coding b) structured programming.

What is the process of implementation of a software?

Explain the term, software maintenance.

Explain the waterfall model in detail.

Give a description of prototyping model.

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Introduction

• Introduction to Software Engineering - Software Engineering
• What is the Need of Software Engineering?
• Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
• Classification of Software - Software Engineering
• Software Characteristics - Software Engineering
• Software Quality - Software Engineering
• ISO/IEC 9126 in Software Engineering
• Boehm's Software Quality Model
• McCall's Quality Model
• Software Crisis - Software Engineering
• Difference between Software Engineering process and Conventional Engineering Process
• People Metrics and Process Metrics in Software Engineering
• Halstead’s Software Metrics - Software Engineering
• Cyclomatic Complexity
• Functional Point (FP) Analysis - Software Engineering
• Lines of Code (LOC) in Software Engineering

Software Development Models

• Waterfall Model - Software Engineering
• Iterative Waterfall Model - Software Engineering
• Spiral Model - Software Engineering
• Prototyping Model - Software Engineering
• Incremental Process Model - Software Engineering
• Rapid application development model (RAD) - Software Engineering
• Coupling and Cohesion - Software Engineering
• RAD Model vs Traditional SDLC - Software Engineering

Agile Software Development

• Agile Software Development - Software Engineering
• Agile Development Models - Software Engineering
• Agile Methodology Advantages and Disadvantages
• Agile SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle)
• Difference between Traditional and Agile Software Development
• Software Engineering | Comparison between Agile model and other models

Software Requirements Specification

• Software Requirement Specification (SRS) Format
• Parts of a SRS document - Software Engineering
• Software Engineering | Classification of Software Requirements
• How to write a good SRS for your Project
• Software Engineering | Quality Characteristics of a good SRS
• Difference between SRS and FRS

Software Project Management(SPM)

• Software Project Management (SPM) - Software Engineering
• Project size Estimation Techniques - Software Engineering
• System configuration management - Software Engineering
• COCOMO Model - Software Engineering
• Capability Maturity Model (CMM) - Software Engineering
• Integrating Risk Management in SDLC | Set 1
• Integrating Risk Management in SDLC | Set 2
• Integrating Risk Management in SDLC | Set 3
• Software Engineering | Software Project Management Complexities
• Quasi renewal processes - Software Engineering
• Reliability Growth Models - Software Engineering
• Jelinski Moranda software reliability model - Software Engineering
• Software Engineering | Schick-Wolverton software reliability model
• Goel-Okumoto Model - Software Engineering
• Mills' Error Seeding Model - Software Engineering
• Basic Fault Tolerant Software Techniques
• Software Maintenance - Software Engineering

Software Testing and Debugging

• What is Software Testing?
• Types of Software Testing
• Principles of software testing - Software Testing
• Software Engineering | Testing Guidelines
• Black box testing - Software Engineering
• White box Testing - Software Engineering
• Unit Testing - Software Testing
• Acceptance Testing - Software Testing
• Alpha Testing - Software Testing
• Beta Testing - Software Testing
• Regression Testing - Software Engineering
• Integration Testing - Software Engineering
• What is Debugging in Software Engineering?

Software Verification and Validation

• Verification and Validation in Software Engineering
• Role of Verification and Validation (V&V) in SDLC
• Requirements Validation Techniques - Software Engineering
• Differences between Verification and Validation

Software Engineering Interview Questions

Top software engineering interview questions and answers [2024].

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Software Engineering Quiz

• SDLC MCQ Questions and Answers
• Software Development Models MCQ Questions and Answers
• Risk Management in Software Engineering - MCQ Questions
• Software Quality Assurance Quiz

Software Engineering is indeed a must-to-go field for every individual who aspires to make a successful career as a Software Engineer , Software Developer, etc. in the IT industry. In simple words, it is concerned with the systematic and comprehensive study of designing, development, operations, and maintenance of a software system. In tech interviews of almost every renowned tech company, recruiters asked various questions from Software Engineering concepts such as Software Development Models & Architecture, Software Project Management (SPM), Testing and Debugging, etc. to assess the candidates. Hence, you must be prepared for all such Software Engineering Interview Questions to ace the interview.  

We know that Software Engineering is a vast field in itself and to find out & prepare for all the important concepts or questions for interviews is not an easy job. So, to make it easier and convenient for you, here, we’re providing you with an extensive list of Commonly Asked Software Engineering Interview Questions that are often asked by the recruiters. Do check out all these questions from below:

Before diving into top Software Engineering interview Questions and Answer, Let’s Understand What is Software Engineering?

What is Software Engineering?

Software Engineering  is the process of designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software. It is a systematic and disciplined approach to software development that aims to create high-quality, reliable, and maintainable software.

For more details please refer to Introduction to Software Engineering .

Top Software Engineering Interview Questions and Answer

1. what are the characteristics of software.

There are various characteristics of software are:

• Although some similarities exist between software development and hardware manufacturing, few activities are fundamentally different.
• In both activities, high quality is achieved through good design, but the manufacturing phase for hardware can introduce quality problems than software.  
• Hardware components suffer from the growing effects of many other environmental factors. Stated simply, the hardware begins to wear out.
• Software is not susceptible to the environmental maladies that cause hardware to wear out.
• When a hardware component wears out, it is replaced by a spare part.
• There are no software spare parts.
• Every software failure indicates an error in design or in the process through which design was translated into machine-executable code. Therefore, the software maintenance tasks that accommodate requests for change involve considerably more complexity than hardware maintenance. However, the implication is clear—the software doesn’t wear out. But it does deteriorate.  
• A software part should be planned and carried out with the goal that it tends to be reused in various projects.
• Current reusable segments encapsulate the two information and the preparation that is applied to the information, empowering the programmer to make new applications from reusable parts.
• In the hardware world, component reuse is a natural part of the engineering process

For more details please refer to the following article Software Engineering Characteristics .

2. What are the various categories of software?

The software is used extensively in several domains including hospitals, banks, schools, defense, finance, stock markets, and so on. It can be categorized into different types:

• System Software
• Application Software
• Networking and Web Applications Software
• Embedded Software
• Reservation Software
• Business Software
• Artificial Intelligence Software:
• Scientific Software
• Commercial Software
• Shareware Software
• Freeware Software
• Public Domain Software

For more details please refer to the following article Classifications of Software .

3. What is SDLC?

SDLC stands for Software Development Life Cycle. It is a process followed for software building within a software organization .  SDLC consists of a precise plan that describes how to develop, maintain, replace, and enhance specific software. The life cycle defines a method for improving the quality of software and the all-around development process. 

4. What are the various phases of SDLC?

SDLC phases:

• Requirement gathering & analysis
• Implementation & coding
• Deployment 
• Maintenance 

6 Stages of Software Development Life Cycle

For more details, please refer to the following article Software Development Life Cycle.  

5. What are different SDLC models available?

• 1. Waterfall Model
• 3. Incremental Model
• 4. RAD Model
• 5. Iterative Model
• 6. Spiral Model
• 7. Prototype model
• 8. Agile Model

For more details, please refer to the following article Top Software Development Models (SDLC) Models . 

6. Which SDLC model is the best?

The selection of the best SDLC model is a strategic decision that requires a thorough understanding of the project’s requirements, constraints, and goals. While each model has its strengths and weaknesses, the key is to align the chosen model with the specific characteristics of the project. Being flexible, adaptable, and communicating well are crucial in dealing with the complexities of making software and making sure the final product is good. In the end, the best way to develop software is the one that suits the project’s needs and situation the most.

For more details, please refer to the following article Which SDLC Model is Best and Why ?

7. What is the waterfall method and what are its use cases?

The waterfall model is a software development model used in the context of large, complex projects, typically in the field of information technology. It is characterized by a structured, sequential approach to project management and software development.

Phases of Waterfall Model

• Requirements Gathering and Analysis
• Design Phase
• Implementation and Unit Testing
• Integration and System Testing
• Maintenance

Use Case of Waterfall Model

• Requirements are clear and fixed that may not change.
• There are no ambiguous requirements (no confusion).
• It is good to use this model when the technology is well understood.
• The project is short and cast is low.
• Risk is zero or minimum.

For more details, please refer to the following article Waterfall Model.

8. What is Cohesion and Coupling?

Cohesion indicates the relative functional capacity of the module. Aggregation modules need to interact less with other sections of other parts of the program to perform a single task. It can be said that only one coagulation module (ideally) needs to be run. Cohesion is a measurement of the functional strength of a module. A module with high cohesion and low coupling is functionally independent of other modules. Here, functional independence means that a cohesive module performs a single operation or function. The coupling means the overall association between the modules. 

Coupling relies on the information delivered through the interface with the complexity of the interface between the modules in which the reference to the section or module was created. High coupling support Low coupling modules assume that there are virtually no other modules. It is exceptionally relevant when both modules exchange a lot of information. The level of coupling between two modules depends on the complexity of the interface.

For more details, please refer to the following article Coupling and cohesion.

9. What activities come under the umbrella activities?

The activities of the software engineering process framework are complemented by a variety of higher-level activities. Umbrella activities typically apply to the entire software project and help the software team manage and control progress, quality, changes, and risks. Common top activities include Software Project Tracking and Control Risk Management, Software Quality Assurance Technical Review Measurement Software Configuration Management Reusability Management Work Product Preparation and Production, etc.

For more details, please refer to the following article Umbrella activities in Software Engineering.

10. What is Debugging?

Debugging  is the process of identifying and resolving errors, or bugs, in a software system. It is an important aspect of software engineering because bugs can cause a software system to malfunction, and can lead to poor performance or incorrect results. Debugging can be a time-consuming and complex task, but it is essential for ensuring that a software system is functioning correctly.

For more details, please refer to the following article What is Debugging?

11. What is the name of various CASE tools?

• Requirement Analysis Tool
• Structure Analysis Tool
• Software Design Tool
• Code Generation Tool
• Test Case Generation Tool
• Document Production Tool
• Reverse Engineering Tool

For more details, please refer to the following article Computer-Aided Software Engineering(CASE).

12. What is Black box testing?

The black box test (also known as the conducted test closed box test opaque box test) is centered around software useful prerequisites. In other words, it is possible to guess a set of information conditions that help the program through an attempt to discover and fulfill all the necessities perfectly. There is no choice of black-box testing white box procedures. Maybe it’s a complementary methodology, perhaps the white box method will reveal the errors of other classes.  For more details, please refer to the following article Software Engineering – Black Box Testing.

13.  What is White box testing?

White Box Testing is a method of analyzing the internal structure, data structures used, internal design, code structure, and behavior of software, as well as functions such as black-box testing. Also called glass-box test or clear box test or structural test.  For more details, please refer to the following article Software Engineering – White Box Testing.

14.  What is a Feasibility Study?

The Feasibility Study in Software Engineering is a study to assess the adequacy of proposed projects and systems. A feasibility study is a measure of a software product on how product development can benefit an organization from a validity analysis or practical point of view. Feasibility studies are conducted for multiple purposes to analyze the correctness of a software product in terms of development, porting, the contribution of an organization’s projects, and so on.  For more details, please refer to the following article Types of Feasibility Study in Software Project Development article.

15.  What is the Difference Between Quality Assurance and Quality Control?

16.  what is the difference between verification and validation.

For more details, please refer to the following article Software Engineering – Verification and Validation.

17. What is software re-engineering?

Software re-engineering is the process of scanning, modifying, and reconfiguring a system in a new way. The principle of reengineering applied to the software development process is called software reengineering. It has a positive impact on software cost, quality, customer service, and shipping speed. Software reengineering improves software to create it more efficiently and effectively.

For more details please refer to What Is Software Re-Engineering?

18. What is reverse engineering?

Software Reverse Engineering is a process of recovering the design, requirement specifications, and functions of a product from an analysis of its code. It builds a program database and generates information from this. The purpose of reverse engineering is to facilitate maintenance work by improving the understandability of a system and producing the necessary documents for a legacy system. 

Reverse Engineering Goals:   

• Cope with Complexity.
• Recover lost information.
• Detect side effects.
• Synthesize higher abstraction.
• Facilitate Reuse.

For more details, please refer to the following article Software Engineering – Reverse Engineering.

19. What is SRS?

Software Requirement Specification (SRS) Format is a complete specification and description of requirements of the software that needs to be fulfilled for successful development of software system. These requirements can be functional as well as non-requirements depending upon the type of requirement. The interaction between different customers and contractors is done because it’s necessary to fully understand the needs of customers. For more details please refer software requirement specification format article.

20. Distinguish between Alpha and Beta testing.

For more details, please refer to the following article Alpha Testing and Beta Testing .

21.  What are the elements to be considered in the System Model Construction?

The type and size of the software, the experience of use for reference to predecessors, difficulty level to obtain users’ needs, development techniques and tools, the situation of the development team, development risks, the software development methods should be kept in mind. It is an important prerequisite to ensure the success of software development that designing a reasonable and suitable software development plan.

22. What are CASE tools?

CASE stands for Computer-Aided Software Engineering. CASE tools are a set of automated software application programs, which are used to support, accelerate and smoothen the SDLC activities. 

23.  What is the limitation of the RAD Model?

• For large but scalable projects RAD requires sufficient human resources.
• Projects fail if developers and customers are not committed in a much-shortened time frame.
• Problematic if a system cannot be modularized

For more details, please refer to the following article Software Engineering – Rapid Application Development Model (RAD) .

24.  What is the disadvantage of the spiral model?

• Can be a costly model to use.
• Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise.
• The project’s success is highly dependent on the risk analysis phase.
• Doesn’t work well for smaller projects

For more details, please refer to the following article Software Engineering – Spiral Model .

25.  What is COCOMO model?

A COCOMO model stands for Constructive Cost Model. As with all estimation models, it requires sizing information and accepts it in three forms: 

• Object points
• Function points
• Lines of source code

For more details, please refer to the following article Software Engineering – COCOMO Model .

26. Define an estimation of software development effort for organic software in the basic COCOMO model?

Estimation of software development effort for organic software in the basic COCOMO model is defined as 

Organic: Effort = 2.4(KLOC) 1.05 PM

27. What is the Agile software development model?

The agile SDLC model is a combination of iterative and incremental process models with a focus on process adaptability and customer satisfaction by rapid delivery of working software products. Agile Methods break the product into small incremental builds. Every iteration involves cross-functional teams working simultaneously on various areas like planning, requirements analysis, design, coding, unit testing, and acceptance testing.

Advantages:

• Customer satisfaction by rapid, continuous delivery of useful software.
• Customers, developers, and testers constantly interact with each other.
• Close, daily cooperation between business people and developers.
• Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design.
• Regular adaptation to changing circumstances.
• Even late changes in requirements are welcomed.

For more details, please refer to the following article Software Engineering – Agile Development Models .

28. Which model can be selected if the user is involved in all the phases of SDLC?

RAD model can be selected if the user is involved in all the phases of SDLC.

29. What are software project estimation techniques available?

There are some software project estimation techniques available:

• Delphi method
• User case point

30. What is level-0 DFD?

The highest abstraction level is called Level 0 of DFD. It is also called context-level DFD. It portrays the entire information system as one diagram.

For more details, please refer to the following article DFD .

31. What is physical DFD?

Physical DFD focuses on how the system is implemented. The next diagram to draw after creating a logical DFD is physical DFD. It explains the best method to implement the business activities of the system. Moreover, it involves the physical implementation of devices and files required for the business processes. In other words, physical DFD contains the implantation-related details such as hardware, people, and other external components required to run the business processes. 

32. What is the black hole concept in DFD?

A block hole concept in the data flow diagram can be defined as “A processing step may have input flows but no output flows”. In a black hole, data can only store inbound flows.

33. Mention the formula to calculate the Cyclomatic complexity of a program?

The formula to calculate the cyclomatic complexity of a program is:

  [Tex]c = e – n+2p            [/Tex] where, e = number of edges n = number of vertices p = predicates

34. How to find the size of a software product?

Estimation of the size of the software is an essential part of Software Project Management. It helps the project manager to further predict the effort and time which will be needed to build the project. Various measures are used in project size estimation. Some of these are:

• Lines of Code
• Number of entities in ER diagram
• Total number of processes in detailed data flow diagram
• Function points

35. Mentions some software analysis & design tools?

• Data Flow Diagrams
• Structured Charts
• Structured English
• Data Dictionary
• Hierarchical Input Process Output diagrams
• Entity Relationship Diagrams and Decision tables

36. What is the difference between Bug and Error?

• Bug: An Error found in the development environment before the product is shipped to the customer.
• Error: Deviation for actual and the expected/theoretical value.

For more details, please refer to the following article What is the difference between Bug and Error?

37. What is the difference between Risk and Uncertainty?

• Risk is able to be measured while uncertainty is not able to be measured.
• Risk can be calculated while uncertainty can never be counted.
• You are capable of make earlier plans in order to avoid risk. It is impossible to make prior plans for the uncertainty.
• Certain sorts of empirical observations can help to understand the risk but on the other hand, the uncertainty can never be based on empirical observations.
• After making efforts, the risk is able to be converted into certainty. On the contrary, you can’t convert uncertainty into certainty.
• After making an estimate of the risk factor, a decision can be made but as the calculation of the uncertainty is not possible, hence no decision can be made.

38. What is a use case diagram?

A use case diagram is a behavior diagram and visualizes the observable interactions between actors and the system under development. The diagram consists of the system, the related use cases, and actors and relates these to each other:

• System : What is being described?
• Actor : Who is using the system?
• Use Case : What are the actors doing?

For more details, please refer to the following article use case diagram.

39. Which model is used to check software reliability?

A Rayleigh model is used to check software reliability. The Rayleigh model is a parametric model in the sense that it is based on a specific statistical distribution. When the parameters of the statistical distribution are estimated based on the data from a software project, projections about the defect rate of the project can be made based on the model.

40. What is CMM?

To determine an organization’s current state of process maturity, the SEI uses an assessment that results in a five-point grading scheme. The grading scheme determines compliance with a capability maturity model (CMM) that defines key activities required at different levels of process maturity. The SEI approach provides a measure of the global effectiveness of a company’s software engineering practices and establishes five process maturity levels that are defined in the following manner:

• Level 1: Initial
• Level 2: Repeatable
• Level 3: Defined
• Level 4: Managed
• Level 5: Optimizing

For more details, please refer to the following article CMM .

41. Define adaptive maintenance?

Adaptive maintenance defines as modifications and updations when the customers need the product to run on new platforms, on new operating systems, or when they need the product to interface with new hardware and software. 

42. In the context of modular software design, which of the combination is considered for cohesion and coupling?

In the context of modular software design, high cohesion, and low coupling is considered.

43. What is regression testing?

Regression testing is defined as a type of software testing that is used to confirm that recent changes to the program or code have not adversely affected existing functionality. Regression testing is just a selection of all or part of the test cases that have been run. These test cases are rerun to ensure that the existing functions work correctly. This test is performed to ensure that new code changes do not have side effects on existing functions. Ensures that after the last code changes are completed, the above code is still valid.

For more details, please refer to the following article regression testing

44. Black box testing always focuses on which requirement of software?

Black box testing always focuses on the functional requirements of the software.

45. Which of the testing is used for fault simulation?

With increased expectations for software component quality and the complexity of components, software developers are expected to perform effective testing. In today’s scenario, mutation testing has been used as a fault injection technique to measure test adequacy. Mutation Testing adopts “fault simulation mode”.

46. What is a function point?

Function point metrics provide a standardized method for measuring the various functions of a software application. Function point metrics, measure functionality from the user’s point of view, that is, on the basis of what the user requests and receives in return.

For more details, please refer to the following article function point.

47. What is a baseline?

A baseline is a measurement that defines the completeness of a phase. After all activities associated with a particular phase are accomplished, the phase is complete and acts as a baseline for next phase.

For more details, please refer to the following article baseline .

48. What is the cyclomatic complexity of a module that has 17 edges and 13 nodes?

The Cyclomatic complexity of a module that has seventeen edges and thirteen nodes = E – N + 2

E = Number of edges, N = Number of nodes Cyclomatic complexity = 17 – 13 + 2 = 6

49. A software does not wear out in the traditional sense of the term, but the software does tend to deteriorate as it evolves, why? 

The software does not wear out in the traditional sense of the term, but the software does tend to deteriorate as it evolves because  Multiple change requests introduce errors in component interactions.

50. A cohesion is an extension of which concept?

Cohesion refers to the degree to which Cohesion the elements inside a module belong together. is an extension of the information hiding concept. 

51. What are the three essential components of a software project plan?

• Team structure,
• Quality assurance plans,
• Cost estimation.

52. The testing of software against SRS is known as ….?

The testing of software against SRS is known as acceptance testing.

53. How to measure the complexity of software?

To measure the complexity of software there are some methods in software engineering:

• Line of codes
• Cyclomatic complexity 
• Class coupling
• Depth of inheritance

For more details, please refer to the following article complexity of software .

54. Define the term WBS?

The full form of WBS is Work Breakdown Structure. Its Work Breakdown Structure includes dividing a large and complex project into simpler, manageable, and independent tasks. For constructing a work breakdown structure, each node is recursively decomposed into smaller sub-activities, until at the leaf level, the activities become undividable and independent. A WBS works on a top-down approach.

For more detail please refer Work breakdown structure article.

55. A regression testing primarily related to which testing?

Regression testing is primarily related to Maintenance testing.

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50 Software Engineering Interview Questions and Answers

Software Developer Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

1) what are the important categories of software.

• System software
• Application software
• Embedded software
• Web Applications
• Artificial Intelligence software
• Scientific software.

👉 Free PDF Download: Software Engineering Interview Questions & Answers

2) What is the main difference between a computer program and computer software?

A computer program is a piece of programming code. It performs a well-defined task. On the other hand, the software includes programming code, documentation and user guide.

3) What is software re-engineering?

It is a process of software development which is done to improve the maintainability of a software system.

4) Describe the software development process in brief:

The software development is a life cycle is composed of the following stages:

• Requirement analysis
• Specification
• Software architecture
• Implementation
• Documentation
• Training and support
• Maintenance

5) What are SDLC models available?

Waterfall Model, Spiral Model, Big-bag model, Iterative Model, and V- Model are some of the famous SDLC models .

6) What is verification and validation?

Verification:

Verification is a term that refers to the set of activities which ensure that software implements a specific function.

Validation:

7) In software development process what is the meaning of debugging?

Debugging is the process that results in the removal of error. It is very important part of the successful testing.

8) How can you make sure that your code is both safe and fast?

In the software, development security is always first. So if the execution of the program is slow then, I will try to identify the reason out ways to its time complexity.

9) Name two tools which are used for keeping track of software requirements?

There many l ways to keep track of requirements.

Two commonly used are:

• Make a requirements specifications document to list all of the requirements.
• Create an excel sheet the list down the requirement, type, dependency, priority, etc.

10) What is the main difference between a stubs, a mock?

A stub is a minimal implementation of an interface which generally returns hardcoded data while mock usually verifies outputs against expectations. Those expectations are set in the test.

11) What language do you like to write programming algorithms?

12) what is computer software.

Computer software is a package which includes a software program, its documentation, and user guide on how to use the software.

13) According to you which SDLC model is the best?

There, is no such ranking, as SDLC Models are adopted as per the need for the development process. It may differ software-to-software.

14) Who is software project manager? What is his role?

A software project manager is a person responsible for managing the software development project.

The project manager is doing the project planning, monitoring the progress, communication. He or she also manages risks and resources to deliver the project within time, cost, and quality constraints.

15) What is mean by software scope?

Software scope is a well-defined boundary. It includes all kind of activities that are done to develop and deliver the software product.

The software scope defines all functionalities and artifacts to be delivered as a part of the software. The scope also identifies what the product will do? What is not the part of the project? What is project estimation?

This process is helpful to estimate various aspects of the software product. This estimation can be decided either consulting experts or by using pre-defined formulas.

16) How to find the size of a software product?

The size of software product can be calculated using by following two methods

• Counting the lines of delivered code
• Counting delivered function points

17) What are function points?

Function points are the features which are provided by the software product. It is considered as a most important measurement for software size.

18) What are software project estimation techniques available?

Most widely used estimation techniques are:

• Decomposition technique
• Empirical technique

19) What is Software configuration management?

Software configuration management is a process of tracking and controlling changes that happen in the software.

Change control is a function which ensures that all changes made into the software system are consistent and created using organizational rules and regulations.

20) How can you measure project execution?

We can measure project execution using Activity Monitoring, Status Reports, and Milestone Checklists.

21) Tell me about some project management tools.

There are many types of management tools used as per the need for a software project. Some of them are Pert Chart, Gantt Chart, Resource Histogram, Status Reports, etc.

22) What are software requirements?

Software requirements are a functional description of a proposed software system. It is assumed to be the description of the target system, its functionalities, and features.

23) What is feasibility study?

It is a measure to find out how practical and beneficial the software project development will prove to the organization. The software analyzer conducts a study to know the economic, technical and operational feasibility of the project.

• Economic: It includes the cost of training, cost of additional and tools and overall estimation of costs and benefits of the project.
• Technical: It evaluate technical aspect. Is it possible to develop this system? Assessing the suitability of machine(s) and OS on which software will execute, knowledge of the software development and tools available for this project.
• Operational: Here the analyst need to assess that the organization will able to adjust smoothly to the changes done as per the demand for the project. Is the problem worth solving at the estimated cost?

After, studying all this the final feasibility report is created.

24) What are functional and non-functional requirements?

Functional requirements are functional features which are expected by users from the proposed software product.

25) What is software metric?

Software Metrics offers measures for various aspects of software process which are divided into:

• Requirement metrics: Length requirements, completeness
• Product metrics: Number of coding Lines, Object-oriented metrics, design and test metrics.

26) What is modularization?

Modularization is a technique which is used for dividing a software system into various discreet modules. That is expected to carry out the tasks independently.

27) What is cohesion?

Cohesion is a measure that defines the intra-dependability among the elements of the module.

28) Mentions some software analysis & design tools?

Some of the most important software analysis and designing tools are:

• Data Flow Diagrams
• Structured Charts
• Structured English
• Data Dictionary
• Hierarchical Input Process Output diagrams
• Entity Relationship Diagrams and Decision tables

29) What is mean by level-0 Data flow diagram?

Highest abstraction level is called Level 0 of DFD. It is also called context level DFD. It portrays the entire information system as one diagram.

30) What is the major difference between structured English and Pseudo Code?

Structured English is native English language. It is used to write the structure of a program module. It uses programming language keywords. On the other hand, Pseudo Code is more like to the programming language without syntax of any specific language.

Software Engineering viva Questions and Answers for Experienced

31) what is structured design.

Structured design is a conceptualization of problem. It also called solution design and which is based on ‘divide and conquer’ strategy.

32) What is functional programming?

33) what is quality assurance vs. quality control.

Quality Assurance checks if proper process is followed while developing the software while Quality Control deals with maintaining the quality of software product.

34) What are CASE tools?

CASE means Computer Aided Software Engineering . They are set of automated software application programs, which are used to support, enhance and strengthen the SDLC activities.

35) Which process model removes defects before software get into trouble?

Clean room software engineering method removes defects before software gets into trouble.

36) Solve this problem

There are twenty different socks of two types in a drawer in one dark room. What is the minimum number of socks you need to take to ensure you have a matching pair?”

If you pick up three socks, they may be of the same type even if the odds are 50%. Odds never an equal reality. Therefore, the only way to ‘ensure you have a matching pair’ is to pick up at least 11 number of shocks.

37) How you can make sure that your written code which can handle various kinds of error situation?

I can write tests that define the expected error situations.

38) Explain the differences between a Thread and a Process?

A process is instance of the computer program.In a single program it is possible to have one or more threads.

39) Tell me the difference between an EXE and a DLL?

An exe is an executable program while a DLL is a file that can be loaded and executed by programs dynamically. It is an external code repository for programs. As both are different programs, reuse the same DLL instead of having that code in their file. It also reduces required storage space.

40) What is strong-typing and weak-typing? Which is preferred? Why?

Strong typing checks the types of variables at compile time. On the other hand, weak typing checks the types of the system at run-time. Among them, Strong typing is always preferred because it minimizes the bugs.

41) Describe the difference between Interface-oriented, Object-oriented and Aspect-oriented programming.

• Interface programming is contract based.
• Object-oriented is a way to write granular objects which have a single purpose.
• Aspect Oriented Programming is to segregate the code in such a manner that various objects carry the main tasks, and the subsidiary tasks are carried by independent objects.

42) Why using catch (exception) is always a bad idea?

It is a bad idea because:

• As there is no variable defined, it is not possible to read the exception
• It’s good to use an exception when you have known exception types.

43) What type of data is passed via HTTP Headers?

Script and metadata passed via HTTP headers.

44) How do you prioritize requirements?

First, you need to design a system by evaluating data structure. Then you should move on to the code structure needed to support it.

45) Give me differences between object-oriented and component-based design?

Object-oriented design can easily be encapsulated to some degree in component-based design.

46) When do you use polymorphism?

Polymorphism is used when there is a need for override functionality when inheriting class. It’s about shared classes and shared contracts.

47) What is the difference between stack and queue?

• Queue is always First In, First Out
• Stack is always Last In, First Out

48) What is essential for testing the quality of the code?

According to me, the unit testing framework is essential for testing the quality of the code.

49) Do you think that the maintenance of software is expensive?

According to me, maintenances of software will never be expensive if we are using proper development process.

50) Give me differences between tags and branches?

Tags are for versioning releases which are temporary holding places for doing such thing. However, branches are deleted when those changes are merged into the trunk.

51) Where is a protected class-level variable available?

Protected class-level variables are available to any sub-class derived from the base class.

52) Is it possible to execute multiple catch blocks for a single try statement?

Yes. Multiple catch blocks can be executed for a single try statement.

53) When do you need to declare a class as abstract?

We should declare a class as abstract in the following situations:

• When the class is inherited from an abstract class, but not all the abstract methods have been overridden.
• In the case when minimum one of the methods in the class is declared as an abstract.

54) Develop an algorithm that output your current location and a list of ATMs locations in that area. Get you the closest K ATMs to your location.

Create a method getDistance(a, b) that calculates the distance between a and b.

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