urban issues and challenges london case study

• Geographical skills and enquiry
• Human geography
• Physical geography
• Careers Spotlights
• Skills Boosts

Urban case study - London

In this unit you’ll investigate the growth of London and the processes and challenges leading to change in the city.

Try the quiz to see how much you know about London and the processes of urbanisation.

  BACK TO GCSE MENU

Open PowerPoint

Take the quiz

Get in Touch

The Geographical Association 160 Solly Street, Sheffield, S1 4BF

0114 296 0088 [email protected]

Stay Social

Cookies Privacy Terms Sitemap

© 2020 The Geographical Association. Charity no. 1135148. Company no. 07139068. Website by QWeb Ltd

AQA GCSE Geography

Urbanisation in the UK: London Case Study

You’ve used 10 of your 10 free revision notes for the month, sign up to get unlimited access to revision notes, quizzes, audio lessons and more.

• Revision Notes
• Unlimited Quizzes
• Audio Content
• Progress Tracking
• No Advertisements

Hi there! Want to study 2x more effectively?

Sign up now for exclusive access to interactive quizzes, audio lessons and more educational tools..

Sign me up!

Last updated: December 27, 2022

Please read these terms and conditions carefully before using our services.

Definitions

For these Terms and Conditions:

• Affiliate means an entity that controls, is controlled by or is under common control with a party, where “control” means ownership of 50% or more of the shares, equity interest or other securities entitled to vote for the election of directors or other managing authority.
• Account means a unique account created for you to access our services or some of our services.
• Country refers to the United Kingdom
• Company refers to Shalom Education Ltd, 86 London Road, (Kingsland Church), Colchester, Essex, CO3 9DW, and may be referred to as ‘we’, ‘us’, ‘our’, or ‘Shalom Education’ in this agreement.
• Device means any device that can access the Service, such as a computer, a mobile phone or a digital tablet.
• Feedback means feedback, innovations or suggestions sent by You regarding the attributes, performance or features of our service.
• Free Trial refers to a limited period of time that may be free when purchasing a subscription.
• Orders mean a request by you to purchase services from us.
• Promotions refer to contests, sweepstakes or other promotions offered by us through the website.
• Services refer to our website, resources and tutoring service.
• Subscriptions refer to the services or access to the service offered on a subscription basis by the company to you.
• Terms and Conditions (also referred to as “Terms”) mean these Terms and Conditions that form the entire agreement between you and Shalom Education Ltd regarding the use of the services we offer.
• Third-party Social Media Service means any services or content (including data, information, products or services) provided by a third party that may be displayed, included or made available on the website.
• Website refers to Shalom-education.com, accessible from  https://www.shalom-education.com
• You means the individual accessing or using our services, or the company, or other legal entity on behalf of which such individual is accessing or using our services.
• Tutor refers to an individual who teaches a single pupil or a small group of students who have registered with Shalom Education Ltd.
• Tutee refers to a student or a pupil who has registered for tutoring with Shalom Education Ltd, which is administered through our tutoring platform.

Acknowledgement

Thank you for choosing Shalom Education Tuition for your educational needs. These terms and conditions outline the rules and regulations for the use of our services, and the agreement that will govern your relationship with us.

By accessing or using our services, you accept and agree to be bound by these terms and conditions, and our  privacy policy , which describes our policies and procedures for the collection, use, and disclosure of your personal information when you use our website.

It is important that you read both documents carefully before using our services, as they outline your rights and obligations as a user of our services. If you do not agree to these terms and conditions or our privacy policy, please do not use our services. We hope you have a positive and educational experience with Shalom Education Tuition.

Signing up for Tutoring or Membership Accounts

By signing up for tutoring or membership accounts through the website, you confirm that you have the legal ability to enter into a binding contract.

Your information

When you place an order, we may ask you to provide certain information, such as your name, email, phone number, credit card details, and billing address.

You confirm that you have the right to use the payment method you choose, and that the information you provide is accurate and complete. By submitting your information, you give us permission to share it with payment processing third parties to complete your order.

Order cancellation

We reserve the right to cancel your order at any time for various reasons, including but not limited to:

• Unavailability of services (e.g. no tutors available)
• Errors in the description or prices of services
• Errors in your order
• Suspected fraud or illegal activity

Cancelling your order

Any services that you purchase can only be returned in accordance with these terms and conditions. Our Returns Policy forms a part of these Terms and Conditions.

In general, you have the right to cancel your order and receive a full refund within 14 days of placing it. However, you cannot cancel an order for services that are made to your specifications or are clearly personalised, or for services that you have already received in part.

Money-Back Guarantee: If you are not satisfied with the quality of your tutoring session, you may be eligible for a full or partial refund or credit. To request a refund or credit, please contact us within 24 hours after the end of the session and provide a detailed explanation of your dissatisfaction. We will review your request and, if approved, will issue a refund or credit to your account.

• Please note that refunds or credits may not be available for all types of tutoring services and may be subject to fees or other charges. For more information, please contact us.

Errors and inaccuracies

We strive to provide accurate and up-to-date information about the service we offer, but we cannot guarantee that everything will be completely accurate and up-to-date at all times. Prices, product images, descriptions, availability, and services may be inaccurate, incomplete, or out of date.

We reserve the right to change or update any information, and to correct errors, inaccuracies, or omissions at any time without prior notice.

Prices policy

We reserve the right to change our prices at any time before accepting your order.

All tutoring services and membership accounts purchased on our website must be paid for in full at the time of purchase, for the required time of use. We accept a variety of payment methods, including credit cards, debit cards, and online payment services like PayPal.

Your payment card may be subject to validation checks and authorisation by your card issuer. If we do not receive the necessary authorisation, we cannot be held responsible for any delays or failure to deliver your order.

Subscriptions

Subscription period.

Our tutoring services are available with a pay-as-you-go option or a subscription option that is billed on a monthly or annual basis. The tutoring account subscription will end at the end of the period. You can choose the subscription option that best suits your needs and cancel at any time.

Our membership accounts are billed monthly or annually and do not automatically renew after the period. You can choose to renew your membership account at the end of the period if you wish to continue your membership.

Subscription cancellations

You can cancel your subscription renewal through your account settings or by contacting us. Please note that you will not receive a refund for fees you have already paid for your current subscription period, and you will be able to access the service until the end of your current subscription period.

We need accurate and complete billing information from you, including your full name, address, postal code, telephone number, and valid payment method. If automatic billing fails, you will not receive tutoring services until a payment is made. If payment is not made within a reasonable time period, your account may be terminated.

Fee changes

We reserve the right to modify the subscription fees at any time. Any change in fees will take effect at the end of your current subscription period.

We will give you reasonable notice of any fee changes so you have the opportunity to cancel your subscription before the changes take effect. If you continue to use the service after the fee change, you agree to pay the modified amount.

In general, paid subscription fees are non-refundable. However, we may consider certain refund requests on a case-by-case basis and grant them at our discretion.

We may offer free trials of our subscriptions at our discretion. You may be asked to provide billing information to sign up for a free trial. If you do provide billing information, you will not be charged until the free trial period ends.

On the last day of the free trial, unless you have cancelled your subscription, you will be automatically charged the applicable subscription fees for the plan you have chosen. We reserve the right to modify or cancel free trial offers at any time without notice.

From time to time, we may offer promotions through the Service, such as discounts, special offers, or contests. These promotions may be governed by separate rules and regulations.

If you choose to participate in a promotion, please review the applicable rules and our privacy policy carefully. In the event of a conflict between the promotion rules and these terms and conditions, the promotion rules will take precedence.

Please note that any promotion may be modified or discontinued at any time, and we reserve the right to disqualify any participant who violates the rules or engages in fraudulent or dishonest behaviour. By participating in a promotion, you agree to be bound by the applicable rules and our decisions, which are final and binding in all matters related to the promotion.

User Accounts

In order to access certain features of our services, you may be required to create an account. When you create an account, you agree to provide accurate, complete, and current information about yourself as prompted by the account registration process. If you provide any false, inaccurate, outdated, or incomplete information, or if we have reasonable grounds to suspect that you have done so, we reserve the right to suspend or terminate your account.

You are solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your account and password, and you agree to accept responsibility for all activities that occur under your account. If you believe that your account has been compromised or that there has been any unauthorised access to it, you must notify us immediately.

You may not use a username that is already in use by another user, that belongs to another person or entity without appropriate authorisation, or that is offensive, vulgar, or obscene. We reserve the right to remove or reclaim any username that we determine, in our sole discretion, to be inappropriate, infringing, or otherwise in violation of these terms and conditions.

Tutor Agreements

As a tutor working with Shalom Education, you agree to the following terms and conditions:

Tutor relationships

• You are at least eighteen years of age and have the necessary qualifications and/or experience to provide tuition in the subjects specified on your CV.
• You will not make any agreements with a tutee, any member of the tutee’s family, or the tutee’s guardian that are intended to circumvent the relationship between our service and the tutee and to benefit you at our expense. This includes the exchange of private information (e.g. phone numbers, emails or social media accounts etc).
• You will not, during the period of any tutoring session with a tutee and for a period of six months from the conclusion of the last tutoring session, give any tuition services to that tutee.
• You will use our platform as your only means of communication with tutees, and any other methods are strictly prohibited.
• You will not be abusive towards a tutee or their nominee on our website or any other place.
• You are expected to maintain a professional and respectful relationship with tutees at all times.
• You will not engage in any inappropriate or illegal behaviour while working with tutees, including but not limited to harassment or discrimination.
• You are expected to follow all applicable laws and regulations while providing tutoring services.

Tutor responsibilities

• You will not complete any coursework, essays, or other assignments on behalf of the tutee. However, you can offer support.
• You will be punctual and communicate with us if you are running late or need to reschedule a lesson.
• You are expected to provide high-quality tutoring services to tutees, including preparing appropriate lesson plans.
• You will be responsible for ensuring that you have the necessary resources and equipment to provide effective tutoring services, such as a reliable internet connection and computer if tutoring online.
• You will be expected to keep confidential any personal or sensitive information that you may learn about a tutee while working with them.

Tutor compensation

• You will not request or accept any payments from a tutee, or their nominee.
• The company reserves the right to withhold payment to tutors if it believes lessons are being booked outside our platform.
• The company will pay you a fee for your tutoring services according to the rates agreed between you and the company.
• The company will be responsible for collecting payment from the tutee.
• If you are self-employed, we expect you to provide us with your UTR number and you are expected to pay your own tax to HMRC

Tutor termination

• As a tutor working with the company, you may terminate your relationship with a tutee at any time by providing reasonable notice.
• The company may also terminate your relationship with a tutee at any time, for any reason, such as if the tutee is no longer in need of tutoring services or if the tutee expresses dissatisfaction with your services.
• The company may terminate your use of its service if you breach any of the terms and conditions outlined in this agreement.
• The company may also terminate your use of its service if it determines that you are no longer fit to provide tutoring services or if it receives multiple complaints about your performance.

Tutee Agreements

As a tutee using our service, you agree to the following terms and conditions:

• If you are under 18 years of age, you must have consent from a parent or guardian to register and that parent/guardian must enter into an agreement with Shalom Education to provide tuition services.
• You must contact a tutor through the Shalom Education tutoring platform. Any other means of communication is prohibited.
• You agree not to publish any abusive comments about a tutor or another tutee on the Shalom Education website or any other place. This includes defamatory or derogatory comments.
• You must not request a tutor to complete your coursework, essays, or other assignments given to you in your various schools but can request for support towards that.
• You agree not to make any agreement or arrangement with a tutor which is intended to circumvent the relationship between Shalom Education and the Tutor.

Expectations

• Lessons will be held at the frequency and duration agreed upon with us.
• Shalom Education will provide any necessary materials or resources for the lessons.
• You are expected to be punctual for lessons and to provide adequate notice for cancellations or rescheduling.
• You are expected to provide any necessary materials or resources for the lessons (e.g. pens, pencils or a protractor).

Responsibilities

• If you cancel a lesson less than 12 hours before the lesson is due to commence, you may be charged a cancellation fee of 50% of the lesson fee. If you cancel a lesson less than 2 hours before the scheduled start time of a lesson, you will be charged the full lesson fee.

Dispute Resolution

• If you have any concerns or issues with your tutoring experience, please contact us at [email protected] as soon as possible. We will work with you and your tutor to try to resolve any disputes or issues in a fair and reasonable manner.

Termination

• You may terminate your lessons with a tutor at any time by providing reasonable notice, as specified in your contract with us.

By using our service, you acknowledge that you have read and understand this agreement and agree to be bound by its terms. If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact us.

Copyright Policy

We respect the intellectual property rights of others and expect our users to do the same. It is our policy to respond to any claim that content posted on our service infringes the copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person.

If you are a copyright owner or authorised on behalf of one and you believe that your copyrighted work has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please provide our copyright agent with the following information:

• An electronic or physical signature of the person authorised to act on behalf of the owner of the copyright’s interests.
• A description of the copyrighted work that you claim has been infringed, including the URL (web page address) of the location where the copyrighted work exists or a copy of the copyrighted work.
• Identification of the URL or other specific location on our service where the material that you claim is infringing is located.
• Your address, telephone number, and email address.
• A statement by you that you have a good faith belief that the disputed use is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law.
• A statement by you, made under penalty of perjury, that the information in your notice is accurate and that you are the copyright owner or are authorised to act on the copyright owner’s behalf.

You may be held accountable for damages (including costs and attorneys’ fees) for misrepresenting that any content is infringing your copyright.

Upon receipt of a notification, we will take whatever action, in our sole discretion, we deem appropriate, including removal of the challenged content from our service. If you believe that your content has been removed in error, please contact us at  [email protected] .

Intellectual Property

The original content on our services (excluding content provided by you or other users), features, and functionality are and will remain the exclusive property of Shalom Education Ltd and its licensors. This includes, but is not limited to, text, graphics, images, logos, software, and other materials on our website and any proprietary technology used in the operation of our services.

Our service is protected by copyright, trademark, and other laws of both the United Kingdom and foreign countries. Our trademarks and trade dress may not be used in connection with any product or service without the prior written consent of Shalom Education Ltd. All other trademarks not owned by Shalom Education Ltd that appear on our service are the property of their respective owners.

By using our service, you acknowledge and agree that any intellectual property rights, including copyrights, trademarks, patents, and trade secrets, in the content and materials provided by Shalom Education Ltd or accessed through our service are the sole property of Shalom Education Ltd or the respective owners of such rights. You agree not to use, reproduce, modify, distribute, or create derivative works of such content and materials without the express written permission of Shalom Education Ltd or the respective owners of such rights.

You are responsible for protecting your own intellectual property rights and for obtaining any necessary licenses or permissions from the owners of any third-party intellectual property that you may use in connection with your use of our service. Shalom Education Ltd will not be liable for any claims or damages arising from your use of intellectual property that infringes the rights of others.

If you believe that your intellectual property rights have been violated on our service, please contact us at  [email protected] .

Your Feedback to Us

By submitting any feedback or suggestions to the company, you agree to assign to the company all rights, titles, and interests in such feedback or suggestions. If for any reason such assignment is ineffective, you agree to grant the company a non-exclusive, perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free, worldwide right and license to use, reproduce, disclose, sublicense, distribute, modify, and exploit such feedback or suggestions without restriction.

You acknowledge that the company may use your feedback or suggestions for any purpose, including to improve the company’s products or services, and that the company is under no obligation to compensate you for your feedback or suggestions.

Links to Other Websites

Our Service may contain links to third-party websites or services that are not owned or controlled by Shalom Education Ltd. These links are provided for your convenience only and do not imply endorsement by our business of the linked website or service. We have no control over and assume no responsibility for the content, privacy policies, or practices of any third-party websites or services.

By using our Service, you acknowledge and agree that the use of any third-party websites or services is at your own risk. Shalom Education Ltd does not endorse or guarantee the accuracy or reliability of any content or materials on third-party websites or services, and we are not responsible for any errors or omissions.

In no event will Shalom Education Ltd be liable for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods, or services available on or through any third-party websites or services. This limitation of liability applies to all claims.

We recommend that you carefully read the terms and conditions and privacy policies of any third-party websites or services that you visit, as they may differ from the terms and policies of our own services. If you have any concerns or questions about a third-party website or service linked from our service, we encourage you to contact the site or service directly for more information.

Shalom Education Ltd reserves the right to terminate or suspend your account at any time, without prior notice or liability, for any reason whatsoever, including but not limited to breach of these terms and conditions, fraudulent or illegal activity, or any other conduct that we deem inappropriate or harmful to our business or other users.

Upon termination, your right to use our services will immediately cease, and any outstanding balances or fees owed to Shalom Education Ltd must be paid in full. If you wish to terminate your account, you may simply stop using our services and contact us to request the closure of your account.

Any personal information or user-generated content associated with your account will be retained in accordance with our privacy policy, unless otherwise required by law.

You acknowledge and agree that Shalom Education Ltd will not be liable to you or any third party for any termination of your access to our services. You further agree that any rights or obligations that survive the termination of your account, such as indemnification or confidentiality obligations, will remain in effect.

“AS IS” and “AS AVAILABLE” Disclaimer

The service is provided to you “As is” and “As available” and with all faults and defects without warranty of any kind. While we make every effort to ensure the accuracy and reliability of our services, we cannot guarantee that they will be error-free or uninterrupted.

To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, our business and its affiliates and licensors and service providers disclaim all warranties, expressed or implied, including but not limited to warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement. We do not make any representations or warranties that our services will meet your requirements, achieve any intended results, be compatible with any other software or services, operate without interruption, or be error-free.

We do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, reliability, or timeliness of the information, content, or materials provided through our services.

We do not guarantee that our services or any content or materials provided through our services will be free from viruses, malware, or other harmful components. It is your responsibility to protect your device and system from such threats, and we recommend that you use appropriate security measures and virus protection software.

Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of certain types of warranties or limitations on the applicable statutory rights of a consumer, so some or all of the above exclusions and limitations may not apply to you. In such cases, the exclusions and limitations set forth in this section shall be applied to the greatest extent enforceable under applicable law.

By using our services, you acknowledge and agree that your use is at your own risk, and that you are solely responsible for any damage or loss that may result from your use of our services.

Governing Law and Jurisdiction

These terms and your use of the service shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the country, excluding its conflicts of law rules. Any disputes arising out of or in connection with these terms or the use of the service shall be resolved through the courts of the country and you hereby consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts.

Disputes Resolution

If you have any concerns or disputes related to the service, you agree to try to resolve the issue informally by contacting us first.

You can try contacting the company through email ([email protected]) or by phone (01206657616) to see if we can come to an agreement or find a solution to your issue. This can be a quick and effective way to address any concerns or issues you may have, without the need for formal legal proceedings.

We will make every effort to address your concerns and reach a mutually satisfactory resolution. If we are unable to resolve the dispute informally, you may choose to bring the matter to alternative dispute resolution through a mediator or arbitrator. Any such alternative dispute resolution proceedings will be conducted in accordance with the laws of the country and will be confidential. You agree that any such dispute will be resolved on an individual basis and that class or collective actions are not permitted.

Severability and Waiver

Severability.

If any provision of these terms and conditions is found to be invalid or unenforceable, that provision will be enforced to the maximum extent possible, and the remaining provisions will remain in full force and effect.

The failure to exercise a right or to require the performance of an obligation under these terms and conditions shall not affect a party’s ability to exercise such right or require such performance at any time in the future. Similarly, the waiver of a breach of these terms and conditions shall not constitute a waiver of any subsequent breach.

Changes to These Terms and Conditions

We may update or change these terms and conditions at any time, at our sole discretion. If we make a material change to these terms, we will provide reasonable notice, such as by posting a notification on our website or through email, at least 30 days before the change takes effect. It is your responsibility to regularly check these terms and conditions for any updates or changes.

By continuing to access or use our Service after any updates or changes to these terms, you agree to be bound by the revised terms. If you do not agree to the updated or changed terms, in whole or in part, please stop using the website and our services.

If you have any questions about these terms and conditions, You can contact us:

• By email: [email protected]
• By visiting this page on our website: https://www.shalom-education.com/contact-us
• By phone number: 01206657616
• Tutor refers to an individual that teaches a single pupil or a small group of students which have registered with Shalom Education Ltd.
• Tutee refers to a student or a pupil that has registered for tutoring with Shalom Education Ltd, which is administered through our tutoring platform.

When you place an order, we may ask you to provide certain information, such as your name, email, phone number, credit card details and billing address.

Username or Email Address

Remember Me

Registration confirmation will be emailed to you.

UCL Urban Laboratory

• Publications

Urban Lab Academic Explores Speculative Urban Statecraft in London

13 February 2024

Dr Joe Penny, Lecturer and Global Urbanism MASc Programme Director, is researching urban social justice, austerity urbanism and gentrification in London.

Dr Joe Penny’s research, supported by funding from the British Academy/Leverhulme Small Research Grant Awards, examines the limitations, contradictions and risks of council-owned housing companies set up in London from 2012. The research, titled ‘ “Revenue Generating Machines”? London’s Local Housing Companies and the Emergence of Local State Rentierism ’, evaluates how urban infrastructures and services are financed and managed, as well as exploring the grassroots housing activism by tenants and leaseholders to push back against the demolition of their social infrastructures at a time of austerity.

Joe Penny’s research intersects urban political economy, economic and social geography, and urban planning, focusing on the reconfiguration of the local state under austerity, the financialisation of public land and housing, and rentierism in London. Since 2010, in an attempt to offset deep budget cuts, local government in London has more actively sought to monetise public assets and land, including through speculative urban development projects entailing a range of joint ventures and special purpose vehicles. Through his research, Joe tracks and analyses these developments, assessing how just, democratic and sustainable they are for London and the people who live in the city.

Joe has also recently co-authored a book with Dr Amy Horton from UCL’s Department of Geography, titled ‘ Disrupting the Speculative City: Property, Power and Community Resistance in London ’. The book, which will be published in September 2024 by UCL Press, tells the story of how a grassroots coalition of tenants, traders and activists managed to prevent what would have been one of the largest single programmes of state-led gentrification in London. The authors wrote the book to capture the effort, creativity and tenacity of those involved in the campaign, and to inspire future movements for more social and ecological justice in urban futures.

Joe’s current research is funded by the Public Interest Law Centre and titled ‘ Working Class Displacement: Case Studies of Council Estate Regeneration Involving Demolition in London ’.

More information

• Visit Dr Joe Penny's profile
• Explore more research at UCL Urban Laboratory
• Find out more about UCL Geography
• Read more about Disrupting the Speculative City

Recent papers from Dr Joe Penny

• “Revenue Generating Machines”? London’s Local Housing Companies and the Emergence of Local State Rentierism
• Towards a Political Economy of Social Infrastructure: Contesting “Anti‐Social Infrastructures” in London

Image:  Central Hill Estate, Lambeth by Joe Penny

Related News

• International
• Schools directory
• Resources Jobs Schools directory News Search

Urban Issues and Challenges LONDON AQA GCSE

Subject: Geography

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Unit of work

Last updated

31 May 2023

• Share through email
• Share through twitter
• Share through linkedin
• Share through facebook
• Share through pinterest

GCSE AQA Urban Issues and Challenges full unit of work with London as a case study

8 lessons with all handouts and homeworks

All editable

Any issues please message me on Twitter @GeeGeography

Tes paid licence How can I reuse this?

Your rating is required to reflect your happiness.

It's good to leave some feedback.

Something went wrong, please try again later.

This resource hasn't been reviewed yet

To ensure quality for our reviews, only customers who have purchased this resource can review it

Report this resource to let us know if it violates our terms and conditions. Our customer service team will review your report and will be in touch.

Not quite what you were looking for? Search by keyword to find the right resource:

• Find Flashcards
• Why It Works
• Tutors & resellers
• Content partnerships
• Teachers & professors
• Employee training

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome TM

Entrance exams, professional certifications.

• Foreign Languages
• Medical & Nursing

Humanities & Social Studies

Mathematics, health & fitness, business & finance, technology & engineering, food & beverage, random knowledge, see full index, london: case study urban challenges in the uk flashcards preview, gcse aqa geography > london: case study urban challenges in the uk > flashcards.

Where is London located?

SE England on River Thames; tidal navigable river so became a port; lowest bridging point for Roman city.

Why did London grow?

New docks built through 18thC. Centre of trade and commerce grew; developed thriving manufacturing industry attracting more people; port declined but remains main hub of UK transport network for national and global connections.

What is London’s national and international importance?

UK capital; hosts government; UK’s largest and wealthiest city; widening gap between London and rest of UK; a world city…important financial centre; HQ of major TNCs; Iconic buildings like Shard

How has London’s population changed?

8.6million in 2015; previous peak in 1939. Population grew in 19thC due to migrants seeking employment in factories; 2WW pop fell after Blitz; pop grew again from 1991 due to natural increase…young migrants having children.

Why did London docklands decline? Economic and social challenges:

new container ships too large for the original dock facilities; docks closed and lying derelict by 1980. Industries closed too. Port moved nearer sea.

How have new industries grown? Economic opportunities:

1981 govt set up LDDC to regenerate docks. Finding new private investment to create new opportunities and jobs to replace those lost. Canary Wharf high rise office blocks now houses international banks. But biggest growth was in service jobs (law, accountancy, market research, consultancy etc), manufacturing continued to decline.

What are the challenges for transport in London?

London has an integrated transport system i.e transport types are linked; but struggling to cope with increased passenger numbers and rising pop. Limited car parking and traffic congestion. 75 millions used underground and buses 2014; Growing every year.

What opportunities does Crossrail provide for transport in London? Challenges and opportunities for transport.

Crossrail due to open 2018. Links east and west London through to Reading. Tunnel under city. reducing journey times and increase number of passengers who can commute into London within 45mins. Raise property values; improve integrated transport system by adding links to underground; encourage regeneration, improve disabled access.

How much of London is “green”? Urban greening is an environmental opportunity.

47% is green space including parks, woodlands, cemeteries and gardens. 8 royal parks.

What benefits are there of having a green city? environmental opportunity

trees produce oxygen and filter out pollutants and noise; reduce flooding; provide wildlife habitats; provide recreation for people; provide allotment space to grow food.

How can London be made greener? environmental challenge

Urban greening: 700 rooftop green spaces; individual actions - feeding birds, not paving over gardens; larger scale - connecting green spaces, canals, rivers to allow wildlife breeding and migration.

How does deprivation vary across London?

A lot! Social deprivation is a major problem across the 33 boroughs. Life expectancy and people on benefits varies a great deal across the city.

Why is inequality a challenge in London? social challenges:

Wealth divide, house prices, life expectancy and educational attainment still vary widely despite economic success. (e.g life expectancy East London 78yrs; Knightsbridge 90 years)

Why is there a housing shortage? socio-economic challenges:

Population growing by natural increase; too few houses being built, just 20,000 a year. Result is house prices rise.

What are the issues about building on brownfield sites? these are a mix of costs and benefits:

sites available since industry declined; reduces urban sprawl; public transport better; old buildings need to be demolished first; new development improves environment, land is more expensive in urban areas.

What are the issues about building on greenfield sites?

public transport worse in rural areas; need more cars; increases urban sprawl; loss of countryside/greenbelt; land is cheaper; no demolition or decontamination needed; recreation / farmland lost; natural habitats destroyed.

What opportunities does the greenbelt provide?

Greenbelt established 1947 to prevent urban sprawl. Preserves farmland, woodland and parkland around London by strict planning laws.. Now pressure to build on it as pop grows and people move to commuter towns; new housing estates pop up outside Reigate on A217.

London’s polluted air is an environmental challenge

Pollution is less than in 1950’s smog when coal was burned for fuel and in power stations. Vehicle emissions now pollute London, especially diesel. Tall buildings trap pollution. Nitrogen dioxide and particles cause 4000 deaths per year in London.

London’s waste is an environmental challenge

A quarter of London’s waste goes to landfill. Landfill produces methane, a greenhouse gas. More of the waste is recycled. Target for zero landfill by 2030.

Revise Olympic regeneration example in book p238-241

revise Stratford Olympic regeneration and legacy from book p238-241: WHY was regeneration needed? What were the challenges to overcome? How has the Lower Lea valley changed? What social and economic changes have there been? helpful website https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z9y47hv/revision/3

revise Curitiba sustainable city in Brazil from notes in your book.

revise Sustainable city example

London importance: travel hub facts

has several major airports inc Heathrow, Gatwick; public transport increased by 40% since 2000; car journeys fallen since 2000.

London importance: Tourism

one of the most visited cities in the world; highest tourist spend in the world, per head.. total over $20billion 2011

London importance: Finance and business

accounts for over 20% of UK GDP. 6th largest city economy;

London importance cultural diversity

Over 2 million Londoners do not speak English at home; One third of Londoners born abroad.

London importance: economy

800,000 people commute to London everyday. 5 million jobs in London.

Social and economic opportunities: Cultural mix

multicultural ad diverse pop in London - huge numbers of races and cultures from all over world. enriches food, culture, language, parties, festivals, carnivals,

social challenges: cultural mix

integration of diverse races and ethnicities is an issue; language services and education;

Economic opportunity and challenge: employment

London houses major world finance centre. ore highly paid managerial jobs BUT high unemployment too.

Transport for London: integrated transport system

TfL controls the majority of transport in London including the London Underground,theiconic red London Buses,theDocklands Light Railway,and the London Overground

Integrated transport system

Commuters can travel on most forms of transport using the Oyster card.

London also has an integrated sustainable cycle network

over one million Londoners own bicycles but as of 2008 only 2% of all journeys in London are made by bike

Urban greening means

to increase the amount and proportion of green spaces within a city. These green spaces are essential for people’s quality of life.

London challenge 1: inequality

tackling inequalities in health, housing education and employment.

London challenge 2: urban decline from deindustrialisation

urban decline and deprivation: deterioration of city due to lack of investment; deprivation: low standard of living with lack of access to basic resources.

London challenge 3: dereliction

brownfield sites left unused after factory closures.

London challenge 4: urban sprawl

impact of urban sprawl on greenbelt: health issues; increased traffic; isolated communities; impact on environment

London challenge 5: brownfield /Greenfield sites

Lack of affordable housing; controversial issue building on greenbelt.

London challenge 6: waste disposal and atmospheric pollution

NO2, ozone and particulate matter.

Decks in GCSE AQA Geography Class (12):

• Tectonic Hazards Aqa Gcse Key Terms
• Weather Hazards And Climate Change Aqa Gcse Key Terms
• Living World Aqa Gcse Key Terms
• Physical Landscapes Rivers Aqa Gcse Key Terms
• Physical Landscapes Glaciers In The Uk Gcse Key Terms
• Urban Issues And Challenges Aqa Gcse Key Terms
• Resource Management With Water Option Aqa Gcse Key Terms
• Changing Economic World Aqa Gcse Key Terms
• Fieldwork Aqa Gcse Key Terms
• London: Case Study Urban Challenges In The Uk
• Lagos, Nigeria: Case Study Urban Growth In An Lic City
• Case Study Urban Regeneration Olympic Park, London
• Corporate Training
• Teachers & Schools
• Android App
• Help Center
• Law Education
• All Subjects A-Z
• All Certified Classes
• Earn Money!

UIC - London - SEE Challenges

The challenges london faces.

Whilst London is a fantastic city and a great place to live and work for many reasons, it is not without its challenges. There are huge variations in wealth and access to jobs across London, and the high cost of living of London poses problems for many of the people who live there.

Social and Economic Challenges: Challenge 1: Inequalities in Health, Housing, Education and Employment

London is an incredibly unequal city.  Billionaires live in very close proximity to people who survive on less than a living wage.  Indeed, incomes in London are more unequal than ANY other region of the UK, according to http://www.londonspovertyprofile.org   ; • 16% of Londoners are in the poorest tenth nationally, whilst 17% are in the richest tenth of people in the country • The richest 10% of people in London have 60% of all assets whilst the poorest 80% of the population share just 20% of all asset wealth in London • In 2020 a huge 28% of Londoners lived in poverty, 2.5 million people These huge differences in wealth result in big differences in people’s access to and success with in housing, education, health and employment

These maps show how unequal London is for various indicators.  The wealthier areas of London with have fewer people declaring they are in very bad health, fewer long term unemployed and lower percentages of deprived people. This is the opposite in poorer areas.  The lowest income areas also have more people in receipt of out of work benefits.  All of these show the INEQUALITIES that exist in London between the rich and the poor

Click on the maps for a bigger version

Challenge 2 - Urban decline and deprivation

Urban decline is the deterioration of the inner city often caused by lack of investment and maintenance. It is often but not exclusively accompanied by a decline in population numbers, decreasing economic performance and unemployment. Urban deprivation is a standard of living below that of the majority in a particular society that involves hardships and lack of access to resources. Places suffering from urban deprivation have visible differences in housing and economic opportunities been the rich living alongside poor people. Despite the large wealth found in parts of London many areas suffer from both Urban Decline and the people suffer from deprivation.  It is particularly hard for the poorest people to have a decent standard of living because the prices of many things are more expensive, especially rents which account for a huge proportion of peoples incomes. The map above shows unemployment (out of work benefits) across London, and it is clear that unemployment levels are not evenly distributed or spread out.  Areas like Newsham, Barking and Dagenham and Tower Hamlets have the highest unemployment rates in the capital. This can result in a cycle of urban decline; Cycle of urban decline

Challenge 3 - Dereliction

There is a sizeable supply of brownfield land in London, which to date remains untapped. In 2019 there were almost 3,000 brownfield sites in London, covering 2,600 hectares. The Olympic Park for the 2012 Olympics is a good example of how derelict land can be brought back into use.

Challenge 4 - The impact of urban sprawl on the rural–urban fringe

The edges of cities are known as the rural urban fringe.  There has been increasing building in these areas because of housing pressure, despite Greenbelt legislation (laws) that are supposed to prevent building there.  The growth outwards of our cities into these regions is known as URBAN SPRAWL and can have many impacts on these areas; • Extra cost to the tax payer – the public help to pay for infrastructure such as roads and water works to allow building developments to go ahead. • Increased Traffic – extra people in these areas means that cars are used more often, which means that there is more traffic on the roads, and there is also more air pollution and more accidents • Health Issues – people in these areas often have to commute to work which means that they often travel by car. This can have negative impacts on people’s health such as high blood pressure. • Environmental Issues  -sprawling cities consume land, and this displaces animals from their habitat  • Impact on Social Lives – people in sprawling communities can often live further from their neighbours, this can cause isolation.

Challenge 5 - Building on brownfield and Greenfield sites

Housing is a big issue in the UK because it is a reasonably small country in terms of surface area which has a large and growing population (the ONS thinks we could hit 70 million people in 2033).  To make the problem worse, population is not evenly distributed across the UK with lower densities the further north you go and the highest densities in London and the South East.  The result of this has been housing shortages in the SE and high property prices and rental costs. The number of households has increased 30% since 1971 due to more people living on their own, rising life expectancy and high net levels of immigration. To solve this we need to build more homes, but WHERE to build them? Greenbelt - tract of open land consisting of farmland, woodland and open recreational areas surrounding urban areas.  They are protected by law from new building, unless the government deems it necessary to build there. Greenfield site – a term used to describe any area of land that has not been developed previously. Brownfield site – an old industrial or inner city site that is cleared for a new building development.

Building in the green belt on undeveloped green field sites is a very controversial and contentious issue.  Population growth in the UK, the trend towards smaller family units and the demand for people to live at the edge of the city has put incredible pressure on the countryside surrounding all of our major cities.  In addition, the fact that land is cheaper and often more accessible at the edge of the city has meant that Light industry (e.g. Atmel at Silverlink), High Tech Industry (e.g. Sage at Newcastle Great Park) and retail (e.g. the Metro Centre) like to locate there.

The positives of brownfield and Greenfield sites are shown below;

London Up to 50,000 new London homes are to be built on 20 brownfield sites, in a £400m scheme announced in 2014 by the Government. This includes an 85 hectare former industrial site in Enfield Meridian Water in Enfield, north London, where 5,000 homes, a new school and community facilities are to be built.

Challenge 6 - Waste disposal and atmospheric pollution

London suffers from air pollution, mainly due to the sheer size of the city, a dense road network and high buildings.  This means that central London tends to be one of the most polluted places in the UK. London has failed many of the standards set by the EU and pollution can build up in London when anticyclones bring settled weather. London has problems with the following pollutants; • Ozone pollution in spring and summer, this gas is a poison to the human body • Particulate matter – these are tiny particles of solids or liquids suspended in the air. They come from carbon emissions from engines, small bits of metal and rubber from engine wear and braking as well as dust from road surfaces. They can come from natural sources and from building and industry. The tiny particles, referred to as PM10, can settle in the airway and deep in the lungs and cause health problems, premature death and the worsening of heart and lung disease. • Nitrogen Dioxide from burning fossil fuels in cars and central heating boilers is another problem gas. It is harmful to human health giving respiratory problems such as shortness of breath and coughing. It can also lead to lung infections such as bronchitis.

Management; London is working hard to try and protect people and clean up the air by; • Offering a free to download app that informs people of air quality • Cleaning up London's bus fleet by making them less polluting • Introducing a congestion charge in central London to reduce traffic volumes • Set new and tighter standards for the London Low Emission Zone • Invest record amounts of money in cycling and working with Sustrans

Waste disposal London also produces huge amounts of waste.  It uses a mixture of recycling, landfill (where the waste is dumped into the ground and energy recovery (the waste is burnt to produce electricity) to deal with this waste. The London waste management strategy is aiming to; 1. To achieve zero municipal waste direct to landfill by 2025. 2. To reduce the amount of household waste produced from 970kg per household in 2009/10 to 790kg per household by 2031.  This is equivalent to a 20 per cent reduction per household. 3. To increase London’s capacity to reuse or repair municipal waste 4. To recycle or compost at least 45 per cent of municipal waste by 2015 5. To cut London’s greenhouse gas emissions through the management of London’s municipal waste 6. To generate as much energy as practicable from London’s organic and non-recycled waste in a way that is no more polluting in carbon terms than the energy source it is replacing. This is estimated to be possible for about 40 per cent of London’s municipal waste after recycling or composting targets are achieved by 2031

NEXT TOPIC - UIC - London - Regeneration

©2015 Cool Geography

• Copyright Policy
• Privacy & Cookies
• Testimonials
• Feedback & support

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

This article is part of the research topic.

Sustainable Food Networks in Urban and Rural Territories as Chains of Values for Agroecological and Food Transitions

Navigating agroecological urbanism: Examining linkages and interdependencies within alternative food networks Provisionally Accepted

• 1 Institute of Economics, Geography and Demography, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

In pursuing agroecological urbanism – a strategic endeavor to dismantle disempowering structures within urban food systems through cultivating mutual interdependencies – alternative food networks (AFNs) emerge as pivotal catalysts for transformative change. Indeed, there are increasing arguments for AFNs working on diverse issues to pool resources and address food system challenges from multiple perspectives under a common frame. However, a pressing need exists for greater clarity on tensions and challenges in establishing a network of AFNs within a shared framework, such as that fostered by agroecological urbanism. This study explores impediments to organizing AFNs into transformative networks, drawing insights from two diverse urban contexts – Preston, England, and Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country – using a case study methodology comprising online semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Our findings underscore three primary barriers to this process: divergent conceptualizations of food questions, education and awareness-raising as a limited convergence point, and constrained resources. Such barriers generate a practical divorce between social and environmental goals in the experiences analyzed. Central to this division is also the pivotal question of the subject of justice – whether AFNs advocate primarily for urban citizens’ interests or prioritize peri-urban and rural farmers’ concerns. The analysis highlights the need to develop inclusive socio-ecological narratives within the overarching framework of agroecological urbanism as a critical step in fostering collaborative coalitions among AFNs that move beyond individualized change. Building these coalitions would depend on funding availability for long-term strategic collaborative efforts, emphasizing the crucial role of public authorities in such processes.

Keywords: agroecology1, sustainable food networks2, alternative food networks3, food sovereignty4, agroecological urbanism5

Received: 23 Jan 2024; Accepted: 16 Apr 2024.

Copyright: © 2024 Zerbian and López-García. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Mx. Tanya Zerbian, Institute of Economics, Geography and Demography, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, 28037, Madrid, Spain

People also looked at

• 0 Shopping Cart

How has urban change in London created social opportunities?

What changes are affecting London?

Urban change in London has created a range of social opportunities associated with its cultural mix and its provision of recreation and entertainment. Some of the factors bringing about these changes include:

• London’s rapid population growth.
• High levels of migration have led to an ethnically diverse population.
• With 18 universities, London’s population is youthful.
• 8.8 million people live in Greater London. 20% of the UK’s population live within 50 km of London.
• Improvements in London’s transport infrastructure include extending the underground network (the Elizabeth Line, also known as Crossrail, opened in May 2022).

London’s Cultural Mix

Cultural mix refers to the cultural diversity or multiculturalism of a place. Multiculturalism is common in many high-income countries (HIC) and can bring a range of opportunities. London is one of the most ethnically diverse places in the UK. Data from the 2021 Census shows:

• 3.58 million London residents were born outside the UK, some 41 per cent of London’s total population, up from 3.00 million, 37 per cent of the population in 2011.
• 1.37 million London residents were born in Europe outside the UK, 1.15 million were born in the Middle East and Asia, and 1.06 million in the rest of the world, including Africa, the Americas and Oceania.
• The top non-UK country of birth was India, with 323,000 London residents. Also, over 100,000 were Romania 176,000, Poland 149,000, Bangladesh 139,000, Pakistan 130,000, Italy 126,000, and Nigeria 117,000.
• London was the most ethnically diverse region – 46.2% of residents identified with Asian, black, mixed or ‘other’ ethnic groups, and a further 17.0% with white ethnic minorities.

What are the advantages of London’s cultural mix?

Migration and multiculturalism have proven highly advantageous for London, enriching various aspects of the city’s cultural life. One notable benefit is the incredible diversity of culinary options available on almost every high street in London, offering a vast array of flavours worldwide. London’s music scene also reflects its multiculturalism, exemplified by the presence of BBC’s Asian Radio channel, which showcases the city’s rich musical variety.

The cultural mix in London contributes to its thriving creative industries, centred around locations like Shoreditch and the Southbank. These areas attract artists, designers, and entrepreneurs, fostering innovation and generating employment opportunities.

Canary Wharf, located in the East End, is a global financial hub, attracting professionals worldwide. This multicultural environment facilitates international collaborations and business opportunities, strengthening London’s global connectivity.

Furthermore, the cultural mix in London provides individuals with valuable exposure to different religions, languages, and cultural traditions. This exposure fosters a greater understanding and appreciation for diverse perspectives, promoting social cohesion and cross-cultural dialogue.

London also greatly benefits from large-scale cultural events celebrating its multiculturalism, such as the renowned Notting Hill Carnival. This vibrant celebration showcases the city’s diverse heritage, attracting millions of visitors and promoting a sense of unity and community pride. The Diwali Festival in Trafalgar Square celebrates Hindu culture, while the Mayor’s Thames Festival showcases diverse performances and activities along the River Thames. These events promote community cohesion, celebrate cultural diversity, and foster social interaction.

Recreation and entertainment

Recreation can be physical, including activities such as running, playing sports and camping) or social, including picnics and carnivals. Entertainment suggests an activity for an audience.

Recreation opportunities in London

London became the world’s first National Park City in June 2019. The city is almost 50% green and blue space – with thousands of parks, front gardens, allotments, rivers, canals, and ponds. London’s numerous parks and green spaces provide outdoor activities and relaxation opportunities. For instance, Hyde Park offers vast green expanses and a boating lake and hosts various events, such as concerts and festivals. Richmond Park is another notable example, known for its expansive deer park and picturesque landscapes. The River Thames provides opportunities for various recreational activities, including kayaking and paddle boarding.

The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, built for the 2012 Summer Olympics, offers diverse recreational activities, including cycling, swimming, and even a slide at the ArcelorMittal Orbit. There are also a number of trails and walking routes within the park.

Entertainment opportunities in London

The growth of London has created significant demand for a wide variety of entertainment, ranging from theatre and music to sport and shopping.

London’s West End is famous for its theatres, showcasing various theatrical performances, musicals, and plays. The Globe Theatre, a reconstruction of Shakespeare’s original theatre, offers an authentic experience of his plays. These venues provide experiences for visitors of all ages.

London boasts a wealth of cultural and historical landmarks that attract locals and tourists. The Tower of London, a UNESCO World Heritage site, allows visitors to explore its rich history and view the Crown Jewels.

London is renowned for its world-class museums and art galleries. The Natural History Museum showcases fascinating exhibits, including dinosaur skeletons and interactive displays. The Tate Modern is a prominent contemporary art museum featuring a diverse range of artworks. These cultural institutions offer educational and recreational experiences.

London is home to various sports stadiums and recreational facilities. Wembley Stadium, known for its iconic arch, hosts major sporting events and concerts.

London has many live music venues, ranging from the O2 Arena, where you can see global artists, to smaller venues featuring up-and-coming artists.

Premium Resources

Please support internet geography.

If you've found the resources on this page useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. The site is self-funded and your support is really appreciated.

Related Topics

Use the images below to explore related GeoTopics.

Topic Home

Next topic page, share this:.

• Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)
• Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)
• Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)
• Click to print (Opens in new window)

If you've found the resources on this site useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. The site is self-funded and your support is really appreciated.

Search Internet Geography

Top posts and pages.

Latest Blog Entries

Pin It on Pinterest

• Click to share
• Print Friendly