write a essay on music therapy

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What to Know About Music Therapy

Music can help improve your mood and overall mental health.

Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital.

Verywell / Lara Antal

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Things to consider, how to get started.

Music therapy is a therapeutic approach that uses the naturally mood-lifting properties of music to help people improve their mental health and overall well-being.  It’s a goal-oriented intervention that may involve:

• Making music
• Writing songs
• Listening to music
• Discussing music  

This form of treatment may be helpful for people with depression and anxiety, and it may help improve the quality of life for people with physical health problems. Anyone can engage in music therapy; you don’t need a background in music to experience its beneficial effects.

Types of Music Therapy

Music therapy can be an active process, where clients play a role in creating music, or a passive one that involves listening or responding to music. Some therapists may use a combined approach that involves both active and passive interactions with music.

There are a variety of approaches established in music therapy, including:

• Analytical music therapy : Analytical music therapy encourages you to use an improvised, musical "dialogue" through singing or playing an instrument to express your unconscious thoughts, which you can reflect on and discuss with your therapist afterward.
• Benenzon music therapy : This format combines some concepts of psychoanalysis with the process of making music. Benenzon music therapy includes the search for your "musical sound identity," which describes the external sounds that most closely match your internal psychological state.
• Cognitive behavioral music therapy (CBMT) : This approach combines cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with music. In CBMT, music is used to reinforce some behaviors and modify others. This approach is structured, not improvisational, and may include listening to music, dancing, singing, or playing an instrument.
• Community music therapy : This format is focused on using music as a way to facilitate change on the community level. It’s done in a group setting and requires a high level of engagement from each member.
• Nordoff-Robbins music therapy : Also called creative music therapy, this method involves playing an instrument (often a cymbal or drum) while the therapist accompanies using another instrument. The improvisational process uses music as a way to help enable self-expression.
• The Bonny method of guided imagery and music (GIM) : This form of therapy uses classical music as a way to stimulate the imagination. In this method, you explain the feelings, sensations, memories, and imagery you experience while listening to the music.
• Vocal psychotherapy : In this format, you use various vocal exercises, natural sounds, and breathing techniques to connect with your emotions and impulses. This practice is meant to create a deeper sense of connection with yourself.

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Music Therapy vs. Sound Therapy

Music therapy and sound therapy (or sound healing ) are distinctive, and each approach has its own goals, protocols, tools, and settings: 

• Music therapy is a relatively new discipline, while sound therapy is based on ancient Tibetan cultural practices .
• Sound therapy uses tools to achieve specific sound frequencies, while music therapy focuses on addressing symptoms like stress and pain.  
• The training and certifications that exist for sound therapy are not as standardized as those for music therapists.
• Music therapists often work in hospitals, substance abuse treatment centers, or private practices, while sound therapists may offer their service as a component of complementary or alternative medicine.

When you begin working with a music therapist, you will start by identifying your goals. For example, if you’re experiencing depression, you may hope to use music to naturally improve your mood and increase your happiness . You may also want to try applying music therapy to other symptoms of depression like anxiety, insomnia, or trouble focusing.

During a music therapy session, you may listen to different genres of music , play a musical instrument, or even compose your own songs. You may be asked to sing or dance. Your therapist may encourage you to improvise, or they may have a set structure for you to follow.

You may be asked to tune in to your emotions as you perform these tasks or to allow your feelings to direct your actions. For example, if you are angry, you might play or sing loud, fast, and dissonant chords.

You may also use music to explore ways to change how you feel. If you express anger or stress, your music therapist might respond by having you listen to or create music with slow, soft, soothing tones.

Music therapy is often one-on-one, but you may also choose to participate in group sessions if they are available. Sessions with a music therapist take place wherever they practice, which might be a:

• Community health center
• Correctional facility
• Private office
• Physical therapy practice
• Rehabilitation facility

Wherever it happens to be, the room you work in together will be a calm environment with no outside distractions.

What Music Therapy Can Help With

Music therapy may be helpful for people experiencing:

• Alzheimer’s disease
• Anxiety or stress
• Cardiac conditions
• Chronic pain
• Difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication
• Emotional dysregulation
• Feelings of low self-esteem
• Impulsivity
• Negative mood
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Problems related to childbirth
• Rehabilitation after an injury or medical procedure
• Respiration problems
• Substance use disorders
• Surgery-related issues
• Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
• Trouble with movement or coordination

Research also suggests that it can be helpful for people with:

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Schizophrenia
• Stroke and neurological disorders

Music therapy is also often used to help children and adolescents:

• Develop their identities
• Improve their communication skills
• Learn to regulate their emotions
• Recover from trauma
• Self-reflect

Benefits of Using Music as Therapy

Music therapy can be highly personalized, making it suitable for people of any age—even very young children can benefit. It’s also versatile and offers benefits for people with a variety of musical experience levels and with different mental or physical health challenges.

Engaging with music can:

• Activate regions of the brain that influence things like memory, emotions, movement, sensory relay, some involuntary functions, decision-making, and reward
• Fulfill social needs for older adults in group settings
• Lower heart rate and blood pressure
• Relax muscle tension
• Release endorphins
• Relieve stress and encourage feelings of calm
• Strengthen motor skills and improve communication for children and young adults who have developmental and/or learning disabilities

Research has also shown that music can have a powerful effect on people with dementia and other memory-related disorders.

Overall, music therapy can increase positive feelings, like:

• Confidence and empowerment
• Emotional intimacy

The uses and benefits of music therapy have been researched for decades. Key findings from clinical studies have shown that music therapy may be helpful for people with depression and anxiety, sleep disorders, and even cancer.

Depression 

Studies have shown that music therapy can be an effective component of depression treatment. According to the research cited, the use of music therapy was most beneficial to people with depression when it was combined with the usual treatments (such as antidepressants and psychotherapy). 

When used in combination with other forms of treatment, music therapy may also help reduce obsessive thoughts , depression, and anxiety in people with OCD.

In 2016, researchers conducted a feasibility study that explored how music therapy could be combined with CBT to treat depression . While additional research is needed, the initial results were promising.

Many people find that music, or even white noise, helps them fall asleep. Research has shown that music therapy may be helpful for people with sleep disorders or insomnia as a symptom of depression.

Compared to pharmaceuticals and other commonly prescribed treatments for sleep disorders, music is less invasive, more affordable, and something a person can do on their own to self-manage their condition.

Pain Management

Music has been explored as a potential strategy for acute and chronic pain management in all age groups. Research has shown that listening to music when healing from surgery or an injury, for example, may help both kids and adults cope with physical pain.

Music therapy may help reduce pain associated with:

• Chronic conditions : Music therapy can be part of a long-term plan for managing chronic pain, and it may help people recapture and focus on positive memories from a time before they had distressing long-term pain symptoms. 
• Labor and childbirth : Music therapy-assisted childbirth appears to be a positive, accessible, non-pharmacological option for pain management and anxiety reduction for laboring people.
• Surgery : When paired with standard post-operative hospital care, music therapy is an effective way to lower pain levels, anxiety, heart rate, and blood pressure in people recovering from surgery.

Coping with a cancer diagnosis and going through cancer treatment is as much an emotional experience as a physical one. People with cancer often need different sources of support to take care of their emotional and spiritual well-being.

Music therapy has been shown to help reduce anxiety in people with cancer who are starting radiation treatments. It may also help them cope with the side effects of chemotherapy, such as nausea.

Music therapy may also offer emotional benefits for people experiencing depression after receiving their cancer diagnosis, while they’re undergoing treatment, or even after remission.

On its own, music therapy may not constitute adequate treatment for medical conditions, including mental health disorders . However, when combined with medication, psychotherapy , and other interventions, it can be a valuable component of a treatment plan.

If you have difficulty hearing, wear a hearing aid, or have a hearing implant, you should talk with your audiologist before undergoing music therapy to ensure that it’s safe for you.

Similarly, music therapy that incorporates movement or dancing may not be a good fit if you’re experiencing pain, illness, injury, or a physical condition that makes it difficult to exercise.  

You'll also want to check your health insurance benefits prior to starting music therapy. Your sessions may be covered or reimbursable under your plan, but you may need a referral from your doctor.

If you’d like to explore music therapy, talk to your doctor or therapist. They can connect you with practitioners in your community. The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) also maintains a database of board-certified, credentialed professionals that you can use to find a practicing music therapist in your area.

Depending on your goals, a typical music therapy session lasts between 30 and 50 minutes. Much like you would plan sessions with a psychotherapist, you may choose to have a set schedule for music therapy—say, once a week—or you may choose to work with a music therapist on a more casual "as-needed" basis.  

Before your first session, you may want to talk things over with your music therapist so you know what to expect and can check in with your primary care physician if needed.

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Jasemi M, Aazami S, Zabihi RE. The effects of music therapy on anxiety and depression of cancer patients . Indian J Palliat Care . 2016;22(4):455-458. doi:10.4103/0973-1075.191823

Chung J, Woods-Giscombe C. Influence of dosage and type of music therapy in symptom management and rehabilitation for individuals with schizophrenia . Issues Ment Health Nurs . 2016;37(9):631-641. doi:10.1080/01612840.2016.1181125

MacDonald R, Kreutz G, Mitchell L. Music, Health, and Wellbeing . Oxford; 2012. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586974.001.0001

Monti E, Austin D. The dialogical self in vocal psychotherapy . Nord J Music Ther . 2018;27(2):158-169. doi:10.1080/08098131.2017.1329227

American Music Therapy Association (AMTA). Music therapy with specific populations: Fact sheets, resources & bibliographies .

Wang CF, Sun YL, Zang HX. Music therapy improves sleep quality in acute and chronic sleep disorders: A meta-analysis of 10 randomized studies . Int J Nurs Stud . 2014;51(1):51-62. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.03.008

Bidabadi SS, Mehryar A. Music therapy as an adjunct to standard treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder and co-morbid anxiety and depression: A randomized clinical trial . J Affect Disord . 2015;184:13-7. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.011

Kamioka H, Tsutani K, Yamada M, et al. Effectiveness of music therapy: A summary of systematic reviews based on randomized controlled trials of music interventions . Patient Prefer Adherence . 2014;8:727-754. doi:10.2147/PPA.S61340

Raglio A, Attardo L, Gontero G, Rollino S, Groppo E, Granieri E. Effects of music and music therapy on mood in neurological patients . World J Psychiatry . 2015;5(1):68-78. doi:10.5498/wjp.v5.i1.68

Altenmüller E, Schlaug G. Apollo’s gift: New aspects of neurologic music therapy . Prog Brain Res . 2015;217:237-252. doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.029

Werner J, Wosch T, Gold C. Effectiveness of group music therapy versus recreational group singing for depressive symptoms of elderly nursing home residents: Pragmatic trial . Aging Ment Health . 2017;21(2):147-155. doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1093599

Dunbar RIM, Kaskatis K, MacDonald I, Barra V. Performance of music elevates pain threshold and positive affect: Implications for the evolutionary function of music . Evol Psychol . 2012;10(4):147470491201000420. doi:10.1177/147470491201000403

Pavlicevic M, O'neil N, Powell H, Jones O, Sampathianaki E. Making music, making friends: Long-term music therapy with young adults with severe learning disabilities . J Intellect Disabil . 2014;18(1):5-19. doi:10.1177/1744629513511354

Chang YS, Chu H, Yang CY, et al. The efficacy of music therapy for people with dementia: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials . J Clin Nurs . 2015;24(23-24):3425-40. doi:10.1111/jocn.12976

Aalbers S, Fusar-Poli L, Freeman RE, et al. Music therapy for depression . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2017;11:CD004517. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004517.pub3

Trimmer C, Tyo R, Naeem F. Cognitive behavioural therapy-based music (CBT-music) group for symptoms of anxiety and depression . Can J Commun Ment Health . 2016;35(2):83-87. doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2016-029

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McCaffrey T, Cheung PS, Barry M, Punch P, Dore L. The role and outcomes of music listening for women in childbirth: An integrative review . Midwifery . 2020;83:102627. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2020.102627

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American Music Therapy Association (AMTA). Guidance for music listening programs .

Essay on Music Therapy

Students are often asked to write an essay on Music Therapy in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Music Therapy

Introduction.

Music therapy is a therapeutic technique that uses music to improve health. It’s used by certified professionals to promote emotional, cognitive and social well-being.

Types of Music Therapy

There are two types: active and receptive. In active therapy, individuals make music using instruments. In receptive therapy, individuals listen to music and discuss feelings.

Benefits of Music Therapy

Music therapy helps reduce stress and anxiety. It can also improve mood, concentration, and communication skills. It’s beneficial for all, especially those with mental health conditions.

Music therapy is a powerful tool for healing. It’s a unique way to express emotions and improve overall health.

250 Words Essay on Music Therapy

Music therapy is an evidence-based, clinical use of musical interventions to improve clients’ quality of life. Therapists are professionals trained in psychology and music, using the transformative power of music to enhance health and wellbeing in various settings.

Music Therapy: A Multifaceted Approach

Music therapy is not a one-size-fits-all approach. It can be passive, where individuals listen to music, or active, involving music creation. Techniques are tailored to individual needs, whether it’s to improve cognitive functioning, motor skills, emotional development, or social skills.

Neurological Underpinnings

Music therapy’s effectiveness is rooted in neurology. Music stimulates both hemispheres of the brain, promoting neural plasticity and aiding in recovery from neurological damage. The “Mozart Effect”, a theory suggesting that listening to Mozart’s music can increase IQ, exemplifies the potential neurological benefits of music.

Therapeutic Applications

Music therapy is used in diverse settings like hospitals, schools, and rehabilitation centers. It has proven beneficial for a range of conditions, from autism and dementia to depression and PTSD. The non-verbal, creative, and emotional qualities of music provide unique avenues for therapy.

The power of music therapy lies in its ability to tap into the fundamental human connection to music. This innovative therapy approach has the potential to revolutionize healthcare, offering a holistic, patient-centered method to enhance quality of life. As research continues, it’s clear that the therapeutic power of music is only beginning to be understood.

500 Words Essay on Music Therapy

Introduction to music therapy.

Music therapy, a rapidly evolving field in the realm of health and wellness, is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional. It is an intersection of music, psychology, and healthcare, aiming to improve the quality of life for individuals.

The Mechanism of Music Therapy

Music therapy operates on the principle that our brains process music in a unique way. It stimulates both hemispheres of the brain, making it a holistic treatment approach. Music can evoke emotions and memories, stimulate the release of endorphins, and alter our mood. These effects can be harnessed for therapeutic purposes, helping individuals express feelings they might struggle to put into words.

Applications of Music Therapy

Music therapy has a broad range of applications. It can be used in mental health treatment, aiding in managing stress, anxiety, and depression. It’s also employed in the field of neurology, where it helps patients with Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s, and other cognitive disorders improve motor function and memory recall. In palliative care, music therapy can provide comfort and pain relief. Moreover, in educational settings, it can enhance learning and development in children with special needs.

Evidence Supporting Music Therapy

Empirical evidence validates the effectiveness of music therapy. A meta-analysis published in the Cochrane Library showed that music therapy improves social interaction, verbal communication, and initiating behavior in autistic children. Another study published in the Journal of Music Therapy demonstrated that music therapy can reduce anxiety levels in patients undergoing invasive procedures.

Challenges and Future Directions

Despite its potential, music therapy faces several challenges. The lack of standardized protocols, limited understanding of its mechanisms, and skepticism about its efficacy are some of the hurdles. However, with ongoing research and increasing acceptance in mainstream healthcare, the future of music therapy looks promising.

More research is needed to develop standardized treatment protocols and to understand the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning music therapy. Furthermore, interdisciplinary collaboration between music therapists, neuroscientists, psychologists, and healthcare professionals can foster a more comprehensive understanding of this field.

Music therapy is a potent tool in the arsenal of healthcare, offering a unique approach to treatment. It transcends traditional boundaries of therapy, harnessing the universal language of music to heal and uplift. As we continue to explore its potential, we can expect to see music therapy become an integral part of holistic healthcare, enhancing the quality of life for countless individuals.

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Guide on How to Write a Music Essay: Topics and Examples

Let's Understand What is Music Essay

You know how some school assignments are fun to write by default, right? When students see them on the course syllabus, they feel less like a burden and more like a guaranteed pleasure. They are about our interests and hobbies and therefore feel innate and intuitive to write. They are easy to navigate, and interesting topic ideas just pop into your head without much trouble.

Music essays belong to the category of fun essay writing. What is music essay? Anything from in-depth analysis to personal thoughts put into words and then to paper can fall into a music essay category. An essay about music can cover a wide range of topics, including music history, theory, social impact, significance, and musical review. It can be an analytical essay about any music genre, musical instruments, or today's music industry.

Don't get us wrong, you will still need to do extensive research to connect your opinions to a broader context, and you can't step out of academic writing standards, but the essay writing process will be fun.

In this article, our custom essay writing service is going to guide you through every step of writing an excellent music essay. You can draw inspiration from the list of music essay topics that our team prepared, and later on, you will learn what an outstanding essay on music is by an example of a music review essay.

What are Some Music Topics to Write About

There are so many exciting music topics to write about. We would have trouble choosing one. You can write about various music genres, be it country music or classical music; you can research music therapy or how music production happens.

Okay, forgive us for getting carried away; music makes us enthusiastic. Below you will find a list of various music essay topics prepared from our thesis writing service . Choose one and write a memorable essay about everyone's favorite art form.

Music Argumentative Essay Topics

Music essays can be written about an infinite number of themes. You can even write about performance or media comparison.

Here is a list of music argumentative essay topics. These edge-cutting topics will challenge your readers and get you an easy A+.

• Exploring the evolution of modern music styles of the 21st century
• Is it ethical to own and play rare musical instruments?
• Is music therapy an effective mental health treatment?
• Exploring the Intersection of Technology and Creativity in electronic music
• The Relevance of traditional music theory in modern music production
• The Role of musical pieces in the Transmission of cultural identity
• The value of historical analysis in understanding the significance of music in society
• How does exposing listeners to different genres of music break down barriers
• Exploring the cognitive effects of music on human brain development
• The therapeutic potential of music in treating mental disorders

Why is Music Important Essay Topics

Do you know which essay thrills our team the most? The importance of music in life essay. We put our minds together and came up with a list of topics about why music is so central to human life. Start writing why is music important essay, and we guarantee you that you will be surprised by how much fun you had crafting it.  

• Popular Music and its Role in shaping cultural trends
• Music as a metaphorical language for expressing emotions and thoughts
• How music changes and influences social and political movements
• How the music of different countries translates their history to outsiders
• The innate connection between music and human beings
• How music helps us understand feelings we have never experienced
• Does music affect our everyday life and the way we think?
• Examining the cross-cultural significance of music in society
• How rock music influenced 70's political ideologies
• How rap music closes gaps between different racial groups in the US

Consider delegating your ' write my essay ' request to our expert writers for crafting a perfect paper on any music topic!

Why I Love Music Essay Topics

We want to know what is music to you, and the best way to tell us is to write a why I love music essay. Below you will find a list of music essay topics that will help you express your love for music.

• I love how certain songs and artists evoke Memories and Emotions
• I love the diversity of music genres and how different styles enrich my love for music
• I love how music connects me with people of different backgrounds
• How the music of Linkin Park helped me through life's toughest challenges
• What does my love for popular music say about me?
• How the unique sounds of string instruments fuel my love for music
• How music provides a temporary Release from the stresses of daily life
• How music motivates me to chase my dreams
• How the raw energy of rock music gets me through my daily life
• Why my favorite song is more than just music to me

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Music Therapy Essay Topics

One of the most interesting topics about music for an essay is music therapy. We are sure you have heard all the stories of how music cures not only mental but also physical pains. Below you can find a list of topics that will help you craft a compelling music therapy essay. And don't forget that you can always rely on our assistance for fulfilling your ' write my paper ' requests!

• The effectiveness of music therapy in reducing stress and pain for cancer patients
• Does pop music have the same effects on music therapy as classical music?
• Exploring the benefits of music therapy with other genres beyond classical music
• The potential of music therapy in aiding substance abuse treatment and recovery
• The Role of music therapy in Addressing PTSD and Trauma in military veterans
• The impact of music therapy on enhancing social interaction and emotional expression in individuals with developmental disabilities
• The use of music therapy in managing chronic pain
• Does musical therapy help depression?
• Does music reduce anxiety levels?
• Is music therapy better than traditional medicine?

History of Music Essay Topics

If you love analytical essays and prefer to see the bigger picture, you can always write a music description essay. Below you can find some of the most interesting topics for the history of music essay.

• The Significance of natural instruments in music production and performance
• Tracing the historical development of Western music theory
• How electronic music traces its roots back to classical music
• How the music industry evolved from sheet music to streaming services
• How modern producers relate to classical composers
• The Origins and Influence of Jazz Music
• How folk music saved the Stories of unnamed heroes
• Do we know what the music of ancient civilizations sounded like?
• Where does your favorite bandstand in the line of music evolve?
• The Influence of African American Music on modern pop culture

Benefits of Music Essay Topics

If you are someone who wonders what are some of the values that music brings to our daily life, you should write the benefits of music essay. The music essay titles below can inspire you to write a captivating essay:

• How music can be used to promote cultural awareness and understanding
• The benefits of music education in promoting creativity and innovation
• The social benefits of participating in music groups
• The Impact of Music on Memory and Learning
• The cognitive benefits of music education in early childhood development
• The effects of music on mood and behavior
• How learning to play an instrument improves cognitive functions.
• How music connects people distanced by thousands of miles
• The benefits of listening to music while exercising
• How music can express the feelings words fail to do so 

Music Analysis Essay Example

Reading other people's papers is a great way to scale yours. There are many music essay examples, but the one crafted by our expert writers stands out in every possible way. You can learn what a great thesis statement looks like, how to write an engaging introduction, and what comprehensive body paragraphs should look like. 

Click on the sample below to see the music analysis essay example. 

How to Write a Music Essay with Steps

Writing music essays is definitely not rocket science, so don't be afraid. It's just like writing any other paper, and a music essay outline looks like any other essay structure.

• Start by choosing a music essay topic. You can use our list above to get inspired. Choose a topic about music that feels more relevant and less researched so you can add brand-new insights. As we discussed, your music essay can be just about anything; it can be a concert report or an analytical paper about the evolution of music.
• Continue by researching the topic. Gather all the relevant materials and information for your essay on music and start taking notes. You can use these notes as building blocks for the paper. Be prepared; even for short essays, you may need to read books and long articles.
• Once you have all the necessary information, the ideas in your head will start to take shape. The next step is to develop a thesis statement out of all the ideas you have in your head. A thesis statement is a must as it informs readers what the entire music essay is about. Don't be afraid to be bold in your statement; new outlooks are always appreciated.
• Next, you'll need a music essay introduction. Here you introduce the readers to the context and background information about the research topic. It should be clear, brief, and engaging. You should set the tone of your essay from the very beginning. Don't forget the introduction is where the thesis statement goes.
• One of the most important parts of essay writing is crafting a central body paragraph about music. This is where you elaborate on your thesis, make main points, and support them with the evidence you gathered beforehand. Remember, your music essay should be well structured and depict a clear picture of your ideas.
• Next, you will need to come up with an ideal closing paragraph. Here you will need to once again revisit the main points in your music essay, restate them in a logical manner and give the readers your final thoughts.
• Don't forget to proofread your college essay. Whether you write a long or short essay on music, there will be grammatical and factual errors. Revise and look through your writing with a critical mind. You may find that some parts need rewriting.

Key Takeaways

Music essays are a pleasure to write and read. There are so many topics and themes to choose from, and if you follow our How to Write a Music Essay guide, you are guaranteed to craft a top-notch essay every time.

Be bold when selecting a subject even when unsure what is research essay topic on music, take the writing process easy, follow the academic standards, and you are good to go. Use our music essay sample to challenge yourself and write a professional paper. 

If you feel stuck and have no time our team of expert writers is always ready to give you help from all subject ( medical school personal statement school help ). Visit our website, submit your ' write my research paper ' request and a guaranteed A+ essay will be on your way in just one click.

Need Help in Writing an Impressive Paper?

Our expert writers are here to write a quality paper that will make you the star of your class!

FAQs on Writing a Music Essay

Though music essay writing is not the hardest job on the planet, there are still some questions that often pop up. Now that you have a writing guide and a list of essay topics about music, it's time to address the remaining inquiries. Keep reading to find the answers to the frequently asked questions. 

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The Power of Music Therapy

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Music therapy is the most ancient and natural form of fixing emotional states, which many people use either consciously or not in order to remove the accumulated mental stress, calm down, and focus. The fact that music can affect human bodies is obvious to anyone; mothers sing lullabies to their children, so the children receive positive musical vibrations from the very beginnings of their lives. Modern medicine has observed music’s influence on a person’s body and emotions for a long time, and eventually a method of musical treatment appeared. Thus, music therapy was born. However, music therapy has existed for almost as long as people and civilization have. Practically everything in nature is subject to specific internal rhythms, and only the human psyche is not rhythmic. Humanity discovered music to live easier and to receive the rhythm and harmony in their mental life. This paper will discuss music’s influence on people’s lives and explain the nature and importance of music therapy, as well as analyze its connection to mindfulness.

In the first chapter of the book, Handbook of Neurologic Music Therapy , Michael Thaut defines music therapy as a psychotherapeutic method, based on the healing effects of music on the psychological state of a person. They state that music’s influence comes from the social and emotional role it plays in a person’s life. The researchers also mention the so-called “neurologic music therapy,” defining it as “the therapeutic application of music to cognitive, affective, sensory, language, and motor dysfunctions due to disease or injury to the human nervous system” (Thaut 15).

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Antique healers claimed that two forces circulated in the human body– the electromagnetic waves and the energy flow. Together they created a kind of a chord that could be controlled by properly chosen music. In Europe, music therapy was officially recognized in the nineteenth century, when it began to be used in advanced clinicians’ practice. The blossoming of music therapy falls on the twentieth century. In 1961, the first program of music therapy developed in England, and fifteen years later, a center for music therapy opened there. In Germany, the Music Therapy Institute was founded in 1985, but physicians started working with music seriously in 1978. The University Clinic of Munich added daily listening to Beethoven and Mozart to the medical treatment of patients with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In most cases, that leads to a significant improvement of the condition and more rapidly scarring ulcers. In France, in the National Institute of Blood Transfusion, the only music that plays during surgeries is selected in strict accordance to its physiological effects on the body, the individual characteristics of a person, and the nature of the disease. In the Netherlands, doctors use music at cardiovascular diseases’ clinics. In Australia, it is used for the treatment of those who suffer from pain in the joints and spine (Goodman 205). As one may notice, music therapy is widely used for healing not only the psychological, but also physical health issues.

Today, music therapy is used in almost all Western European countries. For example, in a Swedish school, the founder of which is Aleks Pontvik, the starting point of music therapy is the concept of psycho-resonance (Campbell 107). According to this concept, the deep layers of human consciousness are able to resonate with harmonic sounds and, thus, be detected out to analyze and understand. Based on Jung’s concepts of “collective unconscious” and “archetype,” Pontvik worked out an idea on how to reach the deep layers of the unconscious through a proportional ratio of sounds, creating an effect of overtones (Campbell 108). In the American musical direction of psychotherapy, the therapeutic effect is based on the ideas of traditional psychoanalysis. In an effort to achieve patient’s remembrance of emotionally injuring situations during the session, a therapist tries to facilitate the patient’s condition by using specific music.  The selection of appropriate music has a crucial meaning, as it is able to help the patient in building experience and imaginative associations, the subsequent analysis of which could ascertain the nature of the repressed conflict. Therefore, American music therapists developed an extensive catalog of medical musical works, including music of different genres and styles, but properly classified them by impact direction (Campbell 109).

The connection between music therapy and mindfulness is very strong. According to Ronald Siegel, mindfulness is about realizing the current moment, being aware of one’s emotions and thoughts, accepting oneself, not judging and splitting things into the opposites of good and bad (Siegel 26). For a long time, mindfulness was more typical in Eastern culture, but with the popularization of Zen, meditation, and yoga practices, it started penetrating Western culture too. Some researchers call it “the presence of heart” (Siegel 29) and are convinced that it can be reached not only through meditation, but by gradual work – breathing correctly, eating properly, and realizing one’s thoughts and emotions. It is important to notice that music therapy is used for the same goals. Mindfulness, as well as music therapy, has an influence on a person’s mind. By choosing the right music, a person can distract themselves from the everyday routine and clear their mind. If there will be anything coming to mind, the person needs to name it and let go. Spiritual music or the harmonic sounds of nature (whales’ singing, sound of the sea or the rain, birds’ tweeting) would be the best for this. In this process, a therapist’s role is mainly supportive. Both music therapy and mindfulness practices can be done on one’s own. They both need constant practice and some efforts from the person. In turn, they provide the person with precious inner peace. It is necessary to note that mindfulness practices of music therapy need a right approach, for example, correct breathing, a comfortable place for relaxing, absence of disturbing factors, etc.

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Music therapy is applicable to all regardless of age, health, or musical abilities. It helps people with mental or physical disabilities, neurological problems, and the elderly to experience problems of acute or chronic diseases. Music therapy helps relieve the pain and reduce nervous tension. It works effectively on children and adults who became victims of physical, sexual, or emotional abuse (Thaut 13). Same happens with mindfulness practices, as they can be performed by any person who wants to learn better concentration and self-analysis.

The influence of music plays a crucial role in all emotional reactions. According to  modern concepts, the formation of integral behavioral reactions to various external stimuli, including music, is performed by a complex functional system, in particular, on the basis of specific neurochemical mechanisms of subcortical that, due to the chemical affinity, selectively mobilize the relevant formations of the brain to perform specific purposeful activities (Wigram and De Backer 14).

During music therapy sessions, full confidence and creative relaxation are being set up. Trust and communication between the patient and the doctor are necessary in order for the treatment process to succeed. In this treatment, the development of internal human resources is the key point. Music therapists do not annoy patients with questions about grief or illness. The main thing is to enter into a musical contact with the patient’s emotions and feelings. Often, it is music that helps people understand their inner problem better or even gives them strength to fight disease. Combining the practice of mindfulness and proper music therapy, a person can enjoy the world around, as well as reach inner harmony and better understanding.

Suzanne Hanser in her book Integrative Health Through Music Therapy . Accompanying the Journey from Illness to Wellness” offers to divide music into several playlists, depending on the desired result. For example, the music that focuses attention, manages pain, and offers the best relief from depression should, in her mind, be energizing music, while relaxing tracks can release anxiety (Hanser 114). Brain stimulation with classical music activates the communication between nerve cells and prevents them from further degradation. In regard to the issue of mindfulness, it is necessary to say that autistic people, especially children, have difficulties with focusing their attention. One of the main problems when establishing cooperation with an autistic child is the absence of their attention. Specially selected music attracts attention and organizes the relative stability of the child’s perception of the process. Today, when a contemporary person remains in a constant state of stress, need to process large amounts information, do and constant mental work, the best option is to listen to some classical music in order to receive relaxation.

Still, when choosing music, one needs to be very careful, as it may both help and harm. An analysis of the different types of musical impact (exposure time from thirty minutes to one hour) showed that only sacred music makes one feel universally good, while classical music does so selectively. Pop, rock, and techno  have a negative impact on a person’s physical and psychological health. A number of studies have shown that seven or ten-hour-long acoustic sessions, which are conducted every three days, may help to optimize brain function, e.g. improve memory, reduce seizures, normalize sleep, increase lactation for nursing mothers, and even extend the hearing range in hopeless cases (Campbell 109).

To use the music for the development of the deep self, it is necessary to learn a new way of listening to the music, which is alien to the Western culture. As was mentioned above, Western culture only starts to learn about mindfulness and how to become aware of the present moment. In the West, people’s minds are often unfocused, and it is common to use music as a background sound, which bears almost no emotional burden. Typical examples include the use of popular music at receptions, by brands, or playing in shops, stores, and work areas.  A completely different approach characterizes a more sophisticated audience that is disciplined, intellectualized, and listening to music in concert halls. However, all the attention of such events’ participants is usually directed outwards, and the experience lacks the most important component – a long, directional look inside oneself (Hanser 55).

Practicing mindfulness isn’t the answer to all the problems, but its development could help a lot of people. This branch is still to be properly researched, while the new branches of mindfulness techniques cultivation keep appearing. Researchers and scientists start to combine mindfulness with music therapy, cognitive psychology and therapy, etc. Mindfulness is being offered to expecting parents, children at schools, and the universities’ programs. Music therapists do not adopt the mindfulness approach, combining spiritual music with the philosophical, practically Buddhist, ideas and practices. It can be said that the mindfulness approach in music therapy will definitely have a way to develop. For example, it can be used for mothers, who are waiting for their babies to be born. It is an important practice, helping the mother to keep her health and mind in order, as well as focus on the harmonic development of her child. It can be also used for helping autistic people manage their attention issues. One more interesting way of leaving this sphere is meditations. Today, more and more people lead a healthy way of life, and taking care of one’s body and spirit with the help of psychological techniques and music therapy could be a pleasant and interesting solution.

In conclusion, music has always been a remedy for people, giving them psychological relief and comfort, and being able to make them physically feel better. This influence is being studied, and new approaches in the music therapy are constantly discovered. As it was mentioned above, music therapy provides a strong influence on a person’s feelings and is able to form psycho-emotional conditions. Mindfulness is a relatively new approach to seeing the world around more clearly. During these therapies, there is a constant flow of energy inside a person’s body until it reaches harmony. Music therapy leads a person to a better understanding of these harmonic forces that seamlessly guide the process of achieving it, as does the mindfulness practice. During music therapy, a person is taught and directed not by the rules and laws, but by the bodily reality, which music returns back to the long forgotten very first feelings after birth. By choosing correct music, a person can reach maximum mindfulness, concentrating, relaxing, falling in love with the world around, and realizing what can be positively changed to improve life.

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Essays on Music Therapy

Music therapy is a unique and powerful form of therapy that uses music to help individuals improve their mental, emotional, and physical well-being. As a student or professional in the field of music therapy, choosing the right essay topic is crucial to effectively communicate the importance and potential of this therapy. In this article, we will explore some essay topics for music therapy that can help you create an engaging and informative piece of writing.

1. The History and Development of Music Therapy

The history and development of music therapy is a rich and diverse topic that can be explored from various angles. You can delve into the early use of music as a form of therapy in ancient civilizations, the emergence of music therapy as a formal profession in the 20th century, and the evolution of music therapy techniques and approaches over time. This topic provides an opportunity to showcase your knowledge of the field's origins and how it has grown into a respected and effective form of therapy.

2. The Role of Music Therapy in Mental Health

Music therapy has been shown to be an effective tool in the treatment of mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and PTSD. You can explore the various ways in which music therapy can be used to support individuals struggling with mental health issues, including the use of music to reduce stress, improve mood, and enhance emotional expression. This topic allows you to discuss the impact of music therapy on mental health and the potential for it to be integrated into mainstream mental health care.

3. The Use of Music Therapy in Palliative Care

Music therapy has been increasingly recognized for its role in supporting individuals facing end-of-life care. You can explore the ways in which music therapy can provide comfort, solace, and a sense of peace to individuals in palliative care, as well as the benefits it can offer to their families and caregivers. This topic allows you to highlight the unique and valuable role of music therapy in supporting individuals at a vulnerable and challenging time in their lives.

4. The Benefits of Music Therapy for Children with Special Needs

Music therapy has been widely used to support children with special needs, including those with autism, developmental delays, and physical disabilities. You can explore the ways in which music therapy can help children improve their social skills, communication abilities, and sensory processing, as well as enhance their overall quality of life. This topic allows you to discuss the transformative impact of music therapy on children with special needs and the potential for it to be integrated into educational and therapeutic settings.

5. The Role of Music Therapy in Rehabilitation

Music therapy has been shown to be effective in supporting individuals recovering from physical injuries, strokes, and other health conditions. You can explore the ways in which music therapy can help individuals regain mobility, improve coordination, and enhance cognitive function, as well as support their emotional and psychological well-being during the rehabilitation process. This topic allows you to discuss the potential for music therapy to be integrated into rehabilitation programs and medical settings to support individuals in their recovery journey.

6. The Use of Music Therapy in Dementia Care

Music therapy has been widely used to support individuals with dementia, providing them with a sense of connection, joy, and emotional engagement. You can explore the ways in which music therapy can help individuals with dementia access memories, improve their mood, and reduce agitation and anxiety, as well as enhance their overall quality of life. This topic allows you to discuss the unique and powerful impact of music therapy on individuals with dementia and the potential for it to be integrated into dementia care programs and residential settings.

7. The Integration of Music Therapy into Healthcare Settings

Music therapy has the potential to be integrated into various healthcare settings, including hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities. You can explore the ways in which music therapy can be used to support patients and clients across a range of healthcare settings, as well as the potential challenges and opportunities associated with integrating music therapy into mainstream healthcare. This topic allows you to discuss the potential for music therapy to become a standard part of healthcare services and to advocate for its inclusion in healthcare policy and practice.

The choice of essay topics for music therapy is an important consideration for students and professionals in the field. By selecting a topic that is relevant, engaging, and informative, you can effectively communicate the value and potential of music therapy as a form of therapy. The essay topics outlined in this article provide a starting point for exploring the diverse and impactful aspects of music therapy, allowing you to create a compelling and informative piece of writing that will resonate with your audience.

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Music Therapy and Neuroplasticity: Treatment of Various Types of Diseases

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The Impact of Music on Our Health

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Music Therapy in Healthcare Essay

The idea of incorporating music into a nurse’s therapeutic toolkit has been a subject of healthcare-related debates for quite some time. The article asserts that music can, indeed, be used as a therapeutic tool for multiple purposes, particularly, for addressing specific health concerns. Namely, Scott points to the research outcomes that prove the ability of the human heart to synchronize its beating with a particular musical rhythm. Therefore, the article suggests that music can be used for relaxation, as well as managing the health issues that may arise due to the lack of relaxation.

The article by Elizabeth Scott serves as quite an inspiration for further research and the improvement of the current healthcare practice. Specifically, given the opportunities for managing heart rate and breathing patterns in patients, music can be used not only in the context of CVD and associated heart issues. Furthermore, due to the opportunity to build the framework for controlled breathing, music therapy could be used for health conditions such as asthma. Thus, the paper indicates the possibility of managing both temporary and chronic physical health problems.

In addition to physical health issues, music could ostensibly be integrated into the framework for managing mental health concerns, such as anxiety. Scott explains that the described goal can be achieved by introducing opportunities for patients to control their breathing, heart rate, and, by extension, their blood pressure. Thus, by asserting greater control over the physical manifestations of their mental health problems, patients will be able to focus on managing the causes of their distress more closely and effectively.

Overall, the article by Scott can be used to improve the current approaches to health management in several domains, including heart disease, respiratory issues, and mental health problems. Therefore, the article needs to be considered closer as an essential piece of evidence. Being a tool for a major potential improvement in healthcare, music should be regarded as a critical factor in health management.

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Essay Samples on Music Therapy

How does music affect mental health.

Music, a universal form of expression and communication, has been a part of human culture for centuries. Its ability to evoke emotions and connect with the human experience is undeniable. Beyond its entertainment value, music has also been shown to have a significant impact on...

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The Language of Music: Understanding Its Universal Appeal

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• Benefits of Listening to Music

The Role of Musical Features in Generating Emotional Responses

Introduction Music listening is a highly powerful method of engaging with music stimuli and interpretation. Its ability to arouse substantial emotional responses may impact many facets of an individual’s health including their psychological, physiological, and cognitive dimensions, ultimately arousing pleasant or intense experiences. Through a...

Music Therapy: Connecting the Mind, Body, and Soul

Introduction It is incredible just how much music can move a person. Being able to connect with the lyrics, melody, and harmony of a song seems to heal the soul. Like a comforting bowl of soup on a cold, snowy night, music has the same...

Productive Work And Study: Benefits Of Listening To Music

How often do you listen to music? Every day or seldom? If you like listening to music, you are lucky. If you are not, you may continue to read, because listening to music can be benefit.Throughout history, music is often used primarily for enjoyment, but...

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Positive Effects Of Listening To Music

Musical is art concerned with combining vocal or instrumental sounds for beauty of form or emotional expression, usually according to cultural standards of rhythm, melody, and, in most Western music, harmony. Some of these questions have remained unanswered and might stay that way for a...

Benefits Of Music For Brain And Body

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Side Effect Of Listening Music

If you like listening to music, you are in good company. Charles Darwin once said, 'If I have a new life again, I have to read poetry and listen to music at least once a week.' Stein announced 'If I am not a physicist I...

• Human Brain

Effects Of Music On Psychological Disorders

For most people listening to music is a way to relax and unwind, but in some individuals it can trigger different reactions. We take a look at how people with certain disorders are affected by music. Music and epilepsy Epilepsy that’s triggered by musical stimulation...

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Dopamine Signaling'S Role In Music Therapy'S Neuroplasticity

Theoretical Summary Music, evidently roots back to approximately 42.000 years ago. (Barras, 2014) Some suggest even earlier dates, where it was most likely used as a survival mechanism for further emotional engagement between infants and caregivers. Although, as the child gains capability throughout their upbringing,...

• Cognitive Psychology
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The Effect of Music on Cognitive Retention and Comprehension

Abstract In this within-group experiment, the impact that background music has on the capacity of one’s cognitive retention and, overall, comprehension of information will be examined. Sixty undergraduate college students will be randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (n = 30); the first...

Music Therapy: Effects on Mental Health and Use in Rehabilitation

Music therapy is a type of treatment that addresses psychological and social issues among people for all ages. As the brain responds towards sounds, it can act as a mood stimulator. It has the ability to cure both psychological and physical diseases. Music enables to...

How Music Therapy Can Improve One's Life

“Music Therapy” is a well known technology that impacts many lives nowadays. Musical therapy is a type of therapy which is proven to work after conducted research which you may also call “ Clinical evidence-based therapy”. The creator of music therapy was E. Theyar Gaston...

Finding Beauty and Aesthetics of the Processed and Modulated Music

New inventions gave way to new ideas and the exploration of those inventions resulted in new aesthetics and techniques. The one invention which was the root cause for this massive technology-driven generation of music came back from the invention of the phonograph. From that invention...

Successful Techniques for Music Therapy Alzheimers You Can Use Immediately

When emotions are somewhat confusing to state 14, music therapy can be helpful. Additionally, it may assist with relieving physical pain related to labor or terminal illness. It is not confined to age. It is used as part of stress management programs. For many people...

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Piano – The Sound Of My Life

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The Relation Of Music To Cognitive Neuroscience

Music, apart from being a subject you ‘do’ or ‘create, ’ is just as much a subject of probing intellectual enquiry. My musical career truly began when I was thrusted into my local youth orchestra, Harrow Young Musicians. Being part of this orchestra for 10...

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Best topics on Music Therapy

1. How Does Music Affect Mental Health

2. The Language of Music: Understanding Its Universal Appeal

3. The Role of Musical Features in Generating Emotional Responses

4. Music Therapy: Connecting the Mind, Body, and Soul

5. Productive Work And Study: Benefits Of Listening To Music

6. Positive Effects Of Listening To Music

7. Benefits Of Music For Brain And Body

8. Side Effect Of Listening Music

9. Effects Of Music On Psychological Disorders

10. Dopamine Signaling’S Role In Music Therapy’S Neuroplasticity

11. The Effect of Music on Cognitive Retention and Comprehension

12. Music Therapy: Effects on Mental Health and Use in Rehabilitation

13. How Music Therapy Can Improve One’s Life

14. Finding Beauty and Aesthetics of the Processed and Modulated Music

15. Successful Techniques for Music Therapy Alzheimers You Can Use Immediately

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"Does Music Therapy Work?"

An analysis assessing the validity of existing therapeutic studies, nat barrett.

Our understanding of music therapy and its curative or preventative effect on illness changes over time. Our current assessment is that music is a ‘powerful tool’ to engage and induce changes in ‘multi-sensory and motor networks’, which link and strengthen regions of the brain. (133) This is notably true of music’s ability to alleviate emotional symptoms such as anxiety, depression and agitation - although it is worth noting that many studies use subjective criteria when grading these responses rather than objective assessment. (134) Fundamental to music therapy is the desire to improve the quality of life (135) of patients who have a neurodegenerative, psychological or physical illness.

• E. Altenmüller and G. Schlaug, Apollo’s Gift: New Aspects of Neurologic Music Therapy, Progress in Brain Research , 2015, p. 1.
• A. Baird and S. Samson, Music and Dementia, Progress in Brain Research , 2015, accessed 19th June 2016, p. 221.
• H. Svansdottir and J. Snaedal, Music Therapy in Moderate and Severe Dementia of Alzheimer’s Type: a Case–control Study, International Psychogeriatrics Association , 2006, accessed 19th June 2016, p. 2.

As our understanding of the role and function of brain regions increases, so does our understanding of how music therapy can elicit changes in the brain. For instance, we know that the frontal lobe and cerebellum are activated in response to musical practice (136) , and it is these regions that result in increased attention and motor-cognitive coordination (137) , respectively. We comprehend that thanks to musical practice, these particular regions (and many others) are ‘trained’ and synapses ‘strengthened’ (138) , resulting in an improvement in cognitive skill following a trial of listening to Mozart, for example. Our insight into the relationship between music, its therapeutic effects and its neurological representation will only continue to grow with this information.

• E. Altenmüller and G. Schlaug, Apollo’s Gift: New Aspects of Neurologic Music Therapy, Progress in Brain Research , 2015, p. 2.

Another interesting avenue is that of brain plasticity. With an increased interest in preventing neurodegenerative disease and Alzheimer’s in the media due to an ageing population (139) , the topic is becoming more potent. Current research shows that musical training, particularly musical training beginning at a young age, induces positive changes in brain plasticity (140) - this research has included many reputable and often longitudinal large-scale studies to support this claim. This ‘brain plasticity’ important because ‘music-induced brain plasticity’ holds many ‘benefits’ in helping to restore or activate dysfunctional brain networks, regulate hormone levels in the brain and allow for healthy ‘cognitive and emotional processes’. (141)

• Ageing of the UK Population, Office for National Statistics , 2015, accessed 19th June 2016.
• M. Maguire, Music and Its Association With Epileptic Disorders, Progress in Brain Research , 2015, accessed 19th June 2016, p. 119.

Whilst much attention is given to the increase in grey matter associated with musical training (142) , a recent medium-sized long-scale study showed us that white matter density also increases with music practice along with an ‘enlargement’ of myelin-sheath cells, which give insulation to allow for ‘rapid firing’ of electrical impulses, resulting in better and faster motor control. (143) This could make the difference between a patient with Parkinson’s who is unable to hold even a spoon for example and having the autonomy to walk around the house, dramatically improving quality of life.

• C. Gaser and G. Schlaug, Brain Structures Differ between Musicians and Non-Musicians, The Journal of Neuroscience , 2003, accessed 19th June 2016, p. 9240.
• E. Altenmüller and G. Schlaug, Apollo’s Gift: New Aspects of Neurologic Music Therapy, Progress in Brain Research , 2015, p. 4.

Music has a ‘whole-brain effect’. (144) Unlike languages, which are mostly localised to the left-hemisphere (145) , music activates both the right and the left hemisphere , which explains why the corpus callosum in musicians is larger and more active than non-musicians (this research has been heavily supported and cited). (146) Given that neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia, Alzheimer’s and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (147) - with the exception of stroke - affect the whole brain, music may be more effective in preventing these diseases than language training, for example. Music does not only alter the cortical level but also the subcortical level. (148) It does not only alter grey matter but white matter also. (149) Music therapy induces activity level changes in ‘almost all’ brain structures (150) and modifies dopamine-pathway ‘circuitry’ (151) and these are reputable studies with objective assessment (brain scanning). We can see how music elicits a number of changes in the brain which may, for example, be positive in the treatment and prevention of dementia for instance.

• J. Warren, Personal Interview with Jason Warren.
• M. Maguire, Music and Its Association With Epileptic Disorders, Progress in Brain Research , 2015, accessed 19th June 2016, p. 111.
• Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (CJD): Classic, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2008, accessed 19th June 2016.
• R. Krabs et al, Autonomic Effects of Music in Health and Crohn's Disease: The Impact of Isochronicity, Emotional Valence, and Tempo, Plos One , 2015, accessed 19th June 2016, p. 5.
• M. Maguire, Music and Its Association With Epileptic Disorders, Progress in Brain Research , 2015, accessed 19th June 2016, p. 107.

Whilst there is a great deal of supportive data for the use of music therapy, there is still more that can be done. More time could be spent on addressing the issues with music therapy mentioned previously and finding solutions: by using a reading group as a control activity, by controlling for external factors and by having a greater number of larger longitudinal studies. (152) Scientists can also use new imaging technology to trace the progress of dementia (153) , with and without music therapy, whilst considering ethical and economic dilemmas, if present.

• P. Thompson et al, Tracking Alzheimer's Disease, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 2013, p. 1.

We have seen that music therapy has a broad and extensive history, that it is has a dynamic relationship with the brain, offers unique advantages in comparison to a drug trial, has a range of positive effects on numerous illnesses or disorders and diseases (both physical and psychological) and we can also note that the science of music therapy continues to be explored in new and exciting ways. Although there is always more research that can be done - as with any area of science, this paper shows that there exists substantial evidence to support the use of music therapy alongside standard care in the prevention and treatment of illness in order to improve the lives of patients and caregivers worldwide.

© 2017 Nat Barrett. Published by teoria.com

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Effects of music therapy on depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Qishou tang.

1 Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China

Zhaohui Huang

2 Anhui Provincial Center for Women and Child Health, Hefei, Anhui, China

3 National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China

Associated Data

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

We aimed to determine and compare the effects of music therapy and music medicine on depression, and explore the potential factors associated with the effect.

PubMed (MEDLINE), Ovid-Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Clinical Evidence were searched to identify studies evaluating the effectiveness of music-based intervention on depression from inception to May 2020. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were estimated with random-effect model and fixed-effect model.

A total of 55 RCTs were included in our meta-analysis. Music therapy exhibited a significant reduction in depressive symptom (SMD = −0.66; 95% CI = -0.86 to -0.46; P <0.001) compared with the control group; while, music medicine exhibited a stronger effect in reducing depressive symptom (SMD = −1.33; 95% CI = -1.96 to -0.70; P <0.001). Among the specific music therapy methods, recreative music therapy (SMD = -1.41; 95% CI = -2.63 to -0.20; P <0.001), guided imagery and music (SMD = -1.08; 95% CI = -1.72 to -0.43; P <0.001), music-assisted relaxation (SMD = -0.81; 95% CI = -1.24 to -0.38; P <0.001), music and imagery (SMD = -0.38; 95% CI = -0.81 to 0.06; P = 0.312), improvisational music therapy (SMD = -0.27; 95% CI = -0.49 to -0.05; P = 0.001), music and discuss (SMD = -0.26; 95% CI = -1.12 to 0.60; P = 0.225) exhibited a different effect respectively. Music therapy and music medicine both exhibited a stronger effects of short and medium length compared with long intervention periods.

Conclusions

A different effect of music therapy and music medicine on depression was observed in our present meta-analysis, and the effect might be affected by the therapy process.

Introduction

Depression was reported to be a common mental disorders and affected more than 300 million people worldwide, and long-lasting depression with moderate or severe intensity may result in serious health problems [ 1 ]. Depression has become the leading causes of disability worldwide according to the recent World Health Organization (WHO) report. Even worse, depression was closely associated with suicide and became the second leading cause of death, and nearly 800 000 die of depression every year worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. Although it is known that treatments for depression, more than 3/4 of people in low and middle-income income countries receive no treatment due to a lack of medical resources and the social stigma of mental disorders [ 3 ]. Considering the continuously increased disease burden of depression, a convenient effective therapeutic measures was needed at community level.

Music-based interventions is an important nonpharmacological intervention used in the treatment of psychiatric and behavioral disorders, and the obvious curative effect on depression has been observed. Prior meta-analyses have reported an obvious effect of music therapy on improving depression [ 4 , 5 ]. Today, it is widely accepted that the music-based interventions are divided into two major categories, namely music therapy and music medicine. According to the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA), “music therapy is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program” [ 6 ]. Therefore, music therapy is an established health profession in which music is used within a therapeutic relationship to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs of individuals, and includes the triad of music, clients and qualified music therapists. While, music medicine is defined as mainly listening to prerecorded music provided by medical personnel or rarely listening to live music. In other words, music medicine aims to use music like medicines. It is often managed by a medical professional other than a music therapist, and it doesn’t need a therapeutic relationship with the patients. Therefore, the essential difference between music therapy and music medicine is about whether a therapeutic relationship is developed between a trained music therapist and the client [ 7 – 9 ]. In the context of the clear distinction between these two major categories, it is clear that to evaluate the effects of music therapy and other music-based intervention studies on depression can be misleading. While, the distinction was not always clear in most of prior papers, and no meta-analysis comparing the effects of music therapy and music medicine was conducted. Just a few studies made a comparison of music-based interventions on psychological outcomes between music therapy and music medicine. We aimed to (1) compare the effect between music therapy and music medicine on depression; (2) compare the effect between different specific methods used in music therapy; (3) compare the effect of music-based interventions on depression among different population [ 7 , 8 ].

Materials and methods

Search strategy and selection criteria.

PubMed (MEDLINE), Ovid-Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Clinical Evidence were searched to identify studies assessing the effectiveness of music therapy on depression from inception to May 2020. The combination of “depress*” and “music*” was used to search potential papers from these databases. Besides searching for electronic databases, we also searched potential papers from the reference lists of included papers, relevant reviews, and previous meta-analyses. The criteria for selecting the papers were as follows:(1) randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials; (2) music therapy at a hospital or community, whereas the control group not receiving any type of music therapy; (3) depression rating scale was used. The exclusive criteria were as follows: (1) non-human studies; (2) studies with a very small sample size (n<20); (3) studies not providing usable data (including sample size, mean, standard deviation, etc.); (4) reviews, letters, protocols, etc. Two authors independently (YPJ, HZH) searched and screened the relevant papers. EndNote X7 software was utilized to delete the duplicates. The titles and abstracts of all searched papers were checked for eligibility. The relevant papers were selected, and then the full-text papers were subsequently assessed by the same two authors. In the last, a panel meeting was convened for resolving the disagreements about the inclusion of the papers.

Data extraction

We developed a data abstraction form to extract the useful data: (1) the characteristics of papers (authors, publish year, country); (2) the characteristics of participators (sample size, mean age, sex ratio, pre-treatment diagnosis, study period); (3) study design (random allocation, allocation concealment, masking, selection process of participators, loss to follow-up); (4) music therapy process (music therapy method, music therapy period, music therapy frequency, minutes per session, and the treatment measures in the control group); (5) outcome measures (depression score). Two authors independently (TQS, ZH) abstracted the data, and disagreements were resolved by discussing with the third author (YPJ).

Assessment of risk of bias in included studies

Two authors independently (TQS, ZH) assessed the risk of bias of included studies using Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias assessment tool, and disagreements were resolved by discussing with the third author (YPJ) [ 10 ].

Music therapy and music medicine

Music Therapy is defined as the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program. Music medicine is defined as mainly listening to prerecorded music provided by medical personnel or rarely listening to live music. In other words, music medicine aims to use music like medicines.

Music therapy mainly divided into active music therapy and receptive music therapy. Active music therapy, including improvisational, re-creative, and compositional, is defined as playing musical instruments, singing, improvisation, and lyrics of adaptation. Receptive music therapy, including music-assisted relaxation, music and imagery, guided imagery and music, lyrics analysis, and so on, is defined as music listening, lyrics analysis, and drawing with musing. In other words, in active methods participants are making music, and in receptive music therapy participants are receiving music [ 6 , 7 , 9 , 11 – 13 ].

Evaluation of depression

Depression was evaluated by the common psychological scales, including Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D), Cornell Scale (CS), Depression Mood Self-Report Inventory for Adolescence (DMSRIA), Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15); Geriatric Depression Scale-30 (GDS-30), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD/HAMD), Montgomery-sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Short Version of Profile of Mood States (SV-POMS).

Statistical analysis

The pooled effect were estimated by using the standardized mean differences (SMDs) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) due to the different depression rate scales were used in the included papers. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by I-square ( I 2 ) and Q-statistic (P<0.10), and a high I 2 (>50%) was recognized as heterogeneity and a random-effect model was used [ 14 – 16 ]. We performed subgroup analyses and meta-regression analyses to study the potential heterogeneity between studies. The subgroup variables included music intervention categories (music therapy and music medicine), music therapy methods (active music therapy, receptive music therapy), specific receptive music therapy methods (music-assisted relaxation, music and imagery, and guided imagery and music (Bonny Method), specific active music therapy methods (recreative music therapy and improvisational music therapy), music therapy mode (group therapy, individual therapy), music therapy period (weeks) (2–4, 5–12, ≥13), music therapy frequency (once weekly, twice weekly, ≥3 times weekly), total music therapy sessions (1–4, 5–8, 9–12, 13–16, >16), time per session (minutes) (15–40, 41–60, >60), inpatient settings (secure [locked] unit at a mental health facility versus outpatient settings), sample size (20–50, ≥50 and <100, ≥100), female predominance(>80%) (no, yes), mean age (years) (<50, 50–65, >65), country having music therapy profession (no, yes), pre-treatment diagnosis (mental health, depression, severe mental disease/psychiatric disorder). We also performed sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of the results by re-estimating the pooled effects using fixed effect model, using trim and fill analysis, excluding the paper without information on music therapy, excluding the papers with more high biases, excluding the papers with small sample size (20< n<30), excluding the papers using an infrequently used scale, excluding the studies focused on the people with a severe mental disease. We investigated the publication biases by a funnel plot as well as Egger’s linear regression test [ 17 ]. The analyses were performed using Stata, version 11.0. All P-values were two-sided. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Characteristics of the eligible studies

Fig 1 depicts the study profile, and a total of 55 RCTs were included in our meta-analysis [ 18 – 72 ]. Of the 55 studies, 10 studies from America, 22 studies from Europe, 22 studies from Asia, and 1 study from Australia. The mean age of the participators ranged from 12 to 86; the sample size ranged from 20 to 242. A total of 16 different scales were used to evaluate the depression level of the participators. A total of 25 studies were conducted in impatient setting and 28 studies were in outpatients setting; 32 used a certified music therapist, 15 not used a certified music therapist (for example researcher, nurse), and 10 not reported relevent information. A total of 16 different depression rating scales were used in the included studies, and HADS, GDS, and BDI were the most frequently used scales ( Table 1 ).

PRISMA diagram showing the different steps of systematic review, starting from literature search to study selection and exclusion. At each step, the reasons for exclusion are indicated. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052562.g001.

Note: BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; CDI = Children’s Depression Inventory; CDSS = depression scale for schizophrenia; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; CS = Cornell Scale; DMSRIA = Depression Mood Self-Report Inventory for Adolescence; EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GDS-15 = Geriatric Depression Scale-15; GDS-30 = Geriatric Depression Scale-30; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HRSD (HAMD) = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; MADRS = Montgomery-sberg Depression Rating Scale; PROMIS = Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; SDS = Self-Rating Depression Scale; State-Trait Depression Questionnaire = ST/DEP; SV-POMS = short version of Profile of Mood States; NA = not available.

Of the 55 studies, only 2 studies had high risks of selection bias, and almost all of the included studies had high risks of performance bias ( Fig 2 ).

The overall effects of music therapy

Of the included 55 studies, 39 studies evaluated the music therapy, 17 evaluated the music medicine. Using a random-effects model, music therapy was associated with a significant reduction in depressive symptoms with a moderate-sized mean effect (SMD = −0.66; 95% CI = -0.86 to -0.46; P <0.001), with a high heterogeneity across studies ( I 2 = 83%, P <0.001); while, music medicine exhibited a stronger effect in reducing depressive symptom (SMD = −1.33; 95% CI = -1.96 to -0.70; P <0.001) ( Fig 3 ).

Twenty studies evaluated the active music therapy using a random-effects model, and a moderate-sized mean effect (SMD = −0.57; 95% CI = -0.90 to -0.25; P <0.001) was observed with a high heterogeneity across studies ( I 2 = 86.3%, P <0.001). Fourteen studies evaluated the receptive music therapy using a random-effects model, and a moderate-sized mean effect (SMD = −0.73; 95% CI = -1.01 to -0.44; P <0.001) was observed with a high heterogeneity across studies ( I 2 = 76.3%, P <0.001). Five studies evaluated the combined effect of active and receptive music therapy using a random-effects model, and a moderate-sized mean effect (SMD = −0.88; 95% CI = -1.32 to -0.44; P <0.001) was observed with a high heterogeneity across studies ( I 2 = 70.5%, P <0.001) ( Fig 4 ).

Among specific music therapy methods, recreative music therapy (SMD = -1.41; 95% CI = -2.63 to -0.20; P <0.001), guided imagery and music (SMD = -1.08; 95% CI = -1.72 to -0.43; P <0.001), music-assisted relaxation (SMD = -0.81; 95% CI = -1.24 to -0.38; P <0.001), music and imagery (SMD = -0.38; 95% CI = -0.81 to 0.06; P = 0.312), improvisational music therapy (SMD = -0.27; 95% CI = -0.49 to -0.05; P = 0.001), and music and discuss (SMD = -0.26; 95% CI = -1.12 to 0.60; P = 0.225) exhibited a different effect respectively ( Fig 5 ).

Sub-group analyses and meta-regression analyses

We performed sub-group analyses and meta-regression analyses to study the homogeneity. We found that music therapy yielded a superior effect on reducing depression in the studies with a small sample size (20–50), with a mean age of 50–65 years old, with medium intervention frequency (<3 times weekly), with more minutes per session (>60 minutes). We also found that music therapy exhibited a superior effect on reducing depression among people with severe mental disease /psychiatric disorder and depression compared with mental health people. While, whether the country have the music therapy profession, whether the study used group therapy or individual therapy, whether the study was in the outpatients setting or the inpatient setting, and whether the study used a certified music therapist all did not exhibit a remarkable different effect ( Table 2 ). Table 2 also presents the subgroup analysis of music medicine on reducing depression.

In the subgroup analysis by total session, music therapy and music medicine both exhibited a stronger effects of short (1–4 sessions) and medium length (5–12 sessions) compared with long intervention periods (>13sessions) ( Fig 6 ). Meta-regression demonstrated that total music intervention session was significantly associated with the homogeneity between studies ( P = 0.004) ( Table 3 ).

A, evaluating the effect of music therapy; B, evaluating the effect of music medicine.

Sensitivity analyses

We performed sensitivity analyses and found that re-estimating the pooled effects using fixed effect model, using trim and fill analysis, excluding the paper without information regarding music therapy, excluding the papers with more high biases, excluding the papers with small sample size (20< n<30), excluding the studies focused on the people with a severe mental disease, and excluding the papers using an infrequently used scale yielded the similar results, which indicated that the primary results was robust ( Table 4 ).

Evaluation of publication bias

We assessed publication bias using Egger’s linear regression test and funnel plot, and the results are presented in Fig 7 . For the main result, the observed asymmetry indicated that either the absence of papers with negative results or publication bias.

A, evaluating the publication bias of music therapy; B, evaluating the publication bias of music medicine; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; CDI = Children’s Depression Inventory; CDSS = depression scale for schizophrenia; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; CS = Cornell Scale; DMSRIA = Depression Mood Self-Report Inventory for Adolescence; EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GDS-15 = Geriatric Depression Scale-15; GDS-30 = Geriatric Depression Scale-30; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HRSD (HAMD) = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; MADRS = Montgomery-sberg Depression Rating Scale; PROMIS = Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; SDS = Self-Rating Depression Scale; State-Trait Depression Questionnaire = ST/DEP; SV-POMS = short version of Profile of Mood Stat.

Our present meta-analysis exhibited a different effect of music therapy and music medicine on reducing depression. Different music therapy methods also exhibited a different effect, and the recreative music therapy and guided imagery and music yielded a superior effect on reducing depression compared with other music therapy methods. Furthermore, music therapy and music medicine both exhibited a stronger effects of short and medium length compared with long intervention periods. The strength of this meta-analysis was the stable and high-quality result. Firstly, the sensitivity analyses performed in this meta-analysis yielded similar results, which indicated that the primary results were robust. Secondly, considering the insufficient statistical power of small sample size, we excluded studies with a very small sample size (n<20).

Some prior reviews have evaluated the effects of music therapy for reducing depression. These reviews found a significant effectiveness of music therapy on reducing depression among older adults with depressive symptoms, people with dementia, puerpera, and people with cancers [ 4 , 5 , 73 – 76 ]. However, these reviews did not differentiate music therapy from music medicine. Another paper reviewed the effectiveness of music interventions in treating depression. The authors included 26 studies and found a signifiant reduction in depression in the music intervention group compared with the control group. The authors made a clear distinction on the definition of music therapy and music medicine; however, they did not include all relevant data from the most recent trials and did not conduct a meta-analysis [ 77 ]. A recent meta-analysis compared the effects of music therapy and music medicine for reducing depression in people with cancer with seven RCTs; the authors found a moderately strong, positive impact of music intervention on depression, but found no difference between music therapy and music medicine [ 78 ]. However, our present meta-analysis exhibited a different effect of music therapy and music medicine on reducing depression, and the music medicine yielded a superior effect on reducing depression compared with music therapy. The different effect of music therapy and music medicine might be explained by the different participators, and nine studies used music therapy to reduce the depression among people with severe mental disease /psychiatric disorder, while no study used music medicine. Furthermore, the studies evaluating music therapy used more clinical diagnostic scale for depressive symptoms.

A meta-analysis by Li et al. [ 74 ] suggested that medium-term music therapy (6–12 weeks) was significantly associated with improved depression in people with dementia, but not short-term music therapy (3 or 4 weeks). On the contrary, our present meta-analysis found a stronger effect of short-term (1–4 weeks) and medium-term (5–12 weeks) music therapy on reducing depression compared with long-term (≥13 weeks) music therapy. Consistent with the prior meta-analysis by Li et al., no significant effect on depression was observed for the follow-up of one or three months after music therapy was completed in our present meta-analysis. Only five studies analyzed the therapeutic effect for the follow-up periods after music therapy intervention therapy was completed, and the rather limited sample size may have resulted in this insignificant difference. Therefore, whether the therapeutic effect was maintained in reducing depression when music therapy was discontinued should be explored in further studies. In our present meta-analysis, meta-regression results demonstrated that no variables (including period, frequency, method, populations, and so on) were significantly associated with the effect of music therapy. Because meta-regression does not provide sufficient statistical power to detect small associations, the non-significant results do not completely exclude the potential effects of the analyzed variables. Therefore, meta-regression results should be interpreted with caution.

Our meta-analysis has limitations. First, the included studies rarely used masked methodology due to the nature of music therapy, therefore the performance bias and the detection bias was common in music intervention study. Second, a total of 13 different scales were used to evaluate the depression level of the participators, which may account for the high heterogeneity among the trials. Third, more than half of those included studies had small sample sizes (<50), therefore the result should be explicated with caution.

Our present meta-analysis of 55 RCTs revealed a different effect of music therapy and music medicine, and different music therapy methods also exhibited a different effect. The results of subgroup analyses revealed that the characters of music therapy were associated with the therapeutic effect, for example specific music therapy methods, short and medium-term therapy, and therapy with more time per session may yield stronger therapeutic effect. Therefore, our present meta-analysis could provide suggestion for clinicians and policymakers to design therapeutic schedule of appropriate lengths to reduce depression.

Supporting information

S1 checklist, funding statement.

The Key Project of University Humanities and Social Science Research in Anhui Province (SK2017A0191) was granted by Education Department of Anhui Province; the Research Project of Anhui Province Social Science Innovation Development (2018XF155) was granted by Anhui Provincial Federation of Social Sciences; the Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Research Youth fund Project (17YJC840033) was granted by Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. These funders had a role in study design, text editing, interpretation of results, decision to publish and preparation of the manuscript.

Data Availability

• PLoS One. 2020; 15(11): e0240862.

Decision Letter 0

PONE-D-20-17706

Effects of music therapy on depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Dear Dr. Ye,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process.

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Additional Editor Comments:

Dear Author,

Thank you for your valuable submission. I think it would be appropriate to emphasize the main problem first. Various musical interventions are used in medical settings to improve the patient's well-being, and of course, there are many publications on this subject. However, it is important to properly differentiate between these interventions for some important reasons I have pointed out below.

The music therapy definition you made, as "Music therapy was defined as music therapy provided by a qualified music teacher, psychological therapist, or nurse" is not universally accepted specific definition for music therapy. Moreover, the specific methods used in receptive music therapy include music-assisted relaxation, music and imagery, and Guided Imagery and Music (Bonny Method). Each of these may have different levels of effects on depression. It is not clear that which receptive music therapy studies in your review have used which of these methods. So, the majority of studies that you accepted as the receptive music therapy seems to be music medicine studies indeed. Similar critiques may also be apply to some of the studies you describe as active music therapy. Today, it is widely accepted that these music-based interventions should be divided into two major categories, namely music therapy (MT) and music medicine (MM). MM mainly based on patients' pre-recorded or rarely listening to live music and the direct effects of the music they listen to. In other words, MM aims to use music like medicines. It often managed by a medical professional other than a music therapist, and not needed a therapeutic relationship with the patients. Conversely, music therapy is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed music therapist who has completed an approved music therapy program. So, music therapy is a relational, interaction based form of therapy within a therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the client, and includes the triad of the music, the client and the music therapist. Since music therapy interventions is an evidence-based procedure using special music therapy methods of interventions and a more pragmatic approach than other music-based interventions, their effect levels and results are also different.

In the context of the above mentioned explanations, it is clear that to evaluate the effects of music therapy and other music based intervention studies together on depression can be misleading. The subjects I have mentioned so far have never been addressed in the introduction and discussion sections of your manuscript. I think that will be perceived as a major deficiency at least by the readers who are closer to the subject. In this sense, I think that an attentive revision considering the following views will be valuable and needed:

- The universally accepted definitions of music therapy (including active and receptive music therapy) and music medicine should be taken into account.

- It should be clarified that how many studies in your review did included a certified music therapist.

- Analyses, results and discussion should be submitted to the readers in accordance with all this distinctions and definitions. (The way to this seems to be to compare the effects of music medicine and music therapy on depression in parallel with the possible differences of music interventions used, and to discuss their possible implications on the results.)

- Another important point is that you did not mention nor discuss any of important reviews on same subject (for example please see: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CD004517","term_id":"30321255"}} CD004517 .pub3/epdf/full or https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01109/full or https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CD006911","term_id":"30323649"}} CD006911 .pub3/full)

I am aware that such a major revision will, in a sense, be a challenging way that may require a new analysis of your data. However, I believe you would appreciate that a study aimed at shedding light on potential music-based interventions in an important public health problem such as depression should not be misleading.

Thank you for your effort in advance.

Besides, according to the statistical reviewer who only reviewed the statistical approach used in this paper, there are two caveats:

1. The authors state that they excluded studies with fewer than 20 participants in one place in the paper (page 4), but fewer than 30 participants in another place in the paper (Table 4). This needs to be corrected for consistency.

2. The authors mention stronger effects of short and medium length vs. long music therapy periods in their results but there is no accompanying figure. I think it would be beneficial to show these findings in a figure (Forest plot).

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Partly

Reviewer #3: Yes

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Reviewer #2: No

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Reviewer #1: Thank you for conducting this research and submitting it for publication consideration.

I recognize that English may not be the primary language of the authors. There are a few instances where the language could be improved, but that is mostly a copy-editing issue. There is also a lot of passive voice in the paper. I recommend making the voice active. This will enhance the readability of the paper.

I have a few comments that I hope will improve the paper.

1. Not all countries have an established music therapy profession. I recognize that this creates challenges for the authors! I'm wondering if the authors might consider including this as a factor in the analysis? For example, if a nurse provides "music therapy" in a country that does not have music therapy as a profession, is the effect equivalent as when a qualified music therapist in a country that has music therapy as a profession provides it? This might provide some incentive for occupational regulation and establishing professional music therapy associations.

2. please fix the "short title" (oxygen)

3. Music therapy with fewer minutes might yield superior effects. This may be misleading. Is there a minimum number of minutes? How many minutes might be optimal for therapeutic outcome? I believe it does make sense that longer sessions may result in less impact - quantity/duration does not always result in enhanced outcome.

4. I believe a stronger case needs to be made for the study. There are existing meta-analyses of MT for depression (Aalbers et al., 2017 Cochrane Review). What makes the current study unique and different? What are the gaps in the literature that warrant this study? Have there been a lot of recent additions to the literature that warrant a new meta-analysis?

5. A stronger discussion of the limitation of this study. Many studies did not evaluate a group with major depression/major depressive disorder (music therapy for chronic pain is important, but the variance of the populations under study does constitute a limitation). So, this study is not exclusive to adults with a major mental health condition. Might effects be different for people who are depressed versus people who are not depressed?

6. Instead of "blinding/blinded" please use "masking/masked."

7. Is there a citation that supports your classification of active versus receptive? (I would think Bruscia would be a good place to start with that...)

8. One item that I am not seeing is group therapy versus individual therapy. Did the authors screen for that? If so, is there an optimal group size? Are effects stronger when in a group format versus an individual format? This would have serious implications for clinical practice.

9. What about inpatient settings (such as a secure [locked] unit at a mental health facility) versus outpatient settings?

10. One item that I believe is missing is the dose. Not necessarily the duration (number of minutes) of each session, but the total number of sessions a participant has received. Gold has done some work in this area. Is there is a certain number of sessions that are needed to reach a therapeutic outcome? The number of sessions/week is good, but the number of total sessions is important.

11. Table 1 has the mean age. I recommend including the SD as well.

Thank you for taking the time to consider these suggestions. While receiving critical feedback can be difficult, please understand that my intentions are to improve the paper and ensure it has maximum impact. This is an important addition to the literature and I am grateful to the authors for their scholarship. I wish you the best!

Reviewer #2: This article addresses an important topic that is of interest to music therapists, psychiatrists and teachers and metal health practitioners. The statistics look promising. However, the major concern is that the definition of music therapy is theoretically and practically incorrect and misleading:

"7 Music therapy was defined as music therapy provided by a qualified music teacher, psychological

8 therapist, or nurse. " The study is missing several research studies that I am aware of and this makes its content suspicious. Also missing is a more depth-ful analysis of what active and passive music therapy is, and if it is indeed performed by those in other professions who have no training in 'musuc therapy;'-than the contents and findings are misleading and irrelevant.

Reviewer #3: I only reviewed the statistical approach used in this paper, which appeared appropriate for the research question under study. There are two caveats:

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Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #3: No

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Author response to Decision Letter 0

29 Sep 2020

Response to Reviewers

Dear Editors and Reviewers:

Thank you for your letter and for the reviewers’ comments concerning our manuscript entitled " Effects of music therapy on depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (PONE-D-20-17706)".

Those comments are all valuable and very helpful for revising and improving our paper, as well as the important guiding significance to our researches. We have studied comments carefully and have made revision which we hope meet with approval. All the revised portions were marked in red font in the new document. The main corrections in the paper and the responds to the reviewer’s comments are as flowing:

Response：We have studied comments carefully and revised the manuscript extensively according to the reviewer’s comments.

Firstly, We have amended the music therapy definition mainly based on the World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT) and The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA), WFMT defines music therapy as “the professional use of music and its elements as an intervention inmedical, educational, and everyday environments with individuals, groups, families, or communities who seek to optimize their quality of life and improve their physical, social,communicative, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual health and wellbeing”. AMTA defines music therapy as “Music Therapy is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program”. [American Music Therapy Association (2020). Definition and Quotes about Music Therapy. Available online at: https://www.musictherapy.org/about/quotes/ (Accessed Sep 13, 2020).][van der Steen, J. T., et al. (2017). "Music-based therapeutic interventions for people with dementia." Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5: {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CD003477","term_id":"30320215"}} CD003477 .]

Secondly, we have re-studed all included papers carefully and added the specific intervention methods of each paper in table 1 (Table 1. Characteristics of clinical trials included in this meta-analysis). Two main types of music therapy were distinguished in our present study - receptive (or passive) and active music therapy. The specific methods used in receptive music therapy in our included papers including music-assisted relaxation, music and imagery, and guided imagery and music (Bonny Method), while the specific methods used in active music therapy included recreative music therapy, improvisational music therapy, song writing, and so on.

Thirdly, we have added some contents regarding the distinction between music therapy and music medicine in introduction and discussion sections of our manuscript.

The following contents are added in introduction section, “Today, it is widely accepted that the music-based interventions should be divided into two major categories, namely music therapy and music medicine. According to the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA), “music therapy is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program”. Therefore, music therapy is an established health profession in which music is used within a therapeutic relationship to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs of individualst, and includes the triad of the music, the client and the qualified music therapist. [American Music Therapy Association (2020). Definition and Quotes about Music Therapy. Available online at: https://www.musictherapy.org/about/quotes/ (Accessed Sep 13, 2020).] While, music medicine is defined as mainly listening to prerecorded music provided by medical personnel or rarely listening to live music. In other words, music medicine aims to use music like medicines. It often managed by a medical professional other than a music therapist, and not needed a therapeutic relationship with the patients. Therefore, the essential difference of music therapy and music medicine is whether a therapeutic relationship is developed between a trained music therapist and the client.

[Bradt, J., et al. (2015). "The impact of music therapy versus music medicine on psychological outcomes and pain in cancer patients: a mixed methods study." Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 23(5): 1261-1271.

[Yinger, O. S. and L. Gooding (2014). "Music therapy and music medicine for children and adolescents." Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America 23(3): 535-553.]

【Tony Wigram．Inge Nyggard Pedersen＆Lars Ole Bonde，A Compmhensire Guide to Music Therapy．London and Philadelphia：Jessica Kingsley Publishen．2002：143．】

In the context of the clear distinction between these two major cagerories, it is clear that to evaluate the effects of music therapy and other music based intervention studies together on depression can be misleading. While, the distinction was not always clear in most of prior papers, and we found that no meta-analysis comparing the effects of music therapy and music medicine was conducted. Just a few studies made a comparison of music-based interventions on psychological outcomes between music therapy and music medicine. We aimed to (1) compare the effect between music therapy and music medicine on depression; (2) compare the effect between different specific methods used inmusic therapy on depression; (3) compare the effect of music-based interventions on depression among different population.

[Bradt, J., et al. (2015). "The impact of music therapy versus music medicine on psychological outcomes and pain in cancer patients: a mixed methods study." Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 23(5): 1261-1271.[Yinger, O. S. and L. Gooding (2014). "Music therapy and music medicine for children and adolescents." Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America 23(3): 535-553.]

The last, we have made a new analysis of our data. 1) including three new papers and re-analying of our data, 2) adding the comparison of music therapy and music medicine, 3) adding the comparison of impatient setting and outpatients setting, 4) adding the comparison of depressed people and not depressed people, 5）adding the comparison of countries have having music therapy profession and not, 6) adding the comparison of group therapy and individual therapy, 7) added the comparison of different intervention dose, and so on.

Response: (1)We have amended the of definitions of music therapy. The revised difinitons of music therapy was “Music Therapy is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program”. [American Music Therapy Association (2020). Definition and Quotes about Music Therapy. Available online at: https://www.musictherapy.org/about/quotes/ (Accessed Sep 13, 2020).]

We have added some contents on the distinction between music therapy (MT) and music medicine (MM) in introduction and discussion sections of our manuscript.

We have added the analysis of the comparion of music therapy (MT) and music medicine (MM) in Methord and Results sections

Response: we have re-studed all included papers carefully and added a new varible (Intervenor or therapist) into table 1, and the corresponding description was addded in the results section. Of 55 studies, 32 used a certified music therapist, 15 not used a certified music therapist (for example researcher, nurse), and 10 not reported relevent information.

Response: We have divided music-based interventions into two major categories, namely music therapy and music medicine according to the difinition. With respect to specific methods used in music therapy, we also have divided music therapy into receptive (or passive) and active music therapy. The specific methods used in receptive music therapy in our included papers including music-assisted relaxation, music and imagery, and guided imagery and music (Bonny Method), and the specific methods used in active music therapy included recreative music therapy and improvisational music therapy.

We have added some sub-group analyses by different music intervention categories, different music therapy categories, and specific music therapy methords.

The the above mentioned content have been added to Intruduction Analyses, results and discussion section.

Response: we are very sorry for not mentioning these important reviews. We have studied these reviews carefully and discussed these reviews in Discussion sections.

Some prior reviews have evaluated the effects of music therapy for reducing depression. Aalbers and colleagues included nine studies in their review; they concluded that music therapy provides short-term benefificial effects for people with depression, and suggested that high-quality trials with large sample size were needed. However, this review was limited to studies of individuals with a diagnosis of depression, and did not differentiate music therapy from music medicine. Another paper reviewed the effectiveness of music interventions in treating depression. The authors included 26 studies and found a signifiant reduction in depression in the music intervention group compared with the controp group. The authors made a clear distincition on the definition of music therapy and music medicine; however, they did not include all relevant data from the most recent trials and did not conduct a meta-analysis. A recent meta-analysis compared the effects of music therapy and music medicine for reducing depression in people with cancer with seven RCTs; the authors found a moderately strong, positive impact of music intervention on depression , but found no difference between music therapy and music medicine.

【Aalbers, S., et al. (2017). "Music therapy for depression." Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11: {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CD004517","term_id":"30321255"}} CD004517 .】

【Leubner, D. and T. Hinterberger (2017). "Reviewing the Effectiveness of Music Interventions in Treating Depression." Front Psychol 8: 1109.】

【Bradt, J., et al. (2016). "Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in cancer patients." Cochrane Database Syst Rev(8): {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CD006911","term_id":"30323649"}} CD006911 .】

To date, many new trials focued on music therapy and depression in differnt poupulation (such as people with cancer, people with dementia, people with chronic disease, and so on ) have been performed, but they have not yet been systematically reviewed.

Response: Those comments are all valuable and very helpful for revising and improving our paper, as well as the important guiding significance to our researches. We have studied comments carefully and have made revision according to the comments.

Response: We are sorry for making this mistake. In the Methord section, we defined exclusive criteria as studies with a very small sample size (n<20),while in table 4 we performed the sensitivity analyses by excluding the papers with smale sample size ( 20< n<30). We have amended the table 4.

Response: We have added these findings with a forest plot (figure 6) according to the comment.

 1. Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's style requirements, including those for file naming. The PLOS ONE style templates can be found at

Response: We have amended our manuscript according to PLOS ONE's style requirements

Please include your tables as part of your main manuscript and remove the individual files. Please note that supplementary tables (should remain/ be uploaded) as separate "supporting information" files.

Response: We have adjusted these content according to the comment.

 3. Thank you for stating the following in the Acknowledgments Section of your manuscript:

Response: We would like to update our funding statement as follows: The funders had a role in study design, text editing, interpretation of results, decision to publish and preparation of the manuscript.

4.LOS requires an ORCID iD for the corresponding author in Editorial Manager on papers submitted after December 6th, 2016. Please ensure that you have an ORCID iD and that it is validated in Editorial Manager. To do this, go to ‘Update my Information’ (in the upper left-hand corner of the main menu), and click on the Fetch/Validate link next to the ORCID field. This will take you to the ORCID site and allow you to create a new iD or authenticate a pre-existing iD in Editorial Manager. Please see the following video for instructions on linking an ORCID iD to your Editorial Manager account: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_xcclfuvtxQ

Response: We have created a new ORCID iD accordingly to your instructions.

Response: we are sorry for making this mistake, we have amended our list of authors on the manuscript accordingly.

Response: We have checked the refer to Figure 5 and found that the refer to figure 5 was a mistake, and we have amended it.

7. Please include captions for your Supporting Information files at the end of your manuscript, and update any in-text citations to match accordingly. Please see our Supporting Information guidelines for more information:  http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/supporting-information .

 Response: we only have a Supporting Information files (PRISMA-2009-Checklist), and we have added the captions for this Supporting Information files accordingly. We also have updated in-text citations to match accordingly.

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Response: Thinks very much for your comment.

Response: Thinks very much for your comment. Our manuscript have been edited for proper English language, grammar, punctuation, spelling, and overall style by one qualified native English speaking editors.

Response: This suggestion is valuable and we have tried to judge if the countries in our inluded papers have an established music therapy profession by checking the author's work address, literature review, visiting the important website about music therapy, and consulting to some famous music therapist via emails. The following table showed that four countries may be not have a music therapy profession. We have added the comparison of the country having music therapy profession and not.

https://erikdalton.com/find-a-certified-therapist/

https://www.musictherapy.org/about/listserv/

Table 1. The information on the music therapy profession in the inluded papers

Country Country having music therapy profession

Korea Korean Music Therapy Association

South Korea Korean Music Therapy Association

UK British Association for Music Therapy

Australia Australian Music Therapy Association

Canada Canadian Association of Music Therapists

China Chinese Professional Music Therapist Association

Taiwan China Chinese Professional Music Therapist Association

Denmark Dansk forbund for musikterapie

Finland Finnish Society for Music Therapy

Hong Kong China Hong Kong Music Therapy and Counseling Association

Serbia Music Therapists of Serbia organize workshops

Switzerland Swiss Association of Music Therapy

USA The American Music Therapy Association

Singapore The Association for Music Therapy (Singapore)

Brazil Uniao Braileira Das Associacoes De Musicoterapia

Germany YES

Northern Ireland YES

Spanish YES

Venezuela No

2.please fix the "short title" (oxygen)

Response: We’re sorry for making this mistake, and we have corrected this mistake.

Music therapy with fewer minutes might yield superior effects. This may be misleading. Is there a minimum number of minutes? How many minutes might be optimal for therapeutic outcome? I believe it does make sense that longer sessions may result in less impact - quantity/duration does not always result in enhanced outcome.

Response: In 33 included trials, intervention time each session was different, the mimimum time was 15 minutes in only one study (Burrai et al., 2019b), followed by 20 minuters in four studies (Chirico et al., 2020; Guétin et al., 2009; Hanser et al., 1994; Sigurdardóttir et al., 2019). In our subgroup analysis by time per session (minutes), we divided time per session into three groups, namely 15-40, 41-60, >60, and this presentation might be unclear.

In order to respond this comment, we have re-divided the time per session into four groups, namely 15-40, 41-60, 61-120, to explore the optimal minuter per session for therapeutic outcome.

I believe a stronger case needs to be made for the study. There are existing meta-analyses of MT for depression (Aalbers et al., 2017 Cochrane Review). What makes the current study unique and different? What are the gaps in the literature that warrant this study? Have there been a lot of recent additions to the literature that warrant a new meta-analysis?

Response: Some prior reviews have evaluated the effects of music therapy for reducing depression. Aalbers and colleagues (Aalbers et al., 2017）included nine studies in their review; they concluded that music therapy provides short-term benefificial effects for people with depression, and suggested that high-quality trials with large sample size were needed. However, this review was limited to studies of individuals with a diagnosis of depression, and did not differentiate music therapy from music medicine.

Another paper reviewed the effectiveness of music interventions in treating depression. The authors (Leubner D., 2017) included 26 studies and found a signifiant reduction in depression in the music intervention group compared with the controp group. The authors made a clear distincition on the definition of music therapy and music medicine; however, they did not include all relevant data from the most recent trials and did not conduct a meta-analysis. A recent meta-analysis (Bradt et al., 2016) compared the effects of music therapy and music medicine for reducing depression with seven RCTs; the authors found a moderately strong, positive impact of music intervention on depression , but found no difference between music therapy and music medicine. However, this review was limited to studies of individuals with a diagnosis of cancer.

Figure 1 presents the number of published paper ( search from Pubmed) focued on music therapy and depression from 1983 to 2020, the published paper was in the rapidly growing stage during the past five years. While, the above mentioned reviews all included papers published before 2017. To date, many new trials focued on music therapy and depression in differnt poupulation (such as people with cancer, people with dementia, people with chronic disease, and so on ) have been performed, but they have not yet been systematically reviewed.

While, no meta-analysis compared the the difference of music therapy on depression in differnt poupulation (such as people with depression, people with dementia, people with chronic disease, health people, and so on ) have been performed.

Figure 1 The pubished papers from 1983 to 2020 focused on music therapy and depression (searched from Pubmed)

In our persent meta-analysis, we aimed to (1) compare the effect between music therapy and music medicine on depression; (2) compare the effect between different specific methods used inmusic therapy on depression; (3) compare the effect of music-based interventions on depression among different population.

We have added the above content to Intruduction and Dissussion sections.

5.A stronger discussion of the limitation of this study. Many studies did not evaluate a group with major depression/major depressive disorder (music therapy for chronic pain is important, but the variance of the populations under study does constitute a limitation). So, this study is not exclusive to adults with a major mental health condition. Might effects be different for people who are depressed versus people who are not depressed?

Response: This is a very important comment. According to this comment, we have made some revision.

Firstly, we have added a sensitivity analysis by excluding the studes focused on the people with a major mental health condition.

Secondly, we have re-grouped the populations into three groups, namely mental health, severe mental disease /psychiatric disorder, and depression and we have added the subgroup analysis (table 2 in revised manuscript)..

Thirdly, we have added the analysis of the difference between people who are depressed versus people who are not depressed accordingly (table 2 in revised manuscript).

6.Instead of "blinding/blinded" please use "masking/masked."

Response: We have replaced "blinding/blinded" with "masking/masked" according to this comment.

Response: In active methods (improvisational, re-creative, compositional), participants are ‘making music’ , and in receptive music therapy (music-assisted relaxation, music and imagery, guided imagery and music, lyrics analysis ), participants are ‘receiving’ (e.g. listening to) music (Bruscia 2014; Wheeler 2015).

We have amended the difinition and added the citation to the Result section according to this commment.

[Bruscia KE. Defining Music Therapy. 3rd Edition.University Park, Illinois, USA: Barcelona Publishers, 2014.]

[Wheeler BL. Music Therapy Handbook. New York, New York, USA: Guilford Publications, 2015.]

Response: Of the 55 studies, 38 used group therapy, 17 used individual therapy, and 2 not reported. We have added the comparison of group therapy versus individual therapy according to this comment (table 2 in revised manuscript).

Response: Of 55 studies, a total of 25 studies were conducted in impatient setting,28 studies were in outpatients setting setting, and 2 studies not repoted the setting. We have added the subgroup analysis by inpatient settings (secure [locked] unit at a mental health facility versus outpatient settings) according to this comment (table 2 in revised manuscript).

Response: We have added the subgroup analysis by total sessions a participant has received according to this comment.

Response: We have added the SD in table 1

Response: Thanks very much for your important comments, these comments are all valuable and very helpful for revising and improving our paper, as well as the important guiding significance to our researches.

Response: (1) We have amendded the difinition of music therapy. According to the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA), “music therapy is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program”.. [American Music Therapy Association (2020). Definition and Quotes about Music Therapy. Available online at: https://www.musictherapy.org/about/quotes/ (Accessed Sep 13, 2020).]

(2)We are very sorry for missing several research studies in our present meta-analysis. According to this comment, we have performed more extensive electronic search using the following terms: depression or mood disorders or affective disorders and music. We also performed manual search for the reference of all relevent reviews. In order to ensure the study quality of included papers, we excluded the studies with a very small sample size (n<20), we also excluded the non-english papers due to our language barrier. We included 23 new papers and deleted 1 old paper, in the last a total of 55 paper were included in our present analysis. The following are the new included papers and some excluded papers:

New-included papers

1)Albornoz Y. The effects of group improvisational music therapy on depression in adolescents and adults with substance abuse: a randomised controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy 2011;20(3):208–24.

2)Hendricks CB, Robinson B, Bradley B, Davis K. Using music techniques to treat adolescent depression. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development 1999; 38:39–46. （unavaliable）

3)Hendricks CB. A study of the use of music therapy techniques in a group for the treatment of adolescent depression. Dissertation Abstracts International 2001;62(2-A):472.

4)Radulovic R. The using of music therapy in treatment of depressive disorders. Summary of Master Thesis. Belgrade: Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade, 1996.

5)Zerhusen JD, Boyle K, Wilson W. Out of the darkness: group cognitive therapy for depressed elderly. Journal of Military Nursing Research 1995;1:28–32. PUBMED: 1941727]

6)Chen SC, Yeh ML, Chang HJ, Lin MF. Music, heart rate variability, and symptom clusters: a comparative study. Support Care Cancer. 2020;28(1):351-360. doi:10.1007/s00520-019-04817-x

7)Chang, M. Y., Chen, C. H., and Huang, K. F. (2008). Effects of music therapy on psychological health of women during pregnancy. J. Clin. Nurs. 17, 2580–2587. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02064.x

8)Chen XJ, Hannibal N, Gold C. Randomized Trial of Group Music Therapy With Chinese Prisoners: Impact on Anxiety, Depression, and Self-Esteem. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2016;60(9):1064-1081. doi:10.1177/0306624X15572795

9)Esfandiari, N., and Mansouri, S. (2014). The effect of listening to light and heavy music on reducing the symptoms of depression among female students. Arts Psychother. 41, 211–213. doi: 0.1016/j.aip.2014.02.001

10)Fancourt, D., Perkins, R., Ascenso, S., Carvalho, L. A., Steptoe, A., and Williamon, A. (2016). Effects of group drumming interventions on anxiety, depression, social resilience and inflammatory immune response among mental health service users. PLoS ONE 11:e0151136. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151136

11)Giovagnoli AR, Manfredi V, Parente A, Schifano L, Oliveri S, Avanzini G. Cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease: a controlled randomized study. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(8):1485-1493. doi:10.1007/s10072-017-3003-9

12)Harmat, L., Takács, J., and Bodizs, R. (2008). Music improves sleep quality in students. J. Adv. Nurs. 62, 327–335. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04602.x

13)Liao J, Wu Y, Zhao Y, et al. Progressive Muscle Relaxation Combined with Chinese Medicine Five-Element Music on Depression for Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Chin J Integr Med. 2018;24(5):343-347. doi:10.1007/s11655-017-2956-0

14)Lu, S. F., Lo, C. H. K., Sung, H. C., Hsieh, T. C., Yu, S. C., and Chang, S. C. (2013). Effects of group music intervention on psychiatric symptoms and depression in patient with schizophrenia. Complement. Ther. Med. 21, 682–688. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.09.002

15)Mahendran R, Gandhi M, Moorakonda RB, et al. Art therapy is associated with sustained improvement in cognitive function in the elderly with mild neurocognitive disorder: findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial for art therapy and music reminiscence activity versus usual care. Trials. 2018;19(1):615. Published 2018 Nov 9. doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2988-6

16)Nwebube C, Glover V, Stewart L. Prenatal listening to songs composed for pregnancy and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):256. Published 2017 May 8. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1759-3

17)Porter S, McConnell T, McLaughlin K, et al. Music therapy for children and adolescents with behavioural and emotional problems: a randomised controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58(5):586-594. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12656

18)Raglio A, Giovanazzi E, Pain D, et al. Active music therapy approach in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomized-controlled trial. Int J Rehabil Res. 2016;39(4):365-367. doi:10.1097/MRR.0000000000000187

19)Torres E, Pedersen IN, Pérez-Fernández JI. Randomized Trial of a Group Music and Imagery Method (GrpMI) for Women with Fibromyalgia. J Music Ther. 2018;55(2):186-220. doi:10.1093/jmt/thy005

20)Verrusio, W., Andreozzi, P., Marigliano, B., Renzi, A., Gianturco, V., Pecci, M. T., et al. (2014). Exercise training and music therapy in elderly with depressive syndrome: a pilot study. Complement. Ther. Med. 22, 614–620. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2014.05.012

21)Wang, J. , Wang, H. and Zhang, D. (2011) Impact of group music therapy on the depression mood of college students. Health, 3, 151-155

22)Yap AF, Kwan YH, Tan CS, Ibrahim S, Ang SB. Rhythm-centred music making in community living elderly: a randomized pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017 Jun 14;17(1):311. doi: 10.1186/s12906-017-1825-x. PMID: 28615007; PMCID: PMC5470187.

23)Koelsch, S., Offermanns, K., and Franzke, P. (2010). Music in the treatment of affective disorders: an exploratory investigation of a new method for music-therapeutic research. Music Percept. Interdisc. J. 27, 307–316. doi: 10.1525/mp.2010.27.4.307

Excluded papers：

24)Bally, K., Campbell, D., Chesnick, K., and Tranmer, J. E. (2003). Effects of patient controlled music therapy during coronary angiography on procedural pain and anxiety distress syndrome. Crit. Care Nurse 23, 50–58. （not provide useable data）

25)Atiwannapat P, Thaipisuttikul P, Poopityastaporn P, Katekaew W. Active versus receptive group music therapy for major depressive disorder - a pilot study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2016;26:141–5. (sample size<20)

26)Garrido S, Stevens CJ, Chang E, Dunne L, Perz J. Music and Dementia: Individual Differences in Response to Personalized Playlists. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;64(3):933-941. doi:10.3233/JAD-180084 （not randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials）

27)Sánchez A, Maseda A, Marante-Moar MP, de Labra C, Lorenzo-López L, Millán-Calenti JC. Comparing the Effects of Multisensory Stimulation and Individualized Music Sessions on Elderly People with Severe Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;52(1):303-315. doi:10.3233/JAD-151150 （the control group also received music intervention）

28)Mondanaro JF, Homel P, Lonner B, Shepp J, Lichtensztein M, Loewy JV. Music Therapy Increases Comfort and Reduces Pain in Patients Recovering From Spine Surgery. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2017;46(1):E13-E22. (No full text available)

29)Castillo-Pérez, S., Gómez-Pérez, V., Velasco, M. C., Pérez-Campos, E., and Mayoral, M. A. (2010). Effects of music therapy on depression compared with psychotherapy. Arts Psychother. 37, 387–390. doi: 0.1016/j.aip.2010.07.001 （not provide useable data)

30)Alcântara-Silva TR, de Freitas-Junior R, Freitas NMA, et al. Music Therapy Reduces Radiotherapy-Induced Fatigue in Patients With Breast or Gynecological Cancer: A Randomized Trial. Integr Cancer Ther. 2018;17(3):628-635. doi:10.1177/1534735418757349（not provide useable data)

31)Cheung CWC, Yee AWW, Chan PS, et al. The impact of music therapy on pain and stress reduction during oocyte retrieval - a randomized controlled trial. Reprod Biomed Online. 2018;37(2):145-152. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.04.049（not provide useable data)

32)Pezzin LE, Larson ER, Lorber W, McGinley EL, Dillingham TR. Music-instruction intervention for treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized pilot study. BMC Psychol. 2018;6(1):60. Published 2018 Dec 19. doi:10.1186/s40359-018-0274-8 (the control group also received music intervention)

33)Silverman, M. J. (2011). Effects of music therapy on change and depression on clients in detoxification. J. Addict. Nurs. 22, 185–192. doi: 10.3109/10884602.2011.616606 （the control group also received music intervention）

34)Särkämö T, Laitinen S, Numminen A, Kurki M, Johnson JK, Rantanen P. Clinical and Demographic Factors Associated with the Cognitive and Emotional Efficacy of Regular Musical Activities in Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;49(3):767-81. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150453. PMID: 26519435.

35)Tuinmann G, Preissler P, Böhmer H, Suling A, Bokemeyer C. The effects of music therapy in patients with high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell support: a randomized pilot study. Psychooncology. 2017 Mar;26(3):377-384. doi: 10.1002/pon.4142. Epub 2016 May 5. PMID: 27146798.（not provide useable data)

36)Hsu, W. C., and Lai, H. L. (2004). Effects of music on major depression in psychiatric inpatients. Arch. Psychiat. Nurs. 18, 193–199. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2004.07.007（not provide useable data)

（3）We have added some new analyses of our data. 1) including three new papers and re-analying of our data, 2) adding the comparison of music therapy and music medicine (figure 3 in revised manuscript) , 3) adding some subgroup analyses by country having music therapy profession, intervention settings, therapy mode, specific music therapy methord, intervenor /therapist, and total intervention session (table 2 in revised manuscript) .

Response: We are sorry for making this mistake. In the Methord section, we defined exclusive criteria as studies with a very small sample size (n<20),while in table4 we performed the sensitivity analyses by excluding the papers with smale sample size ( 20< n<30). We have amended the table 4.

Response: We have added these findings with a forest plot (figure 6 in revised manuscript) according to the comment.

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What is music therapy? Approaches and benefits

Dealing with strong emotions is not a simple task, and therapy often helps people tackle complex issues and emotional concerns. When a client can’t find the words to describe what they are feeling, music therapy becomes an especially powerful mode of therapy.  

What is music therapy?

Music therapy is a therapeutic approach that uses a wide range of music experiences to meet the specific goals of clients with varying needs. Whether used in clinical settings, educational institutions, or community programs, music therapy offers a versatile and effective tool for promoting health and enhancing quality of life.   The American Music Therapy Association , a non-profit organization with the mission of advancing awareness of the benefits of music therapy and increasing access to music therapy services, describes music therapy as a service in which " music is used within a therapeutic relationship to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs of individuals." Qualified music therapists create intervention plans for clients that can include creating, singing, moving to, or listening to music to improve mental and physical health outcomes.

Exploring the four approaches to music therapy

There are four main approaches to music therapy: receptive, re-creational, compositional, and improvisational. Each method focuses on a different way the client can get involved. Don’t be fooled, these four categories don’t account for all the possible techniques and modalities used in music therapy – but we will get to that later!  

Receptive music therapy generally describes the therapist playing music for a client to listen to, or “receive.” This might involve the client responding through words, their own compositions, or dance. This type of music therapy may also be used to lift the spirits of patients in hospitals, for example.  

In a re-creational approach, the client will recreate the music played by the therapist. The client can sing the lyrics or recreate the instrumentals of a song, whatever best meets their needs.  

The compositional approach is similar to how it sounds. The therapist and client work together to compose a piece of music. This composition can be on an instrument, multiple instruments, vocally, etc. This approach helps get clients involved in expressing their emotions through music.  

Lastly, the improvisational approach involves spontaneous song creation. The music therapist interprets their client’s mood based on the sounds and lyrics of their compositions. This method asks the client to make choices, which makes it ideal for a client who struggles with confidence or self-expression.  

How music therapists select an approach

Every music therapist will mix these methods or use other therapeutic tools as they see fit, so it would be difficult to answer questions like “What is the most common method?” This is one of the biggest benefits of music therapy: the therapist can assess their client’s needs, develop a strategy, and implement unique therapeutic methods customized to the client. 

As with music itself, rigidity won’t always work in music therapy. Music therapy allows the shifts and changes of music to help get people through the ups and downs of life.

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An Introduction to Music Therapy Research

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Bryan C Hunter, An Introduction to Music Therapy Research, Journal of Music Therapy , Volume 57, Issue 1, Spring 2020, Pages 123–125, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/thz016

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From its outset as a profession, music therapists have embraced the importance of research in the development of theory and clinical practice. The first and only committee formed by the nascent National Association for Music Therapy in June 1950 was a research committee chaired by the Rev. Arthur Flagler Fultz ( Boxberger, 1963 ). His namesake is borne by the current American Music Therapy Association Fultz research grant award.

Given the foundational interest in research, it is somewhat surprising that it took the profession 45 years to publish its own research text for music therapy researchers and educators teaching research, who had been relying on research books from related disciplines. In 1995, editor Barbara Wheeler and publisher Kenneth Bruscia filled the longstanding vacuum with Music Therapy Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Perspectives ( Wheeler, 1995 ). In 2005, Wheeler revised the work as Music Therapy Research (2nd ed.; Wheeler, 2005 ). She was joined by associate editor Kathleen Murphy in the most recent 2016 revision Music Therapy Research (3rd ed.; see review by Rickson, 2017 ).

An Introduction to Music Therapy Research (3rd ed.; Wheeler & Murphy, 2016 ) is a substantively abridged version of Music Therapy Research (3rd ed.; MTR3), 253 pages versus 758 pages. Seventeen chapters, along with the glossary (a most helpful addition), were taken directly from MTR3. The chapters were well chosen for this version. Introductory topics include overview and history of music therapy research, developing a research topic and related literature review, ethical thinking and multicultural considerations, and theoretical foundations of objectivist and interpretivist research. Methodological topics include principles of objectivist and interpretivist research, measurement and statistics, data collection, potential problems, evaluation of objectivist and interpretivist research, and disseminating objectivist and interpretivist research.

Three chapters by Bruscia provide overviews of objectivist and interpretivist research designs and other types of research. The content in these three chapters is summarized from numerous chapters in MTR3.

The preface of the book clearly states that it is intended for those beginning their study of music therapy research. I have found that to be an accurate portrayal, having used the text twice in a senior undergraduate introduction to music therapy course (2 semester credits). The students found it accessible and meaningful regarding both theoretical knowledge and practical application. Also, given that the content is derived from MTR3, I found myself in agreement with Rickson’s (2017) review.

In sum, An Introduction to Music Therapy Research (3rd ed.; Wheeler & Murphy, 2016 ) takes it rightful place along with the three other texts shepherded by Wheeler. These volumes are of great importance in the history of music therapy research. I remember the days of teaching music therapy research without these resources—I’m glad they are over!

Boxberger , R . ( 1963 ). A historical study of the National Association for Music Therapy (doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses . (Order No. 6406814).

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Rickson , D . ( 2017 ). Review of the book Music therapy research (3rd ed.) by B. Wheeler & K. Murphy . Journal of Music Therapy , 54 ( 2 ), 251 – 254 .

Wheeler , B. L. (Ed.). ( 1995 ). Music therapy research: Quantitative and qualitative perspectives . Gilsum, NH : Barcelona .

Wheeler , B. L. (Ed.). ( 2005 ). Music therapy research (2nd ed.). Gilsum, NH : Barcelona .

Wheeler , B. L. , & Murphy , K. M. (Eds.). ( 2016 ). Music therapy research (3rd ed.). Dallas, TX : Barcelona .

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Essays on Music Therapy

I am the director of the Wollongong Mental Health Association, an organization which deals with improving and maintaining the psychological health of the members of the community. I am writing to inform you that we are commissioning a research on the impacts of music on the psychological health of students...

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Surprisingly, in a society where many factors are breaking us apart – from crime to opioid trafficking – music seems to be putting us together regardless of race, political views, ethnicity, faith, sexuality, or any other association. Furthermore, regardless of the words used to write the tune, listening to music...

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The short story "Sonny's Blues" by James Baldwin The short story "Sonny's Blues" by James Baldwin is a literary analysis of racism in the African American community. The work shows the gradual shedding of prejudice and its themes of music and religion. However, there are a few points that need to...

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How to Write a Music Essay? Music Analysis Essay Sample, Music Essay Topics

So, you’ve been assigned to write an essay about music. It might seem a bit confusing at a glance. After all, musicians are more used to dealing with notes, not words. But in actuality, music is a very rich topic that can be approached from a great multitude of various perspectives.

Every person has some degree of passion for music. And as such, every person can muster at least some inspiration to address this sort of assignment.

What Is a Music Essay

There is little sense in googling “What is music essay” or similar prompts. At its core, a musical essay has very little difference from your plain old essay writing assignment. It follows the same principles and structure. And you still have to make an adjustment for the essay type.

Any essay writing music enthusiast can come up with a dozen interesting topics off the top of their head. It can be about the abstract and the feeling certain melodies or instruments provoke within you. Or it can be as dry and technical as possible, discussing the intricacies of musical theory.

Music Essay Outline

A 5 paragraph essay setup is the golden standard of essay writing. In case you are not familiar with the basic essay writing music structure, let’s go over it again. Here’s how it looks:

• Body paragraphs (3-5)
• Counterpoint paragraph

You always start with a general introduction to the subject of your essay and an explanation of why you've chosen this particular topic. You don't usually go into details here, but it depends on your target audience. You follow it up with a thesis - a factual statement that serves as a foundation for the rest of the essay.

Body paragraphs contain your arguments. It’s usually one paragraph per argument. You can then dedicate a separate paragraph to an overview of possible counterpoints. Finally, you make a short summary in conclusion, reiterating your points and stressing your thesis once again.

Types and Formats

There are many different types and formats of a music essay. And it’s not just the genre that makes the difference. Apart from basic types like an explanatory essay and argumentative essay that you are familiar with - there are many variations. We will go over some of the most common and interesting types of music essays. We will also provide some music analysis examples for you to draw inspiration from.

Music Therapy Essay

A music therapy essay deserves its own spot on the list of types and formats. It's a very interesting type of music essay that overlaps with clinical psychology and its applications. Music therapy and its effects on people have been studied for a long time. Yet as music changes, students get an opportunity to explore different effects of it on the human psyche. 

Concert Report

A concert report is a pretty straightforward choice if you are a fan of these sorts of events. But even if you are not  - visiting one out of interest is an experience in and of itself. There’s nothing like being in the middle of a crowd united in their passion for music.

You may like the band, and you may dislike the noise. Whatever your personal feelings may be, they are guaranteed to be strong enough for you to be able to easily work the essay writing music. And this, in turn, will help you structure your thoughts showcasing all the benefits of music essay writing.

Song Analysis

Song analysis is probably the best choice for an essay on music, especially if you have never done essay writing music analysis before. You have definitely done something like this in your head before - listening to the song, thinking about what it makes you feel, analyzing the melody, the drums, the lyrics. A song analysis essay is pretty much the same thing. When dealing with the lyrics alone, you might find that a poem analysis has the same flow. Just this time, you’ll have to put it in writing.

Pick a familiar song, put it on, and start working. You’ll notice that thoughts form themselves, and the process is almost seamless. Below you will find the first of our music essay examples.

Song Analysis Sample

Performance or media comparison.

When you write an essay on music and don’t want to focus on one composition (or a single version of a composition) - you can opt for performance or media comparison. It will allow you to work with several sources at the same time. For example, you could compare two covers of a single song.

If you are making a comparison for the first time, it might be a good idea to pick tracks that are very much different from each other. A rock and a lofi version of the same composition is a great place to start.

Historical Analysis of a Piece

For this type of essay on music, you’ll have to be a bit of a history buff. Some people prefer to enjoy the sound itself without getting too much into who performs the composition. On the other hand, hardcore music fans frequently dive deep into the personal life of their favorite singers and musicians. And it doesn’t really matter whether you prefer rock songs or classical music.

If you are one of the latter, you’ll have no trouble writing a historical analysis essay on one of your favorite tracks. And even if you're not - you might find yourself uncovering some interesting facts about your playlist that add to its charm. That’s another one out of the long list of benefits of music essay writing.

How to Write a Music Analysis Essay?

When you are writing a music analysis essay, your best bet is to take your source material and break it down into separate components. It’s much easier to do when you are familiar with how music theory works. But even if you don’t - it’s not that hard to do. Try to look for aspects you understand well.

For example, you could break it up by instruments. Vocals, strings, keys, drums, etc. Each part of a band contributes to the overall sound of the composition in its own unique way. And if you dissect the song, you might find that even when analyzed separately from each other, each instrument creates its own melody.

To put things bluntly, writing an informative essay is pretty time-consuming. Dedicate enough time for essay writing. Ideally, you want to be able to take your time, allow yourself some breaks, have a buffer for proofreading and editing, and then still have a safety gap before the due date. You shouldn’t be in a rush when you are writing an essay on music (or any essay for that matter). Otherwise, you will find the quality of your writing deteriorating rapidly. Below you’ll find another one of our music essay examples. It’s an example of a music review essay.

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Tips on Writing a Music Essay

Here are some tips on how to write a decent music essay. Before you even get to your music essay introduction - have another go at your subject. Listen to the song you’re going to write about. Read about the history of a band member. It doesn’t matter how well you know the subject of your writing. Refreshing the memories in your mind will put you in the right creative mood.

When looking through music essay titles, don’t think too much about which one to pick. Just choose the one that speaks to you and go with it. Time is money, and you don’t want to waste it on such a basic thing.

Once you figure things out with your music essay titles, find a music analysis essay example to reference in terms of structure and writing style.

Try not to get carried away too much. Music is a topic that inspires creativity. But you should always keep the essay structure in mind. It’s very easy to go overboard in your body paragraphs. Stick to your plan, keep it short. If you can’t fit all your thoughts into one paragraph - make it two or spend some time editing the unnecessary stuff out.

How to Choose Music Essay Topic

Normally, in an academic setting, whenever you write an essay on music history or theory, your professor will provide you with a topic. However, there are instances where you’ll be allowed free reign. This is your opportunity to show your creativity and passion for music.

Your best bet is to pick either a topic that you are knowledgeable about or one you are interested in learning more about. It can be the history of your favorite band or the musical analysis of an unusual composition you’ve heard recently. Choosing a complicated topic is probably not a good idea unless you are sure you can take it. It might sound interesting, but if it’s too much hassle - you’ll get bored pretty quickly.

Music Essay Topics: List

If you can’t muster enough inspiration to come up with a decent topic (something like “what is music essay” is probably not the best choice) - don’t worry. Here is a list of 30 cool music essay topics you can pull from essay service review or get inspired by:

30 Best Music Essay Topics

• What Influence Has Music Had on the World's Biggest Cultural Events?
• The History of Music Production
• Evolution of Music in Different Countries
• How Different Music Genres Connect
• The Difference Between Contemporary Culture and Popular Music
• How Music in Your Own Country Connect with Music in Other Countries
• How Social Class Is Connected to Music Genre
• How Has Culture Contributed to Music Production?
• The Importance of Music Theory as Far as Music Production Is Concerned
• How Is Poetry Related to Music?
• The Role of Music in Impacting the Society
• The Role of Classical Music in The Current Music Production Industry
• What Music Does to The Human Brain
• The Role of Women in Music Production
• The Hardships That Minority Groups Face in Today’s Music Industry
• The Trend of Culture That Is Propagated by Music Over the Years
• Challenges That Advancements Have Brought to The Music Industry
• How Music Creation Affects Peoples’ Way of Thinking
• Cultural Characteristics That Are Prevalent in Modern Music
• The Connection Between Modern Music and Music in The Past Time Periods.
• The Role of Music in Creating Political Propagandas
• What Is High Culture and Low Culture According to Current Music?
• The Impact of Modern Music on The Society
• The Connections Between Music and Other Media Types
• The Origin of Different Musical Instruments
• Important Processes in The Current Music Production Industry
• Why Should a Musical Artist Find Someone Else to Write Music for Them?
• Vital Components of Skilled Musicians in Music Production
• The Differences Between Music and Poetry in The Way They Influence Society
• Is It Important for One to Read Music in Order to Succeed?

Music Style Essay Topics

• Does metal music lead to violent behavior?
• How can playing a musical instrument help a person's mental state?
• The protest music of Northern Ireland
• How has rock music changed since the 70s?
• Exploring the culture of punk rock in the United Kingdom.
• The tones and scales of Middle Eastern music
• Why is “praise and worship” a separate genre of music?
• The most popular misconceptions about country music in the United States
• The songs of war and protest in the United States
• The stress relief through the lens of extreme styles of metal music

Music Argumentative Essay Topics

• How has rap music affected modern social movements?
• The role of music education in the United States
• How can cultural conflicts be settled down with the help of music?
• The role of musical collaborations during pandemic times
• John Lennon: from children of the flowers to strong political statements.
• Military matters: the presence of music in the military
• Popular music and its effect on the distorted body image model
• Copyright issues and protection of intellectual property
• The use of music education in elementary school curriculums
• Should music created by the computer be considered art?
• The use of music in political campaigns
• Can a person's character be identified by their musical tastes?
• Does playing a musical instrument lead to better writing skills?

Music Essay Sample

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Taylor Swift’s ‘Poets’ Arrives With a Promotional Blitz (and a Second LP)

The pop superstar’s latest album was preceded by a satellite radio channel, a word game, a return to TikTok and an actual library. For her fans, more is always welcome.

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By Ben Sisario

Taylor Swift was already the most ubiquitous pop star in the galaxy, her presence dominating the music charts, the concert calendar, the Super Bowl, the Grammys.

Then it came time for her to promote a new album.

In the days leading up to the release of “The Tortured Poets Department” on Friday, Swift became all but inescapable, online and seemingly everywhere else. Her lyrics were the basis for an Apple Music word game . A Spotify-sponsored, Swift-branded “ library installation ,” in muted pink and gray, popped up in a shopping complex in Los Angeles. In Chicago, a QR code painted on a brick wall directed fans to another Easter egg on YouTube. Videos on Swift’s social media accounts, showing antique typewriters and globes with pins, were dissected for clues about her music. SiriusXM added a Swift radio station; of course it’s called Channel 13 (Taylor’s Version).

About the only thing Swift didn’t do was an interview with a journalist.

At this stage in Swift’s career, an album release is more than just a moment to sell music; it’s all but a given that “The Tortured Poets Department” will open with gigantic sales numbers, many of them for “ghost white,” “phantom clear” and other collector-ready vinyl variants . More than that, the album’s arrival is a test of the celebrity-industrial complex overall, with tech platforms and media outlets racing to capture whatever piece of the fan frenzy they can get.

Threads, the newish social media platform from Meta, primed Swifties for their idol’s arrival there, and offered fans who shared Swift’s first Threads post a custom badge. Swift stunned the music industry last week by breaking ranks with her record label, Universal, and returning her music to TikTok, which Universal and other industry groups have said pays far too little in royalties. Overnight, TikTok unveiled “The Ultimate Taylor Swift In-App Experience,” offering fans digital goodies like a “Tortured Poets-inspired animation” on their feed.

Before the album’s release on Friday, Swift revealed that a music video — for “Fortnight,” the first single, featuring Post Malone — would arrive on Friday at 8 p.m. Eastern time. At 2 a.m., she had another surprise: 15 more songs. “I’d written so much tortured poetry in the past 2 years and wanted to share it all with you,” she wrote in a social media post , bringing “The Anthology” edition of the album to 31 tracks.

“The Tortured Poets Department,” which Swift, 34, announced in a Grammy acceptance speech in February — she had the Instagram post ready to go — lands as Swift’s profile continues to rise to ever-higher levels of cultural saturation.

Her Eras Tour , begun last year, has been a global phenomenon, crashing Ticketmaster and lifting local economies ; by some estimates, it might bring in as much as $2 billion in ticket sales — by far a new record — before it ends later this year. Swift’s romance with the Kansas City Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce has been breathlessly tracked from its first flirtations last summer to their smooch on the Super Bowl field in February. The mere thought that Swift might endorse a presidential candidate this year sent conspiracy-minded politicos reeling .

“The Tortured Poets Department” — don’t even ask about the missing apostrophe — arrived accompanied by a poem written by Stevie Nicks that begins, “He was in love with her/Or at least she thought so.” That establishes what many fans correctly anticipated as the album’s theme of heartbreak and relationship rot, Swift’s signature topic. “I love you/It’s ruining my life,” she sings on “Fortnight.”

Fans were especially primed for the fifth track, “So Long, London,” given that (1) Swift has said she often sequences her most vulnerable and emotionally intense songs fifth on an LP, and (2) the title suggested it may be about Joe Alwyn, the English actor who was Swift’s boyfriend for about six years, reportedly until early 2023 . Indeed, “So Long” is an epic breakup tune, with lines like “You left me at the house by the heath” and “I’m pissed off you let me give you all that youth for free.” Tracks from the album leaked on Wednesday, and fans have also interpreted some songs as being about Matty Healy , the frontman of the band the 1975, whom Swift was briefly linked to last year.

The album’s title song starts with a classic Swift detail of a memento from a lost love: “You left your typewriter at my apartment/Straight from the tortured poets department.” It also name-drops Dylan Thomas, Patti Smith and, somewhat surprisingly given that company, Charlie Puth, the singer-songwriter who crooned the hook on Wiz Khalifa’s “See You Again,” a No. 1 hit in 2015. (Swift has praised Wiz Khalifa and that song in the past.)

Other big moments include “Florida!!!,” featuring Florence Welch of Florence + the Machine, in which Swift declares — after seven big percussive bangs — that the state “is one hell of a drug.” Jack Antonoff and Aaron Dessner, the producers and songwriters who have been Swift’s primary collaborators in recent years, both worked on “Tortured Poets,” bringing their signature mix of moody, pulsating electronic tracks and delicate acoustic moments, like a bare piano on “Loml” (as in “love of my life”).

As the ninth LP Swift has released in five years, “Tortured Poets” is the latest entry in a remarkable creative streak. That includes five new studio albums and four rerecordings of her old music — each of which sailed to No. 1. When Swift played SoFi Stadium near Los Angeles in August, she spoke from the stage about her recording spurt, saying that the forced break from touring during the Covid-19 pandemic had spurred her to connect with fans by releasing more music.

“And so I decided, in order to keep that connection going,” she said , “if I couldn’t play live shows with you, I was going to make and release as many albums as humanly possible.”

That was two albums ago.

Ben Sisario covers the music industry. He has been writing for The Times since 1998. More about Ben Sisario

Inside the World of Taylor Swift

A Triumph at the Grammys: Taylor Swift made history  by winning her fourth album of the year at the 2024 edition of the awards, an event that saw women take many of the top awards .

‘The T ortured Poets Department’: Poets reacted to Swift’s new album name , weighing in on the pertinent question: What do the tortured poets think ?  

In the Public Eye: The budding romance between Swift and the football player Travis Kelce created a monocultural vortex that reached its apex  at the Super Bowl in Las Vegas. Ahead of kickoff, we revisited some key moments in their relationship .

Politics (Taylor’s Version): After months of anticipation, Swift made her first foray into the 2024 election for Super Tuesday with a bipartisan message on Instagram . The singer, who some believe has enough influence  to affect the result of the election , has yet to endorse a presidential candidate.

Conspiracy Theories: In recent months, conspiracy theories about Swift and her relationship with Kelce have proliferated , largely driven by supporters of former President Donald Trump . The pop star's fans are shaking them off .