higher modern studies crime essays

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Analysing in essays

Watch this to get an insight into the power of effective analysis in Higher Modern Studies (and how to interpret a crime scene)

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There are dozens of TV shows devoted to Police Forensic investigations, and for good reason. When it comes down to it, the most serious crimes are often solved through the use of sophisticated analysis. Often, the police turn up at the scene, and evidence of the crime is clear to see.

There can be clues in the blood, there could be fingerprints, even a weapon, but precisely what happened isn't always immediately clear. Everything that the police need is usually in that room, but they need the forensics to analyse it so that it tells them everything they need to know.

Analysis is the key to solving complex crimes, and it’s also the key to your 20 mark essays and the 12 mark extended response question. Everything that you need for a full mark essay is contained in your points, explanations and examples, but to take full credit you need to analyse it and I’m going to tell you how to make sure that your analysis is up to the standard required, in Higher Modern Studies. So let's get forensic.

Often pupils will be taught to start their analysis with the phrase, “this shows.” The idea behind that is that it will force you to link the point and evidence that you have just given to the essay question, however, this doesn’t go far enough and it can often lead to people being quite brief or vague with their analysis. You can start with “this shows”, and directly address the question, but then add in one crucial word. That crucial word is “because” and this is how it works.

Take a question about health inequality such as the 2017 past paper question, poverty is the main cause of poor health, discuss. Your line of argument, throughout your essay, will probably be something like poverty is the main cause of poor health but people still make decisions that impact their own health, though often influenced by their poverty. Your analysis is always a good chance to get to the line of argument and make your answer very clear, so how would that look?

Let’s say that you have written a section all about smoking; how it is linked to poor health outcomes, the fact that poorer people smoke more often, and the devastating figures to back all of that up. You're at the end of your section and looking to tie it up with your analysis and to link to the question and your line of argument. You might be tempted to say this shows that individual people make the choice to smoke, but that it is linked to poverty so clearly poverty is the main underlying cause of ill health. But you should add to that by including the word “because” and then explaining your view on this.

Something like… “this shows that individual people make the choice to smoke, but that it is linked to poverty so clearly poverty is the main underlying cause of ill health because people living in poverty are up to four times more likely to smoke demonstrating that poverty and the choice to smoke are themselves linked. Expanding out your analysis so that it includes a fuller explanation of your line of argument is the best way to ensure that you are truly analysing and not just repeating a phrase or copying out the question title.

Can we make this next section a bit clearer? I understand where you’re going with it but maybe simplify it? Tell the audience exactly what they’re doing and why they’re doing it.

Ultimately the formula or guide here is that analysis looks something like, This shows line of argument because and then you will have to explain your line of argument, which is what analysis is really all about.

So remember, just like a forensic police officer arriving at a crime scene, you already have the evidence that you need, your job is to analyse that evidence so that it gives you the links that you need and ultimately the marks on offer.

Reference your line of argument by starting with “this shows”, and then explain your thinking by adding the word “because” for a fuller, more detailed answer.

Master the skill of analysing and your essay writing problems will be like a police investigation with lots of forensic evidence – case closed, FULL MARKS.

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29/12/23 UPDATE: Terrorism added in National 5 section; Advanced Higher content updated; revision strategy suggestions published.

Crime and the Law

Crime and the Law in the UK is 'Part D' in the final SQA exam Question Paper. In your answers, you refer to examples from Scotland and/or the United Kingdom. The topics studied are detailed in the Course Assessment Specification (CAS),  which is outlined below. Use the contents table below to click to relevant headings.

Course Assessment Specification (CAS)

Nature of crime.

nature and extent of crime in Scotland and/or the UK

evidence of crime in Scotland and/or the UK, such as official reports and academic research 

Causes of crime

social causes and explanations of crime

economic causes and explanations of crime

biological causes and explanations of crime 

Consequences of crime 

on perpetrators

on families

on communities

on wider society

Criminal justice system 

role and structure of the criminal courts (including the children’s hearing system)

powers of the criminal courts (including the children’s hearing system)

effectiveness of criminal courts in tackling crime 

Responses to crime 

Government responses 

government responses to crime

effectiveness of government responses

role, structure and powers of the police in Scotland 

effectiveness of the police in Scotland in tackling crime

purpose and effectiveness of prisons

purpose and effectiveness of alternatives to prisons

PowerPoint presentations

LAST UPDATED: 17th April 2023

To view a file, click the box and arrow symbol in the top-right corner of each tile. This should open the PowerPoint presentation in a new tab.

Nature and extent of crime

Social causes of crime

Economic causes of crime

Biological causes of crime

Impacts of crime on the victims

Impacts of crime on society

Impacts of crime on the criminal

The Scottish criminal justice system

Scottish Government responses to crime

Effectiveness of Police Scotland

Effectiveness of custodial responses

Non-custodial responses to crime

Please note, the content below was created prior to the 2019 exam diet. Therefore, some of the information will be out of date. I have kept the attachments below available though in case the information is of use, or the te mplates are helpful in creating more up-to-date resources .

Key revision information

The video to the right is called 'Key revision information'. It is intended to help you update your notes from class by mixing together updated PowerPoint slides, with a brief voice-over and news clips to help you gather examples for your Point-Explain-Example. Its structure is based on the Course Specification (CAS) shown at the top of this page. 

Read the transcript

The Scottish Crime and Survey Justice (SCJS) captures the views and experiences of people in Scotland in relation to crime and criminal justice. The 2019 results were published in March 2019, after interviews with 5,480 adults (over 16's). The video to the left is a summary of the results from the 2019 Survey.

Revision materials

Past papers.

The PDF document you will find here shows every relevant past paper question. 

A revision task, with activities, that is source-based. It looks at nature and extent of crime.

Knife crime

A source-based revision task that looks at knife crime in Scotland and responses to it.

Revision, by numbers

A quick revision activity that encourages you to find the correct answer, by number.

Prisons in Scotland

The PDF document to the left is a source-based activity that encourages you to learn more about prisons in Scotland, including their advantages and disadvantages. The sources are based on news articles, academic research and reports and can be used for standalone revision, though the questions that follow the sources might be helpful as a starting point.

Police in Scotland

The PDF document to the left is a source-based activity that encourages you to learn more about the Police in Scotland, including their powers. The sources are based on news articles, academic research and reports and can be used for standalone revision, though the questions that follow the sources might be helpful as a starting point.

CAS Point Revision Sources

The PDF document to the left is a source-based activity that encourages you to revise several points of the CAS, using. The sources are based on news articles, academic research and reports and can be used for standalone revision, though the questions that follow the sources might be helpful as a starting point.

Snappy Revision

This video covers the key course content for 'Crime and the Law in the UK' in less than two minutes. So, phone zombies beware: revision is something even you can do! Watch the video to the left. It's (yet) another way to revise that doesn't involve simply copying notes!

Helpful links

Crimestoppers website: https://goo.gl/kTgTV2  

Education Scotland – Crime and the Law resources: https://goo.gl/HbQ3ZG  

Police Scotland website: https://goo.gl/ztigwm  

Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research website:  https://goo.gl/2HuuaK  

Scottish Courts website: https://goo.gl/s3eeUp  

Scottish Government – Crime and the Law website: https://goo.gl/7nW3Wk  

Scottish Prison Service website: https://goo.gl/C293vW  

Victim Support Scotland: https://goo.gl/C4mbdy  

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