quotations in thesis statement

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How to write a thesis statement + examples

What is a thesis statement?

Is a thesis statement a question, how do you write a good thesis statement, how do i know if my thesis statement is good, examples of thesis statements, helpful resources on how to write a thesis statement, frequently asked questions about writing a thesis statement, related articles.

A thesis statement is the main argument of your paper or thesis.

The thesis statement is one of the most important elements of any piece of academic writing . It is a brief statement of your paper’s main argument. Essentially, you are stating what you will be writing about.

You can see your thesis statement as an answer to a question. While it also contains the question, it should really give an answer to the question with new information and not just restate or reiterate it.

Your thesis statement is part of your introduction. Learn more about how to write a good thesis introduction in our introduction guide .

A thesis statement is not a question. A statement must be arguable and provable through evidence and analysis. While your thesis might stem from a research question, it should be in the form of a statement.

Tip: A thesis statement is typically 1-2 sentences. For a longer project like a thesis, the statement may be several sentences or a paragraph.

A good thesis statement needs to do the following:

Condense the main idea of your thesis into one or two sentences.
Answer your project’s main research question.
Clearly state your position in relation to the topic .
Make an argument that requires support or evidence.

Once you have written down a thesis statement, check if it fulfills the following criteria:

Your statement needs to be provable by evidence. As an argument, a thesis statement needs to be debatable.
Your statement needs to be precise. Do not give away too much information in the thesis statement and do not load it with unnecessary information.
Your statement cannot say that one solution is simply right or simply wrong as a matter of fact. You should draw upon verified facts to persuade the reader of your solution, but you cannot just declare something as right or wrong.

As previously mentioned, your thesis statement should answer a question.

If the question is:

What do you think the City of New York should do to reduce traffic congestion?

A good thesis statement restates the question and answers it:

In this paper, I will argue that the City of New York should focus on providing exclusive lanes for public transport and adaptive traffic signals to reduce traffic congestion by the year 2035.

Here is another example. If the question is:

How can we end poverty?

A good thesis statement should give more than one solution to the problem in question:

In this paper, I will argue that introducing universal basic income can help reduce poverty and positively impact the way we work.

The Writing Center of the University of North Carolina has a list of questions to ask to see if your thesis is strong .

A thesis statement is part of the introduction of your paper. It is usually found in the first or second paragraph to let the reader know your research purpose from the beginning.

In general, a thesis statement should have one or two sentences. But the length really depends on the overall length of your project. Take a look at our guide about the length of thesis statements for more insight on this topic.

Here is a list of Thesis Statement Examples that will help you understand better how to write them.

Every good essay should include a thesis statement as part of its introduction, no matter the academic level. Of course, if you are a high school student you are not expected to have the same type of thesis as a PhD student.

Here is a great YouTube tutorial showing How To Write An Essay: Thesis Statements .

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

9.1 Developing a Strong, Clear Thesis Statement

Learning objectives.

Develop a strong, clear thesis statement with the proper elements.
Revise your thesis statement.

Have you ever known a person who was not very good at telling stories? You probably had trouble following his train of thought as he jumped around from point to point, either being too brief in places that needed further explanation or providing too many details on a meaningless element. Maybe he told the end of the story first, then moved to the beginning and later added details to the middle. His ideas were probably scattered, and the story did not flow very well. When the story was over, you probably had many questions.

Just as a personal anecdote can be a disorganized mess, an essay can fall into the same trap of being out of order and confusing. That is why writers need a thesis statement to provide a specific focus for their essay and to organize what they are about to discuss in the body.

Just like a topic sentence summarizes a single paragraph, the thesis statement summarizes an entire essay. It tells the reader the point you want to make in your essay, while the essay itself supports that point. It is like a signpost that signals the essay’s destination. You should form your thesis before you begin to organize an essay, but you may find that it needs revision as the essay develops.

Elements of a Thesis Statement

For every essay you write, you must focus on a central idea. This idea stems from a topic you have chosen or been assigned or from a question your teacher has asked. It is not enough merely to discuss a general topic or simply answer a question with a yes or no. You have to form a specific opinion, and then articulate that into a controlling idea —the main idea upon which you build your thesis.

Remember that a thesis is not the topic itself, but rather your interpretation of the question or subject. For whatever topic your professor gives you, you must ask yourself, “What do I want to say about it?” Asking and then answering this question is vital to forming a thesis that is precise, forceful and confident.

A thesis is one sentence long and appears toward the end of your introduction. It is specific and focuses on one to three points of a single idea—points that are able to be demonstrated in the body. It forecasts the content of the essay and suggests how you will organize your information. Remember that a thesis statement does not summarize an issue but rather dissects it.

A Strong Thesis Statement

A strong thesis statement contains the following qualities.

Specificity. A thesis statement must concentrate on a specific area of a general topic. As you may recall, the creation of a thesis statement begins when you choose a broad subject and then narrow down its parts until you pinpoint a specific aspect of that topic. For example, health care is a broad topic, but a proper thesis statement would focus on a specific area of that topic, such as options for individuals without health care coverage.

Precision. A strong thesis statement must be precise enough to allow for a coherent argument and to remain focused on the topic. If the specific topic is options for individuals without health care coverage, then your precise thesis statement must make an exact claim about it, such as that limited options exist for those who are uninsured by their employers. You must further pinpoint what you are going to discuss regarding these limited effects, such as whom they affect and what the cause is.

Ability to be argued. A thesis statement must present a relevant and specific argument. A factual statement often is not considered arguable. Be sure your thesis statement contains a point of view that can be supported with evidence.

Ability to be demonstrated. For any claim you make in your thesis, you must be able to provide reasons and examples for your opinion. You can rely on personal observations in order to do this, or you can consult outside sources to demonstrate that what you assert is valid. A worthy argument is backed by examples and details.

Forcefulness. A thesis statement that is forceful shows readers that you are, in fact, making an argument. The tone is assertive and takes a stance that others might oppose.

Confidence. In addition to using force in your thesis statement, you must also use confidence in your claim. Phrases such as I feel or I believe actually weaken the readers’ sense of your confidence because these phrases imply that you are the only person who feels the way you do. In other words, your stance has insufficient backing. Taking an authoritative stance on the matter persuades your readers to have faith in your argument and open their minds to what you have to say.

Even in a personal essay that allows the use of first person, your thesis should not contain phrases such as in my opinion or I believe . These statements reduce your credibility and weaken your argument. Your opinion is more convincing when you use a firm attitude.

On a separate sheet of paper, write a thesis statement for each of the following topics. Remember to make each statement specific, precise, demonstrable, forceful and confident.

Texting while driving
The legal drinking age in the United States
Steroid use among professional athletes

Examples of Appropriate Thesis Statements

Each of the following thesis statements meets several of the following requirements:

Specificity
Ability to be argued
Ability to be demonstrated
Forcefulness
The societal and personal struggles of Troy Maxon in the play Fences symbolize the challenge of black males who lived through segregation and integration in the United States.
Closing all American borders for a period of five years is one solution that will tackle illegal immigration.
Shakespeare’s use of dramatic irony in Romeo and Juliet spoils the outcome for the audience and weakens the plot.
J. D. Salinger’s character in Catcher in the Rye , Holden Caulfield, is a confused rebel who voices his disgust with phonies, yet in an effort to protect himself, he acts like a phony on many occasions.
Compared to an absolute divorce, no-fault divorce is less expensive, promotes fairer settlements, and reflects a more realistic view of the causes for marital breakdown.
Exposing children from an early age to the dangers of drug abuse is a sure method of preventing future drug addicts.
In today’s crumbling job market, a high school diploma is not significant enough education to land a stable, lucrative job.

You can find thesis statements in many places, such as in the news; in the opinions of friends, coworkers or teachers; and even in songs you hear on the radio. Become aware of thesis statements in everyday life by paying attention to people’s opinions and their reasons for those opinions. Pay attention to your own everyday thesis statements as well, as these can become material for future essays.

Now that you have read about the contents of a good thesis statement and have seen examples, take a look at the pitfalls to avoid when composing your own thesis:

A thesis is weak when it is simply a declaration of your subject or a description of what you will discuss in your essay.

Weak thesis statement: My paper will explain why imagination is more important than knowledge.

A thesis is weak when it makes an unreasonable or outrageous claim or insults the opposing side.

Weak thesis statement: Religious radicals across America are trying to legislate their Puritanical beliefs by banning required high school books.

A thesis is weak when it contains an obvious fact or something that no one can disagree with or provides a dead end.

Weak thesis statement: Advertising companies use sex to sell their products.

A thesis is weak when the statement is too broad.

Weak thesis statement: The life of Abraham Lincoln was long and challenging.

Read the following thesis statements. On a separate piece of paper, identify each as weak or strong. For those that are weak, list the reasons why. Then revise the weak statements so that they conform to the requirements of a strong thesis.

The subject of this paper is my experience with ferrets as pets.
The government must expand its funding for research on renewable energy resources in order to prepare for the impending end of oil.
Edgar Allan Poe was a poet who lived in Baltimore during the nineteenth century.
In this essay, I will give you lots of reasons why slot machines should not be legalized in Baltimore.
Despite his promises during his campaign, President Kennedy took few executive measures to support civil rights legislation.
Because many children’s toys have potential safety hazards that could lead to injury, it is clear that not all children’s toys are safe.
My experience with young children has taught me that I want to be a disciplinary parent because I believe that a child without discipline can be a parent’s worst nightmare.

Writing at Work

Often in your career, you will need to ask your boss for something through an e-mail. Just as a thesis statement organizes an essay, it can also organize your e-mail request. While your e-mail will be shorter than an essay, using a thesis statement in your first paragraph quickly lets your boss know what you are asking for, why it is necessary, and what the benefits are. In short body paragraphs, you can provide the essential information needed to expand upon your request.

Thesis Statement Revision

Your thesis will probably change as you write, so you will need to modify it to reflect exactly what you have discussed in your essay. Remember from Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” that your thesis statement begins as a working thesis statement , an indefinite statement that you make about your topic early in the writing process for the purpose of planning and guiding your writing.

Working thesis statements often become stronger as you gather information and form new opinions and reasons for those opinions. Revision helps you strengthen your thesis so that it matches what you have expressed in the body of the paper.

The best way to revise your thesis statement is to ask questions about it and then examine the answers to those questions. By challenging your own ideas and forming definite reasons for those ideas, you grow closer to a more precise point of view, which you can then incorporate into your thesis statement.

Ways to Revise Your Thesis

You can cut down on irrelevant aspects and revise your thesis by taking the following steps:

1. Pinpoint and replace all nonspecific words, such as people , everything , society , or life , with more precise words in order to reduce any vagueness.

Working thesis: Young people have to work hard to succeed in life.

Revised thesis: Recent college graduates must have discipline and persistence in order to find and maintain a stable job in which they can use and be appreciated for their talents.

The revised thesis makes a more specific statement about success and what it means to work hard. The original includes too broad a range of people and does not define exactly what success entails. By replacing those general words like people and work hard , the writer can better focus his or her research and gain more direction in his or her writing.

2. Clarify ideas that need explanation by asking yourself questions that narrow your thesis.

Working thesis: The welfare system is a joke.

Revised thesis: The welfare system keeps a socioeconomic class from gaining employment by alluring members of that class with unearned income, instead of programs to improve their education and skill sets.

A joke means many things to many people. Readers bring all sorts of backgrounds and perspectives to the reading process and would need clarification for a word so vague. This expression may also be too informal for the selected audience. By asking questions, the writer can devise a more precise and appropriate explanation for joke . The writer should ask himself or herself questions similar to the 5WH questions. (See Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” for more information on the 5WH questions.) By incorporating the answers to these questions into a thesis statement, the writer more accurately defines his or her stance, which will better guide the writing of the essay.

3. Replace any linking verbs with action verbs. Linking verbs are forms of the verb to be , a verb that simply states that a situation exists.

Working thesis: Kansas City schoolteachers are not paid enough.

Revised thesis: The Kansas City legislature cannot afford to pay its educators, resulting in job cuts and resignations in a district that sorely needs highly qualified and dedicated teachers.

The linking verb in this working thesis statement is the word are . Linking verbs often make thesis statements weak because they do not express action. Rather, they connect words and phrases to the second half of the sentence. Readers might wonder, “Why are they not paid enough?” But this statement does not compel them to ask many more questions. The writer should ask himself or herself questions in order to replace the linking verb with an action verb, thus forming a stronger thesis statement, one that takes a more definitive stance on the issue:

Who is not paying the teachers enough?
What is considered “enough”?
What is the problem?
What are the results

4. Omit any general claims that are hard to support.

Working thesis: Today’s teenage girls are too sexualized.

Revised thesis: Teenage girls who are captivated by the sexual images on MTV are conditioned to believe that a woman’s worth depends on her sensuality, a feeling that harms their self-esteem and behavior.

It is true that some young women in today’s society are more sexualized than in the past, but that is not true for all girls. Many girls have strict parents, dress appropriately, and do not engage in sexual activity while in middle school and high school. The writer of this thesis should ask the following questions:

Which teenage girls?
What constitutes “too” sexualized?
Why are they behaving that way?
Where does this behavior show up?
What are the repercussions?

In the first section of Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” , you determined your purpose for writing and your audience. You then completed a freewriting exercise about an event you recently experienced and chose a general topic to write about. Using that general topic, you then narrowed it down by answering the 5WH questions. After you answered these questions, you chose one of the three methods of prewriting and gathered possible supporting points for your working thesis statement.

Now, on a separate sheet of paper, write down your working thesis statement. Identify any weaknesses in this sentence and revise the statement to reflect the elements of a strong thesis statement. Make sure it is specific, precise, arguable, demonstrable, forceful, and confident.

Collaboration

Please share with a classmate and compare your answers.

In your career you may have to write a project proposal that focuses on a particular problem in your company, such as reinforcing the tardiness policy. The proposal would aim to fix the problem; using a thesis statement would clearly state the boundaries of the problem and tell the goals of the project. After writing the proposal, you may find that the thesis needs revision to reflect exactly what is expressed in the body. Using the techniques from this chapter would apply to revising that thesis.

Key Takeaways

Proper essays require a thesis statement to provide a specific focus and suggest how the essay will be organized.
A thesis statement is your interpretation of the subject, not the topic itself.
A strong thesis is specific, precise, forceful, confident, and is able to be demonstrated.
A strong thesis challenges readers with a point of view that can be debated and can be supported with evidence.
A weak thesis is simply a declaration of your topic or contains an obvious fact that cannot be argued.
Depending on your topic, it may or may not be appropriate to use first person point of view.
Revise your thesis by ensuring all words are specific, all ideas are exact, and all verbs express action.

Using Literary Quotations

Use the guidelines below to learn how to use literary quotations.

Download this Handout PDF

Introduction

When you’re asked to write a paper analyzing a work of literature, your instructor probably expects you to incorporate quotations from that literary text into your analysis. But how do you do this well? What kind of quotations do you use? How do you seamlessly weave together your ideas with someone else’s words?

On this page we clarify the purpose of using literary quotations in literary analysis papers by exploring why quotations are important to use in your writing and then explaining how to do this. We provide general guidelines and specific suggestions about blending your prose and quoted material as well as information about formatting logistics and various rules for handling outside text.

Although this material is focused on integrating your ideas with quotations from novels, poems, and plays into literary analysis papers, in some genres this advice is equally applicable to incorporating quotations from scholarly essays, reports, or even original research into your work.

For further information, check out our Quoting and Paraphrasing resource, or you may wish to see when the Writing Center is offering its next introductory workshop about the genre of literary analysis. Additionally, our Short Guide to Close Reading for Literary Analysis offers wonderful insight into how you can read a piece of literature in order to analyze it.

Why should I use literary quotations?

Within a literary analysis, your purpose is to develop an argument about what the author of the text is doing—how the text “works.” You use quotations to support this argument. This involves selecting, presenting, and discussing material from the text in order to “prove” your point—to make your case—in much the same way a lawyer brings evidence before a jury.

Quoting for any other purpose is counterproductive. Don’t quote to “tell the story” or otherwise convey basic information about the text; most of the time within this genre you can assume your reader knows the text. And don’t quote just for the sake of quoting or to fill up space.

How do I use literary quotations?

General guidelines.

The following paragraph is from a student’s analysis of the relationship between two characters in Woolf’s To the Lighthouse . Notice how statements expressing the writer’s ideas and observations are verified with evidence from the novel in both summarized and quoted form.

We learn about Mrs. Ramsey’s personality by observing her feelings about other characters. For example, Mrs. Ramsey has mixed feelings toward Mr. Tansley, but her feelings seem to grow more positive over time as she comes to know him better. At first Mrs. Ramsey finds Mr. Tansley annoying, as shown especially when he mentions that no one is going to the lighthouse (7). But rather than hating him, she feels pity: “she pitied men always as if they lacked something . . .” (85). Then later, during the gathering, pity turns to empathy as she realizes that Mr. Tansley must feel inferior. He must know, Mrs. Ramsey thinks, that “no woman would look at him with Paul Rayley in the room” (104). Finally, by the end of the dinner scene, she feels some attraction to Mr. Tansley and also a new respect: “She liked his laugh . . . She liked his awkwardness. There was a lot in that man after all” (110). In observing this evolution in her attitude, we learn more about Mrs. Ramsey than we do about Mr. Tansley. The change in Mrs. Ramsey’s attitude is not used by Woolf to show that Mrs. Ramsey is fickle or confused; rather it is used to show her capacity for understanding both the frailty and complexity of human beings. This is a central characteristic of Mrs. Ramsey’s personality.

Your ideas + textual evidence + discussion

Notice that this paragraph includes three basic kinds of materials: (a) statements expressing the student’s own ideas about the relationship Woolf is creating; (b) data or evidence from the text in summarized, paraphrased, and quoted form; and (c) discussion of how the data support the writer’s interpretation. All the quotations are used in accordance with the writer’s purpose, i.e., to show how the development of Mrs. Ramsey’s feelings indicates something about her personality.

Textual evidence options

Quoting is only one of several ways to present textual material as evidence. You can also refer to textual data, summarize, and paraphrase. You will often want merely to refer or point to passages (as in the third sentence in the above example paragraph) that contribute to your argument. In other cases, you will want to paraphrase, i.e., “translate” the original into your own words, again instead of quoting. Summarize or paraphrase when it is not so much the language of the text that justifies your position, but the substance or content.

Quoting selectively

Similarly, after you have decided that you want to quote material, quote only the portions of the text specifically relevant to your point . Think of the text in terms of units—words, phrases, sentences, and groups of sentences (paragraphs, stanzas)—and use only the units you need. If it is particular words or phrases that “prove” your point, you do not need to quote the full sentences they appear in; rather, incorporate the words and phrases into your own sentences that focus on your own ideas.

Blending your prose and quoted material

It is permissible to quote an entire sentence (between two sentences of your own), but in general you should avoid this method of bringing textual material into your discussion. Instead, use one of the following patterns:

An introducing phrase or orienter plus the quotation:

In Blake’s poem “The Tyger,” it is creation, not a hypothetical creator, that is supremely awesome. [ argument sentence ]. The speaker asks, “What immortal hand or eye / Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?” [ data sentence; orienter before quote ]
Gatsby is not to be regarded as a personal failure. [ argument sentence ] “Gatsby turned out all right at the end” (2), according to Nick. [ data sentence; orienter after quote ]
“Our baby was a boy,” Shukumar tells his wife in the conclusion of Lahiri’s “A Temporary Matter” (22). [ data sentence; orienter after quote ] This admission is a death knell, tolling the end of their failing marriage. [ argument sentence ]

An assertion of your own and a colon plus the quotation:

In the midst of discussing the fate of the Abame tribe, Uchendu presents his own theory: “There is no story that is not true” (141).
Fitzgerald gives Nick a muted tribute to the hero: “Gatsby turned out all right at the end” (2).
Within Othello , Cassio represents not only a political but also a personal threat to Iago: “He hath a daily beauty in his life / That makes me ugly . . .” (5.1.19-20).

An assertion of your own with quoted material worked in:

For Nick, who remarks that Gatsby “turned out all right” (2), the hero deserves respect but perhaps does not inspire great admiration.
Satan’s motion is many things; he “strides” through the air (55), arrives like a “rattling” cloud (56), and later explodes—“wandering,” “hovering and blazing” like a fire (270).
Walking through Geraldine’s house, Pecola “wanted to see everything slowly, slowly” in order to fully appreciate its comparative order and opulence (Morrison 89).

Maintaining clarity and readability

Introduce a quotation either by indicating what it is intended to show, by naming its source, or by doing both. For non-narrative poetry, it’s customary to attribute quotations to “the speaker”; for a story with a narrator, to “the narrator.” For plays, novels, and other works with characters, identify characters as you quote them.

Do not use two quotations in a row without intervening text of your own. You should always be contextualizing all of your outside material with your own ideas, and if you let quotes build up without a break, readers will lose track of your argument.

Using the correct verb tense is a tricky issue. It’s customary in literary analysis to use the present tense; this is because it is at the present time that you (and your reader) are looking at the text. But events in a narrative or drama take place in a time sequence. You will often need to use a past tense to refer to events that took place before the moment you are presently discussing. Consider this example:

When he hears Cordelia’s answer, King Lear seems surprised, but not dumbfounded. He advises her to “mend [her] speech a little.” He had expected her to praise him the most; but compared to her sisters’, her remarks seem almost insulting (1.1.95).

Formatting logistics and guidelines

If for the sake of brevity you wish to omit material from a quoted passage, use ellipsis points (three spaced periods) to indicate the omission. Notice how in the paragraph about To the Lighthouse , above, the writer quoted only those portions of the original sentences that related to the point of the analysis.

When quoting, you may alter grammatical forms such as the tense of a verb or the person of a pronoun so that the quotation conforms grammatically to your own prose; indicate these alterations by placing square brackets around the changed form. In the quotation about King Lear at the end of the previous section, “her” replaces the “your” of the original so that the quote fits the point of view of the paper (third person).

Reproduce the spelling, capitalization, and internal punctuation of the original exactly. Of the following sentences presenting D. H. Lawrence’s maxim, “Books are not life,” the first is not acceptable in some style systems.

For Lawrence, “books are not life.” [ UNACCEPTABLE ]
For Lawrence, “[b]ooks are not life.” [ acceptable but awkward ]
Lawrence wrote, “Books are not life.” [ acceptable ]
“Books,” Lawrence wrote, “are not life.” [ acceptable ]
For Lawrence, books “are not life.” [ acceptable ]

Punctuation

You may alter the closing punctuation of a quotation in order to incorporate it into a sentence of your own. For example:

“Books are not life,” Lawrence emphasized.

Commas and periods go inside the closing quotation marks; the other punctuation marks go outside. For example:

Lawrence insisted that books “are not life”; however, he wrote exultantly about the power of the novel.
Why does Lawrence need to point out that “Books are not life”?

When quoting lines of poetry up to three lines long (which are not indented), separate one line of poetry from another with a slash mark with a space on either side (see examples from Blake’s “The Tyger” and Shakespeare’s Othello above).

Indentation

Prose or verse quotations less than four lines long are not indented. For quotations of this length, use the patterns described above.

“Longer” quotations should be formatted according to the expectations of a block quote. This unit of text should be positioned one half inch from the left margin, and opening and closing quotation marks are not used. The MLA Handbook , 8 th edition (2016) recommends that indented quotations be double-spaced, but many instructors prefer them single-spaced. The meaning of “longer” varies slightly from one style system to another, but a general rule is to indent quotations that are more than two (or three) lines of verse or four lines of prose.

If you’re quoting a series of dialogue dialogue between characters in a play, indent these lines and place the speaker’s name before the speech quoted. For example:

CAESAR: Et tu, Brute! Then, fall, Caesar! CINNA: Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead! (3.1.77-78)

Documentation

Follow your course instructor’s guidelines for documenting sources. If your instructor hasn’t told you which system to use to document sources, ask.

The documentation style used in this handout is that presented in the MLA Handbook , 8 th edition (2016), the most common citation style for literary analysis papers. The Writing Center has information about the rules of documentation within the most common systems .

Works Cited

Achebe, Chinau. Things Fall Apart . 1959. Anchor Books, 1994.

Blake, William. “The Tyger.” Poets.org , American Academy of Poets, https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/tyger. Accessed 1 July 2018.

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby . 1925. The Scribner Library, 1953.

Lahiri, Jhumpa. “A Temporary Matter.” Interpreter of Maladies , Mariner Books, 1999, pp. 1-22.

Lawrence, David Herbert. “Why the Novel Matters.” Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays , edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp. 191-8.

Milton, John. Paradise Lost . Printed for John Bumpus, 1821. Google Books , https://books.google.com/books?id=pO4MAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Accessed 1 July 2018.

Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye . 1970. Plume, 1993.

Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Wordsworth Editions, pp. 582-610.

–. King Lear. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare . Wordsworth Editions, pp. 885-923.

–. Othello, the Moor of Venice. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare . Wordsworth Editions, pp. 818-57.

Woolf, Virginia. To the Lighthouse . 1927. Harcourt, 1981.

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Writing A Literary Analysis Essay

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Supporting your argument

ENGL 2102: Literary Analysis (Spring 2020) | English | University of Colorado Boulder

The key concept of a literary analysis is to prove your interpretation by finding a pattern of examples in the literature that support your idea. All arguments introduced in a literary analysis must be supported by evidence. In a literary analysis, evidence is found mainly from the work you are discussing but you can also use information from secondary sources as well. Conducting research for a literary analysis will be intensive and time-consuming because you will have to go through the text in detail to pull out passages, sentences, paragraphs that highlight your thesis.

Using quotes and evidence in essays

Use the following rules when inserting quotations or evidence into your essay:

1. Lead into the quote with an introductory phrase. Do not insert floating quotations! This means a quote must be introduced by the writer before inserting into the essay.

Examples of introductory phrases:

According to the text...
The author states...
In paragraph __, it says...
In the short story...
According to the passage....

2. Provide context for each quotation. Explain when the quote takes place, who is involved, and information or background to the quote. Then explain why the quote is relevant to your argument or how it proves your claim.

3. All quotations, just like all paraphrases, require a formal citation. Surround direct quotes from a literary work with quotation marks and add an in-text citation at the end of the quote. Place citation information in your bibliography at the end of your essay.

Links & Resources

Integrating Quotations

Integrating Quotations | Part 1 (MLA)

Integrating Quotations | Part 2 (MLA)

Integrating Quotations | Part 1 (APA)

Integrating Quotations | Part 2 (APA)

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How to Quote | Citing Quotes in Harvard & APA

How to Quote | Citing Quotes in Harvard & APA

Published on 15 April 2022 by Shona McCombes and Jack Caulfield. Revised on 3 September 2022.

Quoting means copying a passage of someone else’s words and crediting the source. To quote a source, you must ensure:

The quoted text is enclosed in quotation marks (usually single quotation marks in UK English, though double is acceptable as long as you’re consistent) or formatted as a block quote
The original author is correctly cited
The text is identical to the original

The exact format of a quote depends on its length and on which citation style you are using. Quoting and citing correctly is essential to avoid plagiarism , which is easy to detect with a good plagiarism checker .

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How to cite a quote in harvard and apa style, introducing quotes, quotes within quotes, shortening or altering a quote, block quotes, when should i use quotes, frequently asked questions about quoting sources.

Every time you quote, you must cite the source correctly . This looks slightly different depending on the citation style you’re using.

Citing a quote in Harvard style

When you include a quote in Harvard style, you must add a Harvard in-text citation giving the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number if available. Any full stop or comma appears after the citation, not within the quotation marks.

Citations can be parenthetical or narrative. In a parenthetical citation , you place all the information in brackets after the quote. In a narrative citation , you name the author in your sentence (followed by the year), and place the page number after the quote.

Evolution is a gradual process that ‘can act only by very short and slow steps’ (Darwin, 1859, p. 510) . Darwin (1859) explains that evolution ‘can act only by very short and slow steps’ (p. 510) .

Complete guide to Harvard style

Citing a quote in APA Style

To cite a direct quote in APA , you must include the author’s last name, the year, and a page number, all separated by commas. If the quote appears on a single page, use ‘p.’; if it spans a page range, use ‘pp.’

An APA in-text citation can be parenthetical or narrative. In a parenthetical citation , you place all the information in parentheses after the quote. In a narrative citation , you name the author in your sentence (followed by the year), and place the page number after the quote.

Punctuation marks such as full stops and commas are placed after the citation, not within the quotation marks.

Evolution is a gradual process that ‘can act only by very short and slow steps’ (Darwin, 1859, p. 510) .
Darwin (1859) explains that evolution ‘can act only by very short and slow steps’ (p. 510) .

Complete guide to APA

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Make sure you integrate quotes properly into your text by introducing them in your own words, showing the reader why you’re including the quote and providing any context necessary to understand it. Don’t present quotations as stand-alone sentences.

There are three main strategies you can use to introduce quotes in a grammatically correct way:

Add an introductory sentence
Use an introductory signal phrase
Integrate the quote into your own sentence

The following examples use APA Style citations, but these strategies can be used in all styles.

Introductory sentence

Introduce the quote with a full sentence ending in a colon . Don’t use a colon if the text before the quote isn’t a full sentence.

If you name the author in your sentence, you may use present-tense verbs, such as “states’, ‘argues’, ‘explains’, ‘writes’, or ‘reports’, to describe the content of the quote.

In Denmark, a recent poll shows that: ‘A membership referendum held today would be backed by 55 percent of Danish voters’ (Levring, 2018, p. 3).
In Denmark, a recent poll shows that support for the EU has grown since the Brexit vote: ‘A membership referendum held today would be backed by 55 percent of Danish voters’ (Levring, 2018, p. 3).
Levring (2018) reports that support for the EU has grown since the Brexit vote: ‘A membership referendum held today would be backed by 55 percent of Danish voters’ (p. 3).

Introductory signal phrase

You can also use a signal phrase that mentions the author or source but doesn’t form a full sentence. In this case, you follow the phrase with a comma instead of a colon.

According to a recent poll, ‘A membership referendum held today would be backed by 55 percent of Danish voters’ (Levring, 2018, p. 3).
As Levring (2018) explains, ‘A membership referendum held today would be backed by 55 percent of Danish voters’ (p. 3).

Integrated into your own sentence

To quote a phrase that doesn’t form a full sentence, you can also integrate it as part of your sentence, without any extra punctuation.

A recent poll suggests that EU membership ‘would be backed by 55 percent of Danish voters’ in a referendum (Levring, 2018, p. 3).
Levring (2018) reports that EU membership ‘would be backed by 55 percent of Danish voters’ in a referendum (p. 3).

When you quote text that itself contains another quote, this is called a nested quotation or a quote within a quote. It may occur, for example, when quoting dialogue from a novel.

To distinguish this quote from the surrounding quote, you enclose it in double (instead of single) quotation marks (even if this involves changing the punctuation from the original text). Make sure to close both sets of quotation marks at the appropriate moments.

Note that if you only quote the nested quotation itself, and not the surrounding text, you can just use single quotation marks.

Carraway introduces his narrative by quoting his father: ‘ ‘ Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone, ‘ he told me, ‘ just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had ‘ ‘ (Fitzgerald 1).
Carraway introduces his narrative by quoting his father: ‘”Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone,” he told me, “just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had “ (Fitzgerald 1).
Carraway introduces his narrative by quoting his father: ‘“Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone,” he told me, “just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had”’ (Fitzgerald 1).
Carraway begins by quoting his father’s invocation to ‘remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had’ (Fitzgerald 1).

Note: When the quoted text in the source comes from another source, it’s best to just find that original source in order to quote it directly. If you can’t find the original source, you can instead cite it indirectly .

Often, incorporating a quote smoothly into your text requires you to make some changes to the original text. It’s fine to do this, as long as you clearly mark the changes you’ve made to the quote.

Shortening a quote

If some parts of a passage are redundant or irrelevant, you can shorten the quote by removing words, phrases, or sentences and replacing them with an ellipsis (…). Put a space before and after the ellipsis.

Be careful that removing the words doesn’t change the meaning. The ellipsis indicates that some text has been removed, but the shortened quote should still accurately represent the author’s point.

Altering a quote

You can add or replace words in a quote when necessary. This might be because the original text doesn’t fit grammatically with your sentence (e.g., it’s in a different tense), or because extra information is needed to clarify the quote’s meaning.

Use brackets to distinguish words that you have added from words that were present in the original text.

The Latin term ‘ sic ‘ is used to indicate a (factual or grammatical) mistake in a quotation. It shows the reader that the mistake is from the quoted material, not a typo of your own.

In some cases, it can be useful to italicise part of a quotation to add emphasis, showing the reader that this is the key part to pay attention to. Use the phrase ’emphasis added’ to show that the italics were not part of the original text.

You usually don’t need to use brackets to indicate minor changes to punctuation or capitalisation made to ensure the quote fits the style of your text.

If you quote more than a few lines from a source, you must format it as a block quote . Instead of using quotation marks, you set the quote on a new line and indent it so that it forms a separate block of text.

Block quotes are cited just like regular quotes, except that if the quote ends with a full stop, the citation appears after the full stop.

To the end of his days Bilbo could never remember how he found himself outside, without a hat, a walking-stick or any money, or anything that he usually took when he went out; leaving his second breakfast half-finished and quite unwashed-up, pushing his keys into Gandalf’s hands, and running as fast as his furry feet could carry him down the lane, past the great Mill, across The Water, and then on for a mile or more. (16)

Avoid relying too heavily on quotes in academic writing . To integrate a source , it’s often best to paraphrase , which means putting the passage into your own words. This helps you integrate information smoothly and keeps your own voice dominant.

However, there are some situations in which quotes are more appropriate.

When focusing on language

If you want to comment on how the author uses language (for example, in literary analysis ), it’s necessary to quote so that the reader can see the exact passage you are referring to.

When giving evidence

To convince the reader of your argument, interpretation or position on a topic, it’s often helpful to include quotes that support your point. Quotes from primary sources (for example, interview transcripts or historical documents) are especially credible as evidence.

When presenting an author’s position or definition

When you’re referring to secondary sources such as scholarly books and journal articles, try to put others’ ideas in your own words when possible.

But if a passage does a great job at expressing, explaining, or defining something, and it would be very difficult to paraphrase without changing the meaning or losing the weakening the idea’s impact, it’s worth quoting directly.

A quote is an exact copy of someone else’s words, usually enclosed in quotation marks and credited to the original author or speaker.

To present information from other sources in academic writing , it’s best to paraphrase in most cases. This shows that you’ve understood the ideas you’re discussing and incorporates them into your text smoothly.

It’s appropriate to quote when:

Changing the phrasing would distort the meaning of the original text
You want to discuss the author’s language choices (e.g., in literary analysis )
You’re presenting a precise definition
You’re looking in depth at a specific claim

Every time you quote a source , you must include a correctly formatted in-text citation . This looks slightly different depending on the citation style .

For example, a direct quote in APA is cited like this: ‘This is a quote’ (Streefkerk, 2020, p. 5).

Every in-text citation should also correspond to a full reference at the end of your paper.

In scientific subjects, the information itself is more important than how it was expressed, so quoting should generally be kept to a minimum. In the arts and humanities, however, well-chosen quotes are often essential to a good paper.

In social sciences, it varies. If your research is mainly quantitative , you won’t include many quotes, but if it’s more qualitative , you may need to quote from the data you collected .

As a general guideline, quotes should take up no more than 5–10% of your paper. If in doubt, check with your instructor or supervisor how much quoting is appropriate in your field.

If you’re quoting from a text that paraphrases or summarises other sources and cites them in parentheses , APA recommends retaining the citations as part of the quote:

Smith states that ‘the literature on this topic (Jones, 2015; Sill, 2019; Paulson, 2020) shows no clear consensus’ (Smith, 2019, p. 4).

Footnote or endnote numbers that appear within quoted text should be omitted.

If you want to cite an indirect source (one you’ve only seen quoted in another source), either locate the original source or use the phrase ‘as cited in’ in your citation.

A block quote is a long quote formatted as a separate ‘block’ of text. Instead of using quotation marks , you place the quote on a new line, and indent the entire quote to mark it apart from your own words.

APA uses block quotes for quotes that are 40 words or longer.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

McCombes, S. & Caulfield, J. (2022, September 03). How to Quote | Citing Quotes in Harvard & APA. Scribbr. Retrieved 3 June 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/working-sources/quoting/

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25 Thesis Statement Examples

thesis statement examples and definition, explained below

A thesis statement is needed in an essay or dissertation . There are multiple types of thesis statements – but generally we can divide them into expository and argumentative. An expository statement is a statement of fact (common in expository essays and process essays) while an argumentative statement is a statement of opinion (common in argumentative essays and dissertations). Below are examples of each.

Strong Thesis Statement Examples

school uniforms and dress codes, explained below

1. School Uniforms

“Mandatory school uniforms should be implemented in educational institutions as they promote a sense of equality, reduce distractions, and foster a focused and professional learning environment.”

Best For: Argumentative Essay or Debate

Read More: School Uniforms Pros and Cons

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2. Nature vs Nurture

“This essay will explore how both genetic inheritance and environmental factors equally contribute to shaping human behavior and personality.”

Best For: Compare and Contrast Essay

3. American Dream

“The American Dream, a symbol of opportunity and success, is increasingly elusive in today’s socio-economic landscape, revealing deeper inequalities in society.”

Best For: Persuasive Essay

4. Social Media

“Social media has revolutionized communication and societal interactions, but it also presents significant challenges related to privacy, mental health, and misinformation.”

Best For: Expository Essay

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Social Media

5. Globalization

“Globalization has created a world more interconnected than ever before, yet it also amplifies economic disparities and cultural homogenization.”

6. Urbanization

“Urbanization drives economic growth and social development, but it also poses unique challenges in sustainability and quality of life.”

7. Immigration

“Immigration enriches receiving countries culturally and economically, outweighing any perceived social or economic burdens.”

8. Cultural Identity

“In a globalized world, maintaining distinct cultural identities is crucial for preserving cultural diversity and fostering global understanding, despite the challenges of assimilation and homogenization.”

Best For: Argumentative Essay

Read More: Learn about Cultural Identity

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9. Technology

“Medical technologies in care institutions in Toronto has increased subjcetive outcomes for patients with chronic pain.”

Best For: Research Paper

10. Capitalism vs Socialism

“The debate between capitalism and socialism centers on balancing economic freedom and inequality, each presenting distinct approaches to resource distribution and social welfare.”

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11. Cultural Heritage

“The preservation of cultural heritage is essential, not only for cultural identity but also for educating future generations, outweighing the arguments for modernization and commercialization.”

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12. Pseudoscience

“Pseudoscience, characterized by a lack of empirical support, continues to influence public perception and decision-making, often at the expense of scientific credibility.”

13. Free Will

“The concept of free will is largely an illusion, with human behavior and decisions predominantly determined by biological and environmental factors.”

14. Gender Roles

“Traditional gender roles are outdated and harmful, restricting individual freedoms and perpetuating gender inequalities in modern society.”

Read More: What are Traditional Gender Roles?

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15. Work-Life Ballance

“The trend to online and distance work in the 2020s led to improved subjective feelings of work-life balance but simultaneously increased self-reported loneliness.”

16. Universal Healthcare

“Universal healthcare is a fundamental human right and the most effective system for ensuring health equity and societal well-being, outweighing concerns about government involvement and costs.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Universal Healthcare

17. Minimum Wage

“The implementation of a fair minimum wage is vital for reducing economic inequality, yet it is often contentious due to its potential impact on businesses and employment rates.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage

18. Homework

“The homework provided throughout this semester has enabled me to achieve greater self-reflection, identify gaps in my knowledge, and reinforce those gaps through spaced repetition.”

Best For: Reflective Essay

Read More: Reasons Homework Should be Banned

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19. Charter Schools

“Charter schools offer alternatives to traditional public education, promising innovation and choice but also raising questions about accountability and educational equity.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Charter Schools

20. Effects of the Internet

“The Internet has drastically reshaped human communication, access to information, and societal dynamics, generally with a net positive effect on society.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of the Internet

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21. Affirmative Action

“Affirmative action is essential for rectifying historical injustices and achieving true meritocracy in education and employment, contrary to claims of reverse discrimination.”

Best For: Essay

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soft skills examples and definition, explained below

22. Soft Skills

“Soft skills, such as communication and empathy, are increasingly recognized as essential for success in the modern workforce, and therefore should be a strong focus at school and university level.”

23. Moral Panic

“Moral panic, often fueled by media and cultural anxieties, can lead to exaggerated societal responses that sometimes overlook rational analysis and evidence.”

24. Freedom of the Press

“Freedom of the press is critical for democracy and informed citizenship, yet it faces challenges from censorship, media bias, and the proliferation of misinformation.”

Read More: Freedom of the Press Examples

25. Mass Media

“Mass media shapes public opinion and cultural norms, but its concentration of ownership and commercial interests raise concerns about bias and the quality of information.”

Best For: Critical Analysis

Checklist: How to use your Thesis Statement

✅ Position: If your statement is for an argumentative or persuasive essay, or a dissertation, ensure it takes a clear stance on the topic. ✅ Specificity: It addresses a specific aspect of the topic, providing focus for the essay. ✅ Conciseness: Typically, a thesis statement is one to two sentences long. It should be concise, clear, and easily identifiable. ✅ Direction: The thesis statement guides the direction of the essay, providing a roadmap for the argument, narrative, or explanation. ✅ Evidence-based: While the thesis statement itself doesn’t include evidence, it sets up an argument that can be supported with evidence in the body of the essay. ✅ Placement: Generally, the thesis statement is placed at the end of the introduction of an essay.

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💡 AI PROMPT FOR ARGUMENTATIVE THESIS STATEMENT I am writing an essay on [TOPIC] and these are the instructions my teacher gave me: [INSTRUCTIONS]. I want you to create an argumentative thesis statement that clearly takes a position on this issue.

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Writing Tutorial Services

Using evidence.

Like a lawyer in a jury trial, a writer must convince her audience of the validity of her argument by using evidence effectively. As a writer, you must also use evidence to persuade your readers to accept your claims. But how do you use evidence to your advantage? By leading your reader through your reasoning.

The types of evidence you use change from discipline to discipline--you might use quotations from a poem or a literary critic, for example, in a literature paper; you might use data from an experiment in a lab report.

The process of putting together your argument is called analysis --it interprets evidence in order to support, test, and/or refine a claim . The chief claim in an analytical essay is called the thesis . A thesis provides the controlling idea for a paper and should be original (that is, not completely obvious), assertive, and arguable. A strong thesis also requires solid evidence to support and develop it because without evidence, a claim is merely an unsubstantiated idea or opinion.

This Web page will cover these basic issues (you can click or scroll down to a particular topic):

Incorporating evidence effectively.
Integrating quotations smoothly.
Citing your sources.

Incorporating Evidence Into Your Essay

When should you incorporate evidence.

Once you have formulated your claim, your thesis (see the WTS pamphlet, " How to Write a Thesis Statement ," for ideas and tips), you should use evidence to help strengthen your thesis and any assertion you make that relates to your thesis. Here are some ways to work evidence into your writing:

Offer evidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it with ideas of your own.
Present evidence that contradicts your stance, and then argue against (refute) that evidence and therefore strengthen your position.
Use sources against each other, as if they were experts on a panel discussing your proposition.
Use quotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate your claim.

Weak and Strong Uses of Evidence

In order to use evidence effectively, you need to integrate it smoothly into your essay by following this pattern:

State your claim.
Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim.
Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim.

To see the differences between strong and weak uses of evidence, here are two paragraphs.

Weak use of evidence

Today, we are too self-centered. Most families no longer sit down to eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment (Gleick 148). Everything is about what we want.

This is a weak example of evidence because the evidence is not related to the claim. What does the claim about self-centeredness have to do with families eating together? The writer doesn't explain the connection.

The same evidence can be used to support the same claim, but only with the addition of a clear connection between claim and evidence, and some analysis of the evidence cited.

Stronger use of evidence

Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much anymore as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence. In fact, the evidence shows that most American families no longer eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment (Gleick 148). Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity.

This is a far better example, as the evidence is more smoothly integrated into the text, the link between the claim and the evidence is strengthened, and the evidence itself is analyzed to provide support for the claim.

Using Quotations: A Special Type of Evidence

One effective way to support your claim is to use quotations. However, because quotations involve someone else's words, you need to take special care to integrate this kind of evidence into your essay. Here are two examples using quotations, one less effective and one more so.

Ineffective Use of Quotation

Today, we are too self-centered. "We are consumers-on-the-run . . . the very notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing. Adults and children alike eat . . . on the way to their next activity" (Gleick 148). Everything is about what we want.

This example is ineffective because the quotation is not integrated with the writer's ideas. Notice how the writer has dropped the quotation into the paragraph without making any connection between it and the claim. Furthermore, she has not discussed the quotation's significance, which makes it difficult for the reader to see the relationship between the evidence and the writer's point.

A More Effective Use of Quotation

Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much any more as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence, as James Gleick says in his book, Faster . "We are consumers-on-the-run . . . the very notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing. Adults and children alike eat . . . on the way to their next activity" (148). Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity.

The second example is more effective because it follows the guidelines for incorporating evidence into an essay. Notice, too, that it uses a lead-in phrase (". . . as James Gleick says in his book, Faster ") to introduce the direct quotation. This lead-in phrase helps to integrate the quotation with the writer's ideas. Also notice that the writer discusses and comments upon the quotation immediately afterwards, which allows the reader to see the quotation's connection to the writer's point.

REMEMBER: Discussing the significance of your evidence develops and expands your paper!

Citing Your Sources

Evidence appears in essays in the form of quotations and paraphrasing. Both forms of evidence must be cited in your text. Citing evidence means distinguishing other writers' information from your own ideas and giving credit to your sources. There are plenty of general ways to do citations. Note both the lead-in phrases and the punctuation (except the brackets) in the following examples:

Quoting: According to Source X, "[direct quotation]" ([date or page #]).

Paraphrasing: Although Source Z argues that [his/her point in your own words], a better way to view the issue is [your own point] ([citation]).

Summarizing: In her book, Source P's main points are Q, R, and S [citation].

Your job during the course of your essay is to persuade your readers that your claims are feasible and are the most effective way of interpreting the evidence.

Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper

Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper?
Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative?
Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper's main claims?
Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them?
Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?

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Using Direct Quotations in Your Thesis or Dissertation

Using Direct Quotations in Your Thesis or Dissertation Whenever you quote the exact words of another author or speaker in your thesis or dissertation, it is essential that you quote those words with accuracy and observe with precision and consistency all appropriate scholarly techniques and editorial styles. Your university may provide you with guidelines specifying how you should quote and cite sources, or it may refer you to a specific style manual. If you have received such guidance, presenting and formatting any quotations you use exactly as you are directed will be a necessary aspect of producing a successful thesis or dissertation. If you have not, there are still basic practices that should be observed when quoting sources in all scholarly writing, and they will be expected regardless of whether you have been provided with more detailed guidelines or not. Accuracy is vital when quoting the words of another author or speaker, so pay special attention when initially typing in quotations and take the time to check each one against its source when you proofread your work. Errors creep into quoted material with alarming frequency, so it is wise never to assume that quotations are correct. Remember that if you make errors in quoted material, you are not only compromising your work, but also misrepresenting the author you are quoting. Recording quotations inaccurately and arguing your case on the basis of erroneous information are unethical and unprofessional practices and they can certainly undermine the argument you hoped to support by using quotations. PhD Thesis Editing Services Correct and consistent formatting is also essential when directly quoting sources. Your text must be presented in such a way that it is clear to the reader exactly which words are borrowed. When quotations are short and embedded in your main text, they should appear in the font size you are using for your own prose and must be enclosed in quotation marks. Single (‘’) or double (“”) quotation marks will work, but do check any guidelines provided by your university to be sure you are using the preferred format if there is one. The same type of quotation marks must be used for every embedded quotation. The other type can then be used for any quotations that appear within quoted material – double marks within single ones or single marks within double – and these, too, must be used consistently in every relevant instance.

If you are quoting longer prose passages or several lines of poetry, they can be displayed as block quotations, generally with indentation, at least on the left margin, and often in a slighter smaller font than your main text. In such cases, no quotation marks are necessary because the block format indicates which words are borrowed. Whether you are using quotation marks or block quotation, remember that italic font is not a correct format for indicating quoted material in academic and scientific writing in the English language. Italics should therefore only be used when and where the author you are quoting used them, or when you wish to emphasise certain words within a quotation. In the latter case, the italics should be acknowledged as your own addition.

Every quotation you use should also be accompanied by a reference to its source. Methods and styles of referencing vary, so do make sure that you are using the kind of references recommended by your department. Whether your references are parenthetical, numerical or note based, always remember to include with every quotation a page number or other precise location specifying exactly where readers can find the borrowed text. PhD Thesis Editing Services Why Our Editing and Proofreading Services? At Proof-Reading-Service.com we offer the highest quality journal article editing , phd thesis editing and proofreading services via our large and extremely dedicated team of academic and scientific professionals. All of our proofreaders are native speakers of English who have earned their own postgraduate degrees, and their areas of specialisation cover such a wide range of disciplines that we are able to help our international clientele with research editing to improve and perfect all kinds of academic manuscripts for successful publication. Many of the carefully trained members of our expert editing and proofreading team work predominantly on articles intended for publication in scholarly journals, applying painstaking journal editing standards to ensure that the references and formatting used in each paper are in conformity with the journal’s instructions for authors and to correct any grammar, spelling, punctuation or simple typing errors. In this way, we enable our clients to report their research in the clear and accurate ways required to impress acquisitions proofreaders and achieve publication.

Our scientific proofreading services for the authors of a wide variety of scientific journal papers are especially popular, but we also offer manuscript proofreading services and have the experience and expertise to proofread and edit manuscripts in all scholarly disciplines, as well as beyond them. We have team members who specialise in medical proofreading services , and some of our experts dedicate their time exclusively to PhD proofreading and master’s proofreading , offering research students the opportunity to improve their use of formatting and language through the most exacting PhD thesis editing and dissertation proofreading practices. Whether you are preparing a conference paper for presentation, polishing a progress report to share with colleagues, or facing the daunting task of editing and perfecting any kind of scholarly document for publication, a qualified member of our professional team can provide invaluable assistance and give you greater confidence in your written work.

If you are in the process of preparing an article for an academic or scientific journal, or planning one for the near future, you may well be interested in a new book, Guide to Journal Publication , which is available on our Tips and Advice on Publishing Research in Journals website.

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How to Use Quotations in Your Thesis

This entry was posted in Category Dissertation , Editor , on September 21 , 2015 .

A thesis is the last step towards your destination of the degree in which candidates may show their knowledge of the specific area of interest and their achievement by identifying and proposing solutions to problems within their field.

Thesis, on the other hand, is the transition from a research candidate to the contributor within their area of research by engaging in original research and adding to the body of knowledge.

The thesis requires demonstration of thorough understanding from a candidate’s end.

Quotations amassed from previously written work are one of the ways to show the thorough understanding in a specific area of research though inappropriate, or overuse of quotations may affect the impact of your thesis.

Therefore, candidates must use quotation judiciously in their thesis.

The length and number of quotation vary depending upon the academic field.

Eg: If a research candidate is working on Shakespeare’s contribution in figurative language will need to include a number of quotations from his plays.

And if a candidate is working on qualitative studies based on extensive interviews with different participants then he will also need to use quotations from the conducted interviews.

Once the researcher has decided to include quotation, he has to be careful how is going to handle.

Here are some tips:

1. Introduce Quotations:

Many university guidelines require candidates to introduce quotations in their thesis.

In that scenario, use any of the following methods:

i) Use any short introductory phrase such as ‘According to’, followed by the authors name, a comma and the quotation.

According to John, “Computer science is a practical approach to computation and its application”.

ii) Mention person’s (author’s) name, an appropriate verb such as ‘said’, ‘stated’ followed by the quotation Smith stated, “No work is small.” 2. Reproduce Quotations:

The fact is that the quotation should be written the same way it is in the source, however, depending upon the guidelines or in some exceptions, candidates can make changes in the quotation for the grammatical corrections only, but those corrections should not change the meaning of the quotation.

Grisham stated, “The books are in the table.” Grisham stated, “The books are on the table.”

3. Don’t Use Single Word Quotation: Avoid using single-word quotation.

Thankfully Business Insider Is Not Responsible for Healthcare Modernization

Clickbait (noun): “something (such as a headline) designed to make readers want to click on a hyperlink especially when the link leads to content of dubious value or interest.” [1]

“Oracle’s deadly gamble. Larry Ellison bet $28 billion he could revolutionize healthcare. So why are so many patients dying?” reads the hyperbolic, fantastical headline recently published by Business Insider (BI).

Wow. Clickbait? One would expect that following such a headline, Business Insider would follow through with…some semblance of news?

Instead, we get the typical Business Insider formulaic story: start with a vignette, take some widely reported old news, mix in a few anonymous quotes, take other quotes out of context, ignore all facts to the contrary, present other facts entirely backwards, add some irrelevant graphics, refuse to print the company’s response, throw in the obligatory layoffs…and you have your typical Business Insider preconceived “expose.”

What’s worse, this story is nearly identical to a story published by Business Insider nearly two years ago to the day here . The regurgitated story again centers around the Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA) electronic health record modernization program, which is a complex technology modernization effort in search of a scandal. The reason the VA needs to modernize is because its current system—VistA—was implemented during the Carter Administration. We cover all the reasons VistA is long past its prime in a blog entitled “Veteran’s Deserve Better than VistA” here . Even BI acknowledges that VistA is “outdated and vulnerable to cyberattacks.” What could go wrong with a cyberattack on the Department of Veterans Affairs? Well, lots, as Larry Ellison and Seema Verma (EVP and General Manager of Oracle Health) recently articulated in the Wall Street Journal here .

Boiled down to the basics, VistA is on-premise, fragmented, insecure technology conceived decades before the Internet. Our veterans deserve better. The modernization effort is going to provide the men and women who serve the United States a single, interoperable, secure, longitudinal record from time of enlistment to end-of-life care, following them from the Pentagon to the VA. What BI misses this time around is that by every single measure, the system is vastly improved from when BI first “reported” this identical story in July 2022.

The palaeoloxodon in the room is that the Department of Defense (DoD) has now finished successfully implementing the Cerner electronic heath record system to rave reviews. We were unaware the internet had page limits, but BI could only see fit to include 20 words of Oracle’s 124-word statement in a nearly 4,500-word story. We include the entirety of the statement below (for ease of the reader we bold everything BI ignored):

“Our veterans and the people who care for them deserve a world-class EHR system, and Oracle is delivering it. Since Oracle took over the VA’s EHR modernization project two years ago, we have made thousands of improvements to enhance the performance, reliability, and usability of the system. The technology being deployed at the VA is the same technology helping doctors and nurses provide reliable, quality care at all 3,890 DoD locations—the largest EHR implementation in the world. The recent highly successful go-live at the joint DoD and VA operated Lovell Federal Health Care Center in Chicago is a powerful demonstration of our ability and commitment to provide veterans with unsurpassed care, and we look forward to extending this success across every VA facility. ”

You see from our statement the fact that Oracle/Cerner was successfully deployed at nearly 4,000 DoD facilities. That part of our statement inconveniently contradicts BI’s core thesis. So they ignored it.

This story chooses as its main antagonist a software feature called the unknown queue, a function specified by the VA in the system’s design and also present in VistA . But after some issues with the unknown queue were widely reported nearly 2 years ago , the issue was resolved by Oracle in…wait for it…10 days. From that point forward, the unknown queue has not been an issue at all, so it is beyond us as to why it would form the centerpiece of BI’s new “reporting.”

And to never let the truth get in the way of a good story, BI literally turns other facts inside out. It invents this paragraph from a puff piece it wrote about the largest EHR provider, Epic, in 2020. BI parrots Epic’s misinformation:

“Epic may have been a more obvious target for Oracle, since it had a larger share of the market and dominated among large hospitals and research facilities. But Cerner, the go-to EHR for small and midsize hospitals, had a quality that would have appealed to Ellison: It was widely seen as taking a more relaxed approach to data privacy.”

This version of the truth is particularly special since everyone in the industry understands that Epic’s CEO Judy Faulkner is the single biggest obstacle to EHR interoperability. She opposes interoperability because it threatens Epic’s franchise. By contrast, Oracle believes outcomes are easier to obtain when providers can collaborate and gain insights across systems, data, and application silos. Our strategy is to build everything in a modular way that is EHR agnostic. We are continuing to deliver on the industry’s most open, interoperable EHR system and increasing our APIs by more than 300%. Privacy? Epic’s contracts expressly appropriate all patient EHR data as Epic’s own, stretching HIPAA beyond recognition, while Oracle/Cerner’s explicitly state medical centers must opt-in to any data sharing.

Business Insider could have spent its 4,500 words reporting on all of the progress made at the VA as we transparently detail here : the fact that veterans using the new EHR have a complete medical record from their DoD service to care at the VA—and even care they receive in the community. Or the fact that the recent deployment in North Chicago has exceeded expectations and gone very well. Or the successful deployment at one of the most complex medical centers, Walter Reed. Or the fact that Oracle has a new generative AI clinical digital assistant feature for the EHR that will help providers spend less time in the EHR and more with patients.

Business Insider could have chosen to cover the successful deployment in March of the new EHR to the joint VA-DoD Lovell Federal Health Care Center (Lovell FHCC) in North Chicago, where patient volumes have already returned to 90 percent of pre-deployment numbers. The emergency department is seeing patients at a number equivalent to 110 percent of pre-deployment numbers. And pharmacists have returned to 99 percent of pre-deployment numbers for outpatient prescriptions.

Overlooked in the discussion of the Lovell FHCC deployment is the fact that Lovell is the first deployment to happen under Oracle’s watch since the Cerner acquisition. Lovell FHCC has benefitted from all the updates to both performance and stability, features and workflows, and training that have occurred in the last two years. Through the course of the current reset, much of this work has been done, and as VA provides direction on further simplifications or modifications to the EHR, we are ready to quickly implement.

Because of the new EHR, veterans who go into the community for care now have interoperability with more than 90 percent of community care provider EHRs. This means the care they receive in the community is in their VA record, and their community care providers know what is in their VA record. This only makes care safer, more efficient and better for the veteran.

Business Insider ignores important veteran safety enhancements in the EHR such as the visibility of Patient Record Flags that alert clinical staff to critical issues including suicide risk, disruptive behavior and missing veterans to enable timely intervention.

Now, to the point. Healthcare is one of the largest sectors of the global economy, and everyone acknowledges it is far behind in basic IT modernization. As the BI authors acknowledge, here we are in 2024 and basic healthcare decisions are made essentially without data and in a vacuum. There is more compute put on predictive lattes at Starbucks than predictive medicine. We are committed to changing that and investing dramatically in IT tools that promote positive patient outcomes.

That’s why Oracle is just getting started and why it is so invigorating to have BI rooting against us. It is true—as BI points out – that others have tried to modernize healthcare and failed. What BI misses is that all these same factors that caused others to fail will also cause Epic to fail. And these factors will lead to Oracle’s success.

The biggest differentiator Oracle brings to this effort is Oracle Cloud Infrastructure—scaled, secured, and autonomous. If you want to start to modernize healthcare you need to start with a modern cloud, not by supergluing on-premise systems onto AWS in hosted environments and saying cloud quickly (read, Epic).

Oracle then adds decades of expertise building complex enterprise applications in pure SaaS models. You think EHRs are complicated? Try global accounting. Generative AI didn’t commercially exist when Oracle bought Cerner, yet we are already embedding generative AI into our healthcare systems to provide ease of use and reduce practitioner fatigue. Look no further than Oracle’s new Clinical Digital Assistant to see where we are headed.

We then layer in Oracle’s expertise in other critical areas of healthcare, such as supply chain, clinical, scheduling, HCM, payments, billing, inventory and many others, and before you know it, the healthcare sector will benefit from the exact same modern efficiencies, convenience—and, by the way, outcomes—that we see across the global economy in sector after sector from IT modernization.

By comparison, Oracle has the easy job. It is the researchers, biologists, chemists, and medical specialists tasked with curing diseases who have the hard job. There is nobody who believes that more data, more analytics, and more AI will not accelerate that process. All we are doing is modernizing IT systems—and wrapping those systems in AI—to facilitate much of that work. As BI knows because it purports to cover technology, complex system modernization takes time and effort. We have no doubt our so-called “gamble” will hit big. Coming back to Business Insider’s opening vignette, Crestor may or may not have been the right statin for Mr. Ellison’s condition. The point is, in 2024 it’s time we stop guessing.

1 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/clickbait

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Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau

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Making contraception and diabetes medications free for Canadians

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news releases

Everyone deserves a fair, healthy future. But today, for many Canadians, our provincial and territorial health care systems are under strain.

One of the biggest pressures right now is affordable medication. The medications many Canadians need are often too expensive, leading to fewer visits to pharmacies, less treatment, and more frequent health scares. The cost of contraceptives, and medications for those who are diabetic, is one of the largest barriers to access.

We’re making sure Canadians get the medication that they need, when they need it.

The Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, today highlighted measures in Budget 2024 to make two key forms of prescription medication free, as well as the federal government’s work to make health care fairer for every generation.

Here’s what we’re doing:

Universal coverage for a range of contraception and diabetes medications . With $1.5 billion in federal investments, we are launching the first phase of a national pharmacare plan.

We’re making contraception medications and devices free – from birth control pills, to IUDs, to implants, to the morning-after pill – so women are free to choose if, when, and how they plan their family.
With this coverage, nine million women will have more choices and, importantly, more affordable choices – so their right to reproductive freedom isn’t restricted by cost.
Women have the right to make decisions about their bodies, their health, and their future – and that’s what free contraception medications are all about.
We’re also making diabetes medications, like insulin, free , as well as medications that are often used in combination by patients with Type 2 diabetes.
With this coverage, 3.7 million Canadians, including seniors, will be able to get the diabetes medication they need and save up to $1,700 per year.
We will also create a fund to support access to diabetes devices and supplies to make sure even more Canadians get their care covered.
We are working with provinces and territories to cover these medications, so that Canadians get the prescriptions they need without cost getting in the way.

The Prime Minister also highlighted the federal government’s work to improve dental and health care, such as:

Making dental care more affordable:

Seniors pay a lot of money for their dental care – or worse, they live with toothaches and pain because they can’t afford to see a dentist. So, we’re covering the cost.
Last fall, we launched the Canadian Dental Care Plan, giving dental coverage to up to nine million uninsured Canadians, including seniors.
The plan covers services like cleaning, fillings, X-rays, dentures, and more – so you pay out of pocket less for healthy teeth.
Close to two million people have already signed up, and since May 1, more than 100,000 seniors have seen their dental costs covered.

Helping provinces and territories train more doctors and nurses, reduce hospital wait times, clear backlogs, and improve primary care, with:

Close to $200 billion to help provinces, territories, and Indigenous partners improve health care for Canadians by reducing backlogs and wait times, improving access to family doctors, supporting front-line health care workers, strengthening mental health care services, modernizing the health system, and providing targeted health services in Northern and Indigenous communities.
Working Together agreements with all provinces and territories to make sure that high-quality health care is available to everyone in Canada.
Aging with Dignity agreements to improve home, community, and long-term care for seniors across the country.

Affordable health care, including prescription medication, is about fairness. This means every woman will have the ability to choose a contraceptive that is best for her, regardless of cost. And it means Canadians with diabetes will have access to the life-saving medication they need.

This is part of our work to improve the health of Canadians, strengthen the social safety net, and help every generation get ahead. That’s what we’re investing in through Budget 2024. Right alongside this, we’re building more homes, creating more jobs, investing in our economy, and delivering fairness for every generation.

“Medications like contraceptives and insulin are too expensive. That’s why we’re covering the cost. By launching the first phase of universal pharmacare, we’re making sure Canadians get the care they need, when they need it, and without worrying about the bill. That’s what fairness is all about.” The Rt. Hon. Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada

“Women should have the autonomy to make their own choices about their health and their bodies. Our plan to make common contraceptives free ‒ like birth control pills, IUDs, and even emergency contraception ‒ mean that, for nine million Canadian women, freedom of choice will be truly free. And it means more Canadian women will have freedom of choice over their bodies and their lives.” The Hon. Chrystia Freeland, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance

“We’re taking steps each day to build a stronger health care system, so everyone in Canada gets the care they need. From our pharmacare plan that will help millions of people receive free contraceptives and diabetes medication to the Canadian Dental Care Plan that is making dental care more accessible right across the country, we are focused on getting Canadians better public health care.” The Hon. Mark Holland, Minister of Health

Quick Facts

In February 2024, the federal government introduced Bill C-64, the Pharmacare Act . The bill outlines the foundational principles for the first phase of national universal pharmacare in Canada and describes the federal government’s intent to work with provinces and territories to provide universal, single-payer coverage for a number of contraception and diabetes medications.
Beyond support for diabetes medication, the federal government announced its plan to establish a fund to support access to diabetes devices and supplies. Further details regarding this fund will be announced following discussions with provincial and territorial partners, who will be essential to its roll-out.
These bilateral agreements are intended to be flexible and tailored, so that provinces and territories can address the unique needs of their populations and geography.
The plan also guarantees a 5 per cent increase to the Canada Health Transfer (CHT) from 2023-24 to 2027-28 for provinces and territories that are taking steps to improve the collection and management of health data, estimated at $15.3 billion. Additionally, it includes a one-time $2 billion CHT top-up to address immediate pressures on the health care system, especially in pediatric hospitals, emergency rooms, and surgical and diagnostic backlogs.
Applying to the Canadian Dental Care Plan (CDCP) can now be done more easily through a new user-friendly online tool .
Jack, 89, and Evelyn, 87, live in Ontario and have a combined household income of $65,000. While Evelyn is fortunate enough to have all healthy teeth, after many years without affordable access to dental care, Jack is missing all his teeth. Thanks to the CDCP, this year, Jack and Evelyn will save a total of $2,604, including the price of a completely new set of dentures for Jack.
Chris and Kate live in British Columbia, earn a combined income of $68,000, and don’t have dental insurance through their jobs. Since the interim Canada Dental Benefit launched in 2022, they’ve received $2,600 to help cover dental costs for their kids, Jessica, 11, and Sacha, 5. Starting this June, Chris and Kate will be able to enroll their kids in the CDCP, saving about $433 in dental costs every year. In 2025, when the CDCP expands to all Canadians with a family income of less than $90,000, Chris and Kate will also be able to enroll themselves, helping their family save a total of around $1,809 every year.
Dental health providers eligible to participate in the CDCP on a voluntary basis include dentists, denturists, dental hygienists, and dental specialists.
Information on the coordination of benefits between the CDCP and provincial, territorial, and federal dental programs is available on Canada.ca/dental .
The Government of Canada continues to increase opportunities to access dental health services. This month, the government launched the Oral Health Access Fund (OHAF), which will further reduce barriers that prevent Canadians from accessing dental health care, including in rural and remote communities. The first Call for Proposals will support projects submitted by dental health training institutions.
Launching a new Canada Disability Benefit with $6.1 billion over six years, and $1.4 billion ongoing, to supplement provincial and territorial benefits, increasing the financial well-being of over 600,000 working-age persons with disabilities. Budget 2024 also addresses barriers to accessing the Canada Disability Benefit by covering the cost of the medical forms required to apply for the Disability Tax Credit.
Launching a new National School Food Program by providing $1 billion over five years to work with provinces, territories, and Indigenous partners to expand access to school food programs for more than 400,000 kids
Launching a $1 billion Child Care Expansion Loan Program to build more child care spaces and renovate existing child care centres, to save more families thousands of dollars a year on child care, enable more parents ‒ especially moms ‒ to pursue a career, and give every child the best start in life
Strengthening the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and ensuring the stability and security of Canadians’ pension benefits for generations to come. The CPP provides an average of more than $8,400 every year to nearly 6 million retirees.

Associated Links

Budget 2024: Fairness for Every Generation
Working together to improve health care in Canada
Government of Canada introduces legislation for first phase of national universal pharmacare
Canadian Dental Care Plan
Interim Canada Dental Benefit
Working together to improve health care for Canadians

Ether could surge 500% this cycle as new ETFs trigger a massive bull run, crypto expert says

The price of ether will climb to between $15,000 and $22,500 this cycle, SynFutures CEO Rachel Lin says.
She sees demand factors and a stallout in new supply adding price upside to the coin.
"Now the spot ETH ETF is approved, all indicators indicate a massive ETH bull run in the coming months," she said.

The positive verdict on spot ether ETFs last week will kickstart a price rally, according to Rachel Lin, the CEO of SynFutures.

According to commentary published after the funds' approval on Thursday, Lin expects that ether could reach between $15,000 to $22,500 this cycle. The high-end forecast implies a 503% gain from current prices levels of around $3,890.

"Ethereum ETF approval is one of the most significant bullish events for Ethereum and the entire ecosystem," Lin wrote, adding: "Even if ETH ETF does not gain as much traction as bitcoin in the initial weeks and months, it will still likely attract a staggeringly large amount of capital in the long run."

A few reasons back her thesis, but generally, it's that ethereum is a tough contender against bitcoin.

For one, ether offers an annual yield through staking, and is more than just a store of value asset. The ethereum blockchain is exposed to technologies such as DeFi and NFTs, offering it more functionality than bitcoin.

"Bitcoin could become the Dow Jones of crypto ETFs, while Ethereum becomes its NASDAQ," Lin said.

Upside will also follow from a well-established correlation between bitcoin and ether pricing, which should actually tighten, Lin said. Not only is this because of the tech crypto's rising demand, but also due to a major supply shift that occurred in September 2022:

"The 20-month period before that date saw ETH supply increase from 114 million to 120 million, an increase of 5%. Today, 20 months since that date, ETH supply remains at the same 120 million," Lin said. "Bitcoin, on the other hand, has seen its supply increase by 2.9% during the same period."

In that case, ether could reach the $22,500 target if bitcoin manages to climb to $150,000 this year, an estimate frequently published by Standard Chartered . The asset is currently trading at over $68,000.

"Overall, I know the market is bullish on Ethereum right now, but it's not bullish enough. Now the spot ETH ETF is approved, all indicators indicate a massive ETH bull run in the coming months," Lin wrote.

Although it could still take weeks before the new ETFs start trading, their approval sparked a slew of bullish excitement, though few see prices reach as high as Lin's forecast. For instance, Standard Chartered, expects ether to hit $8,000 by this year's end .

Check out Business Insider's picks for best cryptocurrency exchanges

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Moms for Liberty's Hamilton County chapter apologizes for quoting Hitler in newsletter

The Hamilton County chapter of Moms for Liberty , a national organization recently listed as an "extremist group" by a civil rights watchdog, apologized Thursday morning after it launched a newsletter called "The Parent Brigade" Wednesday that featured a quote from Adolf Hitler on its front cover.

It's happened before: 3 times this quote by Adolf Hitler was used publicly in recent history

The quote in the newsletter drew condemnation on social media Wednesday night and Thursday morning from local politicians and candidates for elected offices.

Around 11:30 a.m. Thursday, Moms for Liberty emailed IndyStar and posted a statement on the group's Facebook page condemning Adolf Hitler and apologizing for using the quote. A new version of the front page without the quote or explanation was uploaded.

"We condemn Adolf Hitler's actions and his dark place in human history," the statement from chapter chairwoman Paige Miller reads. "We should not have quoted him in our newsletter and express our deepest apology."

WWII history: Dog tag lost in France back home in Indiana

The original pages of the newsletter, which were posted on the group's Facebook page Wednesday night, showed below The Parent Brigade's masthead a quote Hitler used at a Nazi rally in 1935: "He alone, who OWNS the youth, GAINS the future."

Late Wednesday night, after IndyStar initially published this story, the front page of the newsletter was updated to include what was described as "context" for the Hitler quote.

"The quote from a horrific leader should put parents on alert," the update says. "If the government has control over our children today, they control our country's future. We The People must be vigilant and protect children from an overreaching government."

Hamilton County politicians denounce use of Hitler quote

Both the Hamilton County Democrats and the chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party denounced the quote in the newsletter.

"I think Adolf Hitler is terrible, and I would never quote Adolf Hitler or the Nazis in any shape or form other than saying they are bad or terrible," said Mario Massillamany, chairman of the Hamilton County Republican party. "That was a terrible page in our world history and I don't think that we as a society can say enough about the atrocities that the poor Jewish people had to go through."

Hamilton County Democrats in a statement highlighted messages from party candidates for office.

"We expect our leaders to not have an issue with saying Nazis are bad. Fascism is bad," the party's statement reads.

'Your Hitler rally cry is repulsive': Reactions to Hamilton County parent group

Below Hitler's words on the original front page appeared a message from Moms for Liberty national co-founders Tiffany Justice and Tina Descovich, with the headline: "Moms for Liberty will not be be intimidated by hate groups!"

Justice and Descovich appeared to be responding to the Southern Poverty Law Center, which labeled the Florida-headquartered Moms for Liberty and 11 other right-wing “parents' rights” organizations as extremist groups in its annual report , released earlier this month.

“(The movement) is primarily aimed at not wanting to include our hard history, topics of racism, and a very strong push against teaching anything having to do with LGBTQ topics in schools,” Susan Corke, an SPLC official, told USA TODAY.

Page 4 of the Parent Brigade included a mention of Carmel High School. The newsletter decried the school's recent $10,000 award from the "It Gets Better Project," a nonprofit organization whose stated mission is to uplift, empower and connect LGBTQ youth around the globe.

OPINION: Moms for Liberty newsletter quotes Adolf Hitler, complains about being labeled 'extremist'

Money awarded to Carmel High School will be used to produce community-wide Pride events at the Carmel Pride festival happening June 25 at Carter Green .

The Parent Brigade newsletter also called out sponsors of Carmel Pride, labeling the event "perversion."

The Words That Defined Closing Arguments in Donald Trump’s Trial

Defense lawyers and prosecutors deployed their best lines to win jurors to their side. The panel of 12 New Yorkers then went behind closed doors.

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By Wesley Parnell

Reporting from the courthouse

May 30, 2024

After more than six taxing weeks of Donald J. Trump’s criminal trial on felony charges of falsifying business records, lawyers presented their closing arguments on Tuesday and the case was moved into the hands of 12 jurors the next day.

Prosecutors worked meticulously on Tuesday to remind the jury of documents and evidence they maintain support their case that the former president falsified 34 financial records to conceal a hush money payment to a porn star before the 2016 election. A lawyer for Mr. Trump argued there wasn’t a “shred of evidence” that tied Mr. Trump to the scheme, which prosecutors said was meant to conceal an extramarital tryst from voters.

Both parties, in a court day that stretched well into the evening, focused on Michael D. Cohen, Mr. Trump’s fixer, who became the prime witness against him.

Mr. Trump has denied the charges and the sexual encounter, and said money paid to Mr. Cohen was not reimbursement for the hush payment but legitimate legal expenses. If convicted, Mr. Trump faces probation or prison.

Here are the most memorable words uttered during the summations:

‘Michael Cohen is the G.L.O.A.T.’

Todd Blanche, one of Mr. Trump’s defense lawyers, spent a substantial portion of his closing argument attacking the credibility of Mr. Cohen, who had been the defendant’s former personal attorney.

“He’s the human embodiment of reasonable doubt,” said Mr. Blanche in his nearly three-hour summation. “An M.V.P. of liars,” he added.

The defense has tried to cast Mr. Cohen as a jaded employee bent on exacting revenge from the man he once called “ the boss .”

Mr. Blanche presented jurors with the sports-world acronym of G.O.A.T., saying that quarterback Tom Brady was the “greatest of all time.”

He paused. “Michael Cohen is the G.L.O.A.T. He’s literally the Greatest Liar of All Time!” said Mr. Blanche, his voice rising.

“It doesn’t matter if there was a conspiracy.”

Prosecutors have argued that Mr. Trump and Mr. Cohen plotted alongside David Pecker, the former publisher of The National Enquirer, to boost flattering stories about Mr. Trump and quash those that made him look bad.

But Mr. Blanche revived an argument from opening statements last month: There is nothing wrong with influencing an election. Mr. Blanche impressed upon jurors the realpolitik idea that it is common for candidates to bend public opinion to help them win.

“Every campaign in this country is a conspiracy,” he said. “It doesn’t matter if there was a conspiracy to try to win an election.”

‘The smoking guns’

For more than five hours, Joshua Steinglass, a prosecutor, made his case to the jury.

Mr. Steinglass flipped through business records from the Trump Organization that contained handwritten notes from two of Mr. Trump’s top moneymen, which prosecutors said outlined the mechanism to reimburse Mr. Cohen.

“They are the smoking guns,” Mr. Steinglass said.

The documents “completely blow out of the water the claim the money paid to Cohen was for legal services,” he added.

Mr. Steinglass also named former and current employees of Mr. Trump who had testified.

“These people like the defendant. If anything, they have an incentive to skew their testimony in a way that would help the defendant,” said Mr. Steinglass . “Yet, each of them provides critical pieces of the puzzle, building blocks that help establish the defendant’s guilt.”

‘He made his bed.’

In attempts to shore up Mr. Cohen’s credibility, Mr. Steinglass crafted an image of him as a product of the Trump Organization who provided a crucial look into its inner workings.

“We didn’t choose Michael Cohen to be our witness. We didn’t pick him up at the witness store,” said Mr. Steinglass. “The defendant chose Michael Cohen to be his fixer, because he was willing to lie and cheat on Mr. Trump’s behalf.”

The prosecutor said that Mr. Trump hired Mr. Cohen precisely because he was willing to behave in unscrupulous ways.

“Mr. Trump chose Mr. Cohen for the same qualities that his attorneys now urge you to reject his testimony because of,” said Mr. Steinglass.

He told jurors they did not have to feel sympathetic to Mr. Cohen to believe him. “I’m not asking you to feel bad for Michael Cohen,” Mr. Steinglass said. “He made his bed.”

Our Coverage of the Trump Hush-Money Trial

Guilty Verdict : Donald Trump was convicted on all 34 counts of falsifying records to cover up a sex scandal that threatened his bid for the White House in 2016, making him the first American president to be declared a felon .

What Happens Next: Trump’s sentencing hearing on July 11 will trigger a long and winding appeals process , though he has few ways to overturn the decision .

Reactions: Trump’s conviction reverberated quickly across the country and around the world . Here’s what voters , New Yorkers , Republicans , Trump supporters and President Biden had to say.

The Presidential Race : The political fallout of Trump’s conviction is far from certain , but the verdict will test America’s traditions, legal institutions and ability to hold an election under historic partisan tension .

Making the Case: Over six weeks and the testimony of 20 witnesses, the Manhattan district attorney’s office wove a sprawling story of election interference and falsified business records.

Legal Luck Runs Out: The four criminal cases that threatened Trump’s freedom had been stumbling along, pleasing his advisers. Then his good fortune expired .

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25 Thesis Statement Examples (2024)
🌷 How to compose a thesis statement. How to Write a Thesis Statement
30 Strong Thesis Statement Examples For Your Research Paper
45 Perfect Thesis Statement Templates (+ Examples) ᐅ TemplateLab
45 Perfect Thesis Statement Templates (+ Examples) ᐅ TemplateLab
45 Perfect Thesis Statement Templates (+ Examples) ᐅ TemplateLab

VIDEO

Thesis statement example #shorts #education #essay #english #learnenglish #englishessay #writing
Thesis Statement Example #shorts #education #essay #english #learnenglish #essaywriting #writing
Example of a Thesis Statement #shorts #essay #education #english #learnenglish #writting #writing
Thesis Statement Example #english #shorts #education #essay #learnenglish #essaywriting #
What is a thesis Statement
Thesis Statement || Creative Nonfiction

COMMENTS

How to Write a Thesis Statement
Placement of the thesis statement. Step 1: Start with a question. Step 2: Write your initial answer. Step 3: Develop your answer. Step 4: Refine your thesis statement. Types of thesis statements. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about thesis statements.
Thesis Statements
A thesis statement: tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion. is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper. directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself.
Developing a Thesis Statement
A thesis statement . . . Makes an argumentative assertion about a topic; it states the conclusions that you have reached about your topic. Makes a promise to the reader about the scope, purpose, and direction of your paper. Is focused and specific enough to be "proven" within the boundaries of your paper. Is generally located near the end ...
PDF A GUIDE TO QUOTING CORRECTLY
2. Always provide commentary on the quotation. Explain to the reader how the quotation supports or contradicts your argument. This ties your evidence back to your thesis statement and provides cohesion throughout the paper. According to Williams, concise writing includes "active voice," "active verbs," and "clear subjects" (12).
Quotations
when an author has said something memorably or succinctly, or. when you want to respond to exact wording (e.g., something someone said). Instructors, programs, editors, and publishers may establish limits on the use of direct quotations. Consult your instructor or editor if you are concerned that you may have too much quoted material in your paper.
Quotations
Here are a few general tips for setting off your block quotations: Set up a block quotation with your own words followed by a colon. Indent. You normally indent 4-5 spaces for the start of a paragraph. When setting up a block quotation, indent the entire paragraph once from the left-hand margin.
How to write a thesis statement + Examples
It is a brief statement of your paper's main argument. Essentially, you are stating what you will be writing about. Organize your papers in one place. Try Paperpile. No credit card needed. Get 30 days free. You can see your thesis statement as an answer to a question. While it also contains the question, it should really give an answer to the ...
9.1 Developing a Strong, Clear Thesis Statement
You can cut down on irrelevant aspects and revise your thesis by taking the following steps: 1. Pinpoint and replace all nonspecific words, such as people, everything, society, or life, with more precise words in order to reduce any vagueness. Working thesis: Young people have to work hard to succeed in life.
How to Write a Thesis Statement
How to Tell a Strong Thesis Statement from a Weak One 1. A strong thesis statement takes some sort of stand. Remember that your thesis needs to show your conclusions about a subject. For example, if you are writing a paper for a class on fitness, you might be asked to choose a popular weight-loss product to evaluate. Here are two thesis statements:
Using Literary Quotations
Within a literary analysis, your purpose is to develop an argument about what the author of the text is doing—how the text "works.". You use quotations to support this argument. This involves selecting, presenting, and discussing material from the text in order to "prove" your point—to make your case—in much the same way a lawyer ...
Using quotes or evidence in your essay
Creating a Thesis Statement This link opens in a new window; Sources & Research. Using quotes or evidence in your essay ; ... All quotations, just like all paraphrases, require a formal citation. Surround direct quotes from a literary work with quotation marks and add an in-text citation at the end of the quote. Place citation information in ...
PDF Using Quotes to Support Your Thesis
Never assume that a quote explains itself; quotes cannot stand alone. Tell your reader what we should see in the quote you have chosen or what this quote illustrates that will support your point and ultimately your thesis. 3. The length of your quote determines the citation punctuation. Quotes 4 lines or shorter continue as part of the ...
How to Quote
Citing a quote in APA Style. To cite a direct quote in APA, you must include the author's last name, the year, and a page number, all separated by commas. If the quote appears on a single page, use 'p.'; if it spans a page range, use 'pp.'. An APA in-text citation can be parenthetical or narrative.
How to Quote
Citing a quote in APA Style. To cite a direct quote in APA, you must include the author's last name, the year, and a page number, all separated by commas. If the quote appears on a single page, use "p."; if it spans a page range, use "pp.". An APA in-text citation can be parenthetical or narrative.
25 Thesis Statement Examples (2024)
Strong Thesis Statement Examples. 1. School Uniforms. "Mandatory school uniforms should be implemented in educational institutions as they promote a sense of equality, reduce distractions, and foster a focused and professional learning environment.". Best For: Argumentative Essay or Debate. Read More: School Uniforms Pros and Cons.
How to Write a Literary Analysis Essay
Table of contents. Step 1: Reading the text and identifying literary devices. Step 2: Coming up with a thesis. Step 3: Writing a title and introduction. Step 4: Writing the body of the essay. Step 5: Writing a conclusion. Other interesting articles.
Thesis Generator
Remember that the thesis statement is a kind of "mapping tool" that helps you organize your ideas, and it helps your reader follow your argument. After the topic sentence, include any evidence in this body paragraph, such as a quotation, statistic, or data point, that supports this first point. Explain what the evidence means. Show the reader ...
Using Evidence
The types of evidence you use change from discipline to discipline--you might use quotations from a poem or a literary critic, for example, in a literature paper; you might use data from an experiment in a lab report. ... " How to Write a Thesis Statement," for ideas and tips), you should use evidence to help strengthen your thesis and any ...
PDF Quotations
Quotations What this handout is about Used effectively, quotations can provide important pieces of evidence and lend fresh voices and ... provide as much evidence as possible in support of your thesis. But packing your paper with ... wish to quote the part of the statement that you find questionable and establish a dialogue between yourself and ...
Using Direct Quotations in Your Thesis or Dissertation
Using Direct Quotations in Your Thesis or Dissertation Whenever you quote the exact words of another author or speaker in your thesis or dissertation, it is essential that you quote those words with accuracy and observe with precision and consistency all appropriate scholarly techniques and editorial styles. Your university may provide you with ...
How to Use Quotations in Your Thesis
Here are some tips: 1. Introduce Quotations: Many university guidelines require candidates to introduce quotations in their thesis. In that scenario, use any of the following methods: i) Use any short introductory phrase such as 'According to', followed by the authors name, a comma and the quotation. According to John, "Computer science ...
Thankfully Business Insider Is Not Responsible for Healthcare ...
Instead, we get the typical Business Insider formulaic story: start with a vignette, take some widely reported old news, mix in a few anonymous quotes, take other quotes out of context, ignore all facts to the contrary, present other facts entirely backwards, add some irrelevant graphics, refuse to print the company's response, throw in the ...
Making contraception and diabetes medications free for Canadians
The cost of contraceptives, and medications for those who are diabetic, is one of the largest barriers to access. We're making sure Canadians get the medication that they need, when they need it. The Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, today highlighted measures in Budget 2024 to make two key forms of prescription medication free, as well as the ...
Trump on conviction: "I'm a very innocent man"
Trump claimed, without evidence, that the legal proceedings were orchestrated by the Biden administration to hurt him politically. "We'll fight to the end and we'll win." "We didn't do a thing wrong. I'm a very innocent man. It's OK, I'm fighting for our country, I'm fighting for our Constitution," Trump said.
Fact check: Trump's post-conviction monologue was filled with false
Facts First : Trump's claim that Merchan refused to allow Trump's team to use this witness "under any circumstances" is false. Merchan did not prohibit the potential witness, former ...
Ethereum Price to Surge 500% This Cycle Amid ETF Approval: Crypto
Ether could surge 500% this cycle as new ETFs trigger a massive bull run, crypto expert says. The price of ether will climb to between $15,000 and $22,500 this cycle, SynFutures CEO Rachel Lin ...
Live updates: Anthony Fauci goes before House COVID panel over ...
Dr. Anthony Fauci, the former director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, is expected to testify at a House subcommittee hearing about the US' Covid-19 pandemic response ...
Read the jury instructions from Judge Juan Merchan in the Trump ...
Merchan explained what tax law violations were and said it was unlawful for a person to willfully produce a tax statement or document that's false. Read the full jury instructions here.
Moms for Liberty's Hamilton County chapter quotes Hitler in ...
Around 11:30 a.m. Thursday, Moms for Liberty emailed IndyStar and posted a statement on the group's Facebook page condemning Adolf Hitler and apologizing for using the quote.
The Words That Defined Closing Arguments in Donald Trump's Trial
Todd Blanche, one of Mr. Trump's defense lawyers, spent a substantial portion of his closing argument attacking the credibility of Mr. Cohen, who had been the defendant's former personal ...