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Islām, Īmān, Iḥsān: Climbing the Spiritual Mountain

Published: November 27, 2019 • Updated: May 10, 2024

بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيْمِ

In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

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Introduction

Islam is to testify there is no true god but Allah and Muḥammad is the Messenger of Allah, to establish prayer, to give charity, to fast the month of Ramadan, and to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to the House if one can find a way.

Faith is to believe in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, the Last Day, and to believe in the Divine Decree ( al-qadr ), both its good and its evil.

Excellence is to worship Allah as if you see Him, for though you do not see Him, He surely sees you. 1

The hadith of Gabriel clarifies that Islam is built upon five pillars, which is Islam itself. It is not based upon anything other than its foundation. Rather, the Prophet ﷺ designated three degrees of the religion. The pinnacle is excellence ( al-iḥsān ), its middle is faith ( al-īmān ), and its base is Islam. Thus, every good-doer ( muḥsin ) is a believer and every believer is Muslim, but not every believer is a good-doer and not every Muslim is a believer. 2

Have you not seen how Allah strikes the parable of a good word as a good tree, its roots firmly planted and its branches reaching to the sky? It produces its fruit at all times, by the permission of its Lord. Allah strikes parables for people, that perhaps they will reflect. 3

Islam: Following the basics

Islam is built upon five: to worship Allah and to disbelieve in what is worshipped besides him, to establish prayer, to give charity, to perform Hajj pilgrimage to the house, and to fast the month of Ramadan. 5

The purpose is to strike a parable of Islam as a building supported on these five pillars. The building cannot stand without them, while the remaining attributes of Islam perfect the building. If any of the secondary attributes are missing, the house will be lacking although it is standing. It will not fall by lacking those attributes, in contrast to these five pillars. 6

The bedouins say, ‘We have faith.’ Say, ‘You do not have faith, but rather say we have surrendered in Islam,’ for faith has not entered your hearts. If you obey Allah and His Messenger, He will not diminish anything from your deeds. Verily, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful. 7

O you who have faith with their tongues but faith has not entered their hearts! Do not backbite the Muslims or seek out their faults. Whoever seeks their faults, Allah will seek his faults. And if Allah seeks his faults, He will expose him even in the privacy of his house. 9

Faith ( Īmān ): Actualizing our Islam

As for the definition of faith and its explanation, it is resolute belief and total acknowledgment of everything Allah and His Messenger commanded to have faith in, complying both outwardly and inwardly. It is belief in the heart and its acceptance, including actions of the heart and actions of the body… For this reason, the Imams among the righteous predecessors would say: Faith is a statement of the heart and the tongue, and the actions of the heart, the tongue, and the limbs. 17

Monotheism is the beginning and end of the matter, meaning the oneness of divinity. Monotheism has three components. First, knowledge of the divine attributes. Second, the oneness of Lordship and clarity that Allah alone has created all things. Third, the oneness of divinity, that Allah, Glorified and Exalted, deserves to be worshipped alone, without any partners. 22

He is Allah, besides whom there is no God, the Sovereign, the Holy, the Pure, the Faithful, the Overseer, the Almighty, the Compeller, the Superior. Glory be to Allah above what they associate with Him.

He is Allah, the Creator, the Inventor, the Fashioner; unto Him belong the Best Names. Whatever is in the heavens and on the earth glorifies Him, for He is the Almighty, the Wise. 23

The Qur’an is the word of Allah. It originated from Him, without ascribing a modality to its speech. It was revealed to His Messenger by divine inspiration. The believers affirm all of that as the truth. They have conviction that it is the word of Allah Almighty in reality, not created like the word of creatures. 27

I wanted to know the best of the life of one who holds today an undisputed sway over the hearts of millions of mankind… I became more than ever convinced that it was not the sword that won a place for Islam in those days in the scheme of life. It was the rigid simplicity, the utter self-effacement of the Prophet, the scrupulous regard for pledges, his intense devotion to his friends and followers, his intrepidity, his fearlessness, his absolute trust in God and in his own mission. These, and not the sword, carried everything before them and surmounted every obstacle. When I closed the second volume (of the Prophet’s biography), I was sorry there was not more for me to read of that great life. 42

Verily, in the creation of the heavens and the earth and in the alternation of night and day are signs for those who understand, who remember Allah standing, sitting, or lying on their sides and reflect deeply upon the creation of the heavens and the earth, saying, ‘Our Lord, You have not created all this without purpose. Glory be to You, so save us from the Hellfire.’ 44

Righteousness is not that you turn your faces east or west, rather righteousness is in one who has faith in Allah and the Last Day, the Angels, the Book, and the Prophets, who give out their wealth, despite their love for it, to relatives, the orphans, the needy, the wayfarers, those who ask, and for freeing slaves, who establish prayer, give in charity, and keep the promises they make, the patient in poverty, hardship, and times of danger. Such as these have been truthful and are Godfearing. 47

Whoever fulfills these characteristics is a true believer. Included in that are the establishment of obligations, both outwardly and inwardly, and avoidance of what is forbidden and discouraged… These verses are explicit in that faith includes theological beliefs, morals, outward and inward actions. Based on this, it increases by the increases in these characteristics and their actualization, and it decreases when they are decreased . 48

The recompense of a deed resembles its type of good and evil. Whoever covers the faults of a Muslim, Allah covers his faults. Whoever eases one in difficulty, Allah will make it easy for him in the world and the Hereafter. Whoever relieves a believer of hardship in the world, Allah will relieve his hardship on the Day of Resurrection. Whoever cancels a sale someone later regretted, Allah will cancel his slips on the Day of Resurrection. Whoever seeks out the faults of his brother, Allah will seek out his faults. Whoever harms a Muslim, Allah will harm him. Whoever is harsh, Allah is harsh with him. Whoever abandons a Muslim in a situation in which he needs support, Allah will abandon him in a situation in which he needs support. Whoever is tolerant, Allah is tolerant with him. The Most Merciful will show mercy to the merciful. Indeed, Allah only has mercy on His merciful servants. Whoever spends in charity, He will spend on him. Whoever is miserly, He will withhold from him. Whoever forgoes one of his rights, Allah will forgo one of His rights over him. Whoever overlooks the mistakes of people, Allah will overlook his mistakes. Whoever is keen to find fault, Allah is keen to find fault in him. This is the law of Allah, His decree, and His revelation. His reward and punishment are entirely based upon this principle. 53

Excellence ( Iḥsān ): Doing our best in Islam

This statement is among the comprehensive sayings ( jawāmiʿ al-kalim ) brought by the Prophet ﷺ. If one of us is able to worship as if he sees his Lord, Glorified and Exalted is He, he would never abandon any good thing he can do, such as being humble, reverent, behaving well, and taking care to combine outward and inward aspects completely, in the best possible manner. 57

How do we get there? Systematic spiritual advancement

Allah Almighty said: My servant does not grow closer to Me with anything more beloved to Me than the duties I have imposed upon him. My servant continues to grow closer to Me with extra good works until I love him. When I love him, I am his hearing with which he hears, his seeing with which he sees, his hand with which he strikes, and his foot with which he walks. Were he to ask something from Me, I would surely give it to him. Were he to ask Me for refuge, I would surely grant it to him. 70

My dear friend, the Prophet ﷺ, advised me to do three deeds and I will never abandon them until I die: to fast three days of every month, to perform the forenoon prayer, and to sleep after performing the  witr  prayer. 71

Say, ‘O Allah, the Knower of the unseen and the witnessed, the Originator of the heavens and the earth, the Lord of everything and its Owner, I testify that there is no God but You. I seek refuge in You from the evil of my soul and from the evil of Satan and his idolatry.’ Say this in the morning, evening, and when you lie down to sleep. 72

For everything that envy judges one should say or do, one should oblige oneself to do its opposite. If envy compels one to disparage the envied, one should oblige one’s tongue to praise him and commend him. If envy compels one to be arrogant against him, one should require oneself to be humble before him and apologize to him… These are the cures for envy and they are very beneficial, although they are very bitter for the heart. Rather, the benefit is in bitter medicine. 81

Disclaimer: The views, opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in these papers and articles are strictly those of the authors. Furthermore, Yaqeen does not endorse any of the personal views of the authors on any platform. Our team is diverse on all fronts, allowing for constant, enriching dialogue that helps us produce high-quality research.

Acts of Worship

How Does Ramadan Work? A Beginner’s Guide

On The Timing and Virtues of the Night of Power: The Heart's Joy in Remembering Laylat al-Qadr by Ibn al-ʿIrāqī

Ḥayāʾ: More Than Just Modesty in Islam

The Art of Worship: How to Make the Most of Ramadan Nights

Hijab: Spotlighting Servitude to God

Developing an Islamic Research Ethics Framework

• Philosophical Exploration
• Published: 20 October 2017
• Volume 58 , pages 74–86, ( 2019 )

Cite this article

• Abbas Rattani   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9562-526X 1 &
• Adnan A. Hyder 2 , 3  

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In surveying the medical literature on Islamic principles of research ethics, it is apparent that attempts to identify ethical principles are replete with issues of standards and gaps in knowledge of the uses of scriptural sources. Despite this, attempts at creating an Islamic ethical framework for research ethics may improve current practices in research in Muslim-majority countries and contribute to the growing canon of secular bioethics. This paper aims to identify principles and considerations within Islam that (1) overlap with current corpora on research ethics, and (2) further informs the current research ethics discourse.

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Abbas Rattani

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Rattani, A., Hyder, A.A. Developing an Islamic Research Ethics Framework. J Relig Health 58 , 74–86 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0508-8

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Published : 20 October 2017

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• Twentieth century religious thought : Volume II, Islam .  Multivolume, cross-searchable online collection that brings together the seminal works and archival materials related to worldwide religious thinkers from the early 1900s until the first decade of the 21st century. Focuses on modern Islamic theology and tradition and details Islam's evolution from the late 19th century by examining printed works and rare documents by Muslim writers, both non-Western and Western voices.
• World Almanac of Islamism 2014-- American Foreign Policy Council.  The first comprehensive reference work to detail the current activities of radical Islamist movements world wide. The contributions, written by subject experts, provide annual updates on the contemporary Islamist threat in all countries and regions where it exists.  
• Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures [Online] [Print: Olin Library Reference (Non-Circ.) HQ1170 .E53 2003+]  An interdisciplinary, trans-historical, and global project embracing women and Islamic cultures in every region where there have been significant Muslim populations. It aims to cover every topic for which there is significant research, examining these regions from the period just before the rise of Islam to the present. The Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures Online crosses history, geographic borders and disciplines to create a groundbreaking reference work reflecting the very latest research on gender studies and the Islamic world. v. 1. Methodologies, paradigms and sources for studying women and Islamic cultures. v. 2. Family, law, and politics. v. 3. Family, body, sexuality, and health. v. 4. Economics, education, mobility, and space.

Online Collections & Aggregated Sources

BRILL Collections:   Middle East and Islamic Studies E-Books Online, Collection

Series in Islam - Oxford University Press:

• The Oxford Encyclopedias of the Islamic World: Digital Collection
• The Oxford handbook of Islamic theology
• Makers of Contemporary Islam
• The Islamic World: Past and Present   
• The Oxford History of Islam
• Islam in Transition
• Modernist Islam
• Teaching Islam
• Liberal Islam
• Islamic Library  "Worlds Largest Free Online Islamic Books Library."
•   المكتبة الشاملة – Maktabah Shamilah – Islamic Library  A library on the various Islamic sciences [Arabic only]
• Islamic Library | Shia Islamic PDFs * Shiavault - a Vault of Shia Islamic Books * مكتبة الشيعة *  Shia Library (A Great Collection Of Books From Shia Sect)

More Resources for Research from the Cornell University Library

    middle east & islamic studies: a research guide.

[http://guides.library.cornell.edu/MideastIslamStudies]

General Introductions and Terminology -- Accessible

What is Islam?  Check the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary  for a definition and the Encyclopedia Britannica for information on the history, principles and practices of Islam.

Sunnis and Shia: Islam's ancient schism - BBC, UK.

Islam vs Muslim: When and why do we use the different terms?   

Muslim vs Moslem: Why do people say Muslim now instead of Moslem?

'Muslim' vs 'Islamic' -   DAWN.COM

Muslims vs. Islamists Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies - Taylor & Francis Concepts in Islamic Studies series spans a number of subject areas that are closely linked to the religion.

More Concepts @ Cornell University Library

Intro to Islam Research Paper                 /  Lynette White,                   ....

Islam (religion) -- Encyclopedia Britannica

American Religion Data Archive  The ARDA collection includes data on USA religious groups (individuals, congregations and denominations). The collection consists of individual surveys covering various groups and topics.

Religions of the book - faculty.fairfield.edu Three world religious traditions have their origins in the Middle East-Judaism, Christianity, and Islam-but there are also a number of more highly localized traditions. These include Zoroastrianism (primarily in Iran); the Druze of Lebanon, Syria, and Israel; and the Kurdish-speaking Yazidi-s of northern Iraq, each with their own traditions of religious identity and practice. [ WORLD RELIGIONS -The Middle East and Central Asia: an anthropological approach ].

Access our Library Anywhere -- Accessible

Middle East & Islamic Studies Curator

Spotlight -- General Interest Sources

Essential Readings on Political Islam (by Peter Mandaville)

As befits a topic that is global in scope, increasingly controversial in nature, and the focus of academic inquiry for more than half a century, the literature on political Islam is voluminous. The readings presented here represent some of the most important efforts to study contemporary Islamism using the tools, methodologies, and academic rigor associated with the humanities and social sciences. Though hardly exhaustive, this list will provide the reader with a sense of how the study of political Islam—in major publications either written or available in English—as an object of academic inquiry has evolved over the years.

Islamic Painted Page database - a huge free database of references for Persian paintings, Ottoman paintings, Arab paintings and Mughal paintings. This site enables you to locate printed reproductions, commentaries and weblinks for thousands of Islamic paintings, including illuminated "carpet" pages, decorated Quran pages, and book bindings from over 230 collections all over the world.

Manuscripts | Digital Resources and Projects in Islamic Studies

 The Maydan is proud to introduce a new initiative highlighting digital resources and projects in the field of Islamic Studies. Included in this roundup are manuscripts collections, digitized manuscripts, and manuscripts catalogues from universities and libraries around the world. *This is an ongoing project*

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• Last Updated: Oct 17, 2023 1:18 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.cornell.edu/IslamicStudiesResearch

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THE RISE AND SPREAD OF ISLAM IN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT (711-1526 A.D

Related Papers

Mohammad Yusuf Siddiq

Muhammad Furquan

3rd Aicollim UIN Maliki

Muhammad Faiz

During the Middle Ages, Islamic rule was concentrated in three prominent kingdoms, the Ottoman Dynasty in Turkey, the Safavid Dynasty in Persia and the Mughal Dynasty in India. This paper will explore the history of Islam that developed in India in three periods, first from the period before the Mughal Empire came to power, the second when the Mughals ruled India and the third when British imperialism began to dominate India. This research is carried out using the historical writing method (historiography) on literature sources relevant to the theme of the study. The stage of this research is to collect data (heuristics) that support the study of the development of Islam in India from 705 to 1947 AD. The next stage is source criticism by sorting out the data that has authenticity and credibility that are directly related to the research as well as data processing and interpretation to narrate history of Islam in India during these three periods. The results of this study found that Islam developed rapidly in India when the religious conditions of the people competed with each other between Hindus and Buddhists which weakened their influence at that time. When the Mughals came to power, Islam grew by applying Islamic teachings and high values of tolerance even though the Muslim population was still a minority compared to Hindu-Buddhist. When Britain entered India, the condition of Islamic government continued to weaken, including the weak of leadership after the Aurangzeb era, the struggle for power between regional Muslim leaders at the central level and the emergence of separatist movements from Hindu groups in several areas to facilitate the British invasion of India. Keywords: Islam, Dynasty, Mughal.

Prashant .Keshavmurthy

Islamic and Islamicate legacies from the millennium of Muslim presence in South Asia before English colonialism have never been more imperilled than today. Modern nationalisms in the region have transformed and threatened public memories of Islamicate legacies from pre-colonial India and have impeded public access to serious scholarship on them. This course aims to help you to authoritatively answer four questions relevant to these legacies today: what were the beginnings of Muslim political power in India? What did it mean to convert to Islam before English colonialism? What can we accurately say about Muslim interactions with India’s non-Muslim majority during the approximately thousand years of Muslim presence in pre-colonial India? And, given the abiding popular association of South Asian Islam with certain genres of poetry (e.g. ghazal), painting (e.g. miniature) and architecture (e.g. mosque, tomb, tomb garden), what have been Islamicate aesthetic legacies in the subcontinent?

Yohanan Friedmann

Research Article

Saima Perveen

The paper aims to explore, analyze and investigate the relation between the Sufi shrines and religious transformation of medieval India as conversion or reversion. The religious conversion of South Asia particularly the Indian subcontinent has been associated with agricultural economy by Richard M. Eaton. For Eaton it was the agrarian economy which motivated or influenced the regional population of Multan and Pakpattan to transform religiously. Diego Abenante argued against Eaton's idea about Islam as the religion of plough with the facts about the Multan region revealing agricultural development much later than the religious transformation of the local population. Through studying Indian Islam as a social reflection (as per Emile Durkheim's theory) this paper tries to analyze the religious transformation of Medieval India under the theoretical model of Al-fiÏrah by Ibn-i-Khaldun. Al-fiÏrah (reversion or self-amendment) is a five step process including: (a) Umranic (social) association with community, (b) Cooperation or support of the community, (c) Communication through soft skills like language etc., (d) Competition or prevention between communities, and (e) Self amendment or Reversion. It was not the agrarian economy but the vernacularization of Islam under the Sufi shrines which made Islam less Brahmanized for the local people and allowed them to adopt it firstly according to their convenience and later on adapt according to the religion's limits. To explain the course of religious reversion of medieval India, analytical and descriptive method has been used.

فهيمة عبدالرزاق

Die Welt des Islams

David Lelyveld

Page 1. ISLAM IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT ANNEMARIE SCHIMMEL EJ BRILL / LEIDEN-KOLN / 1980 Page 2. Das ,,Handbuch der Orientalistik" erscheint in Heften verschiedenen Umfangs in zwangloser Folge. Separatbande sind erhaltlich. Page 3. ...

hussain Randathani kallen

The paper describes, how Islam had influenced India in a historical perspective. It brings out the role of the rulers and Sufis in spreading the Islamic culture in India.

Tanvir Anjum

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AP®︎/College Art History

Course: ap®︎/college art history   >   unit 2, introduction to islam.

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521 Islam Essay Topics & Examples

On this page, see Islamic essay topics for a variety of tasks. Anything from challenging titles to simple issues to talk about – find something that suits your assignment!