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The Three Branches of Government

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Interactive Teaching Unit: How to Use the 3 Branches of Government Materials

There are 5 main focal areas to these teaching materials:

Our Three Branches of Government and Balance of Power

Legislative Branch

Executive Branch

Judicial Branch

Each area has background information, activities and projects. Each area provides Internet links to other sites where information may be obtained for student research. We have provided two formats for teaching using these materials. The first is a DAILY SCHEDULE FORMAT and the second is PROJECT FOCUS FORMAT.

DAILY SCHEDULE FORMAT:

The entire unit could be taught as a 3 week (15 days) government focus, or separated into sections that fit areas of your curriculum as needed. A suggested schedule is listed below for the 3 week course including the Cabinet project. Suggest having students do the  How a Bill Becomes a Law  file folder game as an ongoing review activity.

DAY 1:  Students use the computer lab and access the site. Read  3 Branches of Our Government . Print off the accompanying worksheet and fill in the blanks as individuals or partners. Discuss in class together the main points and have students check their own worksheets and correct them. Keep these for review.

DAY 2 : Students use the computer lab and access the site. Read  The Legislative Branch  and  The House of Representatives  and complete the tasks as individuals or partners using the suggested web sites. Print off the  The Legislative Branch  worksheet and have students fill in the blanks.

DAY 3 : Review the Legislative Branch worksheet. Students check and correct their own work. Save this sheet for review. Review responses to House of Representatives tasks. Students use the computer lab and access the site. Students work in partners to read and complete tasks on  The Senate--Voice of the States . Print off  Questions for the Senate--Voice of the States . Students complete activities together. However, each student writes a report in his/her own words on one of the five famous senators listed.

DAY 4:  Review work from Day 3. Students keep corrected pages for review and read their senator report to a partner. Students spend time in the computer lab reviewing the sites suggested on  United States Capitol . Students then access the site  How A Bill Becomes a Law  and complete activities. Play in partners the folder game How a Bill Becomes a Law ( see games and puzzles section)  Print off the following as homework assignments:  Congress - Courts--Keeping the Balance ;  Congress - President--Keeping the Balance .

DAY 5:  Check homework. Print off  The Executive Branch  and run off copies for class. Print  What a President Can and Cannot Do  and make this a transparency.

Brainstorm with students about what they think a President's powers are. List these on board or overhead. Pass out the  The Executive Branch . Read together and discuss. Use the transparency you have made and have students compare this list with what is on the chart. Students come to the front to mark off the chart duties listed there that are not correct. Print off both the information sheet and worksheet  The Judicial Branch  and use as a homework assignment. Print off  Government Crossword Puzzle  and have students complete this at home.

DAY 6:  Check homework. Print off both the information sheet and worksheet  The Balance of Government  and do this in class. Review together in groups the worksheets they have saved and quiz each other over the material. Homework assignment: Each student writes a fill in the blank test of fifteen questions and a separate answer sheet. Answers -  https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/three-branches/balance-of-government-answers

DAY 7:  Students trade quizzes and answer them. Return to author and have them graded. Collect. Students get points for level of test questions submitted and their answers on the other test.

Give essay quiz over material presented. (Allow students to use their notes.) Essay possibilities are suggested below:

• Describe how a Congress can check a President.
• Describe why the job of a Supreme Court Justice is so important and powerful.
• Describe in detail which job you would prefer and why: President, Senator, Representative, or Supreme Court Justice. Use facts from your information sheets.
• Draw a diagram or picture showing the three branches of government and the main focus of what each one does.

DAY 8:  Cabinet Focus: Students use the computer lab. Access site and go to part called  Why Does the President Need a Cabinet? . Students read and complete activities. Then have students go to:  The President's Cabinet-Who are the Secretaries? . Have them read the list and access the listed web site to complete activity. Compare and report on answers.

DAY 9:  Cabinet Focus: Student use the computer lab. Go to web site and access  Cabinet Web Sites  information page. Divide into partners. Each partner group will prepare a report on one Cabinet department. See guidelines under  Cabinet Department Presentation . Suggest giving 2 days to complete.

DAY 10 & 11:  Students work on project.

DAY 12 & 13:  Project presentations. Students watching take notes on fellow classmates' presentations. Homework assignment: Study notes.

DAY 14:  Quick quiz over departments. Suggest writing role or area of focus and having student write the name of the department next to it. Do twenty questions so some departments have more than one blank.

DAY 15:  May do  "A Cabinet Meeting"  activity.

PROJECT FOCUS FORMAT: (15 days)

Students are given 4 days to complete all the activity pages and on-line tasks for each of the three branches and balance of power plus Legislative, Executive and Judicial Branch activity pages. Students may work in partners or individually. Students are given lab time and the teacher serves as the advisor and facilitator. However, students are expected to do some sections as homework. Students keep all work in an electronic or paper copy portfolio for future checking and presentation.

On the fifth day, questions and activities are checked in groups of four. Teacher roams around meeting with each group discussing their questions and which answers were being debated. Students make corrections so that they will have accurate information for the upcoming project. Introduce the "Teach Another Class Project" and decide on scoring guide.

Projects and Presentations:

Teach Another Class About What They Have Learned: (3 days preparation + 1 day presentation)

Students are divided into six groups (four each), two groups are assigned the Legislative Branch, two groups are assigned the Executive Branch, and two groups are assigned the Judicial Branch. Each group summarizes materials studied the first 5 days and conducts additional research on-line. Then each group designs a chart, backboard, PowerPoint presentation, a series of colorful overheads, or other format to teach another class about their subject. Arrange for students to make presentations to two classes. One set of three groups (Legislative, Executive, Judicial) presents to each class. Each group must time their presentation and keep it to ten minutes. Develop a scoring guide as a class to determine criteria for presentation. Students do a trial run for teacher before going "on the road" with their presentation.

Cabinet Project: (3 days preparation = 2 days presentation)

Students divide into partners for the Cabinet Project (see above). They are given 3 days to complete the project and 2 days are provided for presentations.

Three Branches of Government PowerPoint Slides

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Learning about the Three Branches of Government has never been so fun! This colorful and informative PowerPoint presentation is an excellent resource for teaching about the Three Branches of Government.

It includes information about:

✔Three Branches of Government

✔The Constitution

✔The Executive Branch

✔The Legislative Branch

✔The Judicial Branch

✔Important Vocabulary

✔10 question quiz & answer key

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Slideshow - The Three Branches of Government

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The 3 Branches of Government

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Three Branches of Government

The United States Constitution

3 Branches of Government

The Three Branches of Government Chap. 3, Sec. 2 Legislative Branch Who: Congress  House & Senate Power: Makes laws Executive Branch Who: President directs.

Three Branches of Government By Timothy Executive Branch The Executive Branch is run by the President and the Vice President. The Executive Branch is.

Legislative Branch (Congress) 2- House (bicameral) legislature Senate House of Representatives Rep. based on Rep. based on population for population for.

What are “checks and balances?”

Checks and Balances Mr. Blais Foundations of America.

Launch List What were the 2 major compromises at the constitutional convention?

CIVICS C 4 E Battle of the Sexes Jeopardy Review.

Checks and Balances. White House The Capitol BuildingThe Supreme Court.

3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT.  Take out your vocabulary for this section. DO NOW.

Separation of Powers. Legislative Branch House of Representatives ( 435 members) Serves 2-year term Must be 25 years old and been a citizen for 7 years.

Legislative Branch Makes the Laws. The Basics Legislative Branch=Congress, which is divided into the House of Representatives & the Senate (bicameral)

The Election Process Requirements to be President 1. Announce Candidacy 2. Determine Platform 3. Campaign 4. Primary Elections Try to get the vote to.

The Three Branches of Government. Three Branches The Constitution of the United States established a federal system of government. It is based on power.

Six Basic Principles of the Constitution

The Three Branches of Government in America The Executive Branch The Executive Branch The Legislative Branch The Legislative Branch The Judicial Branch.

What do you mean, branches? Under the US Constitution, the responsibilities of government are split between three separate and equal branches.

The Executive Branch (President) Controls the military, appoints and nominates judges and diplomats, heads the government. Can veto bills, but Congress.

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Three Branches of Government

By: History.com Editors

Updated: September 4, 2019 | Original: November 17, 2017

The three branches of the U.S. government are the legislative, executive and judicial branches. According to the doctrine of separation of powers, the U.S. Constitution distributed the power of the federal government among these three branches, and built a system of checks and balances to ensure that no one branch could become too powerful.

Separation of Powers

The Enlightenment philosopher Montesquieu coined the phrase “trias politica,” or separation of powers, in his influential 18th-century work “Spirit of the Laws.” His concept of a government divided into legislative, executive and judicial branches acting independently of each other inspired the framers of the U.S. Constitution , who vehemently opposed concentrating too much power in any one body of government.

In the Federalist Papers , James Madison wrote of the necessity of the separation of powers to the new nation’s democratic government: “The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elected, may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny.”

Legislative Branch

According to Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch (the U.S. Congress) has the primary power to make the country’s laws. This legislative power is divided further into the two chambers, or houses, of Congress: the House of Representatives and the Senate .

Members of Congress are elected by the people of the United States. While each state gets the same number of senators (two) to represent it, the number of representatives for each state is based on the state’s population.

Therefore, while there are 100 senators, there are 435 elected members of the House, plus an additional six non-voting delegates who represent the District of Columbia as well as Puerto Rico and other U.S. territories.

In order to pass an act of legislation, both houses must pass the same version of a bill by majority vote. Once that happens, the bill goes to the president, who can either sign it into law or reject it using the veto power assigned in the Constitution.

In the case of a regular veto, Congress can override the veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses. Both the veto power and Congress’ ability to override a veto are examples of the system of checks and balances intended by the Constitution to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power.

Executive Branch

Article II of the Constitution states that the executive branch , with the president as its head, has the power to enforce or carry out the laws of the nation.

In addition to the president, who is the commander in chief of the armed forces and head of state, the executive branch includes the vice president and the Cabinet; the State Department, Defense Department and 13 other executive departments; and various other federal agencies, commissions and committees.

Unlike members of Congress, the president and vice president are not elected directly by the people every four years, but through the electoral college system. People vote to select a slate of electors, and each elector pledges to cast his or her vote for the candidate who gets the most votes from the people they represent.

In addition to signing (or vetoing) legislation, the president can influence the country’s laws through various executive actions, including executive orders, presidential memoranda and proclamations. The executive branch is also responsible for carrying out the nation’s foreign policy and conducting diplomacy with other countries, though the Senate must ratify any treaties with foreign nations.

Judicial Branch

Article III decreed that the nation’s judicial power, to apply and interpret the laws, should be vested in “one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.”

The Constitution didn’t specify the powers of the Supreme Court or explain how the judicial branch should be organized, and for a time the judiciary took a back seat to the other branches of government.

But that all changed with Marbury v. Madison , an 1803 milestone case that established the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review, by which it determines the constitutionality of executive and legislative acts. Judicial review is another key example of the checks and balances system in action.

Members of the federal judiciary—which includes the Supreme Court, 13 U.S. Courts of Appeals and 94 federal judicial district courts—are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. Federal judges hold their seats until they resign, die or are removed from office through impeachment by Congress.

Implied Powers of the Three Branches of Government

In addition to the specific powers of each branch that are enumerated in the Constitution, each branch has claimed certain implied powers, many of which can overlap at times. For example, presidents have claimed exclusive right to make foreign policy, without consultation with Congress.

In turn, Congress has enacted legislation that specifically defines how the law should be administered by the executive branch, while federal courts have interpreted laws in ways that Congress did not intend, drawing accusations of “legislating from the bench.”

The powers granted to Congress by the Constitution expanded greatly after the Supreme Court ruled in the 1819 case McCulloch v. Maryland that the Constitution fails to spell out every power granted to Congress.

Since then, the legislative branch has often assumed additional implied powers under the “necessary and proper clause” or “elastic clause” included in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution.

Checks and Balances

“In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty is this: You must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place, oblige it to control itself,” James Madison wrote in the Federalist Papers . To ensure that all three branches of government remain in balance, each branch has powers that can be checked by the other two branches. Here are ways that the executive, judiciary, and legislative branches keep one another in line:

· The president (head of the executive branch) serves as commander in chief of the military forces, but Congress (legislative branch) appropriates funds for the military and votes to declare war. In addition, the Senate must ratify any peace treaties.

· Congress has the power of the purse, as it controls the money used to fund any executive actions.

· The president nominates federal officials, but the Senate confirms those nominations.

· Within the legislative branch, each house of Congress serves as a check on possible abuses of power by the other. Both the House of Representatives and the Senate have to pass a bill in the same form for it to become law.

· Once Congress has passed a bill, the president has the power to veto that bill. In turn, Congress can override a regular presidential veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses.

· The Supreme Court and other federal courts (judicial branch) can declare laws or presidential actions unconstitutional, in a process known as judicial review.

· In turn, the president checks the judiciary through the power of appointment, which can be used to change the direction of the federal courts

· By passing amendments to the Constitution, Congress can effectively check the decisions of the Supreme Court.

· Congress can impeach both members of the executive and judicial branches.

Separation of Powers, The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Branches of Government, USA.gov . Separation of Powers: An Overview, National Conference of State Legislatures .

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Marion Whicker on Army’s Organic Industrial Base Modernization Implementation Plan

The U.S. Army’s organic industrial base is advancing transformation efforts through the military branch’s OIB Modernization Implementation Pla n with more than $18 billion in investments over 15 years, the service branch reported Thursday.

Marion Whicker , executive deputy to the commanding general at Army Materiel Command, said leaders across the service branch should focus on three factors to execute the OIB MIP: modernizing to support current systems, divesting assets the sites no longer need and modernizing to back future capabilities.

“We have got to get our facilities lean and mean, this is about being efficient and effective in all the things we do,” said Whicker. “We must show sustained success to maintain consistent funding.”

The organic industrial base consists of 23 depots, arsenals and ammunition plants that produce, reset and maintain Army equipment.

AMC and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics and Technology hosted a two-day war game that kicked off Wednesday, May 15, at Redstone Arsenal in Alabama to ensure the integration of OIB modernization with the military branch’s priorities.

Attend the Potomac Officers Club’s 2024 Army Summit on June 13 to hear military officials, government leaders and industry executives share their most urgent priorities, strategies and solutions to their toughest challenges. Register here .

Jon Stewart Mocks Tommy Tuberville

J on Stewart roasted Alabama Senator Tommy Tuberville , dubbing the Republican an "ex-football coach, who doesn't know the three branches of government."

The comedian took aim at several politicians during Monday night's installment of The Daily Show, starting with New Jersey Senator Robert Menendez . The Democrat's corruption trial began at Manhattan's Federal District Court on Monday, with the 70-year-old accused of plotting with his wife, Nadine Menendez, to accept bribes in exchange for legal and political favors.

Menendez also allegedly assisted the Egypt and Qatar governments on U.S. policy matters during his time as chair of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. He has pleaded not guilty to all charges.

"As a New Jersey resident, as a constituent of yours, Senator Menendez, I have to ask, with all due respect, how f****** dumb is you?" Stewart joked.

"Promising favors to foreign entities for little chump change on the side, it's bush league, when, as a U.S. senator, you can enrich yourself in so many different, let's call them, 'legal ways.' For instance, the stock market."

Stewart then cut to a C-SPAN segment on members of Congress ' stock portfolios. In the brief clip, an expert references a study that found the average U.S. senator "beats" the stock market by 12 percent, whereas the average for hedge-fund managers is 7 percent.

"If you think it's because the average U.S. senator is just so smart, this is the average U.S. senator," Stewart said, pointing to a photo of Alabama Senator Tommy Tuberville.

"Tommy Tuberville, an ex-football coach, who doesn't know the three branches of government. Oh, but when it comes to the stock market, he sees The Matrix ."

Newsweek has reached out to Tommy Tuberville for comment via a contact form.

Stewart was referencing Tuberville's 2020 interview with The Alabama Daily News , in which the Republican bungled several historical facts, including mislabeling the three branches of government.

"How do they do it?" Stewart said. "Well, the secret is a shrewd understanding of the intricate connectivity of global markets. I'm kidding, they have inside information."

Stewart returned to The Daily Show in February following a nine-year hiatus. The 61-year-old is covering the run-up to the general election in November, and has been hitting out at politicians across the political spectrum.

During last week's show, Stewart ripped into Trump over his New York criminal case, comparing the nonstop media coverage to O.J. Simpson's 1995 murder trial. The former president is facing 34 felony counts of falsifying business documents, allegedly to conceal "hush money" payments to Stormy Daniels ahead of the 2016 general election. Trump is rumored to have had an affair with the adult film star in 2006. The 77-year-old has denied the claims, along with the fraud charges.

Stewart has also poked fun at President Joe Biden . The Emmy winner was dubbed a "both-sidest fraud" by some viewers in March for his jibes about the 81-year-old's age , with Stewart dubbing this year's presidential race: "Indecision 2024: Electile Dysfunction."

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Three Branches of Government

Jan 07, 2020

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Three Branches of Government. Lesson 2. The Constitution. The supreme law of the United States. It is the foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the existence of the United States of America and the Federal Government of the United States.

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Presentation Transcript

Three Branches of Government Lesson 2

The Constitution • The supreme law of the United States. • It is the foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the existence of the United States of America and the Federal Government of the United States. • It provides the framework for the organization of the United States Government. • Written at the Constitutional Convention and finished September, 17th 1787

Basic Principles • Popular Sovereignty • Government power resides in the people (voting) • Limited government • Government is not all powerful, can only do what the people let it. • Separation of Powers • Keeps power balanced • No group has all the power • 3 Branches: Legislative, Executive, Judicial • Checks & Balances • No branch can have too much power • Federalism • Division of power among national and state governments

Checks & Balances

The Legislative Branch House of Representatives Senate The U.S. Congress is made up of two parts, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Congress meets at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. Its primary duty is to write, debate, and pass bills, which are then passed on to the President for approval to become laws. Lesson 2

The House of Representatives In the House, representation is based on the number of people living in each state. Therefore, states with larger populations have more representation than states with smaller populations. Each state has at least one representative in the House. Pennsylvania 19 Delaware 1 Lesson 2

House of Representatives Each representative serves a term of 2 years. When the term is over, people from that state may choose to elect a new representative or keep the same one. Thinking of running for Representative from your state? You must: • Be at least 25 years old • Be a U.S. citizen for the past 7 years • Live in the state you represent Lesson 2

The Senate Each of the 50 states sends 2 people to the Senate, so there are a total of 100 senators. This means that each state has equal representation in the Senate. Pennsylvania 2 Delaware 2 Lesson 2

The Senate • Each senator serves a term of 6 years. When their 6-year term is over, the people from that state may choose to elect a new senator or keep the same one. Thinking about running for Senate? You must: • Be at least 30 years old • Be a U.S. citizen for the past 9 years • Live in the state you represent Lesson 2

Special Duties of the Legislature In addition to making laws, the House and the Senate each have some special duties: Senate can: • Vote on any treaties the President makes • Review and approve Presidential appointees, such as Cabinet Secretaries and Supreme Court justices • Hold a trial for a government official who does something wrong House of Representatives can: • Recommend tax bills to become law • Decide if a government official should be put on trial before the Senate if s/he commits a crime against the country Lesson 2

Dig a Little Deeper Who is YOUR Representative? How long have they been in office? What are some of their ideas on the issues you are interested in? Do you have some ideas of your own? Why not write them a letter or send an email? You will find contact information at: http://www.contactingthecongress.org/ Lesson 2

Did You Know??? When Philadelphia was the capital of the United States, the House and Senate met in Independence Hall. The Senate met on the upper floor and the House met on the lower floor. Even today, the Senate is referred to as the “Upper House” and the House of Representatives is called the” Lower House.” Lesson 2

The Executive Branch The President of the United States is the leader of the executive branch. The President’s duties are to: • Enforce federal laws and recommend new ones • Serve as commander in chief of the Armed Forces – Army, Navy, Air Force and Marines • Meet with leaders of other countries Lesson 2

The President’s Cabinet Carrying out the laws of the United States is a big job! To help, the President has a Vice President and department heads who advise the President on issues and help carry out policies. There are 15 cabinet positions/executive departments. The Vice President serves as President of the Senate and becomes President if the President can no longer do the job. Leaders in each department are called Secretaries. Except the Attorney General, which is the head of the Justice Department These Secretaries and Attorney General make up the President’s Cabinet. Lesson 2

Cabinet Departments The Department of Education provides money for public schools and loans to help people attend college . It makes sure there is equal access to education and promotes educational excellence throughout the nation. The Department of Transportation is in charge of highway planning and construction; car, truck, air, and railroad safety; and the safety of waterways, ports, highways, and oil and gas pipelines. The Department of Agriculture works to support farmers and to develop and expand markets abroad for agricultural products. It protects quality in the daily food supply. The Department of the Treasury collects taxes, recommends ways to help the economy, and manufactures coins and money. Lesson 2

Cabinet Departments The Department of Defense is responsible for providing the military forces needed to protect the security of our country. The Department of Health and Human Services looks after people's health and provides services that include conducting medical research, preventing diseases, and assuring the safety of food and drugs. The Department of Energy researches and develops energy systems that are friendly to the environment, but are not too expensive. Other Departments in the President’s Cabinet are: Commerce, Justice, Labor, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Veteran Affairs, Homeland Security, and State. Lesson 2

Fun Facts About US Presidents • George Washington was the only American president to be unanimously elected. • Chester A. Arthur was nicknamed “Elegant Arthur” because of his fashion sense. • Franklin Pierce was the first president to have a Christmas tree in the White House. • John F. Kennedy was the first president to hold a press conference on television. • Jefferson both died on the 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence in 1826. Not knowing that Thomas Jefferson has already passed John Adams was quoted as saying “Jefferson survives,” when he whispered his last words. • William McKinley was the first president to campaign by telephone. • Franklin Pierce gave his 3,319-word inaugural address from memory, without the aid of notes. • Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to call his residence in Washington, D.C. the “White House.” Prior to his term, it had been called the Executive Mansion or the President’s House. • James Madison was the shortest and lightest president at 5 feet, 4 inches and about 100 pounds. • Lyndon B. Johnson was the first American president to name an African American to his cabinet. • James Monroe was wounded during the American Revolution. • When Millard Fillmore moved into the White House, it didn’t have a Bible. He and his wife, Abigail, installed the first library. • John Quincy Adams dug the first spade of dirt near Little Falls to begin the construction of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal on July 4, 1828. • Millard Fillmore installed the first bathtub and kitchen stove in the White House.

More Facts! • Andrew Jackson was the first president to ride a railroad train. • Barack Obama collects Spiderman and Conan the Barbarian comic books. • Zachary Taylor received his nomination for presidency late because he refused all postage due correspondences. • Thomas Jefferson wrote his own epitaph never mentioning that he served as president. His epitaph read, “Author of the Declaration of American Independence, Author of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom and the Father of the University of Virginia. • Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only American president to be elected four times. After his service, the 22nd Amendment ratified in 1951, limited the presidential office to two terms.Jimmy Carter was the first president born in a hospital. • Herbert Hoover approved “The Star-Spangled Banner” as the national anthem. • Calvin Coolidge lighted the first national Christmas tree in 1923 on the White House lawn. • George Washington was the only president who did not represent a political party. • Chester A. Arthur enjoyed walking at night and seldom went to bed before 2 a.m. • Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president to take the oath of office from a female official, Judge Sarah T. Hughes. • Harry S. Truman use to get up at 5 o’clock in the morning to practice the piano for two hours. • Millard Fillmore refused an honorary degree from Oxford University because he felt he had “neither literary nor scientific attainment.” • William Taft, who weighed 332 pounds, got stuck in the White House bathtub the first time he used it. A larger one was ordered. • Calvin Coolidge refused to use the telephone while in office. • Ulysses S. Grant established Yellowstone as the nation’s first national park on March 1, 1872. • Grover Cleveland personally answered the White House phone.

The Judicial Branch The judicial branchof government is made up of the court system. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land. It was established by the Constitution. Other federal courts were established by Congress. Courts decide arguments about: • The meaning of laws • How laws are applied • Whether laws break the rules of the Constitution Lesson 2

The Supreme Court The Supreme Court hears cases that have made their way through the lower court system. • There are more than 7,500 cases sent to the Supreme Court each year. • Only about 80 to 100 cases are actually accepted. • There are nine Supreme Court Justices, one of the nine being the Chief Justice. • The Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President, approved by the Senate, and can serve for life. Lesson 2

The Bill of Rights • Freedom of religion, of speech, of the press, to assemble, and to petition • Right to bear arms • No quartering of soldiers • No unreasonable search and seizure • Indictments; Due process; Self-incrimination; Double jeopardy, and rules for Eminent Domain • Right to a fair and speedy public trial, Notice of accusations, Confronting one's accuser, Subpoenas, Right to counsel • Right to trial by jury in civil cases • No excessive bail & fines or cruel & unusual punishment • There are other rights not written in the Constitution • All rights not given to Federal Government belong to states and people.

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News Analysis

Mike Johnson Becomes the Speaker of the Whole House. For Now.

Democrats saved the speaker but want to oust him at the ballot box in November, while his standing in his own party remains in serious question.

By Carl Hulse

Reporting from the Capitol

The notion that the speaker serves the whole House is often tossed around, but rarely the case.

While the position is established in the Constitution and under longstanding House rules entails presiding over the entire institution, the speaker has historically played a highly political role, installed by the majority party to ruthlessly execute its will and legislative agenda. But circumstances have changed.

Representative Mike Johnson can now, for better or worse, truly lay claim to being speaker of the whole House, after Democrats saved him from a Republican-led coup on Wednesday in another remarkable moment in a chaotic Congress filled with them. Had Democrats not come to his rescue, the votes existed in his own party to potentially oust him.

It was the logical outcome of a session in which House Democrats, despite being in the minority, have repeatedly supplied the votes and even the procedural backing to do most of the heavy legislative lifting to stave off default, fund the government and aid U.S. allies, forming an uneasy coalition government with more mainstream Republicans.

The result left Mr. Johnson, a Louisiana Republican still new to the job, indebted to Democrats even as he immediately sought to distance himself from them by emphasizing his deep conservative credentials. Democrats said their support for him underscored their bona fides as the grown-up party willing to go so far as to back a conservative Republican speaker to prevent the House from again going off the rails.

Now the two parties will have to navigate this previously unexplored terrain as they head into an election season that will determine who is speaker next year.

The reality is that after passing the foreign aid package including funding for Ukraine that prompted the push by Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene, Republican of Georgia, to depose Mr. Johnson, little polarizing legislative work remains to be done this Congress while the fight for House control is about to get into full swing. That fact led Mr. Johnson to walk off the House floor to high-fives from his Republican supporters and quickly try to remind his colleagues and America that, despite the decisive Democratic assist, he is still a die-hard right winger.

“I am a lifelong, movement, conservative Republican, and I intend to continue to govern in accordance with those core principles,” Mr. Johnson declared.

It is no secret on Capitol Hill that many Republicans believe the speaker will have a hard time remaining in the top party job next year — if he can make it through this year — no matter what happens in the election. And the fact that he now has a patina of Democratic backing is unlikely to help him make his case that he deserves to retain the gavel if Republicans triumph in November, or to serve as the minority leader should Democrats win control.

Since the Ukraine vote last month , he has been working furiously to display his deep conservatism, railing against pro-Palestinian campus protests, assailing Biden administration policy on the war in Gaza and this week suggesting without evidence that undocumented immigrants vote in U.S. elections.

But his efforts are unlikely to persuade some of his more obstreperous right-wing colleagues, who portray Mr. Johnson as the speaker of the “uniparty” that reigns over the Washington swamp and is abhorred by their constituents.

“The Democrats validated him,” Ms. Greene said after the vote. “That is the most terrifying thing to our constituents and to the American people.”

Just 10 other Republicans joined her in voting on Wednesday to keep the ouster effort alive, underscoring once again the ability of a tiny sliver of hard-right lawmakers to wreak havoc in a House their party governs by a minuscule margin.

This was not an easy vote for Democrats, siding with a man who holds contrary views on some of their most deeply held policy beliefs. Thirty-two of them opposed the successful bipartisan effort to kill the motion to vacate the speaker’s chair; another seven voted “present,” unable to bring themselves to back him but also unwilling to throw in with the right-wing rebels who were trying to take him down.

But Democratic leaders had made it clear weeks ago that the trade would be a price they were willing to pay for pushing through the assistance for Kyiv. Representative Hakeem Jeffries, Democrat of New York and the minority leader, signaled to Mr. Johnson, at first obliquely and then explicitly, that Democrats would have his back if he put the foreign aid package on the floor.

They stuck to that bargain — and regarded it as an added bonus that they were able to stick it to Ms. Greene in the process.

Democrats also calculated that their willingness to spare the House another unsightly spectacle of extended tumult would bolster their political case ahead of the November elections, proving that they are the responsible party. While they may have saved Mr. Johnson, they believe the fact that they even had to do so shows that he and an ungovernable Republican majority need to be relegated back to the minority.

Democrats don’t intend to be supporting a Republican for speaker in 2025.

“As long as House Republicans continue to peddle chaos, dysfunction and extremism, and as long as House Democrats continue to solve problems for everyday Americans and deliver real results, then the American people are going to vacate the extreme MAGA Republican majority in November,” Mr. Jeffries said after Wednesday’s vote.

And there is no guarantee that Democrats would come to Mr. Johnson’s aid again if another move is made against him. Their backing on Wednesday was linked directly to the Ukraine aid. They would no doubt demand further concessions if another fight over the speakership ensued — concessions Mr. Johnson would find hard to give.

“This is a one-time get-out-of-jail-free card,” said Representative Pramila Jayapal, a progressive Democratic leader from Washington who opposed the rescue. “This is not a continued thing. And if we’re going to be in a situation where Marjorie Taylor Greene puts forward more motions to vacate, then we need to be getting something.”

Whether Ms. Greene or another Republican will try again is unclear. And while Mr. Johnson had the benefit of former President Donald J. Trump saying the motion to vacate was ill timed, Mr. Trump’s backing also appeared conditional.

“We’re not in a position of voting on a motion to vacate,” Mr. Trump said in a statement on social media that he released only after it was clear Mr. Johnson was safe. “At some point we may very well be.”

Mr. Johnson said he hoped Wednesday’s vote was the “end of the personality politics and the frivolous character assassination that has defined the undertaking.” It may be for now.

But the speaker is certain to continue to face challenges to his leadership both from Democrats who rescued him but want to depose him on their own in the elections and from Republicans who see him as weakened and vulnerable and might seek a change at the top after November.

Kayla Guo contributed reporting.

Carl Hulse is the chief Washington correspondent, primarily writing about Congress and national political races and issues. He has nearly four decades of experience reporting in the nation’s capital. More about Carl Hulse

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