biographical essay of rizal

Biography of José Rizal, National Hero of the Philippines

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Life in Europe

Novels and other writing, program of reforms, exile and courtship, trial and execution.

• Ph.D., History, Boston University
• J.D., University of Washington School of Law
• B.A., History, Western Washington University

José Rizal (June 19, 1861–December 30, 1896) was a man of intellectual power and artistic talent whom Filipinos honor as their national hero. He excelled at anything that he put his mind to: medicine, poetry, sketching, architecture, sociology, and more. Despite little evidence, he was martyred by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion when he was only 35.

Fast Facts: José Rizal

• Known For : National hero of the Philippines for his key role inspiring the Philippine Revolution against colonial Spain
• Also Known As: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
• Born : June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna
• Parents : Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos
• Died : December 30, 1896, in Manila, the Philippines
• Education : Ateneo Municipal de Manila; studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila; medicine and philosophy at the Universidad Central de Madrid; ophthalmology at the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg
• Published Works : Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo
• Spouse : Josephine Bracken (married two hours before his death)
• Notable Quote: "On this battlefield man has no better weapon than his intelligence, no other force but his heart."

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was born on June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna, the seventh child of Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos. The family were wealthy farmers who rented land from the Dominican religious order. Descendants of a Chinese immigrant named Domingo Lam-co, they changed their name to Mercado ("market") under the pressure of anti-Chinese feeling among the Spanish colonizers.

From an early age, Rizal showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at the age of 3 and could read and write at age 5.

Rizal attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, graduating at age 16 with the highest honors. He took a post-graduate course there in land surveying.

Rizal completed his surveyor's training in 1877 and passed the licensing exam in May 1878, but he could not receive a license to practice because he was only 17. He was granted a license in 1881 when he reached the age of majority.

In 1878, the young man enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas as a medical student. He later quit the school, alleging discrimination against Filipino students by the Dominican professors.

In May 1882, Rizal got on a ship to Spain without informing his parents. He enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid after arriving. In June 1884, he received his medical degree at the age of 23; the following year, he graduated from the Philosophy and Letters department.

Inspired by his mother's advancing blindness, Rizal next went to the University of Paris and then to the University of Heidelberg for further study in ophthalmology. At Heidelberg, he studied under the famed professor Otto Becker (1828–1890). Rizal finished his second doctorate at Heidelberg in 1887.

Rizal lived in Europe for 10 years and picked up a number of languages. He could converse in more than 10 different tongues. While in Europe, the young Filipino impressed everyone he met with his charm, intelligence, and mastery of a range of different fields of study. Rizal excelled at martial arts, fencing, sculpture, painting, teaching, anthropology , and journalism, among other areas.

During his European sojourn, he also began to write novels. Rizal finished his first book, " Noli Me Tangere " (Latin for "Touch Me Not"), while living in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany, with the Rev. Karl Ullmer.

Rizal wrote "Noli Me Tangere" in Spanish; it was published in 1887 in Berlin, Germany. The novel is a scathing indictment of the Catholic Church and Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, and its publication cemented Rizal's position on the Spanish colonial government's list of troublemakers. When Rizal returned home for a visit, he received a summons from the governor-general and had to defend himself against charges of disseminating subversive ideas.

Although the Spanish governor accepted Rizal's explanations, the Catholic Church was less willing to forgive. In 1891, Rizal published a sequel, titled " El Filibusterismo ." When published in English, it was titled "The Reign of Greed."

In his novels and newspaper editorials, Rizal called for a number of reforms of the Spanish colonial system in the Philippines. He advocated freedom of speech and assembly, equal rights before the law for Filipinos, and Filipino priests in place of the often-corrupt Spanish churchmen. In addition, Rizal called for the Philippines to become a province of Spain, with representation in the Spanish legislature, the Cortes Generales .

Rizal never called for independence for the Philippines. Nonetheless, the colonial government considered him a dangerous radical and declared him an enemy of the state.

In 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines. He was almost immediately accused of being involved in the brewing rebellion and was exiled to Dapitan City, on the island of Mindanao. Rizal would stay there for four years, teaching school and encouraging agricultural reforms.

During that period, the people of the Philippines grew more eager to revolt against the Spanish colonial presence. Inspired in part by Rizal's progressive organization La Liga , rebel leaders such as Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897) began to press for military action against the Spanish regime.

In Dapitan, Rizal met and fell in love with Josephine Bracken, who brought her stepfather to him for a cataract operation. The couple applied for a marriage license but were denied by the Church, which had excommunicated Rizal.

The Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896. Rizal denounced the violence and received permission to travel to Cuba to tend to victims of yellow fever in exchange for his freedom. Bonifacio and two associates sneaked aboard the ship to Cuba before it left the Philippines and tried to convince Rizal to escape with them, but Rizal refused.

He was arrested by the Spanish on the way, taken to Barcelona, and then extradited to Manila for trial. Rizal was tried by court-martial and charged with conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion. Despite a lack of evidence of his complicity in the Revolution, Rizal was convicted on all counts and given a death sentence.

He was allowed to marry Bracken two hours before his execution by firing squad in Manila on December 30, 1896. Rizal was just 35 years old.

José Rizal is remembered today throughout the Philippines for his brilliance, courage, peaceful resistance to tyranny, and compassion. Filipino schoolchildren study his final literary work, a poem called " Mi Ultimo Adios " ("My Last Goodbye"), and his two famous novels.

Spurred by Rizal's martyrdom, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. With assistance from the United States, the Philippine archipelago defeated the Spanish army. The Philippines declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, becoming the first democratic republic in Asia.

• de Ocampo, Estaban A. " Dr. Jose Rizal, Father of Filipino Nationalism ." Journal of Southeast Asian History .
• Rizal, José. "One Hundred Letters of José Rizal." Philippine National Historical Society.
• Valenzuela, Maria Theresa. " Constructing National Heroes: Postcolonial Philippine and Cuban Biographies of José Rizal and José Martí ." Biography .
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Jose Rizal Biography Essay : The Philippine National Hero

Jose Rizal, born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Philippines, is widely regarded as the national hero of the Filipino people. His life and works played a crucial role in shaping the country’s struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule. This essay delves into the extraordinary life of Jose Rizal, highlighting his significant contributions as a writer, reformist, and patriot.

Jose Rizal: The Philippine National Hero

Credit image Wikipedia

Essay on Early Life and Education

Rizal hailed from a middle-class family and received an excellent education. He studied in Manila and later pursued higher education in Europe, where he honed his intellectual and artistic talents. Rizal’s exposure to European ideals and his experiences abroad influenced his later writings and fueled his passion for social reform.

Literary and Artistic Achievements:

Rizal was a gifted writer and artist, leaving behind an extensive body of work. His novels, including “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo,” exposed the injustices and abuses suffered by the Filipino people under Spanish rule. Through his writings, Rizal sought to awaken national consciousness and inspire his fellow countrymen to fight for their rights and freedom.

Social and Political Activism:

Driven by a strong sense of justice and patriotism, Rizal actively participated in various reform movements. He advocated for equal rights, education, and fair treatment of Filipinos. Rizal’s peaceful approach to social change emphasized education, enlightenment, and the power of intellectual discourse. He co-founded the Liga Filipina, a civic organization that aimed to unite Filipinos and work towards political and social reforms.

Impact and Martyrdom: Rizal’s ideas and writings resonated deeply with the Filipino people, inspiring a wave of nationalism and resistance against Spanish oppression. Unfortunately, his relentless pursuit of reform led to his arrest and subsequent execution on December 30, 1896. Rizal’s martyrdom transformed him into a symbol of courage, sacrifice, and national identity, galvanizing the Filipino revolutionaries in their quest for independence.

Legacy : Despite his untimely death, Rizal’s legacy endures. He remains a revered figure in Philippine history, celebrated for his intellectual prowess, moral integrity, and unwavering commitment to his country. Rizal’s influence extends beyond his own time, continuing to inspire generations of Filipinos in their pursuit of justice, freedom, and a brighter future.

Conclusion: Jose Rizal’s life and works exemplify the indomitable spirit of the Filipino people in their fight against colonial oppression. Through his writings and activism, Rizal left an indelible mark on the Philippines, serving as a beacon of hope and a catalyst for change. His legacy reminds us of the power of ideas, the importance of education, and the enduring pursuit of justice. Jose Rizal truly deserves the title of the Filipino National Hero .

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A Summary and Reflection on José Rizal's Life and Works by

This is a summary and reflection paper covering Rizal's life and works. The biography "The First Filipino" by Leon Maria Guerrero was used as a reference and approach into the research on Rizal's life and works, focusing solely on the personal details of the national hero. It will cover Rizal's life from childhood up until his death as a revolutionary writer.

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Leon Maria Guerrero y Francisco was born on March 24, 1915, in Manila. He was a Filipino author and a diplomat. He is such a well-known writer for his successful translations of Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo and a biography of Rizal. The author of "The First Filipino" believed that Jose Rizal is the First Filipino that shows great patriotism and fondness for his compatriots. The book is a biography of Jose Rizal it completely and creatively covers the various life of Jose Rizal starting from his childhood and education, political and literary activities wherein Guererro explores Rizal's involvement in political movements, his literary works and his impact on Philippine society. It also wholly examines Rizal's tragic end and the enduring influence he left behind.

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Biography of José Rizal

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, known as José Rizal, lived from 1861 to 1896. He was a Filipino nationalist and writer who is now often regarded as the national hero of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist, or eye doctor, by trade, he was a key advocate for Filipino freedom from Spain. At only 35, he was executed by the Spanish government for the crime of rebellion after the breakout of the Philippine Revolution, which was partially inspired by his works.

Rizal was born in 1861 in Calamba, Philippines and was one of eleven children. He came from a wealthy family of diverse origins, with Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and indigenous Filipino heritage. Rizal initially planned to study law, but decided to study ophthalmology after learning that his mother was going blind. Without his parents’ knowledge, he traveled to Europe during his college years, where he wrote the novel Noli Me Tángere . In 1887, he returned to the Philippines, but he was targeted by the police there and returned to Europe, writing El Filibusterismo , the novel’s sequel, which was released in 1891. The next year, he returned to the Philippines again, convinced he needed to be in the country to truly effect change. Though he supported nonviolent action, he was exiled to another island in the Philippines. In 1896, Rizal was convicted of treason, despite having no ties to more violent groups, and executed on December 30. His killing created further opposition to Spanish rule in the Philippines.

Despite his short life, Rizal is one of the most famous Filipinos of all time. Early experiences witnessing his mother and Filipino priests being unfairly accused of crimes, as well as the discrimination he faced in school, convinced him of the need for change in the Philippines. Undeterred by the backlash to his politically charged books, Rizal continued to advocate for change throughout his life. His novels were highly influential in raising consciousness in the country. Andres Bonifacio, the leader of a revolutionary group in the Philippines, used Rizal’s novels as a foundation for the revolution and even shouted Rizal’s name as a battlecry. Although Rizal advocated for peaceful change, being associated with more militant groups led to his arrest and execution. Rizal’s life and work continues to have a powerful legacy. In 1956, the Filipino government passed a law requiring his novels, Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo to be taught in all schools across the country.

Study Guides on Works by José Rizal

El filibusterismo josé rizal.

El Filibusterismo was the second novel written by Filipino writer and nationalist José Rizal. He published the book in 1891 as the sequel to his first novel, Noli Me Tangere or The Social Cancer. El Filibusterismo , known in English as The Reign of...

• Study Guide

Noli Me Tangere José Rizal

Noli Me Tángere , known in English as Touch Me Not (a literal translation of the Latin title) or The Social Cancer , is often considered the greatest novel of the Philippines, along with its sequel, El filibusterismo . It was originally written in...

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Jose Rizal: Short Biography of the Filipino Hero

Editor’s note: This “Jose Rizal Biography” talks about basic facts about him, who is Jose Rizal (summary), why is he a hero, and what he did for our country. A known textbook author in Rizal discusses these topics for us here. So join us, as we study the controversial life of our hero.

THE MAN TIED ELBOW TO ELBOW refused the traditional blindfold and even requested to face the firing squad that would seal his fate on that day.

Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was born on June 19, 1861, approximately 35 years before that fateful day. The seventh of the eleven children born to a relatively well-off family in a Dominican-owned tenant land in Calamba, Laguna, Jose Rizal lived and died during the Spanish colonial era in the Philippines.

Jose Rizal Biography: His parents

Jose’s father, Francisco Mercado Rizal, was a productive farmer from Binan, Laguna, while his mother, Teodora Alonzo y Quintos, was an educated and highly cultured woman from Sta. Cruz, Manila. (Read: Jose Rizal Family Tree: The Ancestry of the Hero )

Rizal as a child prodigy

In his early childhood, Jose had mastered the alphabet and learned to write and read. His early readings included the Spanish version of the Vulgate Bible. At young age, he already showed inclinations to arts.

He amazed his family by his pencil drawings, sketches, and moldings of clay. Later in his childhood, he showed special talent in painting and sculpture, wrote a Tagalog play which was presented at a Calamba fiesta, and penned a short play in Spanish which was presented in school.

Jose as a student

At age eleven, Rizal attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and obtained at age 16 his Bachelor of Arts degree with an average of “excellent”. In the same year (1877), he took Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas, while at the same time enrolled in a course in land surveying at the Ateneo.

He finished his surveyor’s training in 1877, passed the licensing exam in May 1878, though the license was granted to him only in 1881 when he reached the age of majority. He enrolled in medicine at the University of Santo Tomas in 1878. Sensing however that the Filipino students were being discriminated by the Dominican professors, he stopped his studies at UST without finishing his course.

Rizal as a student abroad

On May 3, 1882, he went to Spain and enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid. In June of 1884, he received the degree of Licentiate in Medicine at the age of 23. A year later, he completed his course in Philosophy and Letters with the grade of “excellent.”

Wanting to cure his mother’s advancing blindness, Rizal went to Paris, Heidelberg, and Berlin to get further knowledge and training in ophthalmology. In Heidelberg, he completed his eye specialization.

‘Jose Rizal contributions’

Being well-traveled, Rizal was said to have learned 22 languages. He wrote extraordinary poems, contributed nationalistic essays to publications, religiously kept his diary, and corresponded to his friends and relatives.

In March 1887, he published in Berlin his first controversial novel, the Noli Me Tangere , which revealed the tyranny and arrogance of the Spanish clergy and officials in the Philippines. To bring to light that the Filipinos had an impressive civilization even long before the Spanish colonization, he annotated and reprinted in Paris Morga’s Successos De Las Islas Filipinas . On September 18, 1891, Rizal’s more militant novel, El Filibusterismo was printed in Ghent.

Rizal as a leader and a patriot

As leader of patriotic Filipinos, he became one of the leaders of the literary and cultural organization  Propaganda Movement , the patriotic society Asociacion La Solidaridad (Solidaridad Association), the temporary social society Kidlat Club , the society of Filipino patriots in Paris Indio Bravo , the mysterious Redencion de los Malayos (Redemption of the Malays).

He founded the  La Liga Filipina , a civic organization that subsequently gave birth to the  Katipunan. In various ways, Rizal asked for radical reforms in the Spanish colonial system and clerical powers in the Philippines and advocated equal rights before the law for Filipinos.

Jose’s First Homecoming

From Europe, Rizal went home in August 1887. He practiced medicine in Calamba and restored his mother’s eyesight. But the friars he had enraged through his novel and involvement in the Calamba agrarian trouble pressured the governor general to ‘advise’ Rizal to leave the country.

In February 1888, Rizal thus left the country again. He sailed first to other Asian countries and then to various places in the West.

Rizal’s Second Homecoming and exile to Dapitan

When Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892, he was imprisoned in Fort Santiago from July 6 to July 15 on a trump-up charge that anti-priest leaflets were found in the pillow cases of his sister Lucia who arrived with him from Hong Kong.

He was then exiled to Dapitan, an island in Mindanao. While an exile, he engaged in agriculture, fishing, and commerce while operating a hospital and maintaining a school for boys. Moreover, he did scientific researches, collected specimens of rare species, corresponded with scholars abroad, and led construction of water dam and a relief map of Mindanao.

Rizal fell in love with Josephine Bracken , a woman from Hong Kong who brought her stepfather to Dapitan for an eye operation. Josephine became Rizal’s ‘common-law wife’. The couple had a child who was born prematurely. The baby boy named Francísco Rizal y Bracken died a few hours after birth. (Read: What happened to Josephine Bracken When Jose Rizal Died? )

Jose Rizal Biography: His love life

An important and interesting part of “Jose Rizal Biography” is his colorful love life. Prior to his relationship with Josephine Bracken, Jose Rizal had become romantically involved with other women. (Related:  Jose Rizal Girlfriends ) The most notable of Rizal’s “girlfriends” are Segunda Katigbak , his first love, and Leonor Rivera, his so called true love. (Read: Leonor Rivera: Why Rizal did not end up marrying his true love and Segunda Katigbak and Jose Rizal: Their secret strange last meeting )

Implication to Rebellion

In 1896, Rizal received a permission from the Governor General to become a volunteer military physician in the revolution in Cuba, which was at the time also raged by yellow fever.

But the ‘Katipunan’ started the Philippine Revolution in August 1896. The powerful people whose animosity Rizal had provoked took the opportunity to implicate him to the rebellion. After a trial in a kangaroo court, he was convicted of rebellion and sentenced to death by firing squad at Bagumbayan Field (now Luneta).

Jose Rizal’s death

Dressed in a black coat and trousers and tied elbow to elbow, Rizal refused to kneel and declined the traditional blindfold. Placid and a bit pale, he even requested to face the firing squad, maintaining that he was not a traitor to his country and to Spain. (Read: Jose Rizal’s Death (The Last Hours of the Filipino Hero) )

After some sweet-talk, Rizal agreed to turn his back but requested that he be shot in the small of the back, for that would twist his body and cause him to fall face upward.

The night before his execution, Rizal perhaps had a mental flash backs of the meaningful events in his 35-year existence we outlined here in “Jose Rizal Biography”. But more than anyone, he himself had known for long that his execution would certainly come to pass—that not even an Andres Bonifacio nor Emilio Aguinaldo could have saved him from the executioners’ Remingtons and Mausers.

Facing the sky, the man died in that serene morning of December 30, 1896 . But since then, Jose Rizal has lived perpetually in the hearts and minds of true Filipinos. (Continue reading: Memoirs of a Student in Manila by P. Jacinto (a Pen Name of José Rizal) )

Copyright © 2014-present by  Jensen DG. Mañebog

Jensen DG. Mañebog , the contributor, is an author of textbooks and professorial lecturer emeritus in the graduate school of a state university in Metro Manila. His unique e-books on Rizal (available online ) comprehensively tackle, among others, the respective life of Rizal’s parents, siblings , co-heroes , and girlfriends . (e-mail:   [email protected] )

Read Also: The Interesting Tales of the Jose Rizal Family  by  Jensen DG. Mañebog

Questions for Discussion: What are the basic facts about Rizal? Who is Jose Rizal (summary)? Why is Jose Rizal a hero? What Rizal did for our country (Philippines)?

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