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A Rose Extract Protects the Skin against Stress Mediators: A Potential Role of Olfactory Receptors

Affiliations.

• 1 Department of Research and Development, International Flavors and Fragrances-Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, 31036 Toulouse CEDEX, France.
• 2 Institute of Neurophysiopathology, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7051, CEDEX 15, F-13344 Marseille, France.
• 3 ChemCom S.A., B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
• 4 Department of Research and Development, International Flavors and Fragrances-Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, Quebec, QC G1V 4M6, Canada.
• PMID: 33081083
• PMCID: PMC7587601
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204743

Olfactory receptors (ORs) are expressed and active in various human tissues, including the skin. Although the sense of smell plays an important physiological role in the regulation of mood and stress, a link between olfactive compounds, ORs, and skin stress has yet to be established. This study aims to investigate the role of newly identified skin ORs and agonists in the modulation of skin stress. Screening for odorant molecules was done with cAMP functional assay to identify OR agonists. RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence microscopy were conducted to identify and quantify ORs in epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and human skin explants, as well as to evaluate specific markers (G6PDH, loricrin, and γH2AX) of stress-induced skin alterations. A randomized double-blinded, split-face clinical study was performed on a panel of stressed women to measure the benefits of OR agonist treatment for skin. Three new ORs (OR10A6, OR2AG2, and OR11H4) were identified in skin. A specific Rose extract and its major constituent (phenylethyl alcohol) were found to activate these ORs. The extract composition was revealed by both GC/FID and GC/MS analyses simultaneously and showed the presence of 34 volatiles molecules. Moreover, epinephrine induces a skin stress response characterized by increased expression of G6PD, loricrin, and γH2AX biomarkers, and a decrease of OR expression. These effects were prevented in the presence of rose extract and its benefits were confirmed clinically by a decrease in the appearance of under-eye dark circles. Altogether, our findings suggest that ORs may represent a new, promising way to treat stress-associated skin disorders.

Keywords: cAMP; keratinocytes; olfactory receptors; rose extract; skin explants; stress.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Olfactory receptor expression in NHEK…

Olfactory receptor expression in NHEK cells. ( A ) mRNA expression of olfactory…

Rose extract dose-dependently increases intracellular…

Rose extract dose-dependently increases intracellular cAMP in NHEK cells after 30 min of…

Effect of rose extract (5…

Effect of rose extract (5 × 10 −3 %) on epinephrine–induced (56 nM)…

Efficacy of rose extract (5…

Efficacy of rose extract (5 × 10 −3 %) treatment for under eye…

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Assessment of Rose Water and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of a Rose Water Based Cream Formulation

• Abidi Safia , Z. Aamir , +2 authors Mahmood Zafar
• Published 2020
• Medicine, Environmental Science

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Life cycle assessment of rose oil and rose water production: a case study in Iran

• Original Paper
• Published: 23 February 2023
• Volume 20 , pages 3831–3848, ( 2023 )

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• B. M. Fereidani   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6172-5668 1 &
• F. G. Üçtuğ 2  

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The life cycle assessment of commercial and traditional first rose water (one-time distillation), second rose water (two-time distillation) and rose oil productions in Iran was implemented, by considering cultivation and processing stages. For all products, the highest energy flow and environmental impacts were associated with traditional approach. According to the specific energy use of final products, rose oil with values of 8,020 and 4,484 MJ/L was dominant energy-intensive product in traditional and commercial systems, respectively. Natural gas and rose petal consumptions during hydro-distillation were the hotspots in the traditional and commercial systems, respectively, with a share of 66.4% in the case of traditional first rose water for the former and a share of 41% in the case of commercial second rose water for the latter. Moreover, raw material acquisition was the main cause behind the majority of environmental impacts categories for all products in both systems. Generally, production of second rose water resulted in higher energy use and greater amount of greenhouse gas emissions compared with the first rose water production in both systems, as two-time hydro-distillation process is required in the former method. For rose oil production, significant greenhouse gas emission occurred (1010 and 625 kg CO 2eq per functional unit in traditional and commercial systems, respectively), as a result of low oil content of fresh flowers. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that casts light on the energy consumption pattern and environmental impacts associated with rose water and rose oil production.

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Fereidani, B.M., Üçtuğ, F.G. Life cycle assessment of rose oil and rose water production: a case study in Iran. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20 , 3831–3848 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04821-z

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Towards sustainable water use in two university student residences: a case study.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. location and characteristics of the residences, 2.2. water consumption characterization.

• i : each of the existing devices;
• V : flushing volume (L);
• f : daily frequence of use.
• Q : water flow (L);
• f : daily frequence of use;
• t : duration of each use (minutes).

2.3. Water Use Efficiency Measure Impact

• ρ : water density ( ρ = 1000 kg/m 3 ).
• C p : specific heat of water ( C p = 4187 J/kg × K).
• V : consumption of hot water/resident (L).
• Δ T : Denotes the difference between the cold water inlet temperature and the hot water outlet temperature (°C). According to the long-term climate series [ 40 ], the average annual water temperature in Bragança was estimated at 12.3 °C. The water heating system raised the temperature to 60 °C, resulting in a temperature variation of 47.7 °C.
• η : efficiency of the heating system, which in the present study is 2.97 for both residences.
• V a : volume of rainwater in the reference period (L);
• C : runoff coefficient (dimensionless);
• P : average precipitation accumulated at the site (mm);
• A : catchment area (roof) (m 2 );
• η f : hydraulic filtering efficiency (dimensionless).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. characterization of water devices and their use patterns, 3.1.1. showers, 3.1.2. flushing cisterns, 3.1.3. urinals, 3.1.4. taps.

• WC basin single-lever taps: These taps had an average flow of 13.29 L/min, and the estimated number of total uses was around three times/day/user; each use is on for approximately 0.18 min (Residence I). In Residence II, these taps presented an average flow of 14 L/min, and the estimated number of total uses was around 3.4 times/day/user; each use was on for approximately 0.23 min. The water category efficiency of these devices is E.
• Timed flow tap: The average flow is 3.63 L/min in both residences. Each use is on for approximately 7.45 s, and it is used 0.33 and 0.38 times/day/user in the male and female residences, respectively. Their water category efficiency is A.
• Kitchen tap: The average flow is 10.6 L/min, and it is used for 6.67 min/day/user (Residence I). In Residence II, the average flow is 9.9 L/min, and it is used for 2.20 min/day/user. Their water category efficiency is C.

3.1.5. Washing Machines

3.1.6. build cleaning, 3.2. water use characterization, 3.3. implementation of water-saving measures, 4. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

• This survey was conducted on all users of Residences I and II, with specific questions addressed to the cleaning staff.
• 2. Age: _________
• 3. How many days a week do you stay at the Residence? ___________
• 4. How often do you wash your hands at the Residence?
• 4.1. How many times do you usually press the push button of the tap? (in the case of the timer taps) _______
• 4.2. How long does the tap remain open while you use the single lever taps? _______
• How often do you use the toilet at the Residence? _______
• 5.1. Indicate the number of flushes each time you use the toilet: _______
• 5.2. What “button” do you usually flush when you use the toilet?
• - The larger “button” (6 L) ⎕
• - The smaller “button” (3 L) ⎕
• - Both “buttons” at the same time ⎕
• - The single “button” (if there is only one “button”) ⎕
• 6. Please estimate the number of times you shower each week: _______________
• 6.1. Give an estimate, in minutes, of the time it takes to shower: _______________
• 7. Do you usually use the washing machine at the Residence?
• 7.1. If you answered “Yes”, please estimate the number of times you use the washing machine each week: _______________ and which washing programs you use ____________________________________________________________.
• 8. Do you usually use the kitchen tap at the Residence?
• 8.1. If you answered “Yes,” please estimate the amount of time, in minutes, that you use the tap each day: _______________
• 9. Do you cook your lunch and/or dinner while you are at the Residence?
• 9.1. If “Yes”, how often do you cook? _______________
• 9.2. If “Yes”, is the stove gas or electric? _____________
• 10. Have you ever detected a leak in the residence water networks?
• 10.1. If “Yes,” please describe what happened. ________________________________________
• 1. How many times a day is the floor washed? ___________
• 2. How is the residence floor washed?
• 2.1. With a mop? _______ How many times a day? _______
• 2.2. What is the capacity of the bucket? _______
• 2.3. How many times do you fill the bucket? _______

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Antão-Geraldes, A.M.; Ohara, G.; Afonso, M.J.; Albuquerque, A.; Silva, F. Towards Sustainable Water Use in Two University Student Residences: A Case Study. Appl. Sci. 2024 , 14 , 7559. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177559

Antão-Geraldes AM, Ohara G, Afonso MJ, Albuquerque A, Silva F. Towards Sustainable Water Use in Two University Student Residences: A Case Study. Applied Sciences . 2024; 14(17):7559. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177559

Antão-Geraldes, Ana M., Gabriel Ohara, Maria João Afonso, Antonio Albuquerque, and Flora Silva. 2024. "Towards Sustainable Water Use in Two University Student Residences: A Case Study" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7559. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177559

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• Avicenna J Phytomed
• v.7(3); May-Jun 2017

Therapeutic efficacy of rose oil: A comprehensive review of clinical evidence

Safieh mohebitabar.

1 Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Mahboobeh Shirazi

2 Maternal, Fetal, and Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Sodabeh Bioos

Roja rahimi.

3 Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Farhad Malekshahi

4 Department of management, School of management and accounting, Emam Hosein University, Tehran, Iran

Fatemeh Nejatbakhsh

Rose oil is obtained from the petals of difference Rosa species especially Rosa centifolia L. and Rosa damascena Mill. Various pharmacological properties have been attributed to rose oil. The aim of the present study was to review the rose oil therapeutic effects which had been clinically evaluated in trial studies.

Materials and Methods:

Google scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched for human studies which have evaluated the therapeutic effects of rose oil and published in English language until August 2015.

Thirteen clinical trials (772 participants) were included in this review. Rose oil was administered via inhalation or used topically. Most of the studies (five trials) evaluated the analgesic effect of rose oil. Five studies evaluated the physiological relaxation effect of rose oil. Anti-depressant, psychological relaxation, improving sexual dysfunction, and anti-anxiety effects were the other clinical properties reported for rose oil.

Conclusion:

Numerous studies on the pharmacological properties of rose oil have been done in animals, but studies in humans are few. In this study, it was observed that rose oil had physiological and psychological relaxation, analgesic and anti-anxiety effects. To obtain conclusive results on the efficacy and safety of rose oil, further clinical trials with larger sample size and better designation are required.

Introduction

Rosa species commonly known as rose (Family Rosaceae) are among the most popular and widely used medicinal plants all over the world. They are originated from the Middle East but are cultivated all over the world (Krussman, 1981 ▶ ). Rose oil is the essential oil extracted from the petals of Rosa species especially R. damascena and R. centifolia . Some historical evidence shows that rose oil is originated from Greece (Zargari, 1992 ▶ ). Currently, the main producing countries of this essential oil are Bulgaria, Turkey, and Morocco. This oil is semisolid, pale, yellow, and very expensive (Baydar, 2005 ▶ ).

The most important components of rose oil are terpenes, glycosides, flavonoids, and anthocyanins (Almasirad et al., 2007 ▶ ; Knapp et al., 1998 ▶ ; Schiber et al., 2005 ▶ ). In a study carried out on the essential oil of R. damascena in Kashan region of Iran, 95 components were reported and the most abundant ones were β-citronellol (14.5-47.5%), nonadecane (10.5-40.5%), geraniol (5.5-18%) (Loghmani-Khouzaniet al., 2007 ▶ ).

In Persian Medicine , rose oil has been alleged to have anti-inflammatory, anti-infective and wound healing activities and has been used for relieving headache, hemorrhoids, inflammatory conditions of gastrointestinal tract, and muscular pain (Agili Shirazi, 2008 ▶ ; Ibn Sina, 2005 ▶ ).

Pharmacological activities of rose oil have been evaluated by several in vitro and in vivo studies (Maleev et al., 1972 ▶ ; Boskabady et al., 2006 ▶ ). Some studies have demonstrated its effects on the central nervous system (CNS) including hypnotic, anti-convulsant, anti-depressant, anti-anxiety, analgesic activities as well as alleviation of morphine withdrawal signs (Abbasi Maleki et al., 2013 ▶ ; De Almeida et al., 2004 ▶ ; Naziroglu et al., 2013 ▶ ; Ramezani et al., 2008 ▶ ; Umezu et al., 2002 ▶ ; Boskabady et al., 2011 ▶ ). Rose oil has revealed wide spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal properties against some pathogens including Bacillus cereus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , P. fluorescens , Penicillium notatum , Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans (Eris and Ulusoy 2013 ▶ ; Gochev et al., 2008 ▶ ; Shohayeb et al., 2014 ▶ ; Ulusoy et al., 2009 ▶ ; Uniyal et al., 2013 ▶ ; Zu et al., 2010 ▶ ). Rose oil also enhanced ileum contractions and gastrointestinal motility in rats (Sadraei et al., 2013 ▶ ). Inhalation of rose oil showed protective effects against damages caused by exposure to formaldehyde in male reproductive system (Köse et al., 2012 ▶ ).

The aim of the present study is to comprehensively review the effects of rose oil in human studies.

A literature review was performed until August 2015. We searched Pubmed, the Cochrane Library, Google scholar, and Scopus for studies evaluating the effects of rose oil in human subjects. Only, The the papers written in English were considered. The reference list from retrieved articles and review articles has been also searched. We did a Boolean search using the term “or” / “and” to explore (search by subject heading) and map (search by keyword) the MeSH headings. The search terms were: “rosa” or “rose” or “rose oil” and “volatile oil” or "essential oil" and "clinical" or "human". This search excluded case reports, comments, editorials, and letters using the Boolean operator “not” ( Figure 1 ).

The structure of the literature review

The electronic search yielded 28 items. Papers without full text, articles that were not written in English and articles that had been investigated other species of Rosa were excluded. Thirteen clinical trials (772 participants) were included. The included studies evaluated rose oil via different approaches. Rose oil has been administered as aromatherapy or topically in these studies. It has been demonstrated that essential oils can be absorbed into the body via the skin or the olfactory system (Dye,1997 ▶ ; Tisserand,1996 ▶ ). Many studies found that olfactory stimulation by essential oils could produce instant changes in physiological parameters including muscle tension, blood pressure (BP), pulse rate, skin temperature, skin blood flow, electrodermal activity, and brain activity (Diego et al., 1998 ▶ ; Field et al., 2005 ▶ ; Lorig and Schwartz, 1988 ▶ ; Tisserand, 1996 ▶ ; Van Toller et al., 1993 ▶ ). Table 1 shows a summary of these studies.

Therapeutic effect of Rosa damascena oil in human stadies

BP: Blood Pressure, SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure, HDL: high density Lipid, TG: Triglyceride, MDD: Major Depressive Disorder, SSRIs: Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors, SSRI-I SD: SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction, VAS: Visual Analogue Scale, MAP: Mean Arterial Pressure, BPM: Beats Per Minute, PR: Pulse Rate, BOS: Blood Oxygen Saturation, BR: Breathing Rate, ST: Skin Temperature

Studies focusing on anti-depressant effect

Farnia et al. (2015a) ▶ showed that R. damascena oil improves the symptoms of depression and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors-induced sexual dysfunction (SSRI-ISD) in 60 male patients who were suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) and were being treated with SSRIs. In another similar study on 50 female patients suffered from depression and SSRI-ISD, sexual desire, sexual orgasms and sexual satisfaction increased, and pain decreased by rose oil inhalation. The effect of rose oil in improvement of sexual function in male patients was more than that in female patients (Farnia et al., 2015b ▶ ). Some mechanisms have been also suggested for anti-depressant activity of rose oil including antagonistic effect on the stimulation of the post-synaptic 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors as well as antagonistic effect on the cortico-limbic 5-HT receptors, which may also affect sexual behavior and could be responsible for increasing sexual desire, ejaculation, and orgasm. Moreover, rose oil increased the release of dopamine and norepinephrine in the substantia nigra, and inhibited nitric oxide synthase (Farnia et al., 2015b ▶ )

Studies focusing on analgesic effect

In addition to conventional therapy, inhalation of the fragrance of rose essential oil by eighty patients with renal colic in the emergency room, effectively reduced renal colic pain (Ayan et al., 2013 ▶ ).

It was found that massage with rose oil reduces the severity of primary dysmenorrhea compared to massage therapy alone in 75 students (Sadeghi AvalShahr et al., 2015 ▶ ). Rose oil in combination with other essential oils also showed beneficial effects in reducing menstrual pain and bleeding (Marzouk et al., 2013 ▶ ; Kim et al., 2011 ▶ ).

A double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial compared the effects of rose oil inhalation with inhalation of almond oil. The results demonstrated reduction in postoperative pain in 32 3-6-year-old children without any significant side effects (Marofi et al., 2015 ▶ ). The possible mechanisms for reducing pain by rose oil inhalation are stimulating the olfactory system, increasing parasympathetic activity, releasing neurotransmitters such as enkephalin and endorphin as well as reducing sympathetic activity and the release of cortisol and noradrenalin (Ikei et al., 2014 ▶ ; Lee et al., 2011 ▶ ; Park et al., 2007 ▶ ; Tsunetsugu et al., 2007 ▶ ).

Other effects

Igarashi et al. (2014) ▶ showed that olfactory stimulation by rose oil induces physiological and psychological relaxation effects. In this study, the participants were exposed to air impregnated with rose oil for 90 seconds. Control subjects were in the same situation but inhaled only air that was not impregnated with rose oil. The results showed that inhalation of rose oil significantly decreases oxy-hemoglobin concentration and activity in the right prefrontal cortex and increases comfortable feeling conditions.

Haze et al. (2002) ▶ found that inhalation of rose oil decreases relative sympathetic activity as measured by heart rate variability and low frequency amplitude of systolic blood pressure in healthy adult females.

According to the Fukui et al. (2007) ▶ study rose oil inhalation decreased salivary cortisol and testosterone levels in healthy participants. Kheirkhah et al. (2014) ▶ investigated the efficacy of R. damascena oil in anxiety in the first stage of labor and showed reduction of anxiety in the active phase. Moreover, Hur et al. (2005) ▶ reported that aromatherapy with rose oil could reduce plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine, but does not have significant effect in mother's anxiety. In animal studies, two phytochemicals including sytrinol and 2-phenylethyl alcohol have been shown to be responsible for anxiolytic activity of rose oil (Burns et al., 2000 ▶ ; Senol et al., 2013 ▶ ).

Hongratanaworakit (2009) ▶ showed that topical application of rose oil significantly decreases blood oxygen saturation, breathing rate, and systolic blood pressure in forty healthy subjects. In this study, olfactory stimulation by inhalation was prevented.

Hur et al. (2007) ▶ in a study on 58 women showed that aromatherapy massage produces significant differences between pre and post-treatment levels of systolic blood pressure.

Different therapeutic properties of rose oil have been investigated in human studies and the most important of them are analgesic and anti-depressant activities. No side effects have been reported from rose oil in investigated human studies. According to Persian Medicine, some other pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory and anti-hemorrhoidal properties have been attributed to this oil; however, no clinical trial has been focused on these activities yet. So, it is suggested to design clinical studies to evaluate these pharmacological activities. Furthermore, more research with higher populations are recommended to investigate the efficacy and safety of treatment with rose oil.

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interests

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