what is the conclusion of the essay on cyclone

Summary and conclusion

Several physical processes are responsible for generating storm surges in association with landfalling tropical storms and hurricanes. Although wind stress is the predominant factor forcing surge heights, several other processes often enhance or diminish maximum surge heights. Low air pressure clearly contributes to storm surge, but its overall impact is modest. Cyclonic size is an important factor that has been underestimated until recently, after very large hurricanes Katrina (2005) and Ike (2008) generated larger surges than anticipated. Forward cyclonic movement is another factor which influences surge heights, as slower moving storms often produce higher surges, and inundate the coastline for longer periods of time. Coastline shape and the presence of natural and artificial obstructions to flowing water, such as coastal forests and levees, sometimes have profound localized effects on storm surge height, especially where water approaches the coast or a barrier in a perpendicular direction, and is forced to rise. Shallow bathymetry is another factor which enhances surge heights, as underwater currents cannot distribute water unless the bathymetry is relatively deep.

After recognizing these contributing factors leading up to storm surge, it should come as no surprise that Hurricane Category alone cannot accurately estimate surge at a specific coastline. As a result, this chapter also presented a classification system for surge based on anecdotal information mostly from U.S. government sources, newspapers and books. The classification system has four categories of increasingly destructive surge impacts, ranging from Impact Level 1, with minor "Marine Impacts" to Impact Level 4, with "Destructive Impacts" that often penetrate far inland. The classification should be of some benefit to coastal zone planners, emergency managers, and researchers.

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Readers' Questions

What conclochens abut hurricanes?

In conclusion, hurricanes are powerful and destructive natural disasters that can cause widespread damage to infrastructure, homes, and lives. It is important for individuals and communities to be prepared for hurricane season by having emergency plans in place, securing their property, and following evacuation orders when necessary. Additionally, climate change may be contributing to the increasing frequency and intensity of hurricanes, highlighting the need for global action to address this issue.

What can we conclude concerning hurricanes?

It is impossible to make a general conclusion about hurricanes because they occur in different parts of the world and have different intensity and duration.

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August 30, 2022

Essay On Cyclone- Suitable For All Class Students

Cyclone essay 1

Topic- (Introduction, Occurs, How it is caused, Some examples, Effects, Conclusion)

Essay On Cyclone – Floods, droughts, cyclones etc. are the natural calamities of Bangladesh. The word ‘Cyclone’ is derived from the Greek word ‘Cyclos’ a circle which means whirlwind. Generally, cyclone means a kind of moving storm. It always changes its direction and blows at the rate of 60 kilometers or more per kilometer. When very strong winds whirling around the center of the storm moving at a terrific speed with an anti-clockwise motion in the northern hemisphere and with a clockwise motion in the southern hemisphere, a cyclone occurs.

Low depression in the Bay of Bengal is the main cause of cyclones in Bangladesh. This depression prevails on the ocean first. Then it gradually proceeds with much speed towards the land. The region that it touches becomes dark. The sky becomes cloudy. The flow of wind begins suddenly and the temperature rises. Such an environment forecasts that a cyclone is going to take place. Soon the sound of the wind becomes as loud as the roaring of a lion. Rains begin to pour in torrents with flashes of lighting and thunder.

Don’t Forget to Check: Essay in English

The cyclones that occurred in Bangladesh in recent years especially in 1960, 66, 77, 85, 88 and 91 were indeed terrible. We remember the cyclones of 1988 and 1991. The coastal areas are usually the prey to cyclones. Most hard hit areas are Hatia, Sandwip, Urierchar, Chokoria, Cox’s Bazar, Bhola etc. We know from our records that the cyclone of 1970 caused the death of ten lakh people.

Cyclone moves at a terrible speed. Houses, trees, crops, buildings are leveled to the ground. A cyclone often brings with it dreadful tidal bores. These huge sea-tides wash away everything – men, women, household things and animals. Ships and steamers are sunk due to it. The tragedy caused by the cyclone cannot be described exactly in words.

Man is a helpless puppet at the hands of the forces of nature, though science has conquered nature to some extent. As nature is still more powerful than science, we shall have to take precautionary steps to stop the destructive effects of the cyclone. Advance warning of storms or cyclones will be needed and proper steps should be taken to ensure maximum safety of life and property.

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Cyclones in Southern Africa pp 307–313 Cite as

Emerging Key Findings, Conclusions and Policy Recommendations

• David Chikodzi 3 &
• Godwell Nhamo   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5465-2168 3  
• First Online: 29 September 2021

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Part of the book series: Sustainable Development Goals Series ((SDGS))

The economic, social and environmental damage from tropical cyclones has been increasing in recent decades. Southern Africa is one of the regions vulnerable to tropical cyclones, and there are concerns that their destructive impacts are infringing the developmental aspirations of this region, in particular, the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This concluding chapter presents the key findings and recommendations from the book, which mainly profiles case studies from three southern African countries, namely Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe, which are commonly hit by tropical cyclone-related hazards. Emerging findings show that tropical cyclones are significantly impacting on the economic, social and environmental integrity of the affected communities. Key infrastructure, human settlements and livelihoods have been destroyed due to the debilitating impacts of tropical cyclones. This puts the affected countries and the region back many years in terms of development and attaining the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the 17 SDGs. Improving investment in disaster risk reduction in line with international principles, building community resilience and building back better after a hazard are some of the emerging recommendations from this book.

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Learning from Deaths in Disasters: The Case of Odisha, India

Nibedita S Ray-Bennett

Over the last 25 years, the world has seen a rise in the frequency of natural disasters in rich and poor countries alike. Today, there are more people at risk from natural hazards than ever before, with those in developing countries particularly at risk. T his essay series is intended to explore measures that have been taken, and could be taken, in order to improve responses to the threat or occurrence of natural disasters in the MENA and Indo-Pacific regions. Read  more ...  

Odisha (renamed from Orissa in 2011) is one of the eastern states in the Indian union . According to the 2011 census the population of Odisha was at about 41 million, which makes it the 11th most populated state in India. [1] Odisha has 30 districts, [2] of which 13 are coastal. The coastal districts are highly prone to cyclones, floods, droughts, and heat waves due to geographic location. Its coastline adjoins the Bay of Bengal for 300 miles, which makes it four to five times more likely to experience storms than it would if it were located in the Arabian Sea. Tropical cyclones from the Bay of Bengal bring severe and widespread destruction, especially when accompanied by storm surges, high winds, and extreme rainfall that results in riverine flooding. [3]

On October 29-30, 1999, Odisha was hit by a cyclone affecting all coastal districts. The Indian Meteorological Department called it a ‘super cyclone’ due to its high wind velocity of 170-185 miles per hour; its unprecedented storm surge, which was 16-23 feet high; and the torrential rainfall over 48 hours, which caused devastating floods in the major river basins. The intensity of the cyclone killed more than 10,000 people, [4] caused severe economic devastation, and activated the Orissa Relief Code (the then sole disaster policy document for the state). It also put Odisha in the spotlight internationally because the super cyclone coincided with the tail end of the United Nations International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (I.D.N.D.R.). [5]

Fourteen years after the super cyclone, on October 12, 2013, Odisha was hit by Cyclone Phailin, which was accompanied by a storm surge of 5 feet and heavy rainfall that caused extensive floods in the major river basins. According to the National Institute of Disaster Management, 45 people were reported killed (44 in Odisha and 1 in Andhra Pradesh). [6] This begs the question as to what the Government of Odisha did that contributed to the relatively low death toll. We have provided some answers in this article based on three months of fieldwork and seven interviews with senior officials.

Compared to the super cyclone of 1999, Phailin was less intense in three aspects. The wind velocity of the super cyclone reached 185 miles per hour, compared to 160 miles per hour in Phailin. [7] Second, the storm surge reached 11 feet in the coastal regions, according to United Nations Environment Programme, compared to 20 feet during the super cyclone. [8] Third, a 24-hour precipitation total of 6.5 inches was recorded on October 13, 2013, whereas a 24-hour precipitation total of about 20.5 inches was recorded at the weather station of Paradip on October 30, 1999. [9] Although the anatomy of these two tropical cyclones differed, they are comparable on two grounds: first, they tested the disaster management systems of Odisha to their limits. Second, they presented a window of opportunity to assess the strengths and limitations of the disaster management system built by the government and nongovernment organizations, at the interface with technology between 1999 and 2013.

Why Were There More Than 10,000 Deaths in the Super Cyclone?

We argue that the high death toll in 1999 was due to lack of coordination, communication, and complacent worldviews that existed in the disaster management system. Coordination problems arise when ‘core information’ is unavailable for Category 1 and 2 responders to develop an effective response system. Core information is the most valuable information both to avoid unnecessary deaths and to increase the efficacy of a disaster response system. This information is generated by meteorologists and meteorological offices using early warning systems. The unavailability of this core information will 'blind' a response system. [10]

 According to the director of the Indian Meteorological Department in Odisha, coordination of core information failed because:

Prior to 1999 there was no coordination between the government departments. The technology was underdeveloped. We had to rely on New Delhi and Kolkata for weather forecasts over telephone. There was delay in receiving weather warnings. [11]

According to Harriman, [12] the Indian Meteorological Department was able to generate early warnings for the super cyclone only two days prior, compared to four days prior in the case of Phailin. The delay in generating core information affected the decision making processes of local responders. Decision making is a crucial component of coordination in uncertain situations. Leadership is also a critical component of decision-making. [13] Critics blamed the then chief minister of the state, Mr. Giridhar Gamang, for his weak leadership. He was unable to rise to the situation as a leader of the state, to generate an objective of saving lives for his government and his bureaucrats. The consequence of this was unnecessary human deaths.

In addition, the communication systems—both in terms of generating and disseminating an effective early warning—were underdeveloped. The failure of the coordination system was described as “lack of [a] plan and planning” by the district emergency officer of Ganjam, and “no coordination” whatsoever by the director of the Indian Meteorological Department. [14] This lack of coordination was hindered further because “there was no authority to monitor relief and rescue” operations from Bhubaneswar [15] according to the district emergency officer of Ganjam. Lack of coordination was also acknowledged as a major failure during the super cyclone, by the deputy relief commissioner of the Special Relief Organisation. [16]

The coordination suffered further, due to a culture of complacency, which was rife in 1999—both at home and abroad. It was only in the midterm evaluation of the I.D.N.D.R. in 1994 in Yokohama, Japan that the international community began to grasp the deleterious effect of disasters on the developing world. [17]  Proactive disaster management, even at the international level, was in its early stages.

During the super cyclone, this unpreparedness manifested through a reactive response system, inadequate measures for evacuation, and a lack of imagination among the district-level responders. A culture of complacency was also rife among the at-risk population, which did not heed the early warnings due to a fatalistic mind-set, which hindered evacuation. [18] The evacuation process was further hindered by a lack of shelters. In 1999 there were only 75 cyclone shelters on the entire coastline. [19] These shelters, which were built by the Red Cross Society, saved thousands of lives. The culture of complacency was fueled further by a “lack of experiencing” a devastating cyclone prior to 1999. [20] So, neither the responding actors nor the at-risk population imagined that a hazard of low-probability but of such great impact could affect Odisha coastal areas. Together, these factors contributed to a disaster management system that was disjointed, ill-prepared, and as a consequence, was unable to save lives during the super cyclone.

How Were Deaths Prevented in Cyclone Phailin?

Jagatsinghpur's district emergency officer described the period between 1999 and 2013 as an “inter-disaster period . ” During this period, the Government of Odisha developed a new disaster management system which had two notable features. [21] First, there was increased interaction between the national and state governments, Indian Meteorological Department, nongovernmental organizations, and the at-risk communities. Second, this new disaster management system interfaced with technology. In doing so, the government was able to rectify the issues of coordination failure, communication failure, and the conservative world views evident in 1999 super cyclone.

In the aftermath of the super cyclone, the capacity of the Indian Meteorological Department was enhanced by space technology, the Meteo France International synergy system and a high-power computing system in order to help with predictions. [22] Furthermore, in 2007 the Government of India passed the first Disaster Management Act, which among other things, created a knowledge network that included the Indian Meteorological Department, Earth System Science Observation, the Indianan Space Research Organisation, Central Water Commission, Geological Survey of India, and National Remote Sensing Centre. [23] This network was crucial in generating core information during Phailin, which was effectively communicated to the at-risk population. [24] Information and communication tools such as media, mobile text messaging, hotlines and VSat—to name just a few—were fully exploited to disseminate the core information to the at-risk population.

The generation of accurate core information prior to Phailin’s landfall was instrumental in developing an effective response system. It helped guide primary responders’ actions. As a result, responders were able to evacuate 1.2 million people from 18 districts. [25] This evacuation is considered as one of the largest emergency operations ever undertaken in India. [26] An operation of this scale was only possible because of the coordination between actors, the availability of core information, effective evacuation planning, flexibility in the standard operating procedures, and responders' dedication and commitment to save lives.

Leadership is central to promoting an effective response system as well as counteracting complacent world views. Mr. Naveen Patnaik, the chief minister of Odisha, provided much-needed leadership in the aftermath of the super cyclone. From 2000 onwards, he commemorated October 29 as Disaster Preparedness Day for Odisha. This created a culture of disaster preparedness. He also concentrated much of his effort in building the state's infrastructure—one that is essential to supporting a disaster response system. Thanks to funds made available by the World Bank and the central government, Patnaik was able to build roads, bridges, concrete houses, and multipurpose cyclone shelters. [27] Good road conditions as well as their connectivity with cyclone shelters facilitated the evacuation process during Phailin. [28]

During Cyclone Phailin, Patnaik also exhibited the traits of a strategic leader by declared "saving precious lives" to be “a goal” [29]  for all actors involved in mitigating the effect of the storm. This goal was communicated to the district and village level responders. This led to a dramatic reduction in deaths.

What Can We Learn From the Case of Odisha?

Several lessons can be generalized from the case of Odisha. Three in particular are mentioned here. First, deaths in disasters can be reduced even by poor nation-states when the disaster management system is aligned skillfully. Here, the generation of accurate core information as well as effective coordination and communication of this information with the relevant actors to develop an effective response system is crucial. In this light, the modern disaster management system is conceived as a system that works in interface with humans and technology. As such, policy makers and U.N. bodies should invest both in technology and capacity development in order to promote effective coordination and communication. This system should also work closely with early warning systems rather than in isolation.

Second, the case of Odisha illustrates the increasing role and involvement of political leadership before, during, and after a disaster. When there is proactive political leadership, a disaster response system can be aligned with the goal of saving lives. Political leadership can promote a culture of disaster preparedness, too. In the case of Phailin, the chief minister set as a goal “saving lives at any cost.” [30]  Accordingly, all actors and responders organized themselves to achieve this target. In this light, the United Nations and other international funding organizations could do a great deal by encouraging political leadership to implement ‘priorities for action’ for effective disaster management.

Third, reducing deaths in disasters is of paramount importance, and indicates how robust the system is. This ethos is now reflected in the first global target of the United Nations’s Sendai Framework for Action (2015-2030), [31] which urges reducing “global disaster mortality by 2030.” The case of Odisha suggests that setting an objective of reducing deaths and promoting a socio-technical disaster management system—and a culture of disaster preparedness—are vital ingredients for achieving the first global target of the Sendai Framework.

[1] Population Census 2011, Census Organization of India, “Orissa Population Census Data 2011,” accessed January 5, 2016, http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/orissa.html .

[2] “Indian states comprise a three-tier administrative structure. Several gram sansad (villages) or wards (hamlets) constitute a gram panchayat (GP), several GPs constitute a panchayat samiti (PS) or block, and several PSs constitute a zilla parishad or a district.” See Nibedita S. Ray-Bennett, Caste, Class and Gender in Multiple Disasters: The Experiences of Women-Headed Households in an Oriya Village (Saarbrucken: VDM Verlag, 2009), 12.

[3] Government of Odisha, Managing Disasters in Orissa: Background, Challenges and Perspectives (Bhubaneswar: Orissa State Disaster Mitigation Authority, 2002).

[4] The World Bank, “Cyclone Devastation Averted: India Weathers Phailin,” October 17, 2013, accessed April 27, 2016, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/10/17/india-cyclone-phail… .

[5] The U.N. General Assembly, in December 1987, declared the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.

[6] National Institute of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, India Disaster Report 2013, accessed April 27, 2016, http://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/India%20Disaster%20Report%202013.pdf , 41.

[7] S. Haeseler, “Super cyclone Phailin across India in October 2013,” Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) (2013), accessed April 5, 2016, https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/specialevents/storms/20131018_phailin_indien_en.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 .

[8] L. Harriman, “Cyclone Phailin in India: Early warning and timely actions saves lives,” UNEP Global Environmental Alert Services (GEAS) (2013), accessed May 20, 2015, http://na.unep.net/geas/archive/pdfs/GEAS_Feb2013_DustStorm.pdf .

[9] Haeseler, “Super-Cyclone Phailin.”  

[10] Louise K. Comfort, Kilkon Ko, and Adam Zagorecki, “Coordination in rapidly evolving disaster response systems: The role of information,” American Behavioural Scientist , 48 (2004): 295-313.

[11] Summarized from author’s field diary, meeting held in Bhubaneswar on July 21, 2014, Indian Meteorology Office.

[12] Harriman, “Cyclone Phailin.”

[13] Peter Senge, “The leader’s new work: Building learning organizations,” Sloan Management Review 32 (1990): 7-23.

[14] Harriman, “Cyclone Phailin.”

[15] Bhubaneswar is the capital of Odisha.

[16] Harriman, “Cyclone Phailin.”

[17] Elaine Enarson, “Through women’s eyes: A gender research agenda for disaster social science,” Disasters 22 (1998): 157-73.

[18] Kishor C. Samal, Shibalal Meher, and Nilkantha Panigrahi, Beyond Relief Disaster Mitigation, Livelihood Rehabilitation and the Post-Cyclone Recovery in Orissa: Village Level Studies in Three Most Cyclone Affected Districts in Orissa (Bhubaneswar: Nabo Krishna Centre for Development Studies Publication, 2003).

[19] Harriman, “Cyclone Phailin.”

[20] Samal et al., Beyond Relief.

[21] Government of Odisha, Procedures/guidelines for maintenance of records relating to the relief operations on account of natural calamities (No. 768/SR), (Bhubaneswar: Office of the Special Relief Commissioner, 2012), accessed June 2, 2015, http://www.odisha.gov.in/disaster/src/Procedure_Guidelines/Maintenance_NC.pdf .

[22] Bibhuti Barik, “Met Office goes digital,” The Telegraph , February 18, 2014; and interview with the Director of Indian Meteorology Department in Bhubaneswar, July 22, 2014.

[23] Sanjay K. Srivastava, “Making a technological choice for disaster management and poverty alleviation,” Disasters 33 (2009): 58-81.

[24] Interview with the Director of Indian Meteorology Department in Bhubaneswar, July 21-22, 2014.

[25] B.N. Mishra, “Tryst with Phailin: The deadliest cyclone in 2013,” The Response 13 (2013): 5-7.

[26] “Disaster Update: Cyclone Phailin,” Disaster Recovery Journal , October 16, 2013, accessed April 27, 2016, http://www.drj.com/industry/industry-hot-news/disaster-update-cyclone-p… .

[27] State Programme Officer of U.N.D.P., interview by author, Bhubaneswar, July 23, 2014.

[28] Deputy Relief Commissioner interview by author, Bhubaneswar, July 23, 2014..

[29] Gwilym Meirion Jenkins, “The systems approach,” Journal of Systems Engineering 1 (1969): 3-49.

[30] District Emergency Officer of Puri, interview with author, Puri, July 31, 2014.

[31] The Sendai Framework is the successor of the Hyogo Framework. It is a 15-year, voluntary, non-binding agreement approved by the 185 U.N. Member States in the Third U.N. World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, held from March 14 to 18, 2015 in Sendai, Japan. World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR) resolution, “Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030,” March 18, 2015, accessed June 25, 2015, http://www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf .

The Middle East Institute (MEI) is an independent, non-partisan, non-for-profit, educational organization. It does not engage in advocacy and its scholars’ opinions are their own. MEI welcomes financial donations, but retains sole editorial control over its work and its publications reflect only the authors’ views. For a listing of MEI donors, please click her e .

Speech on Cyclone

Cyclones are powerful storms that swirl around a calm center, much like water going down a drain. They can cause heavy rain, strong winds, and even floods.

You might know cyclones by other names, like hurricanes or typhoons. It all depends on where they happen in the world.

1-minute Speech on Cyclone

Ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls, today we’re going to talk about cyclones. They’re giant, spinning storms that can be as wide as a few hundred miles! Imagine that, a storm bigger than your city!

First, let’s understand what a cyclone is. It’s a storm that forms over warm oceans. The warm air rises, creating a low-pressure area. Air from high pressure areas rushes into this low pressure, and starts spinning because of the Earth’s rotation. This spinning air picks up more warm, moist air from the ocean, and that’s how a cyclone grows.

Now, why should we care about cyclones? Well, they can cause a lot of damage. Heavy rains can flood our homes and fields. Strong winds can blow away roofs and uproot trees. And storm surges – a wall of water pushed by the cyclone – can flood coastal areas. It’s important that we know about them so we can prepare and stay safe.

But it’s not all bad news. Cyclones can also bring much-needed rain to dry areas. And by moving heat from the tropics to colder areas, they help balance the Earth’s temperature.

So, what can we do? We can’t stop cyclones, but we can prepare for them. We should listen to weather forecasts, and follow advice from authorities during cyclone warnings. And after a cyclone, we should help each other rebuild and recover.

In conclusion, cyclones are powerful storms that can be both destructive and helpful. By understanding them, we can better protect ourselves and our communities. Let’s respect the power of nature, and learn to live with it in harmony. Thank you.

Also check:

• Essay on Cyclone
• 10-lines on Cyclone

2-minute Speech on Cyclone

Ladies and Gentlemen,

Today, let’s talk about cyclones. Cyclones, in simple words, are large, spinning storms. They are born over warm ocean waters near the equator. Picture a giant, swirling top that spins faster and faster. That’s what a cyclone looks like from space!

The first thing to know about cyclones is that they have different names in different parts of the world. In the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, we call them hurricanes. In the Northwest Pacific, they are typhoons. And in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, we call them cyclones. But no matter the name, they are all the same type of storm.

Cyclones are powerful. They can bring heavy rain, strong winds, and flooding. They can damage homes and buildings, rip up trees, and even change the shape of the land. The center of the cyclone, called the eye, is calm and clear. But the area around the eye, known as the eye wall, is the most dangerous part. It’s where the storm’s strongest winds and heaviest rain are found.

Now, you might be wondering, why do we need to care about cyclones? Well, cyclones can be very harmful. They can destroy homes, roads, and schools. They can cut off food and water supplies. They can also make people sick, especially if they don’t have clean water to drink or a safe place to stay. That’s why it’s so important to understand cyclones and how to stay safe when one is coming.

Scientists study cyclones to learn more about them. They use special planes to fly into the storm. They also use satellites in space to watch the storm from above. This helps them predict where the cyclone will go and how strong it will be. This information can save lives by giving people time to prepare and get to safety.

But there’s also good news. We can protect ourselves from cyclones. One way is by listening to the weather forecast. If a cyclone is coming, it’s important to have a plan. This might mean going to a safe place, like a storm shelter. It also means having enough food and water, and other supplies like a flashlight and a first-aid kit.

In conclusion, cyclones are a part of nature. They can be scary and dangerous, but we can protect ourselves by understanding them and being prepared. Remember, the more we know, the safer we can be. So let’s keep learning about cyclones, and help others to do the same. Thank you.

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English Essay/Paragraph/Speech on ‘A Cyclone’ for Kids and Students for Class 8, 9, 10, Class 12 and Graduation Examination

A cyclone is an area of closed, circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the earth. Cyclones are huge revolving storms caused by winds blowing around a central area of low atmospheric pressure.

In the northern hemisphere, cyclones are called hurricanes or typhoons and their winds blow in an anti-clockwise circle. In the southern hemisphere, those tropical storms are known as cyclones whose winds blow in a clockwise circle.

When warm air rises from the seas and condenses into Clouds, massive amounts of heat are released. The result of this mixture of heat and moisture is often a collection of thunderstorms, from which a tropical storm can develop.

Cyclones create several dangers for people living around tropical areas. The most destructive force of a cyclone comes from the fierce winds. These winds are strong enough to easily topple fences, sheds, trees, power, poles and caravans, while hurling helpless people through the air. Many people are killed when the cyclone’s winds cause buildings to collapse and houses to completely blow away.

A cyclone typically churns up the sea, causing giant waves and surges of water known as storm surges. The water of a storm surge rushes inland with deadly power, flooding low-lying coastal areas. The rain from cyclones are also heavy enough to cause serious flooding, especially along river areas.

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Climate intelligence at work: the case of Cyclone Freddy

• Marina Menga
• April 19, 2023

Cyclone Freddy has recently made the headlines worldwide because of its destructive impacts on land and its record-breaking intensity. Indeed, Freddy had quite a peculiar behaviour. It developed near the western coast of Australia at the beginning of February 2023, and it crossed the Southern Indian Ocean westward, reaching the eastern coast of Africa over a few weeks. It made a first landfall on Madagascar, crossed the Channel and made landfall over the coast of Mozambique.

Typically, cyclones are fed by heat and energy from the ocean, so they lose intensity when they touch land and tend to dissipate. Unusually, instead of dissipating after landfall, Freddy travelled back to the ocean, where it gained more energy and inverted its direction, hitting land again over the coast of Mozambique and then over Malawi. This uncommon behavior made it the longest tropical Cyclone ever recorded, with a duration of 38 days , beating the previous record of 30 days by more than a week and travelling a total distance of more than 8,000 kilometres.

Freddy is now also recognized as the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in terms of accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), a metric which expresses the energy released by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime.

This metric is particularly convenient because it gives an estimate of both the cyclone’s intensity, which is typically its maximum velocity, and its duration, giving a measure of the dissipated energy, which is more representative of the cyclone’s overall activity. According to NASA , Freddy is the highest-ACE-producing tropical cyclone ever recorded worldwide.

Unfortunately, Cyclone Freddy stood out also for its violence and destructive force, being the third-deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, after Cyclone Idai in 2019 and Flores cyclone in 1973. It produced extraordinarily heavy rains, strong winds, and excessive flooding, destroying houses, crops, and infrastructures, primarily in Mozambique and Malawi.

The death toll in South-East Africa is estimated to be hundreds, with Malawi being the most affected country. The cyclone further compromised communities already struggling with the spread of cholera and often lacking an adequate healthcare system to respond to emergencies.

As reported by Reuters , Malawi President Lazarus Chakwera said that “the death toll from Cyclone Freddy has risen sharply to more than 1,000 people”. Hundreds of people are still missing in the region, and more than half a million are displaced.

The role of climate change

But do these extremes follow an overall tendency in worsening extreme climate events? And is this caused by climate change?

Attribution science, or extreme event attribution, is a relatively recent field in climate science that tries to quantitatively determine if an extreme weather event was caused or worsened by climate change or was simply due to natural variations.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had already warned in its reports about an expected rise in intense precipitations, floods, mean wind speed and tropical cyclones, with stronger associated precipitations, in the areas of South-East Africa and Madagascar.

However, it is not always easy to clearly determine if climate change plays a crucial role in the occurrence of an extreme event, and rigorous analyses are not yet available in the case of Cyclone Freddy.

There are mainly two ways to do an attribution analysis for an event such as a tropical cyclone.

The first is of a statistical kind: analyzing the number, frequency, intensity, and impacts of extreme events like Freddy that happen in the present, and making a comparison with the same parameters from pre-industrial times, can give an estimate of the possible influence of climate change on these phenomena.

Another way is to analyse a particular storm through model simulations under different conditions typical of the past, the present, and the future. This will point out under which climate scenario a storm would be more likely.

Climate Intelligence

“Many studies have been carried out at CMCC to try and understand the effects of climate change on tropical cyclones,” says Enrico Scoccimarro of the Climate Simulations and Prediction (CSP) division at the Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC) . “On one hand, it is true that with a warmer climate we have a more stable atmosphere, and thus we expect less tropical cyclones. On the other hand, however, it is also true that a higher availability of energy in the ocean leads to more intense storms. Moreover, if a storm happens to go back to the ocean, it has a higher probability to re-strengthen and hit land again, and this is just what happened with Freddy recently.”

A crucial factor in the creation of the perfect storm is the stratification of the ocean. Tropical cyclones are characterized by a mechanism of negative feedback that tends to slow-down and sometimes dissipate the storms. Cyclones absorb heat from water while crossing the ocean, and gain energy from it, making it cooler. In addition to the induced upwelling, in which cooler layers from the bottom of the ocean travel upwards, a process of turbulent mixing of water layers also takes place. With less heat available on the surface, slower cyclones tend to lose their strength and slowly fade, while faster and more violent storms tend to proceed almost undisturbed.

“The point is that this negative feedback is more or less efficient depending on the storm speed and on the level of ocean stratification,” says Scoccimarro. “The stratification is not the same in past or future climate scenarios, and it also varies in the different areas of the world. On average, in a warmer climate, more intense storms are more likely to happen. In a changed climate, we will likely have fewer storms, but they will likely be much more intense .”  

CLINT (CLimate INTelligence) project  has the goal to improve detection methods of extreme events and their causation and attribution through Machine Learning techniques. Extreme events include not only tropical cyclones but also heat waves or floods, and the project has a focus on South-East Africa for analysing extreme precipitation associated with cyclones. “We are trying to develop improved tools to better quantify the amount of precipitation in the area, in this case, associated with cyclone Freddy,” says Scoccimarro. “This could also be useful to characterize floods and drought events on the dominion of the Zambesi River, which is very close to the impacted areas.”  

Predicting the birth of a cyclone like Freddy is not straightforward, but there are parameters and models that can be used to determine if the physical conditions of an area over a certain period of time are favourable. Genesis potential indexes (or GPI) are generally empirical formulations that give an estimate of the occurrence of a tropical cyclone in a cell of 5 degrees longitude by 5 degrees latitude. “Within the CLINT project, we are using Machine Learning to improve this empirical index,” said Scoccimarro. “That is, we are working to improve the correlation of this index and the actual occurrence of a cyclone in a certain area, which is crucial for allowing an optimal response and preparedness to disasters.”

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In a dilapidated warehouse at an abandoned amusement park, an aging mechanical fortune-teller called The Amazing Karnak comes to life, and brings with him a ghostly choir of five deceased high-schoolers - all members of the Saint Cassian Chamber Choir, who were tragically killed on the park’s Cyclone roller coaster. Now, Karnak has the power to return one of these youths to life - but they must all decide among themselves who is the most worthy of a second chance to “ride the cyclone” that is life.

This fanciful one-act musical features a diverse cast of uniquely Canadian characters and has charmed audiences across North America. With songs in vocal styles ranging from ballads to rap, Ride The Cyclone has been called 'probably the most uproarious and outrageous piece of musical theatre Canada has ever produced.'

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• Types Of Cyclones

Types of Cyclones

Cyclones are caused by atmospheric disturbances around a low-pressure area distinguished by swift and often disruptive air circulation. The word cyclone is derived from the Greek word Cyclos meaning the coils of a snake and it was coined by Henry Piddington. In this article, we will know about the types of cyclones, how they are formed and their different names.

What is Cyclone?

In meteorology, the term cyclone is defined as

A system of winds that are rotating inwards to an area of low barometric pressure, such that in the Northern Hemisphere it is anticlockwise and in the Southern Hemisphere it is clockwise circulation.

Cyclones are formed with an enormous amount of energy from the ocean to the atmosphere. According to studies, every year there are 70 to 90 cyclonic systems developed across the globe. The surface winds get spiralled towards the low-pressure system due to the Coriolis force. The cyclonic systems are not formed in the equatorial regions because the Coriolis force is negligible between the latitudes 5 degrees north and 5 degrees south.

Other Names of Cyclone

The cyclone is known to have different names in different regions of the world, and they are:

How are Cyclones Formed?

The formation of cyclones takes place in low-pressure areas. The vulnerability of the place where the cyclone strikes depend on the topography, intensity and frequency of the cyclone.

There are 6 factors that can be held responsible for the formation of the cyclone:

• Ample amount of warm temperature at the surface of the sea.
• Instability in the atmosphere.
• How the Coriolis force is impacting the area so that low-pressure area can be created.
• When the humidity is high in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere.
• Disturbance in the pre-existing low-level area.
• When the vertical wind shear is low.

In the above diagram, we see how cyclones are formed. The rising of warm air is shown using the green lines while the cool air sinking is shown using the red arrows.

• A cyclone is formed when the warm, moist air rises upward over the ocean. As this air moves up, there is a formation of a low-pressure area below.
• Now the low-pressure area is filled with the high-pressure air from the surroundings. Again, the next batch of cool air gets warm and moist over the ocean moving upward. This once again results in the formation of a low-pressure area. The cycle continues.
• This continuous cycle results in the formation of clouds in the air. More clouds are formed as the water from the ocean evaporates.
• This leads to the formation of the storm system. As the storm system rotates faster, an eye is formed in the centre. The eye of the storm is considered to be the calm and clear part. The air pressure in the eye of the storm is low.
• Depending on the strength of the winds produced, the cyclones are divided into different classes.

The below video is an explanation of why a cyclone spins. Click here to learn more:

What are the Types of Cyclones?

There are 4 types of cyclones and they are:

• Tropical cyclone
• Polar cyclone

Mesocyclone

• Extratropical cyclone

Tropical Cyclone

The regions where the tropical cyclone occurs are over the tropical ocean. Hurricanes and typhoons are the two types of tropical cyclone. Atlantic and Northeast Pacific are the regions where hurricanes are found. Whereas, in the Northwest Pacific, typhoons are found. A tropical cyclone is divided into 5 categories depending on the intensity and the wind speed.

The video below is an explanation of what a tropical cyclone is. Click to learn more:

Polar Cyclone

The polar cyclone is also known as the “Arctic hurricane” in the Northern Hemisphere. This is due to their energy sources. The heat is transferred from water to air and the latent heat is released in the form of cloud condensation. The forecast of the polar cyclone is difficult as they take less than 24 hours, and they are formed quickly. They are formed over the Arctic and Antarctic seas.

The mesocyclone is considered to be one of the strong thunderstorms. The mesocyclone is found within the convective storm in the form of a vortex of air. The air rises and rotates along the vertical axis. The direction of this air and the low-pressure system are the same in the given hemisphere. The mesocyclone is accompanied by the rotating air within the thunderstorm.

Extratropical Cyclone

The cyclones that are formed in the middle latitudes along the frontal boundaries are either known as extratropical cyclones or mid-latitude cyclones. The winds of the extratropical cyclone are weaker however, the temperature gradients are sharp. The nor’easter is an example of an extratropical cyclone that impacts the east coast of the United States.

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Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

Name a few cyclone warning systems in india..

Area Cyclone Warning Centres, Cyclone Warning Centre and National Cyclone Warning Centre are a few cyclone warning systems in India.

Name the states that were affected by the Amphan cyclone in India.

West Bengal and Odisha were affected by the Amphan cyclone in India.

Name the states that were affected by the Nisarga cyclone in India.

Goa and Maharashtra are the states that were affected by the Nisarga cyclone in India.

Which is the strongest cyclone in India?

The 1970 Bhola cyclone is considered to be the strongest cyclone in India.

Name the states of India that are impacted by the tropical cyclones.

Every year close to 2-4 tropical cyclones impact different states of India. The most affected region is the east coast of India which includes Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal.

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