a visual representation of loneliness

Symbols of Loneliness: Understanding the Visual Representation of Isolation

Symbols of loneliness are all around us, but often go unnoticed. From the empty park bench to the lone bird perched on a branch, these symbols can evoke a sense of isolation and sadness. As humans, we are social creatures and crave connection with others. When we are unable to find that connection, these symbols can serve as a reminder of our solitary state.

Loneliness can manifest in many different ways, and the symbols of loneliness can vary just as much. For some, it may be the empty seat at the dinner table or the unopened message on their phone. For others, it may be the sound of the wind howling through an empty street or the sight of a single light shining in a dark window. Whatever form it takes, the symbols of loneliness can be a powerful reminder of our need for human connection.

The Meaning of Symbols of Loneliness

Loneliness is a complex emotion that can be difficult to understand. It is often associated with feelings of isolation, being alone, and solitude. However, it is important to recognize that loneliness is not just a physical state, but also a state of mind.

The Importance of Understanding Symbols of Loneliness

Symbols of loneliness can help us recognize and understand the emotional state of loneliness. By understanding these symbols, we can become more empathetic to those who are experiencing loneliness and offer them support.

Some common symbols of loneliness include:

• Empty chairs or tables
• Abandoned buildings or places
• Dark or muted colors
• Rain or cold weather
• Broken or decaying objects

These symbols can represent the feeling of emptiness and isolation that often accompanies loneliness. It is important to remember that these symbols are not always negative and can be used to create powerful art and literature that explores the human experience.

In conclusion, understanding symbols of loneliness can help us better understand and support those who are experiencing this complex emotion. By recognizing these symbols, we can become more empathetic and create a more compassionate world.

Artistic Depictions of Loneliness

Loneliness in literature.

When it comes to artistic depictions of loneliness, literature has been a powerful medium. Many authors have explored the theme of loneliness in their works, often with great success. Some notable examples include “The Catcher in the Rye” by J.D. Salinger, “The Stranger” by Albert Camus, and “One Hundred Years of Solitude” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez.

These works explore the feelings of isolation and detachment that can come with loneliness, as well as the impact it can have on one’s mental health.

Loneliness in Film

Similar to literature, film has also been a popular medium for exploring the theme of loneliness. Many films have depicted characters who are struggling with feelings of isolation and disconnection from the world around them. Some notable examples include “Lost in Translation” directed by Sofia Coppola, “Taxi Driver” directed by Martin Scorsese, and “Her” directed by Spike Jonze. These films explore the complex emotions that come with loneliness, as well as the different ways in which people cope with it.

Loneliness in Paintings

Loneliness has also been a popular theme in painting throughout history. Many artists have used their works to depict the feelings of isolation and disconnection that can come with loneliness. Some notable examples include “The Scream” by Edvard Munch, “Nighthawks” by Edward Hopper, and “The Son of Man” by Rene Magritte. These paintings often use symbolism and imagery to convey the emotions of loneliness, such as empty spaces, dark colors, and solitary figures.

Overall, artistic depictions of loneliness have been a powerful way to explore the complex emotions that come with isolation and disconnection from others. Whether through literature, film, or painting, these works have helped us to better understand the impact that loneliness can have on our mental health and well-being.

The Symbolism of Nature in Loneliness

Loneliness in the desert.

When we think of loneliness, one of the first images that might come to mind is that of a person wandering aimlessly through a vast, arid desert. The barren landscape, with its harsh sun and unforgiving terrain, can be a powerful symbol of isolation and solitude.

In the desert, we are cut off from the rest of the world, with nothing but the sand and rocks to keep us company. The emptiness of the landscape can be both awe-inspiring and terrifying, a reminder of our own insignificance in the face of nature’s power.

Loneliness on an Island

Another common symbol of loneliness is that of a person stranded on a deserted island. Here, we are surrounded by the endless expanse of the ocean, with no hope of rescue or escape.

On an island, we are forced to confront our own mortality and our dependence on others. We are cut off from the rest of society, with nothing but the natural world to sustain us. The island can be both a refuge and a prison, a place of beauty and of danger.

The Symbolism of Clouds

Clouds are another powerful symbol of loneliness, evoking a sense of isolation and detachment. As we gaze up at the sky, we are reminded of the vastness of the universe and our own small place within it.

Clouds can also be a symbol of transience and impermanence, reminding us that everything in life is temporary. Like clouds, our emotions and experiences are constantly shifting and changing, leaving us feeling adrift and alone.

In conclusion, nature can be a powerful symbol of loneliness, evoking a sense of isolation and detachment from the world around us. Whether we find ourselves in the desert, on an island, or gazing up at the clouds, we are reminded of our own mortality and our dependence on others.

The Symbolism of Lighthouses and the Moon

Loneliness and lighthouses.

Lighthouses are often seen as symbols of hope and guidance, but they can also represent loneliness. Standing tall and isolated on the edge of the sea, lighthouses are a reminder of the isolation that can come with loneliness. They are beacons of light in the darkness, but they also serve as a reminder of the darkness that surrounds us.

For those who are feeling lonely, lighthouses can be a symbol of hope. They represent the possibility of finding a way out of the darkness and into the light. However, they can also be a reminder of the isolation that comes with loneliness.

Loneliness and the Moon

The moon is another symbol that is often associated with loneliness. It is a solitary object that shines in the darkness, just like a person who is feeling lonely. The moon can represent the feelings of isolation and emptiness that come with loneliness.

At the same time, the moon can also be a symbol of hope . It is a reminder that even in the darkest of times, there is still light to be found. The moon can represent the possibility of finding companionship and connection, even in the midst of loneliness.

Overall, both lighthouses and the moon can be powerful symbols of loneliness. They represent the isolation and emptiness that can come with feeling alone, but they also offer hope and the possibility of finding light in the darkness.

Loneliness and Animals

Loneliness and howling wolves.

When we think of lonely animals, howling wolves often come to mind. Wolves are known for their haunting howls that can be heard echoing through the night. These calls are often used to communicate with other members of their pack, but they can also be a sign of loneliness.

Wolves are social animals that thrive in packs. When a wolf is separated from its pack, it may begin to feel lonely and isolated. This can lead to increased howling as the wolf tries to communicate with other wolves and find its way back to its pack.

Loneliness and Shepherds

Shepherds are another group of animals that can experience loneliness. These dogs are often bred and trained to work with flocks of sheep or other livestock. While they may be surrounded by animals, they can still feel isolated and lonely.

Shepherds are often left alone for long periods of time while their owners tend to other tasks. This can lead to feelings of loneliness and boredom. To combat this, some shepherds are given toys or other forms of entertainment to keep them occupied while their owners are away.

Overall, loneliness is a common experience for both wolves and shepherds. While they may be surrounded by other animals, they can still feel isolated and lonely without the companionship of their own kind.

Loneliness is Not All Bad

Throughout our research on symbols of loneliness, we have discovered that this complex emotion can be represented in various forms. From an empty room to a dark cloud, these symbols can evoke feelings of isolation and sadness.

However, it is important to note that loneliness is not always negative. It can also be a natural part of the human experience, providing us with the opportunity for introspection and self-reflection.

Silence and darkness can also be symbols of loneliness, but they can also provide a sense of peace and tranquility. It is important to embrace these moments and use them as opportunities for self-care and reflection.

Overall, our research has shown that symbols of loneliness are complex and multifaceted. By understanding and recognizing these symbols, we can better understand and cope with our own feelings of loneliness.

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5 amazing examples of artwork that express loneliness

Loneliness actually refers to a situation when you seemingly disconnect from the outside world and move towards deep unhappiness and isolation. Man is a social animal, and constant social interaction is a must for an individual to maintain their healthy mental and emotional balance.An absence of which is sure to drastically disturb one’s state of mind.Living or being in a crowded place is not a sure shot measure to avoid feeling lonely, and anyone can fall prey to it. Plenty of artistsfrom all over the world for ages have been able to express their loneliness in the form of their artwork. In these paintings, one can clearly witness the beauty of portrayal in one of the best forms of art. Given below is a list of some famous artwork that express loneliness .

Image Source : edwardhopper.net

This artwork that express lonelinesswas made by Edward Hopper. It was shown to the public on Valentine’s Day in the year 1927 at Rehn galleries in New York. This painting has a lovely lady sitting on a chair, staring into a cup of coffee in an automat.

Gloves in one hand show that either the lady is distracted, disturbed, or she is in a hurry. There is a silence at the restaurant with no company around her. The use of vivid colors along with dark shades gives out an excellent representation of a lonely vibe of a seemingly single lady.

Night window:

Image Source : i.etsystatic.com

Edward Hopper is a true professional when it comes to famous paintings of loneliness depicting solitude. Night Window consists of a lady doing her work in her apartment and a stranger is watching her from some faraway place. This painting subtly displays the opportunities a city offers its inhabitants and urban loneliness.

The backdrop of this famous artwork that express loneliness is a dark night and three windows – which have a beautifully designed interior. Hopper mostly used lights as an important element in his paintings to brilliantly create the perfect blend of shadows and darkness to portray the effects of loneliness and the feelings of a solitary individual.

The Sea of Fog:

Image Source : images.fineartamerica.com

Caspar David Friedrich, in early 1818, painted The Sea of Fog, which is quite popular even today. It has a man standing all alone, mesmerized by the forces of the sea. Made with a clever combination of dark and light shades, the meaning of this painting can be interpreted in various ways.

The dark green and brown colorsin this artwork that express lonelinessdepict strong emotionsof abandonment, whereas the bluish pink fog denotes isolation. The combination of white, blue, and pink in the background depict a strong void and emptiness.

Image Source : maryhillmuseum.org

This famous artwork that expresses loneliness by Frederick Leighton, made in the year 1890, portrays a woman sitting alone, engaged in her own thoughts. The huge number of buried emotions and feelings in her heart surface when you look at this painting long enough. The silent mystery of Solitude begins to unfold itself in front of the viewer in terms of their own lives once they give it a fair chance.

Melancholy:

Constance Marie Charpentier gave birth to this phenomenal artwork that expresses loneliness which shows a lady sitting alone. She is apparently looking or staring at the ground. Some people are of the opinion that she might be thinking about the past, regretting her mistakes, or just thinking of what better ways life could have turned out for her. Dressed in a chiton, she has embarrassment and guilt written all over her. This loneliness artwork is pretty dark, to say the least.

This is a famous paint by numbers painting showing a woman lonely on a rock surrounded by water. A personalized paint by number is the exact same thing as a paint-by-numbers but with a custom photo. Painting can help with stress-relief and loneliness, nowadays you don’t even have to know how to paint all you have to do is find a very high quality image you wish to paint and then order your own custom paint by numbers and you are good to go.

Conclusion:

Loneliness is not just limited to staying alone or sitting alone. It relates to an absence of connection with others which cannot be bridged by superficial things. Everyone one of us is vulnerable to loneliness, and a large number of us is even affected by it.

But only a handful of these individuals have the courage to speak about it, and the artists mentioned above spoke about it via their artwork that express loneliness.Loneliness can be expressed through art by creating a beautiful blend of colors, emotions, and facial expressions – a masterpiece to be remembered for multiple generations to come.

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Top 15 Symbols of Loneliness with Meanings

By: Author The Editors of Give Me History

Posted on April 25, 2023

Loneliness symbolism is widely used throughout history in literature and several forms of art, including film, paintings, sculptures, and music. These art forms allow the artist to express emotions like isolation or disconnection in an impactful way for the audience. 

In the spiritual world, solitude and isolation are the keys to spiritual growth a person seeking to connect to their inner self must undertake. It’s an opportunity for self-discovery where a person questions and confronts their beliefs without any influence.

These symbols of loneliness stem from feelings of solitude, isolation, and loss. Exploring these symbols provides a better perspective of these complex emotions linked to loneliness. 

This article will review the top symbols representing loneliness in the real world and the spiritual realm. 

Symbols of Loneliness are: an empty chair, the moon, shepherds, silence, an isolated patch of land, a wolf howling, darkness during the night, an empty road, staying under the clouds, an empty room, a gray sky, seclusion, being a hermit, the desert and a lighthouse

Top Symbols Depicting Loneliness

Following are the symbols that depict loneliness:

1. An Empty Chair

An unaccompanied chair reflects feelings of solitude and longing. The empty chair symbolizes loneliness due to a loved one passing away; it shows the emptiness your life is experiencing after their demise. 

2. The Moon

The moon is a unique creation of nature that often sits alone in the sky . No matter how long someone stares at the moon, there will always be a sense of separation and loneliness due to its massive distance.

It is associated with loneliness because it can never meet the sun . The sun and moon are mirror creations of the universe; however, if the moon comes up, the sun goes down, and vice versa. Their appearance and disappearance indicate that they are chasing one another but are destined to stay alone and never meet up.

3. Shepherds

Shepherds spend days in the wild grazing their livestock and ensuring the herd remains safe from unexpected hazards or predators. While living on the outskirts of society and spending their time in loneliness, they work on their own while herding the animals. 

The shepherd symbolism was widely used during the early times of Christianity as, at the time, shepherds were seen as lonesome characters. As they tended to work alone, they used the solitary time to pray and strengthen their connection with God .

In visual arts, prolonged silence often depicts loneliness and isolation. A classic example is seen in films where a character is shown sitting next to a window, peering outside in complete silence. 

Another popular example is when a character spends their life after their significant other has passed away, living in silence, isolation, and loneliness.

5. An Isolated Patch of Land

Ending up in an uninhabited land or an isolated area like an island is another powerful symbol of loneliness. From ancient folklore to modern-day films and novels, getting stranded on an island is a common depiction. 

6. Wolf Howling

While most of us think a wolf howls at the moon, some interpreters describe a howling wolf as calling for company or friendship when they are alone. Their continuous howling is seen as an expression of loneliness that has no outcome. 

7. Darkness During the Night

Whether it’s a novel or a movie, the loneliness of a person is often depicted during nighttime when there is little to no light . The darkness here is linked to sadness. This feeling of sadness will eventually trigger feelings of loneliness and isolation.

8. An Empty Road

A deserted road where you can see no one else carries a powerful sense of isolation that often comes with the feeling of loneliness. The road depicts your life’s journey, and having no other driver or vehicle around means you are alone in your journey and have no one to support you. 

9. Staying Under the Clouds

If someone feels lonely or depressed, films depict the character as being under a dark cloud. No matter where they go, an overhead cloud keeps chasing them, symbolizing that they are lonely and need the required support to eliminate these feelings of loneliness.

10. An Empty Room

It’s one of the most effective approaches to represent loneliness. The fewer furnishings you place in the room, the lonelier it will look. An empty room misses the people and the warmth, representing sheer loneliness.

11. A Gray Sky

The sky, covered with a thick layer of gray clouds, is lined with sadness, depression, and loneliness. The mono-colored sky here signifies there’s no hope or joy in your life. 

You might be living a life, but it’s without any goals. The gray sky representing loneliness is also a reminder to find your lost purpose in life and remove the burden you carry as repressed emotions.

Symbols of Loneliness in the Spiritual World

In many traditions around spirituality, loneliness is seen as a path everyone has to take for self-discovery and spiritual growth. 

Here are some common symbols connected to loneliness:

12. Seclusion

In the spirit realm, solitude is a crucial component of spiritual growth, allowing the person to calm their mind and connect with their inner self and higher powers. 

Seclusion provides a deeper understanding of a person’s purpose in life. Once your life’s purpose is clear, the shadows of loneliness will eventually fade away. 

13. The Hermit

It’s connected to a spiritual symbol of someone who has chosen to live in solitude only to gain a deeper understanding of their inner spirit. Instead of seeking worldly relationships and connections, they intentionally stay in isolation and connect with the divine.

14. The Desert

Although lonely and barren, deserts in the spirit world are represented as the path toward enlightenment – while there will be hardships and challenges along the way, the journey through the barren landscape will enlighten their inner self and connect with the divine. 

15. A Lighthouse

These functional structures are seen near our coastlines, isolated on rocks , cliffs, or elevated pieces of land. Typically, lighthouses are made on bare islands or rocky cliffs that are not inhabited.

The person taking care of the light is solitary without loved ones or friends. 

It can take months for someone working in a lighthouse to visit a loved one. Storytellers and filmmakers depict a lighthouse on a dark, rainy night, showing it and its caretaker as the loneliest on the coastline.

The symbols of loneliness are used widely in real life, in spirituality, and in the dream world. While most symbols signify the feeling of being isolated, alone and facing challenges on your own, there’s always light at the end of the tunnel. 

Being solitary is undoubtedly unpleasant, but the time spent will make you resilient and better connect with your inner self.

See also: Top 6 Flowers That Symbolize Loneliness

Loneliness Symbols: Understanding Their Meanings and Significance

Loneliness symbols, such as an empty chair, the moon, and a howling wolf, are used in literature, art, and spirituality to express feelings of isolation and disconnection. These symbols represent different types of loneliness, from the loss of a loved one to the solitude one feels in the darkness of the night .

Loneliness symbols hold significant meaning in literature and art, portraying the deep emotions of isolation and disconnection. From the solitary presence of the moon to the haunting howls of a wolf, these symbols evoke a range of lonely experiences. Whether it’s the silence after losing a loved one or the feeling of being adrift like a ship at sea, these metaphors create a profound impact on the audience.

Understanding Loneliness

Loneliness is a common human emotion that can be experienced by anyone at any age. It is a feeling of sadness or distress caused by a perceived lack of social connection or companionship. Loneliness is not the same as being alone, as someone can feel lonely even when surrounded by people. It is a negative feeling that can lead to depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues.

Older adults are at higher risk for social isolation and loneliness due to changes in health and social connections. However, loneliness can affect anyone, regardless of age or social status. It is important to recognize the signs of loneliness and take steps to address it.

Isolation and solitude are often associated with loneliness, but they are not the same. Isolation is the physical separation from others, while solitude is the choice to be alone. Loneliness can be experienced in both situations, but it is more common in isolation.

Loneliness can have negative effects on both physical and mental health. It has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, depression, and anxiety. It is important to seek help if you are experiencing loneliness or any negative feelings.

Loneliness Symbols in Art

Art has always been a medium through which artists express their emotions and thoughts. Loneliness is a common theme in art, and artists have used various symbols to represent it in their works.

Symbolism in Paintings

Many painters have used imagery and motifs to depict loneliness in their paintings. For instance, Edward Hopper’s “Nighthawks” is a famous painting that depicts loneliness through the use of empty streets and a diner at night. Similarly, Vincent van Gogh’s “Starry Night” portrays a sense of isolation through the use of a small village surrounded by a vast, starry sky.

Symbolism in paintings is often subtle and requires careful interpretation. For example, the use of dark colors and shadows may represent the feeling of loneliness, while an empty chair or room may symbolize the absence of human connection.

Symbolism in Film

Like paintings, films also use symbolism to express loneliness. In the film “Lost in Translation,” the main characters are depicted as lonely and disconnected from the world around them. The use of long shots and silence in the film helps to emphasize their isolation.

In “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind,” the use of a train symbolizes the journey of the main character’s mind as it tries to erase memories of his past relationship. The train represents the isolation and loneliness he experiences as he tries to come to terms with his loss.

Nature as a Symbol of Loneliness

Nature is a common theme in loneliness symbols. The vastness and emptiness of nature can evoke feelings of isolation and solitude. In this section, we will explore some of the most common nature symbols associated with loneliness.

The moon is a powerful symbol of loneliness. Its pale light and solitary presence in the night sky can evoke feelings of isolation and melancholy. In literature, the moon is often used to represent a character’s emotional state, particularly when they are feeling lonely or disconnected from others.

Rain and Clouds

Rain and clouds are also commonly associated with loneliness. The sound of rain tapping against a window or the sight of dark clouds can create a sense of sadness and isolation. In literature, rain is often used to symbolize tears or emotional turmoil, while clouds can represent a character’s inner turmoil or confusion.

The desert is another powerful symbol of loneliness. Its vast, empty landscapes and harsh conditions can evoke feelings of isolation and abandonment. In literature, the desert is often used to represent a character’s spiritual journey or search for meaning in life.

Loneliness Symbolized by Objects

Loneliness can be symbolized by various objects. Here are a few objects that are commonly associated with loneliness:

Lighthouses

Lighthouses are often used as symbols of loneliness. They are solitary structures that stand alone in the midst of vast bodies of water. They represent isolation and the feeling of being lost. The light that shines from a lighthouse can also be seen as a beacon of hope, a reminder that there is still a way out of the darkness.

Empty Rooms

Empty rooms are another common symbol of loneliness. They represent the absence of human connection and the feeling of being alone. An empty room can be a physical representation of the emptiness that a person feels inside. It can also be a reminder of a lost loved one or a past relationship.

Loneliness can be a difficult emotion to deal with, but it is important to remember that it is a natural part of the human experience. By recognizing and understanding the symbols of loneliness, we can begin to work through our feelings and find a way to connect with others.

Animals as Symbols of Loneliness

Animals have long been used as symbols to represent various emotions and states of being, including loneliness. Two common animals that are often associated with loneliness are the howling wolf and the shepherd.

Howling Wolf

The howling wolf is a popular symbol of loneliness in literature and art. The image of a lone wolf howling at the moon is often used to represent the feeling of being isolated and disconnected from others. The wolf’s howl is a haunting sound that can evoke feelings of sadness and longing. In Native American culture, the wolf is often seen as a spiritual guide, representing strength and independence, but also the need for community and connection.

The image of a lone shepherd tending to their flock is another common symbol of loneliness. The shepherd’s solitary lifestyle, spending long hours in the fields with only the sheep for company, can evoke feelings of isolation and solitude. However, the shepherd’s role as a protector and caretaker of the sheep can also represent the importance of taking care of oneself and finding purpose in life.

Must Read: Linden Tree Symbolism

Loneliness in Relationships

Loneliness within relationships is a common issue that affects many people. It can arise when a person feels disconnected from their partner, family, or friends, and can lead to feelings of isolation and sadness.

One of the main causes of loneliness in relationships is a lack of emotional support. When a person is going through a difficult time, they may feel like they have no one to turn to for help or comfort. This can be especially challenging when it comes to romantic relationships, where partners may feel like they are not receiving the emotional support they need from each other.

Another factor that can contribute to loneliness in relationships is a lack of communication. When partners do not communicate effectively, they may feel like they are not being heard or understood, which can lead to feelings of loneliness and frustration. It is important for partners to be open and honest with each other about their feelings and needs in order to build a strong and supportive relationship.

Loneliness in relationships can also be caused by external factors, such as a lack of social support. When a person feels like they do not have a strong network of friends or family to rely on, they may feel isolated and alone. This can be especially challenging for women, who may be more likely to prioritize their relationships with romantic partners over friendships.

In order to combat loneliness within relationships, it is important for individuals to prioritize their emotional well-being and seek out support when they need it. This may involve reaching out to friends or family members, seeking therapy or counseling, or engaging in activities that bring joy and fulfillment. By taking proactive steps to address feelings of loneliness, individuals can build stronger and more fulfilling relationships with those around them.

Loneliness and Social Connection

Loneliness is a complex emotion that can be caused by various factors, including social isolation and lack of social connection. Social connection, on the other hand, is the feeling of belongingness and connectedness with others. It is essential for our mental and physical well-being.

Social connection can be established through various means, such as social media, community events, and company. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have made it easier for people to connect with others virtually. However, it is essential to note that social media can also contribute to loneliness if not used appropriately.

Community events and social gatherings are also great ways to establish social connections. These events provide opportunities for people to meet and interact with others who share similar interests and values. Participating in community events can help individuals feel a sense of belongingness and connectedness with others.

Company is also an essential factor in establishing social connections. Having close friends and family members can provide individuals with emotional support and a sense of belongingness. It is essential to nurture these relationships and prioritize spending time with loved ones.

Social networks like LinkedIn and Meetup can also help individuals establish social connections with others who share similar professional or personal interests. These platforms provide opportunities for individuals to connect with others and expand their social circle.

Effects of Loneliness

Loneliness can have a significant impact on our emotional and physical health, as well as other aspects of our lives. Here are some of the effects of loneliness:

• Emotional health: Loneliness can lead to feelings of sadness, anxiety, and low self-esteem. It can also make it difficult to form and maintain meaningful relationships, which can further exacerbate feelings of loneliness.
• Physical health: Studies have shown that loneliness can have negative effects on physical health, including an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health conditions. It can also weaken the immune system, making us more susceptible to illness.
• Substance abuse: Loneliness can lead to substance abuse as a way of coping with feelings of isolation and boredom.
• Academic performance: Loneliness can also affect academic performance, as it can make it difficult to concentrate and feel motivated to succeed in school.
• Confide in others: Loneliness can make it difficult to confide in others and seek help when needed, which can further worsen emotional and physical health.
• Pandemic: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the effects of loneliness on people’s lives, as social distancing and isolation measures have made it difficult to connect with others.
• Stress: Loneliness can also contribute to feelings of stress and overwhelm, as it can make us feel unsupported and alone in our struggles.

Loneliness Across the Nation

Loneliness is a universal human experience that can be felt by anyone regardless of age, gender, or social status. A report by Harvard University researchers found that 36% of Americans are experiencing “serious loneliness,” and some groups, such as young adults and mothers with small children, are especially isolated.

Loneliness has become a growing concern across the nation, with many people feeling disconnected from their communities and lacking meaningful social connections. The American Dream, with its emphasis on individualism and self-reliance, has contributed to the normalization of loneliness. The media often portrays loners and “rugged individualists” as heroes, perpetuating the myth that being alone is a desirable state.

Symbols of loneliness are often used to represent this feeling of isolation and disconnection. Some common loneliness symbols include an empty chair, an isolated patch of land, a wolf howling, and an empty room. These symbols can help people express their emotions and connect with others who may be experiencing similar feelings.

Despite the prevalence of loneliness, there are many projects and initiatives aimed at combating this issue. Community centers, support groups, and online forums are just a few examples of resources available to those who are feeling lonely. These projects provide a sense of belonging and connection to others, helping to alleviate feelings of isolation and improve overall well-being.

Coping with Loneliness

Loneliness can be a difficult emotion to cope with, but there are strategies that can help. Here are some ways to cope with loneliness:

• Acknowledge your feelings: Before anything else, it’s important to acknowledge the loneliness and allow yourself to feel it. You can say it out loud, journal it, talk it out in therapy, or confide in a friend. While avoidance may seem like an easier option, acknowledging your feelings is the first step towards coping.
• Practice self-care: Taking care of yourself can help combat feelings of loneliness. This can include getting enough sleep, eating well, and exercising regularly. It can also include activities that bring you joy, such as reading, listening to music, or watching a movie.
• Connect with others: While it may be difficult to connect with others when you’re feeling lonely, making an effort to connect can help. This can include reaching out to friends or family, joining a club or group, or volunteering for a cause you believe in. Connecting with others can provide a sense of purpose and belonging.
• Find meaning: Finding meaning in your life can help combat feelings of loneliness. This can include pursuing a hobby or interest, setting goals for yourself, or volunteering for a cause you believe in. Finding meaning can provide a sense of purpose and fulfillment.
• Engage with art: Art can be a powerful tool for coping with loneliness. Whether it’s listening to music, reading a book, or watching a movie, engaging with art can provide a sense of connection and comfort. Some works of literature, for example, explore the theme of loneliness, such as “The Catcher in the Rye” by J.D. Salinger.
• Talk to your mother: While not everyone has a positive relationship with their mother, for some people, talking to their mother can be a source of comfort when feeling lonely. Mothers can offer a listening ear, words of wisdom, and unconditional love.

Remember, coping with loneliness is a process, and it may take time to find what works best for you. Be patient with yourself and don’t hesitate to reach out for help if needed.

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Loneliness in Art

Several painters and artists throughout history have been interested in depicting the faces of loneliness in art. At a time when human contact finds insurmountable barriers, this type of art becomes a mirror in which we can all glimpse our reflection. It is the feeling that Edward Hopper ‘s bitter canvases arouse us, as well as Edvard Munch’s tearing ones. And yet, despite the similarities, the type of loneliness that these illustrious artists paint is profoundly different from what we live with today.

Alienation in Modern Art

One of the greatest American painters used to capture urban landscapes to underline the alienation of his canvases’ protagonists. Edward Hopper is, not surprisingly, one of the artists who best represent the fragility of the psyche and the loneliness that accompanies man throughout his life. In particular, Hopper’s figures are crystallized in a modern, often frenetic world. Still, they don’t seem to be a part of it. Probably for this reason, his characters often have their gaze turned towards indefinite points. As if their presence in a certain space-time point was only the result of chance.

In this period Hopper’s paintings are experiencing a period of revival. This is the result of the empathic connection that everyone, confined to our homes, feels towards the artist’s figures. Yet, despite being so familiar, Hopper’s alienation is very different from ours.

If in Hopper it is the same modern society that leaves us on a background in which we do not feel totally integrated, the alienation to which we now submit is the result of a global emergency. In particular, our alienation, which leaves us physically confined and distant, unites us in a common purpose; that all this will end soon.

Thus, it becomes clear that unlike Hopper’s men and women, our, more than loneliness is physical confinement. Also thanks to the commitment of the artists on social media, this dramatic situation is leading to human and extremely empathetic implications.

The different faces of loneliness in Art

Son of Expressionism, Munch wanted to represent reality from an internal critical eye. He wanted an art capable of giving reality a much deeper and more introspective reading.

On the other side, De Chirico explored the solitude of modern man in a completely foreign environment.

Certainly, the cultural background emphasized this artistic orientation. Even for him the historical period was determining: the two world wars, Fascism, without neglecting the high ascendancy that philosophers of the caliber of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche had on him. All, inevitably, had repercussions and influences on the artist and in his painting.

Art is man’s favorite tool for crystallizing moods and emotions over time. All the drives of the human soul find space in art. From the simplest to the most intricate ones, art offers the possibility to stop a perception and make it visible. In particular, the faces of solitude in art have many different variations and intents. However, all these painters seem to emphasize that in solitude there are extraordinary forms of freedom, if not physical, certainly of thought.

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6 Illustrations to Understand Loneliness Better

Six illustrations from a connection expert highlight the basics of loneliness..

Posted August 23, 2022 | Reviewed by Vanessa Lancaster

• Neuroscientists discovered loneliness neurons in the brain in 2012 by accident.
• The same thing that drives humans to eat and drink is similar to what drives us to connect and converse.
• Measuring loneliness in the brain objectively could be the start to better understanding the role loneliness plays in other illnesses.

“I administered cocaine and ended up discovering the source of loneliness .”

Said two MIT neuroscientists, Kay Tye, and Gillian Matthews. By accident, in 2012, Matthews and Tye stumbled across the brain's loneliness neurons while studying how cocaine changes the brain in mice.* They discovered that the same thing that drives humans to eat and drink is similar to what drives us to connect and converse. Acute isolation causes social craving, similar to the way fasting causes hunger.

Researchers have proved our brains have a biological makeup that drives our desire to be one with the pack. Loneliness isn’t just a social phenomenon but a biological requirement.

While loneliness is a universal and common condition, the science of loneliness is very new. Due to the subjective nature of loneliness and difficulty quantifying it, neuroscientists have long avoided studying it. This makes these recent findings truly groundbreaking.

Measuring loneliness in the brain objectively could be the start to better understanding the role loneliness plays in other illnesses such as depression , mental health, addiction , and social anxiety .

In the spirit of helping us better understand loneliness, here are a few original illustrations from my recent book on loneliness, Connectable: How Leaders Can Move Teams From Isolated to All-In (McGraw-Hill 2022).

Only the inhuman are immune. Is loneliness normal? You decide.

The perpetual and unfortunate cycle of loneliness. As a social species, humans require more than the mere presence of others. We require the presence of others to dream, strategize, and work toward common goals . We need to be in the presence of others who value, appreciate, and “see” us for everything we are. Loneliness is being seen through; connection is being seen as.

The unhealthy transition from exclusion to alienation. Loneliness tends to cause individuals to turn inward and retreat, making it less likely others will help. Connect with someone today that you suspect might be wrestling with loneliness.

The unsuspecting spread of loneliness. People shouldn’t treat loneliness as a private or one-off problem that needs to be addressed individually but rather as a major community and organizational threat that potentially can infect an entire group. Since loneliness causes individuals to turn inward, it's imperative for others to pull others into the group proactively. A community or team is only as unified as its loneliest member.

While loneliness abounds, there is good news. In the same way, loneliness is contagious, and so are kindness and prosocial behaviors. In fact, people on the receiving end of prosocial behavior are more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors themselves by a whopping 278 percent. Prioritizing social connections is a no-brainer. Less lonely people equates to healthier individuals, teams, and communities.

Together we accomplish more. The same is true for humans.

Loneliness isn’t shameful, it’s a signal. It’s universal yet unique. It’s not just despairing, it’s a motivational force—a force that reminds us we are stronger, healthier, and better together.

Singer, “New Evidence for the Necessity of Loneliness.”

Ryan Jenkins & Steven Van Cohen (2022). Connectable: How Leaders Can Move Teams From Isolated to All In. New York, NY. McGraw-Hill Education.

Ryan Jenkins, CSP , is the Wall Street Journal bestselling author of Connectable: How Leaders Can Move Teams From Isolated to All In . He is also Partner at WorkRivet.com, a tech platform that facilitates one-on-one connections across teams.

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SLAP HAPPY LARRY

Loneliness in art and storytelling.

I often ask African friends who have immigrated to America what most struck them when they arrived. Their answer is always a variation on a theme—the loneliness. David Brooks

There is a loneliness that can be rocked. Arms crossed, knees drawn up, holding, holding on […] Then there is the loneliness that roams. No rocking can hold it down. It is alive. Toni Morrison

Best cure for loneliness is solitude. Marianne Moore

Confronted by too much emptiness … the brain invents. Loneliness creates company as thirst creates water. How many sailors have been wrecked in pursuit of islands that were merely a shimmering? Margaret Atwood

I am lonely, yet not everybody will do. I don’t know why, some people fill the gaps but other people emphasize my loneliness. Anais Nin

WILD GEESE You do not have to be good. You do not have to walk on your knees for a hundred miles through the desert repenting. You only have to let the soft animal of your body love what it loves. Tell me about despair, yours, and I will tell you mine. Meanwhile the world goes on. Meanwhile the sun and the clear pebbles of the rain are moving across the landscapes, over the prairies and the deep trees, the mountains and the rivers. Meanwhile the wild geese, high in the clean blue air, are heading home again. Whoever you are, no matter how lonely, the world offers itself to your imagination , calls to you like the wild geese, harsh and exciting – over and over announcing your place in the family of things. Mary Oliver (1935-2019)

It is true when you are by yourself and you think about life, it is always sad. All that excitement and so on has a way of suddenly leaving you, and it’s as though, in the silence, somebody called your name, and you heard your name for the first time. Katherine Mansfield

Edward Hopper was a master at depicting loneliness with paint. The sense of isolation is achieved with colour and composition. Eyes don’t meet, or not at the same time. Body language is closed off. Figures are small inside vast spaces, their heads far from the top of the canvas. They gaze from windows as if longing for connection. Edward Hopper did not call this emotion ‘loneliness’, however:

"I don't paint loneliness, I describe the absence of sociability between individuals" Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Chair Car, 1965 pic.twitter.com/ewuk7fRYm7 — Francisco Ribeiro (@fraveris) April 11, 2020

Why did Hopper not want to talk about loneliness? Perhaps he wanted to avoid conflating ‘loneliness’ with ‘isolation’ and in this he was right, as shown by more recent psychological research.

There is only a weak correlation between social isolation (not seeing others) and loneliness, so we don’t necessarily need to fear becoming lonely. Holly Walker

“Liverpool Art & Illustration – markmyink” has this to say about Hopper’s Automat painting:

Automats were open at all hours of the day and were also ‘busy, noisy and anonymous. They served more than ten thousand customers a day.’ Moreover, the woman is sitting in the least congenial spot in the entire restaurant for introspection. ‘They were clean, efficient, well-lit and – typically furnished with round Carrera marble tables and solid oak chairs like those shown here – genteel.’ By the time Hopper painted his picture, automats had begun to be promoted as safe and proper places for the working woman to dine alone.

Edward Hopper was influenced by a number of artists including Martin Lewis.

Phil Lockwood, who used to teach art in Sheffield, took Hopper’s famous painting of the lonely American diner and zoomed out to offer a peopled view. Do you think he’s removed the loneliness, or is it still there?

Hopper’s paintings feature spaces–urban exteriors and interiors–that are geometric in their architecture and stone-cold in their apparently stripped-down simplicity. Nevertheless, he imbues these spaces with an uncanny emotionality that reflects complexity, evokes an inanition, and elicits poignancy. Edward Hopper & Loneliness: Studying “The Loneliness Thing” from The Collector

Artist David Inshaw’s image below has a loneliness to it.

Images of young women and girls with their backs turned to the viewer, contemplating a single building in the middle distance are reminiscent of a famous 1948 painting called Christina’s world by painter Andrew Wyeth.

Artists and filmmakers have been creating pastiches of this lonely work since then.

And here are some men alone on an open plain. Archetypal scenes of the Western .

These images feel like the openings to Thomas Hardy novels, which open with an image of a lonely character moving within a scene.

Another artist who depicts loneliness is O. Louis Guglielmi. The painting below includes a girl playing alone, an empty chair on a balcony and a street mostly devoid of decoration.

Alain de Botton doesn’t like the concept of ‘single’ versus ‘in a relationship’. He instead prefers to think of ‘connected’ people and ‘disconnected’ people. This makes more sense because you can still feel lonely even when ‘in a relationship’. Simply having people nearby doesn’t quell loneliness; it really is all about connection.

A CATEGORISATION OF LONELINESS

Not everyone means the same thing when talking about loneliness. Until now, most research on loneliness has focused on social isolation. Yet social isolation and feeling lonely aren’t the same at all. Loneliness most often derives from the experience of feeling like you are different from the people around you and also misunderstood by them.

At The Spinoff, Holly Walker explains the following categories:

• EMOTIONAL LONELINESS : related to the lack or loss of an intimate other
• SOCIAL LONELINESS : feeling unconnected to a wider social network, such as friends, family, and neighbours
• EXISTENTIAL LONELINESS : related to a feeling of lacking meaning and purpose in life.

A good example of a story about existential* loneliness: Taxi Driver. Tagline: On every street in every city in this country, there is a nobody who dreams of being a somebody. I believe this particular type of ‘loneliness’ is connected to the feeling that no one is paying attention to you. In stories it frequently leads to a character doing something for attention.

* Existentialism : an outlook which begins with a disoriented individual facing a confused world that they can’t accept. Existentialism’s negative side emphasizes life’s meaningless and human alienation. Think: nothingness, sickness, loneliness, nausea.

On the subcategorisation of social and emotional types of loneliness, a paper entitled “Who are the lonely? A typology of loneliness in New Zealand” breaks social connectedness into four different profiles. One of its authors spoke with Jim Mora on Radio New Zealand:

• HIGH LONELINESS (5.7%). This group comprise the most introverted, emotionally unstable and score poorest in wellbeing. This is a much smaller percentage than some other loneliness studies would suggest, but it depends where researchers draw the loneliness line. Chronic loneliness has a very real effect on health, affecting every kind of mortality, impacting sleep.
• LOW LONELINESS (57.9%). These people don’t really feel lonely at all. This NZ percentage reflects UK and USA statistics.
• APPRECIATED OUTSIDERS (29.1%) Appreciated outsiders receive acceptance from others but feel like social outsiders. These people experience experience and support in the social connections that they do have.
• SUPERFICIALLY CONNECTED (7.2%) The superficially connected are the opposite to ‘Appreciated outsiders’. They have many ‘friends’ but do not enjoy close connections with many or any of them. This group had moderate wellbeing, but ‘appreciated outsiders’ are relatively higher in wellbeing despite greater introversion and neuroticism.

Hannah Hawkins-Elder explains that in reality loneliness is more of a spectrum than a lonely/not-lonely binary because all of us feel lonely at different times. Loneliness forces us to seek social connection, so this is an important emotion, drawing us back into society.

The song Do Do Do (Dansu) feels a bit like an updated version of Eleanor Rigby with its character sketches of loneliness.

LONELINESS AND AGE

Young adults (18-24 year olds) tend to score highest on loneliness in general, followed by the elderly and people with chronic health issues, neurodiversities and similar. British people feel most alone at the average age of 37, which may be quite an arbitrary age.

People look to social media for encouraging loneliness in young people. Social media enables a high quantity of friends but does not encourage authenticity. It’s easier to wear a mask online. We see everyone’s well-lit shop window on the Internet, not their messy storerooms. That said, social media apps are changing in a way which aims to do a better job at fostering authentic connections online, for example by encouraging sharing and chat between smaller groups of people who know each other well.

The 18-24 age is a very liminal , volatile time when we are still forging our own identities. We are quite often leaving home or moving cities, starting new work where we lack confidence. Connecting with others has the prerequisite for finding your people, so we must all understand who we are as people before forging deep, close personal connections. This takes time, and social media aside, may explain why young people are the loneliest demographic. However, this theory requires more research.

Christopher, let’s face it, is gaga over her. Of course, right now their sex life is probably very exciting, and they undoubtedly think that will last, the way new couples do. They think they’re finished with loneliness, too. This thought causes Olive to nod her head slowly as she lies on the bed She knows that loneliness can kill people — in different ways can actually make you die. Olive Kitteridge , Elizabeth Strout, p83

LONELINESS AND THE MOON

In images and stories about loneliness, the moon often features large in the background. This connection goes back a long way. “ To the Moon” by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) is an ode to the moon, functioning as a symbol of loneliness.

A companion to Shelley’s poem would be the children’s book Owl At Home by Arnold Lobel.

Why might the moon be so connected to loneliness? When we are far from loved ones and look up at the moon we know that those separated from us are also seeing the same object. The moon is one of the few objects which can unite humankind. I speculate that this feeling is related to a psychological experience known as The Overview Effect .

LONELINESS IN FICTION

Loneliness and the imagination.

Other people are so necessary to our mental health that when we have no people around us, we start to hallucinate.

Some of the most compelling descriptions of sensed presences come from lone sailors, mountain climbers, and Arctic explorers who have experienced hallucinations and out-of-body experiences. In one amazing 1895 incident, Joshua Slocum, the first person to circumnavigate the globe in a sailboat singlehandedly, said he saw and spoke with the pilot of Christopher Columbus’s ship The Pinta. Slocum claimed that the pilot steered his boat through heavy weather as he lay ill with food poisoning. Psychology Today

LONELINESS IN CHILDREN’S STORIES

“I’m lonely,” she said. The old gardener pushed his cap back on his bald head and stared at her a minute. “Art tha’ th’ little wench from India?” he asked. Mary nodded. “Then no wonder tha’rt lonely. Tha’lt be lonelier before tha’s done,” he said. The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett

All stories about friendship start from a place of loneliness. Since many children’s stories are about friendship, many start off with lonely main characters. This explains why the trope of the child moving houses is so enduring — everyone is lonely when they move to a new place, faced with the daunting task of starting friendships from scratch.

• Lucy Pevensie is alienated from her older siblings for having a wild imagination but by the end of The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe she is a fully included equal.
• Fern is alienated from her farming family The Arables for caring too much about pigs, but soon makes barnyard friends. Initially her mother is worried about this, but the doctor reassures the mother that animal friends are just fine. Whatever it takes to quell the loneliness.
• Picture books are less about loneliness than middle grade literature, though all small children experience a kind of loneliness after being required to sleep alone in their own bed. There exist many Western picture books about that particular experience. Tropes include monsters under the bed and imaginative trips into the night , with carnivalesque guests who may or may not be imaginary. The postmodern picture books of Anthony Browne have a lonely aesthetic (see for example Gorilla ), though these picture books tend to appeal to an older audience.
• Somebody Loves You, Mr. Hatch by Eileen Spinelli is a picture book which ostensibly ends happily because a lonely man is appreciated by his wider community despite the revelation that a box of chocolates from a secret Valentine was not meant for him at all. However, I’m not consoled by this ending. Mr Hatch is your classic ‘appreciated outsider’ who is clearly in want of a lover.

There is an unwritten rule in children’s stories that empathetic young characters cannot remain lonely. Lane Moore wrote The Art of Being Alone for adults, and in this interview she talks about all the reading she did as a kid, in which every lonely character ended up with a loving home, from Anne of Green Gables to Matilda . This didn’t reflect Moore’s own childhood experience of loneliness, which continues into adulthood. So perhaps we need revise that unwritten rule.

In his collection Eleven Kinds Of Loneliness , Richard Yates includes a short story about a boy who starts at a new school and becomes ostracised by his peers, helped to fit in by his well-meaning young teacher. So far, so good — you might read it to your child and they’d understand every beat. But why is “Glutton For Punishment” a short story for adults? By the end this young boy has lost the support of his teacher as well as his peers. His loneliness looks set to continue. We don’t accept that ending in stories for children, which must end with hope and at least one friend to quell the interminable loneliness.

THE LONELINESS OF MEN

LONELINESS AND FICTIONAL MEN

We would rather electrocute ourselves than spend time in our own thoughts. This was demonstrated in a controversial 2014 study in which 67 per cent of male participants and 25 per cent of female participants opted to give themselves unpleasant electric shocks rather than spend 15 minutes in peaceful contemplation. I would like to know why so many more male participants than female participants preferred the electric shocks.

Like children’s stories, many fictional narratives for adults are also about loneliness followed by a happy ending of friendship, though in stories for adults, some stories end on loneliness, with no relief in sight. This marks a difference between the sort of narrative accepted for adult readership versus those accepted for child readership. A story which begins and ends with loneliness is considered a tragedy.

Hud based on the novel by Larry McMurtry is a good example of that kind of tragedy.

Hud is an excellent example of a character who cannot form deep connections because he plays by the rules of toxic masculinity . He cannot form a close connection with a woman because he uses them and assaults them. He cannot form a close connection with his father because he is in direct competition with him for patriarchal control of the farm. Ditto for his nephew, who initially looks up to him.

The Wrestler is another excellent peek into male loneliness, though again, this story is a tragedy.

There’s another type of story which so far predominantly stars men: The story of the man who gets himself a doll. There are two standout examples of this in film: Her and Lars and the Real Girl .

The Lonely American Man

THE SPECIFIC LONELINESS OF THE MIDDLE AGED WOMAN

The “Sex Machine” episode of the Hidden Brain podcast outlines the history of sex objects, going back to Prometheus who created humanity from clay. Likewise, Pygmalion seemed to enjoy fashioning women to his own tastes (he carved a woman out of ivory) and we see the influence of that ancient myth in modern storytelling.

Most middle-aged women are surrounded by people, partly because of the extra caregiving duties experienced by women in midlife (for both children and elderly parents) and also because more women tend to work in people-oriented roles such as nursing and teaching and human resources.

Though she didn’t use this terminology, Irish author Marian Keyes explained on the How To Fail podcast that she feels like an appreciated outsider much of the time, and the main character of Grown Ups is also an appreciated outsider, a fifty-year-old woman who gets social gatherings organised, pays for them, does the dishes at a party and ultimately feels a little like she is buying her friends by performing all this labour.

There’s a teacher archetype who fits into the appreciated outsider category. Richard Yates also includes one of these types of loneliness in his Eleven Kinds of Loneliness collection. “ Fun With A Stranger ” is the character study of an end-of-career teacher who does not know how to connect with her students, though she tries to with the best of intentions. Though told from the point of view of a student, this woman’s loneliness shines through. A teacher is a prime example of a person surrounded by people, but because of the need for emotional distancing, and due to the intensity of the job, I suspect appreciated outsiders can be found in schools everywhere.

The loneliness of the performer is similar. Surrounded by people, the performer is nonetheless alone on their stage.

A GOOD WINTER BY GIGI FENSTER

The main character of Gigi Fenster’s novel A Good Winter is a lonely middle-aged woman called Olga. Olga makes herself useful to others, taking charge of the body corporate, offering gardening advice. But when she develops an unhealthy obsession with another middle-aged woman in her apartment block, swooping in to offer practical help when the other woman’s daughter experiences personal tragedy, things go downhill.

Eleanor Oliphant Is Completely Fine

Eleanor Oliphant Is Completely Fine by Gail Honeyman is a popular contemporary novel about a thirty-year-old woman so lonely she attempts to take her own life. The ideological issues of this novel are covered in detail here . (Is there something lonely-sounding about the name Eleanor? Cf. Eleanor Rigby.

Like Olga of Gigi Fenster’s novel, Eleanor misreads social situations and other people’s intentions, creating an ironic gap between narrator and reader.

This is the sort of narration that some readers tend to encode as autism, though autistic women are, to a tee, far more reflective than either of these characters, creepy and comedic in turn. Also, by the time autistic people are fifty years old, there is no statistical difference between the ability of an autistic person and a neurotypical person when it comes to reading other people. (For more on that, see Unmasking Autism by Dr Devon Price.)

Convenience Store Woman

Convenience Store Woman by Sayaka Murata is often compared to Eleanor Oliphant. She does something very odd to avoid scrutiny as an unmarried woman nearing middle age. But was she ever really lonely? The Convenience Store Woman partners up with someone she doesn’t even really like, and immediately discovers she is now accepted by mainstream society. No one cares if they’re good together; they only care that she’s partnered. Now they can regard her as Normal.

I’d like to read a story that ends with this particular anagnorisis , and Convenience Store Woman comes pretty close to it:

There are far too many absolute cinnamon rolls who are unhappily alone, and waaaaaaaay too many selfish jerks celebrating golden wedding anniversaries and stinking up R/relationships to ever conclude that romantic love is distributed fairly according to merit. Captain Awkward

LONELINESS AND KATHERINE MANSFIELD

Katherine Mansfield wrote many lonely women across her short stories. Standouts include:

• Miss Brill , who sits on her on in a park and imagines social connectedness by making up backstories about complete strangers, then returns to her room with the new understanding that she is probably too old to be married and must remain forever alone.
• Linda Burnell of the Prelude trilogy is a mother living in a three-generational household yet remains interminably lonely, perhaps due to post-natal depression or similar. Beryl is unmarried and romantically lonely, though I’d argue she is less lonely than Linda, who is married to hapless Stanley. Beryl knows how to console herself with her imaginative powers .
• Pearl Button is playing alone in her front yard but enjoys a lovely social day after she is whisked away by some Maori women.
• In “ The Doll’s House “, two girls are ostracised due to their lower social class. The sisters still have each other, however. We can extrapolate that their exclusion will forge a stronger sisterly bond.
• “ A Dill Pickle ” is another story about an unwed woman living in genteel poverty, but she is not so lonely that she will marry just anyone.
• “ The Escape ” features a married couple who live on different emotional planets.
• In “ The Tiredness of Rosabel “, Rosabel goes through her life surrounded by people but utterly alone and hungry. This story highlights the inherent loneliness of a large city.
• “ Psychology ” is a more uplifting story because an unmarried woman seems to have found a way to deal with sexual loneliness, and it involves more than one person.

LONELINESS AND CARSON MCCULLERS

2oth century American writer Carson McCullers is another writer who delved deep into the experience of loneliness across her work. Perhaps the phrase most associated with McCullers is “the we of me”. This comes from the novel The Member of the Wedding and has been especially resonant for the queer community, who commonly watch on as straight peers and friends get on with the business of living their straight lives, partnering up and settling down, leaving queer people behind to forge our own paths.

“The trouble with me is that for a long time I have just been an  I  person. All people belong to a  We  except me. Not to belong to a  We  makes you too lonesome.” Carson McCullers,  The Member of the Wedding

She was afraid of these things that made her suddenly wonder who she was, and what she was going to be in the world, and why she was standing at that minute, seeing a light, or listening, or staring up into the sky: alone. Carson McCullers,  The Member of the Wedding

There are all these people here I don’t know by sight or by name. And we pass alongside each other and don’t have any connection. And they don’t know me and I don’t know them. And now I’m leaving town and there are all these people I will never know.” Carson McCullers,  The Member of the Wedding

McCullers touches on the link between loneliness and solipsism:

“Listen,” F. Jasmine said. “What I’ve been trying to say is this. Doesn’t it strike you as strange that I am I, and you are you? I am F. Jasmine Addams. And you are Berenice Sadie Brown. And we can look at each other, and touch each other, and stay together year in and year out in the same room. Yet always I am I, and you are you. And I can’t ever be anything else but me, and you can ever be anything else but you. Have you ever thought of that? And does it seem to you strange? ” Carson McCullers,  Member Of The Wedding

Carson also considered love no salve for loneliness. Love can sometimes exacerbate it.

First of all, love is a joint experience between two persons — but the fact that it is a joint experience does not mean that it is a similar experience to the two people involved. There are the lover and the beloved, but these two come from different countries. Often the beloved is only a stimulus for all the stored-up love which had lain quiet within the lover for a long time hitherto. And somehow every lover knows this. He feels in his soul that his love is a solitary thing. He comes to know a new, strange loneliness and it is this knowledge which makes him suffer. So there is only one thing for the lover to do. He must house his love within himself as best he can; he must create for himself a whole new inward world — a world intense and strange, complete in himself. Let it be added here that this lover about whom we speak need not necessarily be a young man saving for a wedding ring — this lover can be man, woman, child, or indeed any human creature on this earth. Carson McCullers

She wished there was some place where she could go to hum it out loud. Some kind of music was too private to sing in a house cram fall of people. It was funny, too, how lonesome a person could be in a crowded house. Carson McCullers, The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter

The following observation only seems more timely today than when McCullers was writing it, now that more people go by identity labels (due to neurodivergence, queerness, disability etc.):

After the first establishment of identity there comes the imperative need to lose this new-found sense of separateness and to belong to something larger and more powerful than the weak, lonely self. The sense of moral isolation is intolerable to us. Carson McCullers, The Mortgaged Heart: Selected Writings

For you see, when us people who know run into each other that’s an event. It almost never happens. Sometimes we meet each other and neither guesses that the other is one who knows. That’s a bad thing. It’s happened to me a lot of times. But you see there are so few of us.” Carson McCullers,  The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter

McCullers also understood the lonely concept of fernweh :

It is a curious emotion, this certain homesickness I have in mind. With Americans, it is a national trait, as native to us as the roller-coaster or the jukebox. It is no simple longing for the home town or country of our birth. The emotion is Janus-faced: we are torn between a nostalgia for the familiar and an urge for the foreign and strange. As often as not, we are homesick most for the places we have never known. Carson McCullers

LONELINESS AND ALICE MUNRO

A well-known feature of Alice Munro’s writing : She writes a lot about carers. And carers are the loneliness demographic, alongside the people they care for.

According to experts, the group is one of the poorest, loneliest, and most overworked cohorts in the country. The  latest national Carer Wellbeing Survey published this month  collected responses from more than 5,000 carers. It found they were almost twice as likely to report having low wellbeing compared to other Australians, and were much more likely to report feeling lonely regularly — at 38.6 per cent, compared with 19.3 per cent of non-carers. National survey shows unpaid carers’ wellbeing continues to decline, and advocates say it’s time they got a break , Australia’s ABC

Homesickness: Culture, Contagion, and National Transformation in Modern China Carlos Rojas ‘s new book is a wonderfully transdisciplinary exploration of discourses of sickness and disease in Chinese literature and cinema in the long twentieth century. As its title indicates,  Homesickness: Culture, Contagion, and National Transformation in Modern China  (Harvard University Press, 2015) focuses particularly on what Rojas calls “homesickness,” a condition wherein “a node of alterity is structurally expelled from an individual or collective body in order to symbolically reaffirm the perceived coherence of that same body.” Sickness and disease, here, are not just signs of weakness and instability, but are also potential sources of dynamic transformation. In three major parts of the book set in three years – 1906, 1967, and 2006 – Rojas places immunology, biomedicine, literature, and film into a conversation that spans the work of Richard Dawkins; writers Liu E, Ng Kim Chew, Zeng Pu, Jin Tianhe, Lu Xun, Hu Fayun, Yan Lianke, and Yu Ha; immunologist Dr Metchnikoff; and directors King Hu, Tsai Ming-liang, and Jia Zhangke (among many others). In each case,  Homesickness  contextualizes literary work within a broader historical context that allows readers to understand the relationships between contemporary tropes – or memes – of Self and Other as they manifest in concerns about healthy and sick bodies at many different scales. It’s well worth reading for those interested in Chinese literature or film, the history and literature of biomedicine, and/or the ways that discourses of immunology and modernity have mutually shaped one another. New Books Network

McCullers believed American loneliness was a special kind. They called loneliness “the great American malady”:

The loneliness of Americans does not have its source in xenophobia; as a nation we are an outgoing people, reaching always for immediate contacts, further experience. But we tend to seek out things as individuals, alone. The European, secure in his family ties and rigid class loyalties, knows little of the moral loneliness that is native to us Americans. Carson McCullers

I think we look for the differences in people because it makes us less lonely. Carson McCullers

Once you have lived with another, it is a great torture to have to live alone. Carson McCullers,  The Ballad of the Sad Café and Other Stories

I am not meant to be alone and without you who understands. Carson McCullers

In his face there came to be a brooding peace that is seen most often in the faces of the very sorrowful or the very wise. But still he wandered through the streets of the town, always silent and alone. Carson McCullers, The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter

Everyone is very busy denying the last time they were lonely, but trust me, it happens. It isn’t just being a solo act, though that contributes; I know women and men who stand in their back yards, safe in the bosom of their family, at the height of their careers, and stare up into the old reliable silver-maple tree, mentally testing its capacity to hold their weight. “Glory Goes and Gets Some” by Emily Carter

• 123 Ambrose and His Orchestra — I’m So Alone With The Crowd (YouTube)
• Rex Allen — I’m So Alone With The Crowd (c. 1945) (YouTube)

The song “Main Girl” by Charlotte Cardin is about the specific loneliness of being the ‘other’ girl rather than a guy’s ‘main girl’. Stories generally feature, centre and create empathy for ‘the main girl’, and Cardin wanted to tell the other side for a change.

So often in books, or in movies, one character looks at another character and understands in a precise way what that person is feeling. So often in real life, one person wants to be understood, but obscures her feelings with unrelated words and facial expressions, while the other person is trying to remember whether she did or didn’t turn off the burner under the hard-boiled eggs. Criss Cross by Lynne Rae Perkins

FURTHER READING

Trans men are well-placed to speak to the specific loneliness of men compared to women, as the cultures are different.

“And there is a dignity in people; a solitude; even between husband and wife a gulf; and that one must respect, thought Clarissa, watching him open the door; for one would not part with it oneself, or take it, against his will, from one’s husband, without losing one’s independence, one’s self-respect—something, after all, priceless.” Virginia Woolf,  Mrs. Dalloway

“Modern life seems set up so that we can avoid loneliness at all costs, but maybe it’s worthwhile to face it occasionally. The further we push aloneness away, the less are we able to cope with it, and the more terrifying it gets. Some philosophers believe that loneliness is the only true feeling there is. We live orphaned on a tiny rock in the immense vastness of space, with no hint of even the simplest form of life anywhere around us for billions upon billions of miles, alone beyond all imagining. We live locked in our own heads and can never entirely know the experience of another person. Even if we’re surrounded by family and friends, we journey into death completely alone.” Michael Finkel,  The Stranger in the Woods: The Extraordinary Story of the Last True Hermit

UNSEEN, UNHEARD, UNDERVALUED BY JANINA SCARLET

Have you ever felt like you’re shouting into the void for someone to just see you and to acknowledge that you exist, that you have value, that you are loved?

That feeling-like no one can really see who you are, like no one  really gets it,  that’s loneliness. The truth is everyone feels lonely. It is a universal emotion, one we all experience at one point or another, but we have also been made to feel ashamed, oppressed and stigmatised about experiencing it.

Being  seen  means that someone notices you and includes you.

Being  heard  means to be listened to without interruption, gaslighting or invalidation, but rather with compassion and understanding. Being  valued  means being respected and treated with compassion and kindness. When all three of these needs are met, we experience a sense of  belonging.  Human beings need more than access to food, sleep and water to survive. We also need to feel that sense of belonging, understanding and support.

FRIENDSHIP LOVE LANGUAGES A lot of times we think of love languages as between intimate partners. I included a chapter which talks about friendship love languages, which is [about] how we want to be received and supported by our friends, let’s say when we’re going through a hard time. Some people genuinely want advice when they’re struggling. Some people want someone to listen and validate them or maybe to come over and keep them company or send them a present for instance, to say, “Hey, I’m thinking of you. Here’s a care package.” I encourage people to think about what they need in their difficult time and to let their friends know so there can be this conversation … with their chosen family. Unseen, Unheard, Undervalued with Janina Scarlet published Wednesday 18 October 2023 at Psychologists Off The Clock podcast

When Olivia Laing moved to New York City in her mid-thirties, she found herself inhabiting loneliness on a daily basis. Increasingly fascinated by this most shameful of experiences, she began to explore the lonely city by way of art.

Moving fluidly between the works and lives of some of the city’s most compelling artists, Laing conducts an electric, dazzling investigation into what it means to be alone, illuminating not only the causes of loneliness but also how it might be resisted and redeemed.

22 year old Jena Chung plays the violin. She was once a child prodigy and is now addicted to sex. She’s struggling a little. Her professional life comprises rehearsals, concerts, auditions and relentless practice; her personal life is spent managing family demands, those of her creative friends, and lots of sex. Jena is selfish, impulsive and often behaves badly, though mostly only to her own detriment. And then she meets Mark – much older and worldly-wise – who bewitches her. Could this be love?

When Jena wins an internship with the New York Philharmonic, she thinks the life she has dreamed of is about to begin. But when Trump is elected, New York changes irrevocably and Jena along with it. With echoes of Frances Ha, Jena’s favourite film, truths are gradually revealed to her. Jena comes to learn that there are many different ways to live and love and that no one has the how-to guide for any of it – not even her indomitable mother.

A Lonely Girl is a Dangerous Thing explores the confusion of having expectations upturned, and the awkwardness and pain of being human in our increasingly dislocated world – and how, in spite of all this, we still try to become the person we want to be.

The Haunting of Shirley Jackson : Emily Alford on the hazards of loneliness seen in Shirley Jackson’s books and the ways recent film adaptations have missed the mark.

WORDS RELATED TO LONELINESS

Frustration with how long it takes to get to know someone.

A conversation in which everyone is talking but no one is listening.

The tendency to give up trying to talk about an experience because people are unable to relate to it.

The eerie, forlorn atmosphere of a place that is usually bustling with people but is now abandoned and quiet.

Mauerbauertraurigkeit

The inexplicable urge to push people away, even close friends who you really like.

Nodus Tollens

The realisation that the plot of your life doesn’t make sense to you anymore.

The frustration of being stuck in just one body, inhabiting only one place at a time.

The spectacle is simply the common language of this separation. Spectators are linked solely by their one-way relationship to the very center that keeps them isolated from each other. The spectacle thus reunites the separated, but it reunites them only in their separateness. Guy Debord

FURTHER RESOURCES ON LONELINESS

Relationships 2.0: An Antidote to Loneliness

Lonely Hearts

Unseen, unheard, undervalued – have you ever felt like that? As our guest this week, Dr. Janina Scarlet, a licensed clinical psychologist, points out, these feelings, while understandable, can be overcome. In Janina’s mission to de-stigmatize loneliness and help people connect and support one another, she authored the book ‘ Unseen, Unheard, Undervalued: Managing Loneliness, Loss of Connection and Not Fitting in ’ which serves as the backdrop for the conversation in this episode. You’ll hear how to combat loneliness by understanding its dimensions, talking more about our experiences with loneliness, and seeking emotional support and self-compassion. Janina also offers many helpful tips, from finding and cultivating a ‘chosen family’ who truly sees, hears, and values you to transforming how you feel and react to shame. Unseen, Unheard, Undervalued with Janina Scarlet, Psychologists Off The Clock podcast

Header illustration: Richard Riemerschmid In The Countryside 1895

CONTEMPORARY FICTION SET IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND (2023)

On paper, things look fine. Sam Dennon recently inherited significant wealth from his uncle. As a respected architect, Sam spends his days thinking about the family needs and rich lives of his clients. But privately? Even his enduring love of amateur astronomy is on the wane. Sam has built a sustainable-architecture display home for himself but hasn’t yet moved into it, preferring to sleep in his cocoon of a campervan. Although they never announced it publicly, Sam’s wife and business partner ended their marriage years ago due to lack of intimacy, leaving Sam with the sense he is irreparably broken.

Now his beloved uncle has died. An intensifying fear manifests as health anxiety, with night terrors from a half-remembered early childhood event. To assuage the loneliness, Sam embarks on a Personal Happiness Project:

1. Get a pet dog

2. Find a friend. Just one. Not too intense.

KINDLE EBOOK

User-created

This user gallery has been created by an independent third party and may not represent the views of the institutions whose collections include the featured works or of Google Arts & Culture.

this a collection of paintings based of the concept of loneliness and the void, each painting shows that there is loneliness in the world and we must accept the notion of it.i chose this concept because of how it relates to my intrigue of emptiness and space.

24 Most Powerful Symbols of Loneliness & Isolation

Loneliness symbols come in many forms, and most of them have complex meanings outside of the simple sense of isolation and separation from the world.

Some refer to the type of loneliness experienced when forcefully separate from society.

Others refer to the more voluntary type of loneliness, one where the person itself wants to be separated from the world at large.

But then there are also loneliness symbols that primary express strength and independence, because these meanings are closely linked with one another.

Ultimately, there are very few “pure” loneliness symbols. Most of the symbols below have multiple meanings, and because of this each represents a specific type of loneliness.

The forest represents a realm that exists beyond the known boundaries of human society and consciousness. It is a place where one can encounter solitude and loneliness, far away from the urban jungle and human civilization.

This separation from the world can create a sense of isolation, as it highlights the individual’s distance from the rest of humanity.

At the same time, the forest is a metaphor for the loneliness that allows introspection and self-discovery.

As one dives deeper into the forest, they also dive deeper into their own subconscious. It is there that they confront their fears, doubts, and insecurities and try to resolve them.

The forest represents the liminal space between the known and unknown, the familiar and the mysterious. It is a place where individuals can escape from the expectations and pressures of society and explore their inner selves, often encountering feelings of isolation and loneliness along the way.

Much like a forest, the island represents a space separate from the familiar, inhabited world.

It is a place of isolation, both physical and emotional, where one can be disconnected from the rest of society and their everyday lives.

The loneliness symbolism of islands is rooted in their inherent nature as isolated landmasses, surrounded by vast expanses of water.

This insularity is often associated with the feeling of being cut off from others, creating a sense of loneliness.

On the other hand, islands can also represent introversion and provide a place for individuals to retreat from overwhelming stimuli, allowing for quiet introspection and self-reflection.

In this sense, islands can also signify an unexpected space where an individual can discover the treasure of their true self, implying that solitude can lead to personal growth and self-awareness.

In dreams and mythology, islands often serve as a gathering place for souls, a paradise, or a supernatural world inhabited by gods and the dead. Thus, an island is a place where the physical world meets the mystical one.

The orphan symbolizes themes of absence, abandonment, rejection, and vulnerable exposure to the world.

The orphan is a child separated from their parents. This absence of parental guidance and protection leaves the orphan navigating the world alone, both physically and emotionally. It is for the same reason that the orphan symbol evokes compassion in the hearts of others.

Despite the orphan’s vulnerability and loneliness, the orphan also represents self-containment and self-sufficiency.

The psychological reality of being separated from one’s parents can lead to independence, self-realization, and a journey towards wholeness.

The orphan must confront and integrate different aspects of their personality to achieve psychological maturity.

The orphan’s independence and resilience allows them to explore new ideas and perspectives that may not be possible within a traditional family structure.

The White Oak

The oak tree, particularly the white oak, is known for its strength, resilience, and longevity, often standing alone with a deep root system.

The solitary nature of the white oak, which usually stands alone, suggests a sense of independence and self-reliance.

Its deep root system and ability to endure floods, storms, and even fire demonstrate its resilience in the face of adversity.

However, the oak tree’s attraction to lightning also highlights the vulnerability that can accompany solitude and loneliness.

In Norse mythology, Ask and Embla, the first, lonely humans were made from an ash and an oak.

The spider symbolizes loneliness because of its solitary nature and how it weaves intricate, isolated webs.

Spiders are almost always found alone, tending to their webs without the company of others.

The spider’s web itself often represents a person’s complex emotions as well as their “web of relationships” that connects them to the world.

But the spider’s web can also be the source of one’s loneliness. A spider’s home is their web and they never stray far from it, otherwise they risk being preyed upon or not finding their own food. But even though the web is safety, it is also distance and separation from others of its kind.

The Unicorn

The unicorn is typically depicted as a wild, solitary creature with great strength and swiftness, bearing a single horn in the center of its forehead.

The unicorn is distant and mysterious, and cannot be tamed or captured alive except through trickery.

The Chinese unicorn, Ch’i-Lin, also lives alone in the forest, emanating light and possessing a voice reminiscent of a monastery bell.

In modern times, the unicorn is seen as a visitor from our subconscious world, which adds to its mystique and fascination.

Because of its closed shell, the oyster is a common symbol of isolation and self-containment.

When an oyster closes its shell, it creates a boundary that separates its fragile interior from the outside world.

It is because of oysters that we have the phrase “clamming up”, where a person distances and withdraws emotionally from other people.

The Bald Eagle

The bald eagle is a solitary, but monogamous bird of prey. Curiously, even though they mate for life, a pair of bald eagles separates during migrations but reunites during their breeding season.

As a bird of prey, the eagle often lives and hunts alone, reflecting a sense of self-reliance and independence.

In a symbolic sense, the eagle’s capacity to fly at great heights, far from the ground and other animals, puts it above “lower concerns”. At the same time however, the bald eagle is physically separated and isolated from the world below.

As such, the bald eagle represents solitude and isolation, but also self-reliance, independence and family.

The Leopard

The leopard is an elusive and solitary predator, known for its tendency to keep itself hidden until it ambushes its prey.

As a highly adaptable and independent predator, the leopard often hunts alone, relying on its own skills and stealth to survive.

This self-reliance and preference for solitude has made the leopard a symbol of loneliness and the strength that can be found in one’s own powers.

The boat represents a sense of passage while traversing watery depths. The boat symbol often suggests a solitary journey, where the boat is a vessel that carries one’s emotions, thoughts, and dreams through the shifting currents of life.

The boat’s thus represents a person’s solitary life voyage, which includes highs and lows, long odysseys and or slow stretches.

Near the end of a person’s life, the boat signifies the last journey and the passing over to the “yonder shore”. As a funerary symbol, the boat highlights the idea that life’s ultimate transition is often a solitary experience, although not always a bleak one.

Thus, the boat is a common symbol of loneliness that expresses the idea of solitude during life’s most significant passages and transitions.

The hunter is a symbol of both solitude and independence, since their search for prey is one of isolation, but also of adventure and struggle.

In myths and fairy tales, the hunt represents a heroic quest, at the end of which the hero-hunter finds himself and the fulfilment of his true purpose.

These quests frequently involve solitary journeys, which requires the hunter to achieve self-reliance and independence in the face of danger and adversity.

Finally, the drive for survival, lust for domination over Nature, and desire for hunting trophies emphasize the lonely nature of the hunter, who is often solely focused on achieving their goals and overcoming obstacles.

A solitary pillar is a symbol of solitude when depicted as a singular, upright structure, disconnected from other structures or support.

Pillars are often used to represent the world-axis, and so they embody a sense of isolation and self-reliance, since they have to hold the weight of the world without the comfort of companionship.

The solitary pillar, similar to a ship’s mast or a lonesome tree, signifies resilience and independence, but also the great responsibility it has to bear.

The Hanged Man

The hanged man is an ancient symbol that represents mystic power but also connection between heaven and earth.

In a symbolic sense, a hanged man exists in a state of isolation, suspended between heaven and earth. The hanged man is thus disconnected and detached from familiar surroundings and experiences.

Odin is the most famous representation of the “hanged man” myth. The supreme Norse god sacrificed himself by hanging for nine days on the brances of Yggdrasil.

This sacrifice awarded Odin the knowledge of other worlds and the power to read the runes.

Thus, the hanged man embodies the loneliness that accompanies an individual’s quest for spiritual and personal transformation.

The Black Moon

The black moon symbol loneliness has long been used to represent the intangible, the inaccessible, and the overwhelming presence of absence. It is often depicted as a scythe with a line through it.

Thus, the black moon has come to embody mind-boggling loneliness and an absolute void.

It has a religious connection to Lilith, Adam’s first wife whom God cast away far from the humanity.

But the black moon is also a symbol of annihilation, hostile energies, dark and maleficent passions that a person may face alone in life.

In modern times, the black moon has formed an association with the black hole, and borrowed its powers of attraction and absorption that devours anything that dares get close.

The moon is the most significant body of light in the night sky, distinctly separated from the stars around it.

The moon’s visibility is restricted to nighttime when most people are asleep, which makes it a mysterious presence, that watches over humanity when most of us are asleep.

But some people choose not to sleep when the moon is out. For these people the moon is their only companion. The only celestial object that whispers to them during the night.

The moon’s words are sometimes comforting, other times terrifying, but it’s companion ship is always wanted.

In Western mythology, the badger has come to symbolize solitude because of its solitary life. Additionally, the badger is associated with trickery and deception, as its behavior is often perceived as suspicious and unpredictable.

On the other hand, in East Asia, particularly in Japan, the badger takes on a different meaning.

Among the Japanese the badger is considered a symbol of cunning and innocent deception, showcasing a more playful and mischievous side.

Some restaurants even use big bellied badgers as decorations that suggest wealth and prosperity.

The raven is a complex symbol that carries various meanings across different cultures.

One of these meanings is loneliness, as the raven often represents an individual’s deliberate self-isolation to pursue higher aspirations or wisdom.

Additionally, the raven is seen as a symbol of hope, with its constant cry believed to be a reminder of better times ahead.

In many beliefs, the raven is depicted as a solar hero or a messenger of the gods, signifying its divine connection and role as a guide.

This guidance extends to the afterlife, as the raven is believed to guide souls on their final journey, its keen sight able to pierce the darkness and lead them safely.

However, the raven’s symbolism has evolved over time, becoming more negative with the development of settled, agricultural communities, showing the shifting perception of the raven throughout history.

Perhaps the deepest meaning of the tower symbol is loneliness, since towers (particularly the “ivory tower”) often stands tall and isolated, representing detachment and solitude.

Additionally, the tower represents strength and protection, since throughout history towers have been a place of refuge and defense.

Next, the tower embodies spiritual aspiration and the quest for higher knowledge, as its height represents the human desire to reach for the heavens.

Lastly, the tower can symbolize authority and power, as it is often associated with the ruling elite or religious institutions.

The Lighthouse

The lighthouse embodies the process of growing older while maintaining personal integrity as time goes by.

It represents solitude, as lighthouses are typically located in isolated regions to guide ships away from peril.

Often, a lone individual would be responsible for managing a lighthouse for extended periods.

Symbolically, the lighthouse represents the resilient and unwavering character of a person, persistently facing the ocean’s waves, which symbolize the ongoing passage of time.

The cloak as a symbol isolation and aloofness because it represents both elevated status and detachment from the world.

In practical terms, the cloak is as a barrier that separates the wearer through voluntary elevation or forced isolation from everyday experiences.

The well-known sage’s cloak exemplifies this symbolism, since it represents the wearer’s disconnection from the mundane aspects of life.

The hermit’s isolates himself from ordinary life because they have chosen to renounce the material world to enrich themselves in the spiritual world.

Thus, the hermit has become a symbol of disengagement from material existence and immersion in the spiritual.

“They are examples of men who, unlike Faust, have discovered the secret of life before that last moment, and are now acting as a sort of medium between earth and heaven, apparently conscious of the life of both.”

The hermit exists because they have found that the purpose of life is not in others, but rather in some form of spiritual belief. As such, their separation from others is a form of practicing their life purpose.

The tragic symbolism of the Exiled person is deeply rooted in the agonizing experience of being thrown out from their homeland or city, left alone to find a sense of belonging.

As an eternal outsider condemned to wander, the exiled person suffers an acute and painful loss of identity and belonging.

The fate of the exiled embodies the devastating consequences of challenging societal norms or defying authority, often leading to permanent expulsion.

The symbol of exile poignantly captures the feeling of profound isolation, the unwavering resilience required to endure such a fate, and the desperate longing for connection and acceptance in a world that has rejected them.

The Number 1

The number 1 carries significant symbolism, primarily representing unity, individuality, and the beginning or origin of something.

It is often associated with the concept of the self and the idea of being singular or alone. As the first number in the sequence, it stands independently, embodying self-sufficiency, autonomy, and the initiation of new endeavors.

However, this independence can also be interpreted as loneliness, since the number 1 is separate from other numbers and does not rely on any other for its existence.

In this sense, the symbolism of the number 1 highlights the balance between the strength found in self-reliance and the potential isolation or loneliness that comes with standing alone.

• A dictionary of symbols by Cirlot, Juan Eduardo
• A dictionary of symbols  by Chevalier, Jean
• Dictionary of symbols by Chetwynd, Tom
• A dictionary of dream symbols : with an introduction to dream psychology by Ackroyd, Eric
• Illustrated dictionary of symbols in eastern and western art by Hall, James
• Dictionary of symbols and imagery by Vries, Ad de
• Symbolism : a comprehensive dictionary by Olderr, Steven
• Dictionary of mythology, folklore and symbols by Jobes, Gertrude
• The complete dictionary of symbols by Tresidder, Jack
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17 Best Loneliness Symbols (Symbolism Examples)

Some common loneliness symbols include:

• Lighthouses
• A Howling Wolf
• A Ship at Sea
• Rain on a Window
• Empty Rooms
• Abandoned Toys

Below, I’ll explore each of these symbols with examples and explanations.

As a writer, you can employ many of these symbols as motifs in your literature. In the right context, each could effectively evoke powerful emotions in your readers.

Loneliness Symbols & Symbolism

1. lighthouses.

Lighthouses stand on rocks and cliff edges in some of the most remote locations on our coastlines. They are monuments on otherwise bare and baron islands.

You could also imagine the life of a lighthouse keeper who tends to the light and daily chores without seeing any colleagues or friends. Those who maintain lighthouses on remote islands in the ocean might even go months without seeing anyone, and those who they do eventually see will pass by to drop off supplies then go on their way.

Hence, a wide-shot image of a lighthouse in a rainy night might evoke a sense that the lighthouse (and its keeper) are some of the loneliest things on earth.

Read More: Lighthouse Symbolism

2. The Moon

There is just one moon. It sits alone in the night sky as the only thing of its kind.

It also seems so far away from us. The separation between ourselves and the moon gives this profound sense of distance – even loneliness – because we can look at one another but never truly connect.

Further exacerbating the sense that the moon is lonely is the notion that it never gets to see the sun. They mirror one another, with the moon disappearing as the sun appears, and the sun disappearing as the moon does. It’s as if they’re chasing one another but never catching up.

Read More: Moon Symbolism

3. A Howling Wolf

In parts of the world, you can hear wolves howling at night. We often even say that they’re “howling at the moon”.

One interpretation of the howling of the wolf is that they’re howling out for company or friendship. But they get no reply, making their howling a futile expression of loneliness that dissipates into the unsympathetic night.

The metaphorical saying “howling at the moon” even refers to the concept of a person complaining endlessly about something that no one cares about (or, that nothing can be done about).

Thus, we often see wolves as lonely creatures and symbols of loneliness more broadly.

Read More: Wolf Symbolism

4. A Shepherd

Shepherds spend their days out in the mountains tending to their sheep. They ensure the sheep are safe and protected.

But they do this work all on their own. They’re lonesome meanderers living on the outskirts of society. They don’t see other people while out doing their work in the fields and hillsides.

This was a common motif in early Christianity. In those times, shepherds were known to be lonesome characters. But, they also used their time alone in nature to connect with God , say their prayers, and reflect on their closeness to King David who himself was a shepherd. As Father Alfred McBride states, a shepherd often “turned his loneliness into a meditative solitude”.

5. Darkness and Night

Next time you see a scene depicting loneliness in a film, take note of the lighting effects used. More often than not, the scene of loneliness is set in the darkness.

This darkness might take the form of an empty dive-bar with flickering dim lighting. Or, it might be someone walking the streets at night like in the film Midnight in Paris .

One reason for this is that darkness symbolizes sadness – an emotion also often felt by people who are lonely.

Read Also: Night Symbolism

Silence is a powerful way to depict loneliness in films. A scene of prolonged silence with a character sitting there looking out the window, for example, can be a very powerful indicator of their sense of isolation.

To further reinforce loneliness, you might see filmmakers contrasting a busy, noisy scene (perhaps in a nightclub) to a quiet scene of the lonely protagonist in their bedroom.

Another time you often see silence representing loneliness is when there is imagery of an elderly person living their life after their husband or wife has died. For them, life feels incredibly quiet since the passing of their loved one.

Of course, silence has such a powerful effect in creating a sense of loneliness because when you’re alone there is no one there to talk to you.

Read More: Silence Symbolism

7. A Ship at Sea

A lonesome ship out at sea (with no land in sight) is a powerful image. It strikes fear in the hearts of most of us!

The severe dislocation from civilization, the sense of lack of control, and the emotional burden of knowing you’ll die a slow death of starvation, is enough to evoke some strong sense of loneliness.

And this image – of a ship, often damaged by a storm – is a repeated motif in storylines about loneliness, perseverance, and mental fortitude.

A small sample of films with this sort of storyline include:

• The Disappeared (2012)
• Life of Pi (2012)
• Open Water (2003)
• The Reef (2010)
• Triangle (2009)

(See this list on Treehugger for more).

8. An Island

Like a ship lost at sea, the idea of a person stranded on an island can invoke a strong sense of loneliness.

Perhaps the most famous example of this (in film) is the movie Castaway in which Tom Hanks finds himself stranded alone on an island. The scenes of him staring out at sea, screaming out for help, and scouring the island for signs of life are compelling images of loneliness.

Tom Hanks’s loneliness leads him to draw eyes on his beach ball an naming it “Wilson” so he has a friend to talk to.

Motifs of lonely people walking the suburbs often contain an image of them siting on a swing. They will sit there and slowly swing back-and-forth pondering life and looking over the bustling city or suburbs beyond.

The lonely person on the swing is strongly contrasted to the busy city beyond.

But perhaps even more lonely is the sill, creepy image of a playground with no children playing. Here, the swing (perhaps swaying gently in the wind) is a reminder of absence of people – it’s strange and awkward to see a playground without laughter and the happiness of children.

10. Clouds Overhead

Often, a person is said to be “under a cloud” if they’re feeling depressed or lonely. A cartoon of a person walking alone with a cloud following them around can symbolize this sense that they’re all alone and lonely which is getting them sad.

Read More: Cloud Symbolism

Another common loneliness motif in films and literature is rain. The falling rain helps to mirror the protagonist’s mood: they’re miserable, feeling lost, and don’t see any happiness around them.

As a weather symbol, rain traps you inside and makes you feel like you can’t go out and do things that make you happy (like spending time with friends). It also reflects moods associated with loneliness like sadness, depression and melancholy.

You may notice during a break-up between protagonists or the death of a close confidante, the writer uses rain as a way to signal to the viewer (or reader) the new dominant mood in the storyline.

Read More: Rain Symbolism

12. Looking out a Window

This one is often paired with the symbol above. You can imagine a person sitting inside looking out a window. Rain might be pattering and rolling down the glass pane.

Here, the person sitting inside feels lonely because they’re trapped in their home with nowhere to go and nobody to be with. The home is a trap, and the outdoors (which they are looking out at) is the happiness they seek.

But the rain – symbolizing sadness – is keeping the person trapped in their loneliness.

13. Empty Rooms

An empty room is a simple yet effective way to symbolize loneliness. The less furniture in the room the more the loneliness seems to encroach into this sort of image. Removing people and furniture from the room also removes the sense of comfort and homeliness.

What you get is an empty shell of a room that seems to be missing something . It’s missing laughter, people, memories and happiness – just like someone who is lonely.

A filmmaker or photographer might even place the lonely person on the floor in the room, helping to show how the environment of the room reinforces the loneliness of the person sitting on the floor in the center.

14. Abandoned Toys

One of my favorite films is Toy Story . In this film, there are often scenes of toys being left abandoned by their owner, Andy. In these situations, there’s a clear sense of loneliness (and sadness) felt by the abandoned toys.

The idea behind the link between abandoned toys and loneliness is that you get this sense of melancholy: there was happiness in the past when this toy was played with and loved. But the happiness is gone because the toy is gone. Now, the toy is feeling all alone.

15. Tumbleweed

Tumbleweed tends to blow through abandoned towns and deserts.

Historically, Western films have used tumbleweed as a symbol in scenes of silence, emptiness and abandonment. The tumbleweed blows through when the town has cleared-out, or when a character sits alone on the side of the street waiting for someone to come and collect them.

In these situations, tumbleweed can symbolize many things: abandonment, emptiness, the Frontier, and (of course) loneliness.

16. A Perpetual Traveler

Someone who is forever travelling is often a lonesome figure. They’re never in the one spot long enough to make deep and meaningful relationships. As soon as they’ve arrived, they’re gone again.

You can picture this traveler with their backpack on, shuffling from one hostel to another. They’re possibly a silent person, sitting at the edge of a bar having a beer in silence, watching the festivities but never participating in them personally.

17. A Glass of Whiskey

You may have seen in movies a the lonely, sad and depressed character sitting on a bar stool in a run-down empty bar.

He usually sits there downing his glass of whiskey.

Like the traveller above, he keeps his head down and doesn’t make eye contact with anyone else.

Another place where a glass of whiskey is often a substitute for loneliness is in country music songs. Chris Stapleton’s song Tennessee Whiskey , for example, opens with :

Used to spend my nights out in a barroom Liquor was the only love I’ve known

Here, the protagonist is drinking whiskey out of sadness that he is alone and hasn’t got anyone to love.

Read More: Glass Symbolism

The symbolism of mountains is mostly positive. They represent escape, freedom and adventure. When we’re out in the mountains we can breathe fresh air and forget about the worries of civilization.

But they can also represent hardship and distance. It’s hard to climb a mountain, so we can invoke them when talking about the difficulties experienced in a journey. We can also use them rhetorically to highlight the distance between you and someone on the other side of the mountain.

I’m Chris and I run this website – a resource about symbolism, metaphors, idioms, and a whole lot more! Thanks for dropping by.

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• Published: 06 July 2021

Neurobiology of loneliness: a systematic review

• Jeffrey A. Lam 1 ,
• Emily R. Murray 2 , 3 ,
• Kasey E. Yu 3 ,
• Marina Ramsey   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5870-812X 3 ,
• Tanya T. Nguyen 3 , 4 , 5 ,
• Jyoti Mishra 4 ,
• Brian Martis 4 , 5 ,
• Michael L. Thomas 6 &
• Ellen E. Lee 3 , 4 , 5  

Neuropsychopharmacology volume  46 ,  pages 1873–1887 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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Loneliness is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Deeper understanding of neurobiological mechanisms underlying loneliness is needed to identify potential intervention targets. We did not find any systematic review of neurobiology of loneliness. Using MEDLINE and PsycINFO online databases, we conducted a search for peer-reviewed publications examining loneliness and neurobiology. We identified 41 studies ( n  = 16,771 participants) that had employed various methods including computer tomography (CT), structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and post-mortem brain tissue RNA analysis or pathological analysis. Our synthesis of the published findings shows abnormal structure (gray matter volume or white matter integrity) and/or activity (response to pleasant versus stressful images in social versus nonsocial contexts) in the prefrontal cortex (especially medial and dorsolateral), insula (particularly anterior), amygdala, hippocampus, and posterior superior temporal cortex. The findings related to ventral striatum and cerebellum were mixed. fMRI studies reported links between loneliness and differential activation of attentional networks, visual networks, and default mode network. Loneliness was also related to biological markers associated with Alzheimer’s disease (e.g., amyloid and tau burden). Although the published investigations have limitations, this review suggests relationships of loneliness with altered structure and function in specific brain regions and networks. We found a notable overlap in the regions involved in loneliness and compassion, the two personality traits that are inversely correlated in previous studies. We have offered recommendations for future research studies of neurobiology of loneliness.

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Introduction.

Loneliness is a critical determinant of well-being and also a grand challenge to society [ 1 , 2 ]. Defined as distress due to perceived discrepancy between desired and existing social relationships, loneliness is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disorders [ 3 ], dementia [ 4 ], anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation [ 5 , 6 ], and 30% greater mortality [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Loneliness is distinct from objective social isolation or the lack of social relationships/contacts. The National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine recently published a report on social isolation and loneliness among older adults, calling for more research of neurobiology and interventions [ 2 ]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, loneliness, which has been linked to physical distancing measures, is a growing concern for all age groups across the world.

Humans are a social species and have ingrained neural, hormonal, and genetic mechanisms to help navigate social connections. Absence of quality relationships threatens health and reproduction [ 10 ]. Cacioppo et al. posited loneliness evolved to improve survivability when socially isolated, through hypervigilance and increasing motivation to connect with others [ 10 ]. Animal models of social isolation have demonstrated alterations in neurotransmitters, receptor sensitivities, and levels of certain biomarkers [ 10 , 11 ]. Few studies have examined the impact of social isolation on specific brain regions [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Furthermore, the subjective nature of loneliness as well as inter-species differences in social functioning and brain structure limit the applicability of the animal studies to the uniquely human state of loneliness [ 11 ].

Our recent investigations have found a strong and consistent inverse correlation between the personality traits of loneliness and wisdom, especially the empathy/compassion component of wisdom [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. In contrast to loneliness, wisdom is associated with better mental and physical health [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. The prefrontal cortex and limbic striatum reportedly play a major role in the neurobiology of empathy/compassion and wisdom [ 21 ]. Identifying neurobiological mechanisms underlying loneliness is critical for understanding how loneliness contributes to poor mental and physical health and for conceptualizing potential pharmacological and neurostimulation targets. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to identify and synthesize published brain-based findings linked to loneliness.

Search strategy

We conducted a literature search for peer-reviewed publications examining loneliness and neurobiology, outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) diagram (Fig.  1 ). We surveyed MEDLINE and PsycINFO online databases on September 24, 2020, with the following inclusion criteria: (1) use of a validated scale for assessing loneliness and a measure of neurobiology, (2) published in English, (3) minimum of 10 human participants, and (4) statistical analysis examining the relationship of loneliness and neurobiology. We excluded animal studies and literature reviews.

PRISMA flow diagram for this systematic review that details the database searches, number of abstracts screened, and full-text articles evaluated for this literature review.

We defined validated measures of loneliness as scales or questions that measured feeling lonely, socially isolated, or disconnected. The most commonly used scale was the University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS [ 15 , 17 , 22 ]), although we also included validated, briefer multiple- or single-item questions [ 23 ]. Neurobiology measures included assessments of brain structure or function: computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), or electroencephalography (EEG). We also included brain pathology studies and genetic investigations that extracted genetic materials from brain regions. We did not include studies with only cognitive measures or studies using cortisol or other peripheral biomarkers from blood or other tissues outside the brain. The specific search strategy is outlined in  Supplementary Appendix A .

The search yielded 305 articles of interest. After removing duplicates and adding potentially relevant papers from bibliographies of the articles selected, each study title and abstract was screened for eligibility by at least two authors (JAL, ERM, KEY, MR). Articles with any uncertainties were discussed and resolved among all authors. Data from each of the final batch of 41 studies selected (Fig.  1 ) were extracted by the primary author and checked by at least one other coauthor. Sample sizes ranged from 19 to 10,129. Most of the studies (61%) included fewer than 100 individuals, 38% with 100–942 individuals, and one study with over 10,000 individuals.

To assess the quality of the studies, we used the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal checklist for cross-sectional studies and cohort studies and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for case-control studies (Supplementary Table  2 ).

Study participant characteristics

Twenty-four studies focused on younger adults (mean age 18–60; [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]), 12 on older adults (mean age >60; [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]), two on adolescents [ 60 , 61 ], and two across the lifespan [ 62 , 63 ]. Most reports included healthy individuals while seven focused on clinical populations: four with depression [ 47 , 49 , 51 , 57 ], and one each with traumatic brain injury (TBI) [ 58 ], schizophrenia [ 28 ], and severe hearing impairment [ 27 ]. Eighteen studies came from the US, 13 from China, three each from Germany and Taiwan, and two from the UK, and one each from Japan and the Netherlands. Of the 41 studies, 5 (12.2%) had hypothesis-driven analyses (e.g., region of interest focused), 21 (51.2%) had exploratory analyses (e.g., whole brain analyses), 10 (24.4%) had both, with 5 studies not fitting into any of the above categories.

Fifteen studies analyzed the relationship between loneliness and brain structures using CT [ 58 ] or MRI. Twelve were cross-sectional, with eight focusing on gray matter volume, [ 26 , 31 , 35 , 36 , 46 , 57 , 59 , 63 ], and four on white matter features, employing DTI or diffusion MRI [ 29 , 32 , 38 , 61 ]. The three longitudinal investigations included a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of effects of exercise on gray matter volume [ 54 ], a prospective cohort study of progression of white matter hyperintensities [ 53 ], and a study of TBIs localized to different brain areas [ 58 ]. These study findings are summarized in Table  1 .

Eighteen reports analyzed the relationship between loneliness and brain function or connectivity using fMRI. Ten of these studies were task-based ( n  = 10; [ 24 , 25 , 28 , 34 , 44 , 45 , 51 , 60 , 62 , 63 ]), and two were resting-state fMRI ( n  = 8; [ 37 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 47 , 49 ]) (Table  2 ). One report appears in both Tables  1 and 2 [ 63 ]

Three investigations used EEG to examine high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) during different tasks [ 30 , 33 , 64 ], two analyzed RNA expression of post-mortem brain tissue [ 52 , 55 ], two employed PET to analyze amyloid and tau proteins [ 50 , 56 ], one longitudinal cohort study examined the association between post-mortem brain tissue and Alzheimer’s disease [ 48 ], and one used SPECT to analyze dopamine release in the brain [ 27 ] (Table  3 ).

The quality of the included cross-sectional studies varied primarily on detailed descriptions of the study sample and setting, identification of confounding factors, and use of appropriate statistical strategies for confounders (Supplementary Table  2 ). The quality of cohort studies varied primarily on representative case sampling and controlling for confounders. There was only one identified cohort study.

Brain regions

Supplementary Table  2 lists publications sorted by brain regions studied.

Prefrontal cortex or PFC (N = 14 studies)

Two articles focused on overall PFC. In one, male veterans with TBI to the right PFC had lower levels of loneliness compared to healthy controls [ 58 ]. An RCT examining effects of exercise on loneliness in older adults found a greater reduction in stress and loneliness in participants with a larger baseline PFC volume, although PFC volume did not change over the 6-month intervention [ 54 ].

In seven studies of medial PFC (mPFC), loneliness was associated with greater mPFC activation in task-based fMRI during a social exclusion paradigm [ 24 ], less similarity between self-representation and other-representation in mPFC activation [ 44 ], lower dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) white matter density [ 32 ], lower left dmPFC response when looking at pleasant social images and greater left dmPFC response when examining nonsocial images [ 25 ], increased functional connectivity between dmPFC and inferior parietal cortex during a working memory task [ 45 ], reduced vmPFC activation when looking at images of themselves [ 60 ], and nonsignificantly greater gray matter volumetric deviations of the vmPFC in females compared to males [ 46 ].

In five reports on dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC), loneliness was associated with increased gray matter in left dlPFC [ 31 ], partially mediated the negative association between gray matter volume in left dlPFC and attitudes toward suicide [ 35 ], and was associated with lower gray matter volume in dlPFC, especially in subjects aged 69–82 compared to those 61–69 years old and in individuals with depression compared to nondepressed subjects [ 59 ]. A resting-state fMRI study found the dlPFC as a node in the predictive model of loneliness [ 41 ]. Another dlPFC RNA study is discussed below [ 55 ].

Insula (N = 6)

Investigators reported an association of loneliness with a lesion in the right insula [ 58 ], lower gray matter volume, which was even lower in individuals with depression [ 59 ], lower regional white matter density in anterior insula [ 32 ], and poorer white matter tract connectivity with the nodes in ventral attentional network [ 29 ]. fMRI paradigms showed that among lonely individuals, activation of insula (especially anterior insula) was greater among adults looking at pleasant social (than pleasant nonsocial) images, while ventral striatum activation was greater among non-lonely individuals [ 25 ]. Among persons with schizophrenia, insula responsiveness was positively correlated with levels of loneliness, while overall insula activation with faces expressing disgust was decreased [ 28 ].

Amygdala (N = 6)

One investigation reported a positive correlation between left amygdala gray matter volume and social distress score, which was mediated by loneliness [ 36 ]. Another found that loneliness was associated with lower gray matter volume in left amygdala, especially in subjects aged 61–70 (compared to ages 70–82) [ 59 ]. In an RCT of group exercise to improve loneliness among older adults, participants with larger baseline amygdala volumes experienced greater reductions in loneliness [ 54 ]. Kiesow et al. found nonsignificantly greater gray matter volumetric deviations of amygdala between lonely and non-lonely males compared to females. [ 46 ]. An fMRI region of interest (ROI) analysis failed to find significant differences in amygdala response to social stimuli in young or old adults [ 62 ], while another fMRI study found loneliness was associated with a weaker amygdala to superior frontal gyrus connectivity [ 51 ].

Ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens (N = 5)

Studies of ventral striatum response to images with task-based fMRI paradigms among lonely individuals (vs. non-lonely individuals) reported different results: reduced response to pleasant social (compared to pleasant nonsocial) images [ 25 ]; greater response to images of close others (compared to strangers) [ 34 ]; and no significant differences in response to pleasant and non-pleasant social and nonsocial images [ 62 ]. One report on association of loneliness with gray matter volume in left striatum among older adults with late-life depression found a positive correlation in single depressive episode individuals and negative association in multiple depressive episode individuals [ 57 ]. Another nucleus accumbens RNA study is discussed below [ 52 ].

Posterior superior temporal cortex (N = 4)

We defined this region as including both posterior superior sulcus (temporal-parietal junction or TPJ) and the region immediately below it, superior temporal gyrus. Studies reported an association of loneliness with lower white matter regional density [ 32 ], less gray matter volume in left posterior superior sulcus [ 26 ], lower structural local efficiency in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus [ 61 ], and lower bilateral superior temporal gyrus response when looking at unpleasant social images and greater response when looking at unpleasant nonsocial images [ 25 ].

Hippocampus (N = 3)

Investigators reported an association of loneliness with reduced anterior hippocampus gray matter volume, especially in older adults [ 59 ], lower white matter local structural efficiency (i.e., shorter weighted paths between local nodes) [ 61 ], and greater hippocampal response during a social exclusion task [ 24 ].

Cerebellum (N = 3)

One study reported that loneliness was associated with lower left cerebellar gray matter volume [ 59 ]; however, another report found no main effects of loneliness on cerebellar ROIs [ 63 ]. Loneliness was associated with higher connectivity between cerebellum and visual cortex during an fMRI Stroop task using positive words [ 63 ], and lower local structural efficiency in the white matter of the posterior cerebellum on structural MRI [ 61 ].

Visual systems (N = 5)

Investigators demonstrated that loneliness was associated with increased activation of left primary visual cortex and right secondary visual cortex when presented with unpleasant social (compared to unpleasant nonsocial) images [ 25 ], differences in the connection of visual network (fusiform gyrus, calcarine fissure, lingual gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, cuneus, superior occipital gyrus, and inferior occipital gyrus) to other networks, with decreased causal flow from affective to visual networks [ 39 ], and greater right visual cortex functional connectivity to posterior cerebellum when presented positive words in task-based fMRI [ 63 ]. Examining sex differences, the volume of visual sensory network (comprised of fusiform gyrus, posterior superior temporal sulcus, and middle temporal V5 area) deviated between lonely and non-lonely women but not men [ 46 ].

Attentional systems (N = 4)

Investigations reported an association of loneliness with poorer connectivity of white matter tracts between the nodes of ventral attentional network [ 29 ] as well as differential activation of TPJ, a node in ventral attentional network. Loneliness was also linked to a weaker relationship between dorsal and ventral attentional networks indicating decreased ability to filter less relevant stimuli [ 39 ], as well as increased functional connectivity in brain regions associated with cingulo-opercular network [ 37 ].

Default mode network (DMN) (N = 3)

One study found that higher social dysfunction (defined by loneliness, higher social disability, and smaller social network) was associated with decreased DMN connectivity, specifically in anterior mPFC and posterior superior frontal gyrus [ 47 ], while another report showed that loneliness was associated with reduced DMN functional connectivity in older healthy individuals compared to those with late-life depression [ 51 ]. Using network analyses, one study found that among lonely individuals, overall resting-state network structures had increased integration (lower modularity) between attentional, visual, and default mode networks [ 43 ].

Other studies

Alzheimer’s disease (ad) pathology (n = 4).

A prospective longitudinal study demonstrated that increases in loneliness were correlated with increases in white matter hyperintensities among non-demented older adults [ 53 ]. Two cross-sectional studies using PET imaging found a significant relationship between loneliness and higher amyloid burden, especially in APOEε4 carriers [ 50 , 56 ], and greater tau pathology in right entorhinal cortex and right fusiform gyrus [ 56 ]). Another cohort study reported that the risk of the development of AD was significantly higher in lonely (than non-lonely) individuals; however, global AD pathology (β-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, or cerebral infarction) in post-mortem brains ( n  = 90) showed no significant relationship to loneliness [ 48 ].

EEG (N = 3)

In two separate publications using a Stroop task, loneliness was associated with faster ERPs with negative social (compared to negative nonsocial) words and threatening social (compared to threatening nonsocial) images [ 30 , 33 ]. However, another report found no significant main effect of loneliness on error-related negativity (a component of ERP) when writing about a nostalgic event versus an ordinary experience [ 64 ].

Brain RNA expression (N = 2)

Two studies of RNA expression in post-mortem brain tissue in nucleus accumbens and dlPFC [ 52 , 55 ] identified hundreds of differentially expressed transcripts and genes among lonely compared to non-lonely individuals, especially genes associated with AD [ 52 , 55 ]. The relationships between loneliness and white matter structures were significantly different between BDNF genotypes [ 38 ].

Other investigations (N = 3)

One investigation reported loneliness was explained equally well by whole brain static and dynamic functional connectivity, in contrast to traits like cognitive functioning, which were explained better by dynamic connectivity [ 42 ]. Another study found loneliness was linked to altered brain activity in right inferior temporal gyrus on MRI and that the neural activity mediated the relationship between loneliness and emotional support [ 40 ]. A longitudinal study reported that individuals with severe hearing impairment were lonelier and had a hypersensitive dopamine system in a SPECT scan pre- and post- amphetamine challenge, compared to people without hearing impairment [ 27 ].

To our knowledge, this is the first systemic review of neurobiology of loneliness. The 41 publications meeting our criteria show that, despite some mixed evidence, loneliness is associated with structural and functional differences in PFC, insula, hippocampus, amygdala, and posterior superior temporal cortex (Fig.  2 , Supplementary Table  1 ), as well as attentional and visual networks and DMN. Drawing overall conclusions from this review is limited by the high heterogeneity of study methodologies and cohorts.

Left panel shows the lateral view of the brain with the relevant brain regions highlighted and labeled, while the right panel shows the  sagittal view of the brain regions.

While there is no literature on loneliness in non-human animals, neurobiological correlates of social isolation have been examined in several animal studies and a few human studies. There are a few reviews focused on integrating animal social isolation and human research [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. However, the social isolation literature in animal models focus more on changes in endocrinology, neurotransmitters, and oxidative stress, rather than neuroanatomical or functional brain differences [ 11 ]. These differing methodologies and paradigms make direct comparison challenging, though there are likely overlapping risk and protective factors for social isolation and loneliness.

The PFC mediates higher-order behaviors like emotional regulation and inhibitory control [ 65 , 66 ]. The dlPFC is implicated in working memory and executive function [ 67 ], and mPFC is implicated in self-referential processes such as self-criticism in social situations [ 68 ]. All 14 imaging studies examining PFC found associations of loneliness with structural (gray matter volume and white matter integrity) or functional components (activation with social vs. nonsocial images, and functional connectivity). These results are consistent with a previous review of animal studies of social isolation implicating PFC [ 13 ], and support loneliness as a complex socioemotional trait.

The insula somatic marker hypothesis states that insula receives and integrates information to create a “global emotional moment” [ 69 ]. Anterior insula plays a role in various behaviors including emotions, pain, and self-awareness [ 70 ]. In studies of gray matter, white matter connectivity, task-based activation, insula was reportedly associated with loneliness [ 25 , 28 , 29 , 32 , 58 , 59 ]. It has been proposed that social rejection activates similar regions as physical pain, as supported by bilateral anterior insula activation with feelings of loneliness [ 70 , 71 ], although a more recent social rejection meta-analysis of fMRI studies did not find anterior insula involvement [ 72 ].

The amygdala is implicated in fear detection, positive stimuli processing, and emotional memories [ 73 ]. Four studies of amygdala reported some association between gray matter volume or task-based activation and loneliness, with possible age- and sex-interactions [ 36 , 46 , 54 , 59 ]. These findings are consistent with loneliness activating brain regions that support experiencing emotions. However, an fMRI study found no relationship with amygdala response to social stimuli [ 62 ].

The ventral striatum, which includes nucleus accumbens, plays a central role in reward reinforcement [ 74 ]. Three studies of ventral striatum response to social images produced divergent results [ 25 , 34 , 62 ]. A recently published fMRI study (published past our cutoff date) reported similar activation in substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) among young adults undergoing either 10 h of social isolation or fasting from food [ 75 ], supporting loneliness as a state that motivates one to seek social interaction, much like hunger motivates one to seek food. Interestingly, lonely participants had less activation in the SN/VTA. Research based on social isolation in rodent models and social rejection in human experiments indicates that social isolation may alter social approach motivation [ 13 ], consistent with the findings that loneliness differentially alters ventral striatum and structures related to reward pathway.

The posterior superior temporal cortex, implicated in social cognition [ 76 ], was associated with loneliness in four studies [ 25 , 26 , 32 , 61 ].

The hippocampus, known for its role in memory [ 77 ], and the cerebellum, known for sensorimotor coordination as well as cognitive and affective processes [ 78 , 79 ] each had three papers that associated their function or structure with loneliness.

Attentional networks are responsible for effortful versus environmental, stimulus-driven control of attention, and are localized to distinct anatomical areas with specific cognitive functions [ 80 ]. Four publications reported that loneliness was associated with differences in ventral attentional (including TPJ), dorsal attentional, and cingulo-opercular networks, in terms of functional and effective connectivity [ 29 , 37 , 39 , 43 ]. Attentional networks may be linked to hypervigilance and stress reactivity that are putatively involved in loneliness.

Visual systems are responsible for processing visual information. Five studies reported associations of loneliness with differences in primary and secondary visual cortex in terms of volume [ 46 ], functional connectivity [ 43 ], causal flow [ 39 ], or activation with social images [ 25 , 63 ], supporting Cacioppo et al.’s hypervigilance theory of loneliness [ 6 ].

The DMN is active when the human brain is at rest and is implicated in mental representations of self across time and space, theory of mind, and pro-social behaviors [ 81 ]. Three studies showed an association between loneliness with DMN functional connectivity [ 43 , 47 , 51 ]. One report noted more dense, less modular connections between attentional, visual, and DM networks in lonely persons. A recent large ( n  = ~40,000), multi-modal study (published after our cutoff date for inclusion in this review) reported increased volume and white matter structural connectivity as well as increased functional connectivity of the DMN in lonely individuals [ 82 ]. Together, these results suggest that higher-order brain regions localized to PFC and DMN may play a critical role in loneliness. The DMN may be differentially activated when we are thinking about others; however, dysregulated activity in DMN may contribute to rumination and negative feelings associated with loneliness.

Two EEG studies showed that lonely individuals had faster ERPs to negative or threatening stimuli [ 30 , 33 ], consistent with the hypervigilance hypothesis of loneliness [ 6 ], while another report found no difference in ERPs with a nostalgia-related task [ 64 ].

Regarding AD markers, two PET studies reported greater amyloid and tau burden [ 50 , 56 ], and one MRI study reported progressive increase in white matter hyperintensities among lonely older adults [ 53 ]. However, one post-mortem study found no such differences in plaques, tangles, or infarcts [ 48 ]. Two studies extracting RNA from the brain identified differential AD-related gene expression in lonely individuals [ 52 , 55 ]. The overall findings related to AD align with meta-analytic evidence linking loneliness to increased risk of AD [ 83 ].

The brain regions highlighted in this review of loneliness may also have roles in other related constructs. For example, we have found a strong inverse correlation between loneliness and wisdom, especially its compassion component [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. An overview of the neurobiology of wisdom has highlighted the major roles of PFC, especially dlPFC, vmPFC, anterior cingulate, and insula as well as amygdala [ 21 , 84 ]. One MRI study reported that loneliness and empathy were inversely associated with white matter density in lateral PFC, insula, and TPJ [ 32 ], while another MRI study found no links with gray matter density [ 26 ]. A recent EEG study demonstrated that loneliness and wisdom/compassion were related to contrasting modulations of cognitive processes, invoking similar (TPJ) and distinct (superior parietal vs. insula, respectively) neural circuits in specific emotional contexts [ 85 ]. These relationships are correlational and warrant further study employing neurobiological perturbations.

Limitations

This review article as well as the included studies have limitations. It is possible that, despite our best efforts, we missed a few relevant papers. Also, we did not include articles in non-English languages, and 73% (30/41) of the reports came from the USA or China, thereby limiting the generalizability to other countries. Most investigations were cross-sectional, preventing causal inferences. There may be confounding factors that are driving these relationships. There is risk of gender bias in self-reported assessments of loneliness. While there are no agreed upon objective measures of loneliness, indirect partial objective measures may include sedentary behavior assessed with wearable activity trackers, life space using GPS data, and sleep disturbances using wearable sensors. The studies included are limited by varied methodologies and analysis techniques in the rapidly evolving field of social neuroscience. For example, EEG has remarkable temporal resolution, but poor spatial resolution while the reverse is true with fMRI [ 86 ]. Many studies were hypothesis-generating and used single neurobiological modalities. Though one study included over 10,000 participants from the UK Biobank registry study [ 46 ], the majority (25/41; 61%) of the studies had fewer than 100 participants. Thus, most of the individual study findings are limited by small sample sizes, and overall generalizability may be low. Subject samples varied widely in sociodemographic characteristics, outcome measures, analysis protocols, and statistical methods, thereby precluding a metanalysis. It is not always clear if some brain regions not mentioned in the results had not been examined or were examined but not found to be significantly associated with loneliness.

Most studies only assessed and controlled for a small number of covariates such as demographic variables including age and sex. However, the complex psychosocial nature of loneliness extends beyond these basic demographic factors. Objective health status, environmental characteristics, stress, mental health, and personality traits are important confounders that were not included in many of the analyses. Only two studies had samples that could example the relationship of age (across the adult lifespan) with the loneliness-neurobiology associations [ 62 , 63 ]. Wong et al. reported reduced cerebellar gray matter with older age, while D’Agostino et al.reported no age-related findings. While Düzel et al. presented age-related findings, they were restricted to older adults 61–82 years [ 59 ]. Several, but not all, studies have examined depression as a confounder [ 38 , 58 , 59 ], and three case-control studies specifically examined the effect of loneliness for the neurobiological differences between people with depression and healthy controls [ 45 , 51 , 57 ]. However, despite their potential impact, other constructs including grief, prolonged grief disorder, mild cognitive impairment, substance use disorders, and various stress-related conditions were not assessed and analyzed in most studies of loneliness.

Future directions

This systemic review of neurobiology of loneliness identified how loneliness is linked to specific brain regions and networks, including PFC, insula, amygdala, hippocampus, attentional networks, and DMN, and a strong relationship with AD. However, researchers will need to replicate and expand the quantity and quality of these studies to understand the brain processes underlying loneliness. Moving forward, task-based neurocircuitry fMRI studies and multi-modal imaging studies have promise, due to the complexity of social cognition and functioning. These approaches would be well-suited to loneliness interventions to identify associated changes in connectivity. Future studies should also include large and diverse samples of well-characterized subjects followed longitudinally, with hypothesis-based approaches and appropriate multivariate statistical analyses, to examine the role of age and other relevant factors.

Studies should examine how the neurobiological findings are linked to other behaviors associated with loneliness—including sleep disturbances, sedentary behaviors, and limited life space. Assessments should include multi-modal assessments of social functioning—including use of social media, GPS-derived life space data, speech data, sleep, and ecological momentary assessments that examine loneliness as a state rather than a trait [ 87 ]. Neurobiological assessments that examine structural and functional integrity or harness neuromodulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation can also provide novel insights into brain alterations associated with loneliness. Furthermore, RCTs of novel loneliness interventions and associated neurobiological changes are warranted. Such research will pave the way for the development of therapeutic and preventive interventions to manage the behavioral pandemic of loneliness.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the help of Dr. Dilip Jeste in providing administrative support for the research effort as well as Ms. Paula Smith in preparing and submitting the manuscript.

This study was supported, in part, by the National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH R01MH094151 (PI: Dilip V. Jeste), NIMH K23MH119375-01 (PI: EEL), NIMH K23 MH118435 (PI: TTN)], by the VA San Diego Healthcare System, by the Stein Institute for Research on Aging (Director: Dilip V. Jeste, MD) at the University of California San Diego, and by IBM Research AI through the AI Horizons Network. The authors have no conflicts of interest with the work described.

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Emily R. Murray, Kasey E. Yu, Marina Ramsey, Tanya T. Nguyen & Ellen E. Lee

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EEL and JAL contributed to the conception and design of the study. JAL wrote the first draft of the manuscript. JAL, ERM, KEY, MR were involved in the systematic review and data extraction. TTN, JM, BM, MT were involved in the data interpretation. JAL and EEL wrote sections of the manuscript and were involved in data interpretation. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version. JAL and EEL had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

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Lam, J.A., Murray, E.R., Yu, K.E. et al. Neurobiology of loneliness: a systematic review. Neuropsychopharmacol. 46 , 1873–1887 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01058-7

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Lack of trust exacerbates loneliness spiral

Loneliness is a painful feeling. If it persists, it can lead to mental illnesses such as depression or anxiety disorders. Researchers from the Universities of Bonn, Haifa (Israel) and Oldenburg have now discovered how loneliness is associated with reduced trust. This is reflected in changes in the activity and interaction of various brain structures, especially the insular cortex. The results therefore provide clues for therapeutic options. They are now published in the journal Advanced Science.

Everyone knows what loneliness feels like. Behind this feeling is the perceived discrepancy of the need for social relationships not being met to the desired degree. As with hunger that wants to be satisfied, feelings of loneliness can also provide the motivation to connect with other people. However, some people are affected by persistent loneliness. Such cases can increase the risk of developing a mental illness, such as depression or anxiety disorders. "One reason for this keenly felt loneliness may be a lack of trust in fellow human beings," says Dr. Dirk Scheele from the Research Section Medical Psychology at Bonn University Hospital, referring to initial study evidence.

Together with Prof. Dr. Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory from the University of Haifa (Israel) and Prof. Dr. Dr. René Hurlemann from the University of Oldenburg, Dr. Scheele's team therefore investigated the relationship between trust and loneliness in more detail. Using an online questionnaire, the researchers selected 42 people from 3678 adults who were affected by severe loneliness but did not suffer from a mental illness or were receiving psychotherapy. The control group consisted of 40 people who did not suffer from persistent loneliness. "It was important to us that our findings could be attributed to the loneliness experienced and that any influence of mental illness could be ruled out as far as possible," explains lead author Jana Lieberz from Scheele's team.

In the brain scanner: How great is the willingness to share?

Participants first completed tasks in the brain scanner. Among other things, they played a trust game. Here they were given ten euros in start-up capital. Based on portrait photos displayed on a screen, they were asked to decide how much of the money they were willing to share with each of the people shown. They knew that making a profit beyond their start-up capital was only possible if they shared their start-up capital with others. At the same time, however, they had to trust that their gambling partners would not keep the money they had staked for themselves. "Participants with pronounced feelings of loneliness shared less with others than the control group," Scheele explains. "We interpret that as a lower level of trust."

The researchers also found processing deviations in brain areas involved in trust formation compared to the control group. This was particularly evident in the anterior insular cortex, which was less active in lonely individuals and did not connect as prominently with other brain areas. "An important function of the insular cortex is to perceive and interpret one's own body signals, such as the heartbeat," Lieberz says. "It also helps to correctly interpret other people's reactions, such as facial expressions or mood -- or trustworthiness."

After the trust game, the experimenters also simulated a standardized conversation situation with the respective participant, which dealt with emotionally positive content: What would you do with a lottery win? What are your hobbies? Afterwards, the team asked the participants about their mood. The researchers also collected blood and saliva samples to examine, among other things, an increase in the bonding hormone oxytocin in response to the conversation and measured the distance in centimeters that the subjects maintained from the experimenter.

It was found that those affected by severe loneliness were in a less positive mood after small talk than the control group. Levels of the bonding hormone oxytocin also changed less. Furthermore, lonely people maintained a spatial distance from the experimenter that was about ten centimeters greater than that of those hardly affected by loneliness. "Overall, the results show across tasks that chronic loneliness is associated with reduced trust in fellow human beings," says Scheele, summarizing the most important finding. "This can mean that interactions with others are experienced as less positive, which makes it harder to connect with others and exacerbates the loneliness spiral."

Starting points for therapies

The research team also sees these findings as starting points for interventions. "The reduced trust of lonely people could be given greater focus in therapies by making it a topic of discussion and thus making those affected aware of it," Lieberz adds. It would then also be possible to look at strategies on how affected individuals can strengthen their trust in other people. In a study currently underway at Bonn University Hospital, the researchers, together with colleagues from Haifa and Oldenburg, are investigating whether psychotherapeutic group interventions can reduce these negative mental biases.

The study was funded by the German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (GIF).

• Mental Health
• Intelligence
• Neuroscience
• Brain-Computer Interfaces
• Social cognition
• Mental illness
• Psychopathology
• Panic attack
• Deep brain stimulation
• Electroencephalography
• Sleep disorder

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Journal Reference :

• Jana Lieberz, Simone G. Shamay‐Tsoory, Nira Saporta, Timo Esser, Ekaterina Kuskova, Birgit Stoffel‐Wagner, René Hurlemann, Dirk Scheele. Loneliness and the Social Brain: How Perceived Social Isolation Impairs Human Interactions . Advanced Science , 2021; 2102076 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102076

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What Does a Lonely Brain Look Like?

Feeling chronically disconnected from others can affect the brain’s structure and function, and it raises the risk for neurodegenerative diseases.

By Dana G. Smith

Everyone feels lonely from time to time — after, say, a move to a new school or city, when a child leaves for college, or following the loss of a spouse.

Some people, though, experience loneliness not just transiently but chronically. It becomes “a personality trait, something that’s pretty sticky,” said Dr. Ellen Lee, an associate professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego. These individuals seem to have “this persistent emotion that then shapes their behavior.”

Research is mounting that this type of entrenched loneliness is bad for our health and can even change our brains, raising the risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Here’s what experts know about how chronic loneliness affects the brain, and some strategies to address it.

How does loneliness change the brain?

Humans evolved to be social creatures probably because, for our ancient ancestors, being alone could be dangerous and reduce the odds of survival. Experts think loneliness may have emerged as a unique type of stress signal to prompt us to seek companionship.

With chronic loneliness, that stress response gets stuck and becomes disadvantageous — similar to the way in which anxiety can shift a helpful fear response to a maladaptive mental illness.

“Small, transient episodes of loneliness really motivate people to then seek out social connection,” said Anna Finley, a postdoctoral research fellow at the Institute on Aging at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. “But in chronic episodes of loneliness, that seems to kind of backfire” because people become especially attuned to social threats or signals of exclusion, which can then make it scary or unpleasant for them to interact with others.

Research has shown that lonely people are hypersensitive to negative social words, like “disliked” or “rejected,” and to faces expressing negative emotions. What’s more, they show a blunted response to images of strangers in pleasant social situations, suggesting that even positive encounters may be less rewarding for them. In the brain , chronic loneliness is associated with changes in areas important for social cognition, self-awareness and processing emotions.

How could a subjective feeling have such a profound effect on the brain’s structure and functions? Scientists aren’t sure, but they think that when loneliness triggers the stress response , it also activates the immune system , increasing levels of some inflammatory chemicals. When they’re experienced for long periods of time, stress and inflammation can be detrimental for brain health, damaging neurons and the connections between them.

How does loneliness affect long-term brain health?

For years, scientists have known about a connection between loneliness and Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia . A study published late last year suggested that loneliness is associated with Parkinson’s disease , as well.

“Even low levels of loneliness increase risk, and higher levels are associated with higher risk” for dementia, said Dr. Nancy Donovan, director of the division of geriatric psychiatry at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Dr. Donovan has shown that people who score higher on a measure of loneliness have higher levels of the proteins amyloid and tau — two of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease — in their brains even before they show signs of cognitive decline.

Scientists think that the stress and inflammation caused by loneliness most likely contribute to the onset or acceleration of neurodegenerative diseases in older adults. The toll loneliness takes on the cardiovascular system, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, can also have a detrimental effect on the brain and probably plays a role, as well, Dr. Donovan said.

The more general way in which loneliness affects mental and physical health may also factor into cognitive decline. The feeling is closely linked to depression, another condition that increases the risk for dementia . And people who are lonely are less likely to be physically active and more likely to smoke cigarettes. “All those different things can affect how our brains age,” Dr. Lee said. “I think there are many paths to get from loneliness to cognitive decline.”

Most research on loneliness and neurodegeneration has been conducted on middle-aged and older adults, so experts don’t know if loneliness in childhood or young adulthood carries the same risk. However, Dr. Wendy Qiu, a professor of psychiatry and experimental pharmacology and therapeutics at Boston University School of Medicine, has found that if people in midlife feel lonely only transiently, not chronically, there is no increased risk for dementia.

With transient loneliness, the brain has the “ability to recover,” Dr. Qiu said. But if people “don’t have help to pull them out of the loneliness, and for a long time they feel lonely, it will be toxic for the brain.”

How can you combat chronic loneliness?

One of the most common recommendations is a little obvious: Try to make new friends . Whether that’s through art classes, sports teams, support groups or volunteer opportunities, the goal is to put yourself in places where people come together.

These types of engineered social situations have mixed results. Dr. Lee said they tend to work best if there is a “shared identity” among the people involved, like groups specifically for widows or for people with diabetes, so they have something to connect over.

The other side of the equation is addressing a person’s attitudes and thought patterns about social interactions through cognitive behavioral therapy. These approaches tend to be a little more effective, Dr. Lee said, because they “get to the root” of the problem, exploring what makes it hard for a person to interact with others.

The strategies may sound simple, but they’re easier said than done. “It’s a thorny problem,” Dr. Finley said. “Otherwise, I don’t think we would have the report from the Surgeon General saying we need to figure this out.”

Dana G. Smith is a Times reporter covering personal health, particularly aging and brain health. More about Dana G. Smith

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Computer Science > Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

Title: pre-trained text-to-image diffusion models are versatile representation learners for control.

Abstract: Embodied AI agents require a fine-grained understanding of the physical world mediated through visual and language inputs. Such capabilities are difficult to learn solely from task-specific data. This has led to the emergence of pre-trained vision-language models as a tool for transferring representations learned from internet-scale data to downstream tasks and new domains. However, commonly used contrastively trained representations such as in CLIP have been shown to fail at enabling embodied agents to gain a sufficiently fine-grained scene understanding -- a capability vital for control. To address this shortcoming, we consider representations from pre-trained text-to-image diffusion models, which are explicitly optimized to generate images from text prompts and as such, contain text-conditioned representations that reflect highly fine-grained visuo-spatial information. Using pre-trained text-to-image diffusion models, we construct Stable Control Representations which allow learning downstream control policies that generalize to complex, open-ended environments. We show that policies learned using Stable Control Representations are competitive with state-of-the-art representation learning approaches across a broad range of simulated control settings, encompassing challenging manipulation and navigation tasks. Most notably, we show that Stable Control Representations enable learning policies that exhibit state-of-the-art performance on OVMM, a difficult open-vocabulary navigation benchmark.

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Big Tory losses but no Labour landslide. What might happen at Westminster? – a visual analysis

Tory council representation has imploded, but Labour’s gains have not been seismic. These charts show what this may signal for a general election

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Conservative representation has collapsed to its lowest level since 1998 in the areas that voted in Thursday’s local elections, according to a Guardian analysis.

The Tories now control 19% of seats in the 98 council areas that had announced results by 20:40 on 3 May – their lowest level since Labour’s Tony Blair swept to power in the late 1990s.

But while Labour made significant gains in key target areas such as Nuneaton on Friday, the party has fallen short of its previous performance in some areas, as independent candidates, many campaigning on the war in Gaza, pulled off shock victories in traditional heartlands such as Oldham.

Labour now controls 48% of seats in the 98 councils that had declared by 20:40 – only its highest level in the areas with elections this year since 2018. By contrast, the party had controlled 62% of councillors in these areas by 1997, the year of Blair’s landslide.

However, Labour gains in areas such as Nuneaton, Hartlepool, Rushmoor and North East Lincolnshire will give Keir Starmer confidence his party is still on track to win back the key seats it needs to form the next UK government.

In total, Guardian analysis shows there are nine councils where Labour representation, in terms of the party’s share of councillors, is now at its highest level since 1997, following the 2 May elections.

Yet, despite the Conservatives collapsing to record lows, there are more councils where Labour is lagging behind its position in the late 1990s as independents and third parties take up more seats.

Among the most significant Tory losses was Welwyn Hatfield council where the party lost 10 out of 14 seats it was defending.

This is because the council area overlaps with the Labour target constituency of Welwyn Hatfield, which has a Conservative MP. The seat would require a swing of 10.4 points to turn Labour in the next general election.

The target constituencies of Aldershot, East Worthing and Shoreham, and Hyndburn also recorded heavy Conservative councillor losses in their overlapping councils.

Local elections are not held across the country and therefore are not wholly indicative of what will happen in a general election. But the fact that the Conservatives lost significant numbers of councillors in areas that Labour needs to win in the general election is another sign Starmer’s party is on course for victory.

Chris Hanretty, a professor of politics at Royal Holloway, University of London, said: “For a time, the [Conservatives] could believe that their historical lows in the polls would not be replicated at the ballot box. Now they can look from polls to results, and from results to polls, and either way things look terrible.

“At the moment they have to hope that those people who aren’t voting in local elections are more excited about the party, or that things are going to change dramatically between now and whenever the election is.”

In total, these results mean that Labour gained control of eight councils net of its losses as of 20:40, four of which swung directly from the Conservatives.

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