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HINDI RESEARCH PAPER [ SOCRATES]

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निर्गुण प्रेम मार्गी सूफ़ी संत कवि एवं उनका काव्य, ज्ञान मार्गी संत काव्य धारा एवं निर्गुण प्रेम मार्गी सूफ़ी संत काव्य धारा में साम्य एवं वैषम्य 

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Sentiment analysis of Hindi language text: a critical review

• Published: 11 November 2023

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• Simran Sidhu 1 ,
• Surinder S. Khurana 1 ,
• Munish Kumar 2 ,
• Parvinder Singh 1 &
• Sukhvinder S. Bamber 3  

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Sentiment analysis involves extracting sentiments from various forms of text, including customer reviews, tweets, blogs, and news clips expressing opinions on diverse subjects, even populist events. The advent of tools supporting regional languages has resulted in a substantial surge of regional language texts. As Hindi ranks fourth in terms of native speakers, the development of sentiment analysis mechanisms for Hindi text becomes crucial. This paper provides a comprehensive review of specific approaches used in Hindi sentiment analysis, encompassing negation handling and the evolution of SentiWordNet for the Hindi Language. Moreover, it offers an overview of available Hindi lexicons and insights into diverse stemmers and morphological analyzers designed for the language. Additionally, the paper conducts an in-depth literature review of various sentiment analysis tasks carried out in Hindi, thereby opening avenues for future research in sentiment analysis and opinion mining in the Hindi language.

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Department of Computer Science & Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India

Simran Sidhu, Surinder S. Khurana & Parvinder Singh

Department of Computational Sciences, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India

Munish Kumar

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Panjab University S.S.G. Regional Centre, Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India

Sukhvinder S. Bamber

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Sidhu, S., Khurana, S.S., Kumar, M. et al. Sentiment analysis of Hindi language text: a critical review. Multimed Tools Appl (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-17537-6

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Received : 05 October 2021

Revised : 13 September 2023

Accepted : 16 October 2023

Published : 11 November 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-17537-6

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शोध पत्र कैसे लिखें ?[HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PAPER ?]

एक शोध कर्त्ता जब अपना शोध कार्य पूर्ण करता है तब वह शोध के लाभ को जन जन तक या तत्सम्बन्धी परिक्षेत्र के लोगों को उससे परिचित कराना चाहता है और शोध से प्राप्त दिशा पर विद्वत जनों काप्रतिक्रियात्मक दृष्टि कोण जानना चाहता है ऐसी स्थिति में सहज सर्वोत्तम विकल्प दिखता है -शोध पत्र सम्पूर्ण शोध ग्रन्थ को सार रूप में सरल,बोध गम्य,शीघ्र अधिगमन योग्य बनाने के लिए शोध पत्र का प्रयोग किया जाता है ऐसे कई शोध पत्र,शोध पत्रिकाओं का हिस्सा बन जाते हैं एवम ज्ञान पिपासुओं की ज्ञान क्षुधा की तृप्तीकरण का कार्य करते हैं तथा जन जन तक इसका लाभ पहुँचना सुगम हो जाता है सेमीनार में इन्ही शोधपत्रों का वाचन होता है। शोधपत्र से आशय(Meaning Of Research Paper )- शोधपत्र,शोध रिपोर्ट या शोध कार्य का व्यावहारिक प्रस्तुति योग्य सार आलेख है जो परिणाम को अन्तिम रूप में समेट भविष्य की दिशा निर्धारण में सहयोगान्मुख है। प्रो 0 एस 0 पी 0 गुप्ता ने अपनी पुस्तक अनुसंधान संदर्शिका में बताया – “पत्र पत्रिकाओं (Journals) में प्रकाशित होने वाले अथवा संगोष्ठियों (Seminars) व सम्मेलनों(Conferences) में वाचन हेतु तैयार किये गए अनुसन्धान कार्य सम्बन्धी लेखों को प्रायः अनुसंधान पत्रक (Research Paper)का नाम दिया जाता है।” इस सम्बन्ध में एक अन्य शिक्षा शास्त्री डॉ 0 आर 0 ए 0 शर्मा ने अपनी पुस्तक “शिक्षा अनुसन्धान के मूल तत्व एवं शोध प्रक्रिया” में लिखा – “शोध प्रपत्र लिखना कठिन कार्य है क्योंकि यह कार्य आलोचनात्मक,सृजनात्मक तथा चिन्तन स्तर का है। शोध प्रपत्र लेखन में एक विशिष्ट प्रक्रिया का अनुसरण करना होता है जिसमें समुचित क्रम को अपनाया जाता है।” अतः उक्त आलोक में कहा जा सकता है कि शोध प्रपत्र सम्पूर्ण शोध के परिणाम व सुझाव से युक्त वह प्रपत्र है जो स्व विचार के स्थान पर तथ्य निर्धारण हेतु तत्पर शोध आधारित दृष्टिकोण से वास्ता रखता है। शोध प्रपत्र के प्रकार (Types Of Research Paper)- काल व शोध के प्रकार के आधार पर शोध पत्र के प्रकारों का निर्धारण विद्वतजनों द्वारा किया गया है कुछ विशेष प्रकारों को इस प्रकार क्रम दे सकते हैं – विवाद प्रिय या तार्किक शोध पत्र (Argumentative Research Paper) कारण प्रभाव शोध पत्र (Cause and Effect Research Paper) विश्लेणात्मक शोध पत्र (Analytical Research Paper) परिभाषीकरण शोध पत्र (Definition Research Paper) तुलनात्मक शोध पत्र (Contrast Research Paper) व्याख्यात्मक शोध पत्र (Interpretive Research Paper) शोध प्रपत्र का प्रारूप (Research Paper Format)- शोध पत्र लिखने का कोई पूर्व निर्धारित प्रारूप सभी प्रकार के शोध हेतु निर्धारित नहीं है शोध कर्त्ता का सम्यक दृष्टि कोण ही शोध प्रपत्र का आधार बनता है फिर भी अपूर्णता से बचने हेतु सभी प्रमुख बिंदुओं को सूची बद्ध कर लेना चाहिए।दिशा,प्रवाह, अनुभव,अवलोकन सभी से शोध पत्र को प्रभावी बनाने में मदद मिलती है सामान्यतः शोध प्रपत्र प्रारूप में अधोलिखित बिन्दुओं को आधार बनाया सकता है। – (अ)- भूमिका (ब)- विषय वस्तु (स)- मुख्य अंश (द)- परिणाम व सुझाव संक्षेप में भूमिका लिखने के बाद विषय वस्तु से परिचय कराना चाहिए यहीं शोध शीर्षक के बारे में लिखकर मुख्य अंश के रूप में शोध प्रक्रिया,उपकरण व प्रदत्त संग्रहण,विश्लेषणआदि के बारे में संक्षेप में लिखते हुए प्राप्त परिणामों को सम्यक ढंग से प्रस्तुत करना चाहिए व इसी आधार पर सुझाव देने चाहिए अपने दृष्टिकोण को थोपने से बचना चाहिए। अच्छे शोध प्रपत्र के गुण (Qualities Of a Good Research Paper ) या अच्छे शोध प्रपत्र की विशेषताएं (Characteristics Of a Good Research Paper ) या अच्छे शोध प्रपत्र के लाभ (Advantage Of a Good Research Paper )- शोध प्रपत्र लिखना और सम्यक सन्तुलित शोध प्रपत्र लिखने में अन्तर है अतः प्रभावी शोध पत्र लिखने हेतु आपकी जागरूकता के साथ निम्न गुण ,विशेषताओं का होना आवश्यक है तभी समुचित लाभ प्राप्त होगा। (1 )- नवीन ज्ञान से संयुक्तीकरण। (2 )-शोध कार्यों सम्बन्धित दृष्टिकोण का सम्यक विकास। (3 )-पुनः आवृत्ति से बचाव। (4 )-परिश्रम को उचित दिशा। (5 )-विभिन्न परिक्षेत्र के शोधों से परिचय। (6 )-समीक्षा में सहायक। (7 )-विशेषज्ञों के सुझाव जानने का अवसर। (8 )-शक्ति व धन की मितव्ययता। (9 )-अनुभव में वृद्धि। (10 )-प्रसिद्धि में सहायक। सम्पूर्ण शोध पत्र लेखन के उपरान्त यदि वैदिक काल की मर्यादा के अनुसार सन्दर्भ ग्रन्थ सूची भी दे दी जाए तो कृतज्ञता ज्ञापन के साथ दूसरे शोध कर्त्ताओं की मदद हो सकेगी।

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परिकल्पना: कार्य, महत्त्व, विशेषता( hypothesis: functions, importance, characteristics), characteristics of a good research tool/एक अच्छे शोध उपकरण की विशेषताएं.

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कैसे ऐब्सट्रैक्ट लिखें (Write an Abstract)

यह आर्टिकल लिखा गया सहयोगी लेखक द्वारा Megan Morgan, PhD . मेगन मॉर्गन जॉर्जिया यूनिवर्सिटी में स्कूल ऑफ पब्लिक एंड इंटरनेशनल मामलों में ग्रेजुएट प्रोग्राम एकेडेमिक एडवाइजर हैं। उन्होंने 2015 में जॉर्जिया यूनिवर्सिटी से अंग्रेजी में PhD की डिग्री प्राप्त की। यहाँ पर 13 रेफरेन्स दिए गए हैं जिन्हे आप आर्टिकल में नीचे देख सकते हैं। यह आर्टिकल १३,१५४ बार देखा गया है।

यदि आपको किसी अकादमिक या वैज्ञानिक पेपर के लिए ऐब्स्ट्रैक्ट लिखना हो, तब घबराइए मत! आपका ऐब्स्ट्रैक्ट तो किसी पेपर या काम का, एक संक्षिप्त, अपने आप में सम्पूर्ण सारांश है जिसका उपयोग दूसरे लोग विहंगावलोकन के लिए करते हैं। [१] X विश्वसनीय स्त्रोत University of North Carolina Writing Center स्त्रोत (source) पर जायें आपने लेख में क्या लिखा है इसका विवरण ऐब्स्ट्रैक्ट में होता है, चाहे वह वैज्ञानिक परीक्षण हो या साहित्यिक विश्लेषणात्मक पेपर। इससे आपके पाठक को पेपर समझने में सहायता मिलनी चाहिए और जो इस पेपर को खोज रहे हों, उसे पढ़ने से पहले ही, उनको यह निर्णय करने में सहायता मिलनी चाहिए कि क्या यह उनके काम का है। ऐब्स्ट्रैक्ट लिखने से पहले अपने पेपर को पूरा करिये, फिर उसका सारांश बनाइये जिससे उसके उद्देश्य, समस्या, विधि, परिणाम और आपके काम के निष्कर्ष पहचाने जा सकें। जब यह सब विवरण मिल जाएगा, तब केवल उसे संगठित करने का कार्य रह जाएगा। चूंकि ऐब्स्ट्रैक्ट आपके द्वारा किए हुये काम का संक्षिप्तिकरण मात्र है, इसे कर पाना सरल है!

ऐब्स्ट्रैक्ट की शुरुआत (Getting Your Abstract Started)

• थीसिस और ऐब्स्ट्रैक्ट दो बिलकुल अलग चीज़ें हैं। किसी पेपर की थीसिस में मुख्य विचार या प्रश्न का परिचय दिया जाता है, जबकि ऐब्स्ट्रैक्ट में पूरे पेपर की, विधि और परिणामों के साथ, समीक्षा की जाती है।
• चाहे आपको पता भी हो कि आपका पेपर किस बारे में होने वाला है, सदैव ऐब्स्ट्रैक्ट को अंत के लिए बचा कर रखिए। अगर आप ऐसा करेंगे तो बहुत हद तक सही सारांश प्रस्तुत कर पाएंगे – जो भी आपने लिखा है बस उसका संक्षिप्तिकरण कर दीजिये।

• क्या लंबाई की कोई अधिकतम या न्यूनतम सीमा है?
• क्या शैली संबंधी कोई आवश्यकताएँ हैं?
• आप किसी इंस्ट्रक्टर के लिए लिख रहे हैं या प्रकाशन के लिए?

• क्या आपकी फ़ील्ड के दूसरे अकादमिक यह ऐब्स्ट्रैक्ट पढ़ेंगे?
• क्या इसे किसी सामान्य पाठक या किसी दूसरी फ़ील्ड के व्यक्ति के लिए पहुँचने योग्य होना चाहिए?

• विवरणात्मक ऐब्सट्रैक्ट उद्देश्य, लक्ष्य तथा रिसर्च की विधि बताते हैं परंतु परिणाम का हिस्सा छोड़ देते हैं। ये आम तौर पर 100-200 शब्दों के होते हैं।
• सूचनात्मक ऐब्सट्रैक्ट आपके पेपर के कंडेंस्ड वर्ज़न की तरह होते हैं जिसमें आपकी रिसर्च और उसके परिणामों का ओवरव्यू मिलता है। ये विवरणात्मक ऐब्सट्रैक्टों से कहीं लंबे होते हैं तथा एक पैरा से लेकर एक पृष्ठ तक के हो सकते हैं। [४] X रिसर्च सोर्स
• ऐब्सट्रैक्ट की दोनों शैलियों में मूल जानकारी एक सी ही होती है, मुख्य अंतर केवल यह होता है कि सूचनात्मक ऐब्सट्रैक्ट में ही परिणाम शामिल किए जाते हैं, और सूचनात्मक ऐब्सट्रैक्ट, विवरणात्मक ऐब्सट्रैक्ट से अधिक लंबा होता है।
• एक आलोचनात्मक ऐब्सट्रैक्ट का आम तौर पर इस्तेमाल नहीं होता है, परंतु कुछ कोर्सों में इसकी आवश्यकता हो सकती है। आलोचनात्मक ऐब्सट्रैक्ट से भी वही लक्ष्य प्राप्त होते हैं जो अन्य ऐब्सट्रैक्टों से, परंतु इसके द्वारा चर्चा किए जा रहे अध्ययन या काम का लेखक की अपनी रिसर्च से भी संबंध स्थापित किया जाता है। इसमें रिसर्च डिज़ाइन या विधि की भी आलोचना हो सकती है। [५] X विश्वसनीय स्त्रोत University of North Carolina Writing Center स्त्रोत (source) पर जायें

ऐब्सट्रैक्ट का लेखन

• आपने इस अध्ययन या प्रोजेक्ट का निर्णय क्यों किया?
• आपने अपनी रिसर्च कैसे की?
• आपको क्या प्राप्त हुआ?
• आपकी रिसर्च के नतीजे क्यों महत्वपूर्ण हैं?
• कोई आपका पूरा लेख क्यों पढ़े?

• आपकी रिसर्च किस समस्या को बेहतर समझने या सुलझाने में सहायक है?
• आपके अध्ययन का स्कोप क्या है – एक सामान्य समस्या, या कुछ विशेष?
• आपका मुख्य दावा या तर्क क्या है?

• वेरिएबल तथा अपनी अप्रोच को देते हुये अपनी रिसर्च की चर्चा करिए।
• अपने दावे के समर्थन में साक्ष्यों को बताइये।
• अपने सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण स्त्रोतों का ओवरव्यू दीजिये।

• अपनी रिसर्च या अध्ययन से आप किस निष्कर्ष पर पहुंचे?
• क्या आपकी अवधारणा या तर्क को समर्थन मिला?
• आम निष्कर्ष क्या हैं?

• आपके कार्य का तात्पर्य क्या है?
• आपके परिणाम सामान्य हैं, अथवा विशिष्ट।

ऐबस्ट्रैक्ट को फॉरमैट करना

• अनेक जर्नलों में ऐबस्ट्रैक्टों के लिए विशेष शैली संबंधी दिशा निर्देश होते हैं। यदि आपको भी कोई नियम सूची या निर्देश दिये गए हों, तो उनका अक्षरशः पालन करिए। [१०] X विश्वसनीय स्त्रोत PubMed Central स्त्रोत (source) पर जायें

• ऐबस्ट्रैक्ट में सीधे सीधे ऐक्रोनिम या ऐब्रीविएशन का इस्तेमाल मत करिए क्योंकि पाठक को समझाने के लिए इन्हें स्पष्ट करना होगा। इससे लिखने की क़ीमती जगह घिरती है, तथा सामान्यतः इससे बचा जाना चाहिए।
• यदि आपका विषय किसी जानी - पहचानी चीज़ के बारे में है, तो आप उन लोगों के नामों या जगहों का संदर्भ दे सकते हैं जिन पर आपका पेपर केन्द्रित हो।
• ऐबस्ट्रैक्ट में तालिकाएँ, संख्याएँ, स्त्रोत, या लंबे उद्धरण मत शामिल करिए। ये बहुत जगह लेते हैं तथा सामान्यतः आपके पाठक ऐबस्ट्रैक्ट में इन्हें नहीं चाहते।

• उदाहरण के लिए, यदि आप संस्कृतियों के अंतर के कारण स्कीज़ोफ़्रेनिया के बोध पर पेपर लिख रहे हों, तब “स्कीज़ोफ्रेनिया,” “सांस्कृतिक आदान-प्रदान,” ”संस्कृति-बद्ध” तथा “सामाजिक स्वीकार्यता” जैसे शब्दों का अवश्य इस्तेमाल करें।

• शब्दजाल से बचना सुनिश्चित करिए। यह विशिष्ट शब्द आपके सामान्य पाठकों द्वारा शायद नहीं समझे जाएँगे और उन्हें उलझन में डाल सकते हैं। [१३] X रिसर्च सोर्स

• प्रोफ़ेसर से, अपने क्षेत्र के सहकर्मी से, ट्यूटर से या लेखन केंद्र के सलाहकार से चर्चा करना बहुत लाभदायक हो सकता है। यदि आपके पास ये संसाधन उपलब्ध हों, तो इनका उपयोग करिए।
• सहायता मान कर आप अपने क्षेत्र में चल रही परम्पराओं के बारे में जान सकते हैं। जैसे कि, विज्ञान में सामान्यतः पैसिव वॉइस का उपयोग (“प्रयोग किए गए थे”) करते हैं। जबकि, हयूमनिटीज़ में ऐक्टिव वॉइस पसंद की जाती है।
• आमतौर पर ऐब्सट्रैक्ट एक या दो पैरा के होते हैं, और उन्हें पूरे लेख की लंबाई के 10 प्रतिशत से अधिक नहीं होना चाहिए। समान प्रकाशनों में अन्य ऐब्सट्रैक्ट देखिये और समझिए कि आपका कैसा होना चाहिए।. [१५] X रिसर्च सोर्स
• ध्यान से विचार करिए कि आपका पेपर या ऐब्सट्रैक्ट कितना तकनीकी होना चाहिए। यह मान लेना उचित होगा कि आपके पाठकों को आपके क्षेत्र की कुछ समझ होगी और उसमें चलने वाली भाषा की भी, परंतु ऐब्सट्रैक्ट को जितना सहज पठनीय बना सकेंगे उतना ही अच्छा होगा।

संबंधित लेखों

• ↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/abstracts/
• ↑ http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/presentations_abstracts_examples.html
• ↑ http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/656/1/
• ↑ http://uss.tufts.edu/arc/HOW%20TO%20WRITE%20AN%20ABSTRACT%20for%20Tufts%20Symp.pdf
• ↑ https://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/essays/abstract.html
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/656/1/
• ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136027/
• ↑ http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/presentations_abstracts.html

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Title: hldc: hindi legal documents corpus.

Abstract: Many populous countries including India are burdened with a considerable backlog of legal cases. Development of automated systems that could process legal documents and augment legal practitioners can mitigate this. However, there is a dearth of high-quality corpora that is needed to develop such data-driven systems. The problem gets even more pronounced in the case of low resource languages such as Hindi. In this resource paper, we introduce the Hindi Legal Documents Corpus (HLDC), a corpus of more than 900K legal documents in Hindi. Documents are cleaned and structured to enable the development of downstream applications. Further, as a use-case for the corpus, we introduce the task of bail prediction. We experiment with a battery of models and propose a Multi-Task Learning (MTL) based model for the same. MTL models use summarization as an auxiliary task along with bail prediction as the main task. Experiments with different models are indicative of the need for further research in this area. We release the corpus and model implementation code with this paper: this https URL

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Dubai’s Extraordinary Flooding: Here’s What to Know

Images of a saturated desert metropolis startled the world, prompting talk of cloud seeding, climate change and designing cities for intensified weather.

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By Raymond Zhong

Scenes of flood-ravaged neighborhoods in one of the planet’s driest regions have stunned the world this week. Heavy rains in the United Arab Emirates and Oman submerged cars, clogged highways and killed at least 21 people. Flights out of Dubai’s airport, a major global hub, were severely disrupted.

The downpours weren’t a freak event — forecasters anticipated the storms several days out and issued warnings. But they were certainly unusual. Here’s what to know.

Heavy rain there is rare, but not unheard-of.

On average, the Arabian Peninsula receives a scant few inches of rain a year, although scientists have found that a sizable chunk of that precipitation falls in infrequent but severe bursts, not as periodic showers.

U.A.E. officials said the 24-hour rain total on Tuesday was the country’s largest since records there began in 1949 . But parts of the nation had experienced an earlier round of thunderstorms just last month.

Oman, with its coastline on the Arabian Sea, is also vulnerable to tropical cyclones. Past storms there have brought torrential rain, powerful winds and mudslides, causing extensive damage.

Global warming is projected to intensify downpours.

Stronger storms are a key consequence of human-caused global warming. As the atmosphere gets hotter, it can hold more moisture, which can eventually make its way down to the earth as rain or snow.

But that doesn’t mean rainfall patterns are changing in precisely the same way across every corner of the globe.

In their latest assessment of climate research , scientists convened by the United Nations found there wasn’t enough data to have firm conclusions about rainfall trends in the Arabian Peninsula and how climate change was affecting them. The researchers said, however, that if global warming were to be allowed to continue worsening in the coming decades, extreme downpours in the region would quite likely become more intense and more frequent.

The role of cloud seeding isn’t clear.

The U.A.E. has for decades worked to increase rainfall and boost water supplies by seeding clouds. Essentially, this involves shooting particles into clouds to encourage the moisture to gather into larger, heavier droplets, ones that are more likely to fall as rain or snow.

Cloud seeding and other rain-enhancement methods have been tried across the world, including in Australia, China, India, Israel, South Africa and the United States. Studies have found that these operations can, at best, affect precipitation modestly — enough to turn a downpour into a bigger downpour, but probably not a drizzle into a deluge.

Still, experts said pinning down how much seeding might have contributed to this week’s storms would require detailed study.

“In general, it is quite a challenge to assess the impact of seeding,” said Luca Delle Monache, a climate scientist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif. Dr. Delle Monache has been leading efforts to use artificial intelligence to improve the U.A.E.’s rain-enhancement program.

An official with the U.A.E.’s National Center of Meteorology, Omar Al Yazeedi, told news outlets this week that the agency didn’t conduct any seeding during the latest storms. His statements didn’t make clear, however, whether that was also true in the hours or days before.

Mr. Al Yazeedi didn’t respond to emailed questions from The New York Times on Thursday, and Adel Kamal, a spokesman for the center, didn’t immediately have further comment.

Cities in dry places just aren’t designed for floods.

Wherever it happens, flooding isn’t just a matter of how much rain comes down. It’s also about what happens to all that water once it’s on the ground — most critically, in the places people live.

Cities in arid regions often aren’t designed to drain very effectively. In these areas, paved surfaces block rain from seeping into the earth below, forcing it into drainage systems that can easily become overwhelmed.

One recent study of Sharjah , the capital of the third-largest emirate in the U.A.E., found that the city’s rapid growth over the past half century had made it vulnerable to flooding at far lower levels of rain than before.

Omnia Al Desoukie contributed reporting.

Raymond Zhong reports on climate and environmental issues for The Times. More about Raymond Zhong