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Synonyms and antonyms of presentation in English

Presentation, synonyms and examples, see words related to presentation, presentation | american thesaurus.

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What is another word for presentation ?

Synonyms for presentation ˌprɛz ənˈteɪ ʃən, ˌpri zɛn- pre·sen·ta·tion, this thesaurus page includes all potential synonyms, words with the same meaning and similar terms for the word presentation ., complete dictionary of synonyms and antonyms rate these synonyms: 0.0 / 0 votes, presentation.

Synonyms: introduction , exhibition , offer , delivery , gift , donation , bestowal , grant , endowment

Antonyms: withdrawal , removal , concealment , suppression , retention , withholding , refusal , nonpresentation

Princeton's WordNet Rate these synonyms: 0.0 / 0 votes

• presentation noun

the activity of formally presenting something (as a prize or reward)

"she gave the trophy but he made the presentation"

Synonyms: introduction , intro , presentment , display , demonstration

presentation, presentment, demonstration noun

a show or display; the act of presenting something to sight or view

"the presentation of new data"; "he gave the customer a demonstration"

Synonyms: presentment , intro , notification , manifestation , display , demonstration , demo , monstrance , introduction

the act of making something publicly available; presenting news or other information by broadcasting or printing it

"he prepared his presentation carefully in advance"

the act of presenting a proposal

display, presentation noun

a visual representation of something

Synonyms: exhibit , showing , intro , presentment , video display , display , demonstration , introduction , show

presentation, introduction, intro noun

formally making a person known to another or to the public

Synonyms: foundation , first appearance , intro , display , debut , presentment , launching , creation , intromission , institution , entry , founding , innovation , initiation , instauration , demonstration , origination , introduction , insertion , unveiling

(obstetrics) position of the fetus in the uterus relative to the birth canal

"Cesarean sections are sometimes the result of abnormal presentations"

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Dictionary of english synonymes rate these synonyms: 0.0 / 0 votes.

Synonyms: introduction

Synonyms: exhibition , representation , setting forth

Synonyms: bestowal , donation , giving

PPDB, the paraphrase database Rate these paraphrases: 0.0 / 0 votes

List of paraphrases for "presentation":

submission , introduction , briefing , format , presentación , submitting , presentations , presenting , présentation , explanatory , exposed , statement , tabling , filing , display , exposure , submissions , presented , layout , exposé , presentment , remission , enhancement , lecture , submitted , lodging , submit , exhibition , nomination , show , presenter , lay-out

How to pronounce presentation?

How to say presentation in sign language, words popularity by usage frequency, how to use presentation in a sentence.

Allison Gabriel :

Women tend to have higher self-presentation costs than men and are likely to feel heightened pressure to demonstrate competence by appearing extra vigilant on camera, additionally, as women took on disproportionate childcare demands compared to men during the pandemic, they are more likely to have kids in the background, which could unfortunately call into question their ability to be committed to their work and their ability to focus. We also tend to hold women to higher standards for physical appearance. Being on camera can exacerbate all of these things.

Stephanie Muldbergs :

Though Gross waited until the end of Dr. Shear's presentation, and Though Gross went up to Though Gross, and Though Gross said Though Gross knew someone who seemed to fit the condition described in the presentation. Columbia University Shear was kind enough to say,' Well, why don't you have Though Gross call me ?' i went in to see Columbia University Shear. I filled out a lot of forms, and I filled out a form called' The Inventory of Complicated Grief,' on which I scored incredibly high.

Amber Heard :

I feel like I’m constantly fighting against my exterior, or this exterior presentation of myself, because of how I look or perhaps because of who I’m with.

Taryn Bragg :

And the similarities in terms of the presentation of cases was striking.

Sheldon Whitehouse :

I want to respond to the presentation by one of the Republican senators suggesting that the continued existence of snow disproves climate change.

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Add to chrome, add to firefox, browse synonyms.com, are you a human thesaurus, which of the following words is a synonym for quintessential, nearby & related entries:.

• present-day adj
• present-day(a)
• presentación
• presentaciones
• presentations
• presenter noun

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Synonyms of 'presentation' in British English

Additional synonyms, synonyms of 'presentation' in american english.

Browse alphabetically presentation

• present yourself
• present-day
• presentable
• presentation
• presentiment
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Synonyms of presenting

• as in offering
• as in introducing
• as in donating
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Thesaurus Definition of presenting

Synonyms & Similar Words

• representing
• coming out with
• showing off
• dramatizing
• impersonating
• introducing
• acquainting
• reintroducing
• reacquainting
• volunteering
• contributing
• giving away
• administering
• benefitting
• throwing in
• sacrificing
• pitching in
• chipping in
• handing out
• dishing out
• meting (out)
• forking (over, out, or up)
• pungling (up)

Antonyms & Near Antonyms

• withholding

Thesaurus Entries Near presenting

presentiments

Cite this Entry

“Presenting.” Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/presenting. Accessed 10 May. 2024.

More from Merriam-Webster on presenting

Nglish: Translation of presenting for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of presenting for Arabic Speakers

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How To Write A Presentation 101 | Step-by-Step Guides with Best Examples | 2024 Reveals

Jane Ng • 05 Apr 2024 • 8 min read

Is it difficult to start of presentation? You’re standing before a room full of eager listeners, ready to share your knowledge and captivate their attention. But where do you begin? How do you structure your ideas and convey them effectively?

Take a deep breath, and fear not! In this article, we’ll provide a road map on how to write a presentation covering everything from crafting a script to creating an engaging introduction.

So, let’s dive in!

Table of Contents

What is a presentation , what should be in a powerful presentation.

• How To Write A Presentation Script
• How to Write A Presentation Introduction 

Key Takeaways

Tips for better presentation.

• How to start a presentation
• How to introduce yourself

Start in seconds.

Get free templates for your next interactive presentation. Sign up for free and take what you want from the template library!

Presentations are all about connecting with your audience. 

Presenting is a fantastic way to share information, ideas, or arguments with your audience. Think of it as a structured approach to effectively convey your message. And you’ve got options such as slideshows, speeches, demos, videos, and even multimedia presentations!

The purpose of a presentation can vary depending on the situation and what the presenter wants to achieve. 

• In the business world, presentations are commonly used to pitch proposals, share reports, or make sales pitches. 
• In educational settings, presentations are a go-to for teaching or delivering engaging lectures. 
• For conferences, seminars, and public events—presentations are perfect for dishing out information, inspiring folks, or even persuading the audience.

That sounds brilliant. But, how to write a presentation?

How To Write A Presentation? What should be in a powerful presentation? A great presentation encompasses several key elements to captivate your audience and effectively convey your message. Here’s what you should consider including in a winning presentation:

• Clear and Engaging Introduction: Start your presentation with a bang! Hook your audience’s attention right from the beginning by using a captivating story, a surprising fact, a thought-provoking question, or a powerful quote. Clearly state the purpose of your presentation and establish a connection with your listeners.
• Well-Structured Content: Organize your content logically and coherently. Divide your presentation into sections or main points and provide smooth transitions between them. Each section should flow seamlessly into the next, creating a cohesive narrative. Use clear headings and subheadings to guide your audience through the presentation.
• Compelling Visuals: Incorporate visual aids, such as images, graphs, or videos, to enhance your presentation. Make sure your visuals are visually appealing, relevant, and easy to understand. Use a clean and uncluttered design with legible fonts and appropriate color schemes. 
• Engaging Delivery: Pay attention to your delivery style and body language. You should maintain eye contact with your audience, use gestures to emphasize key points, and vary your tone of voice to keep the presentation dynamic. 
• Clear and Memorable Conclusion: Leave your audience with a lasting impression by providing a strong closing statement, a call to action, or a thought-provoking question. Make sure your conclusion ties back to your introduction and reinforces the core message of your presentation.

How To Write A Presentation Script (With Examples)

To successfully convey your message to your audience, you must carefully craft and organize your presentation script. Here are steps on how to write a presentation script: 

1/ Understand Your Purpose and Audience

• Clarify the purpose of your presentation. Are you informing, persuading, or entertaining?
• Identify your target audience and their knowledge level, interests, and expectations.
• Define what presentation format you want to use

2/ Outline the Structure of Your Presentation

Strong opening.

Start with an engaging opening that grabs the audience’s attention and introduces your topic. Some types of openings you can use are: 

• Start with a Thought-Provoking Question: “Have you ever…?”
• Begin with a Surprising Fact or Statistic: “Did you know that….?”
• Use a Powerful Quote: “As Maya Angelou once said,….”
• Tell a Compelling Story : “Picture this: You’re standing at….”
• Start with a Bold Statement: “In the fast-paced digital age….”

Main Points

Clearly state your main points or key ideas that you will discuss throughout the presentation.

• Clearly State the Purpose and Main Points: Example: “In this presentation, we will delve into three key areas. First,… Next,… Finally,…. we’ll discuss….”
• Provide Background and Context: Example: “Before we dive into the details, let’s understand the basics of…..”
• Present Supporting Information and Examples: Example: “To illustrate…., let’s look at an example. In,…..”
• Address Counterarguments or Potential Concerns: Example: “While…, we must also consider… .”
• Recap Key Points and Transition to the Next Section: Example: “To summarize, we’ve… Now, let’s shift our focus to…”

Remember to organize your content logically and coherently, ensuring smooth transitions between sections.

You can conclude with a strong closing statement summarizing your main points and leaving a lasting impression. Example: “As we conclude our presentation, it’s clear that… By…., we can….”

3/ Craft Clear and Concise Sentences

Once you’ve outlined your presentation, you need to edit your sentences. Use clear and straightforward language to ensure your message is easily understood.

Alternatively, you can break down complex ideas into simpler concepts and provide clear explanations or examples to aid comprehension.

4/ Use Visual Aids and Supporting Materials

Use supporting materials such as statistics, research findings, or real-life examples to back up your points and make them more compelling. 

• Example: “As you can see from this graph,… This demonstrates….”

5/ Include Engagement Techniques

Incorporate interactive elements to engage your audience, such as Q&A sessions , conducting live polls, or encouraging participation. You can also spin more funs into group, by randomly dividing people into different groups to get more diverse feedbacks!

6/ Rehearse and Revise

• Practice delivering your presentation script to familiarize yourself with the content and improve your delivery.
• Revise and edit your script as needed, removing any unnecessary information or repetitions.

7/ Seek Feedback

You can share your script or deliver a practice presentation to a trusted friend, colleague, or mentor to gather feedback on your script and make adjustments accordingly.

More on Script Presentation

How to Write A Presentation Introduction with Examples

How to write presentations that are engaging and visually appealing? Looking for introduction ideas for the presentation? As mentioned earlier, once you have completed your script, it’s crucial to focus on editing and refining the most critical element—the opening of your presentation – the section that determines whether you can captivate and retain your audience’s attention right from the start. 

Here is a guide on how to craft an opening that grabs your audience’s attention from the very first minute: 

1/ Start with a Hook

To begin, you can choose from five different openings mentioned in the script based on your desired purpose and content. Alternatively, you can opt for the approach that resonates with you the most, and instills your confidence. Remember, the key is to choose a starting point that aligns with your objectives and allows you to deliver your message effectively.

2/ Establish Relevance and Context

Then you should establish the topic of your presentation and explain why it is important or relevant to your audience. Connect the topic to their interests, challenges, or aspirations to create a sense of relevance.

3/ State the Purpose

Clearly articulate the purpose or goal of your presentation. Let the audience know what they can expect to gain or achieve by listening to your presentation.

4/ Preview Your Main Points

Give a brief overview of the main points or sections you will cover in your presentation. It helps the audience understand the structure and flow of your presentation and creates anticipation.

5/ Establish Credibility

Share your expertise or credentials related to the topic to build trust with the audience, such as a brief personal story, relevant experience, or mentioning your professional background.

6/ Engage Emotionally

Connect emotional levels with your audience by appealing to their aspirations, fears, desires, or values. They help create a deeper connection and engagement from the very beginning.

Make sure your introduction is concise and to the point. Avoid unnecessary details or lengthy explanations. Aim for clarity and brevity to maintain the audience’s attention.

For example, Topic: Work-life balance

“Good morning, everyone! Can you imagine waking up each day feeling energized and ready to conquer both your personal and professional pursuits? Well, that’s exactly what we’ll explore today – the wonderful world of work-life balance. In a fast-paced society where work seems to consume every waking hour, it’s vital to find that spot where our careers and personal lives harmoniously coexist. Throughout this presentation, we’ll dive into practical strategies that help us achieve that coveted balance, boost productivity, and nurture our overall well-being. 

But before we dive in, let me share a bit about my journey. As a working professional and a passionate advocate for work-life balance, I have spent years researching and implementing strategies that have transformed my own life. I am excited to share my knowledge and experiences with all of you today, with the hope of inspiring positive change and creating a more fulfilling work-life balance for everyone in this room. So, let’s get started!”

🎉 Check out: How to Start a Presentation?

Whether you’re a seasoned speaker or new to the stage, understanding how to write a presentation that conveys your message effectively is a valuable skill. By following the steps in this guide, you can become a captivating presenter and make your mark in every presentation you deliver.

Additionally, AhaSlides can significantly enhance your presentation’s impact. With AhaSlides, you can use live polls , quizzes , and word cloud to turn your presentation into an engaging and interactive experience. Let’s take a moment to explore our vast template library !

Frequently Asked Questions

How to write a presentation step by step .

You can refer to our step-by-step guide on How To Write A Presentation Script: Understand Your Purpose and Audience Outline the Structure of Your Presentation Craft Clear and Concise Sentences Use Visual Aids and Supporting Material Include Engagement Techniques Rehearse and Revise Seek Feedback

How do you start a presentation? 

You can start with an engaging opening that grabs the audience’s attention and introduces your topic. Consider using one of the following approaches: Start with a Thought-Provoking Question: “Have you ever…?” Begin with a Surprising Fact or Statistic: “Did you know that….?” Use a Powerful Quote: “As Maya Angelou once said,….” Tell a Compelling Story : “Picture this: You’re standing at….” Start with a Bold Statement: “In the fast-paced digital age….”

What are the five parts of a presentation?

When it comes to presentation writing, a typical presentation consists of the following five parts: Introduction: Capturing the audience’s attention, introducing yourself, stating the purpose, and providing an overview. Main Body: Presenting main points, evidence, examples, and arguments. Visual Aids: Using visuals to enhance understanding and engage the audience. Conclusion: Summarizing main points, restating key message, and leaving a memorable takeaway or call to action. Q&A or Discussion: Optional part for addressing questions and encouraging audience participation.

A writer who wants to create practical and valuable content for the audience

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verb as in move smoothly; move down

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Example sentences.

Those opportunities could crystalize over the coming months, particularly as programmatic spending starts to recover from its coronavirus-induced slide.

More than just a looming monolith, though, the eccentric construction would have linked Chicago with New York and Boston via slides so the residents of those cities could toboggan to the Windy City for the fair.

The day of the presentation comes, and the e-commerce team gathers around, continuously nodding along with each slide.

You can take any blog article and create an infographic, video or slide presentation in order to mix things up.

All true enough — but those are just the most visible sites of the innovation chain, the kind of photos you see in IPO slide decks for so-called cutting-edge companies.

Near the door thousands of stilettos slide and shuffle on black ice, somehow always keeping their immaculate balance.

The reason is on the next slide, which is filled with public NIMBY complaints.

If the U.S. does nothing, the Arab world will continue its slide into sectarian bigotry, political repression, and madness.

There would be occasional periods of promise, but once the 1950s came it was a steady, painful downhill slide.

However, standard-speaking whites have a “warm” English they can slide into as well.

Practise gliding in the form of inflection, or slide, from one extreme of pitch to another.

Scratches and flaws in the glass of slide or cover are likewise a common source of confusion to beginners.

Touch the center of a cover-glass to the top of the drop and quickly place it, blood side down, upon a slide.

A rather large drop is taken upon a slide, covered, and examined with a low power.

A large drop is allowed to dry upon a clean slide or unglazed paper.

Related Words

Words related to slide are not direct synonyms, but are associated with the word slide . Browse related words to learn more about word associations.

verb as in work quickly through task

verb as in dislodge from staid position

• change position

noun as in ramp, slope

verb as in glide along without much effort

• ride on current

Viewing 5 / 72 related words

On this page you'll find 113 synonyms, antonyms, and words related to slide, such as: accelerate, drift, drive, drop, fall, and flow.

From Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition Copyright © 2013 by the Philip Lief Group.

How Many Words Are There In A 5-Minute Speech?

• The Speaker Lab
• May 4, 2024

Table of Contents

Wondering how many words to prepare for your upcoming 5-minute speech ? If so, you’re not alone. Nailing the perfect word count can be tricky, but it’s crucial for delivering a powerful message that resonates with your audience. Whether you’re a seasoned speaker or stepping up to the podium for the first time, knowing the right number of words to aim for is key. In this article, we’ll give you our take on sculpting a punchy five-minute presentation, identifying key factors affecting its length and offering tips to make sure yours stands out.

How Many Words Are in a 5-Minute Speech?

So you’ve been asked to give a 5-minute speech. The first question that pops into your head is probably “How many words should I write?” It’s a great question, and one that every speaker has had to grapple with at some point.

The truth is, there’s no one-size-fits-all answer. The number of words in a 5-minute speech can vary quite a bit depending on a few key factors. But don’t worry, we’re here to break it down for you.

Factors That Affect Speech Word Count

Before we dive into the average word count for a 5-minute speech, let’s talk about what can impact that number:

• Your natural speech rate (some people naturally speak faster or slower)
• The type of speech (a dense, information-packed presentation will have more words than a laid-back, story-driven speech)
• How interactive the speech is (more audience interaction = fewer words)

All of these factors can cause the word count to fluctuate. So while we can give you an average, remember that your mileage may vary.

Average Word Count for a 5-Minute Speech

Here’s a general rule of thumb: a 5-minute speech will usually fall in the range of 625-750 words. That comes out to about 125-150 words per minute.

Of course, this is just an average. Some speakers cram 800+ words into 5 minutes, although we don’t recommend that. Others can captivate an audience for 5 minutes with just 500 well-chosen words.

How to Calculate Your Speech Word Count

Want a more precise estimate for your 5-minute speech? Here’s a simple way to calculate it:

• Time yourself speaking for 1 minute (aim for your natural pace)
• Copy that 1 minute of speech into a word count calculator
• Multiply that number by 5 to get your estimated 5-minute speech word count

This method takes into account your personal speech rate, giving you a more customized word count to aim for. Give it a try!

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Factors That Impact Your Speaking Rate

We’ve talked about how the number of words in your 5-minute speech can vary based on your speaking rate. But what factors influence how fast or slow you speak? Let’s take a look.

Your Natural Speaking Pace

Everyone has a natural default speaking speed. Some people are just naturally fast talkers, while others have a more leisurely pace. This is largely determined by personality, but it can also be influenced by cultural and regional norms.

If you’re not sure where you fall on the spectrum, try recording yourself having a casual conversation and count the words per minute. That will give you a baseline for your natural, uncontrived speaking rate.

Type of Speech You’re Delivering

The content and purpose of your speech can also affect your pacing. A speech that’s dense with information, like a technical presentation or a detailed argument, will likely have a higher word-per-minute count than a more narrative or motivational speech.

Similarly, a speech that’s meant to be rousing and energetic will probably be faster-paced than one intended to be soothing or contemplative. Consider your speech’s purpose and adjust your speaking pace accordingly.

Your Comfort Level with Public Speaking

Nerves can do funny things to your speaking speed. Some people clam up and speak painfully slowly when they’re nervous, while others start talking a mile a minute. If public speaking makes you jittery, it’s worth practicing your speech enough that you feel comfortable and in control of your pacing.

Pro tip: When you feel nervous, take a deep breath and consciously slow down your first few sentences. This will help you set a manageable pace for the rest of your speech. For more on tackling public speaking nerves, check out our article here .

Audience Engagement and Interaction

If your speech includes interactive elements like Q&A, group discussion, or even just pauses for laughter or applause, that will reduce the total word count. The more audience engagement you have, the fewer words you’ll need to fill that 5-minute slot.

This is actually a great tactic to keep in mind if you’re someone who tends to speak quickly. Building in moments for audience interaction can help you slow down and make your speech feel more conversational and less rushed.

Tips for Delivering a Well-Paced 5-Minute Speech

Now that you know the factors that can affect your speech’s word count and pacing, let’s talk about how to use that information to deliver a great 5-minute speech.

Practice and Preparation

The best way to ensure a well-paced speech is to practice, practice, practice. Use a speech timer and aim to consistently hit that 5-minute mark in your rehearsals. The more you practice, the more natural and comfortable your pacing will feel when you’re in front of an audience.

It’s also a good idea to have a few key “anchor points” in your speech that you know you need to hit by certain times. For example, you might aim to be wrapping up your introduction by the 1 minute mark, starting your conclusion by minute 4, etc. This strategy will help keep you on track.

Breathing Techniques to Calm Nerves

If nerves are affecting your pacing, try some breathing techniques to calm yourself before and during your speech. Taking deep, slow breaths from your diaphragm can help slow your heart rate and make you feel more in control.

One technique is to inhale for a count of 4, hold for 4, exhale for 4, and hold for 4. Repeat this a few times before you start speaking, and any time you feel your pace starting to rush during your speech.

Engage with Your Audience

Remember, a speech isn’t just about the words you say—it’s about the connection you make with your audience. Make eye contact, smile, and react to their responses. This will make your speech feel more like a conversation, which can naturally regulate your pacing.

If you notice your audience looking confused or overwhelmed, that’s a sign you might be going too fast. Pause, take a breath, and slow down. On the flip side, if they seem bored or restless, you may need to pick up the pace a bit.

Speak Conversationally

One of the best ways to maintain a good pace is to speak like you’re having a conversation with a friend. Use simple, straightforward language and contractions (like “I’m” instead of “I am”). This will make your speech sound more natural and less like you’re reading from a script.

Imagine you’re explaining your topic to someone who’s intelligent but doesn’t know much about it. How would you pace yourself to ensure they understand? Aim for that same clarity and pace in your speech.

Inject Humor When Appropriate

A well-placed joke or humorous anecdote can be a great way to vary your speech’s pace and re-engage your audience. Laughter provides a natural pause and can give you a moment to catch your breath and reset your pace.

Of course, humor isn’t appropriate for every speech or audience. But if it fits your topic and style, don’t be afraid to use it strategically to control your pacing.

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Using a Speech Calculator or Timer

Speech timers and calculators are helpful tools that ensure you’ve written enough words to hit that 5-minute sweet spot. Here’s a bit more on how to use them effectively.

Benefits of Using a Speech Calculator

A speech calculator can take a lot of the guesswork out of speech writing. You input your text, select your desired speaking pace (slow, average, or fast), and it estimates how long your speech will take to deliver.

This is especially useful when you’re first drafting your speech. You can check as you go to make sure you’re on track for your 5-minute goal. It’s much easier to adjust on the fly than to get to the end and realize you’ve written way too much or too little.

How to Use a Speech Timer During Practice

Once you’ve written your speech, a speech timer is your best friend during practice sessions. Start the timer and deliver your speech out loud, as if you were in front of your audience. Check the timer at the end and note how long you took.

If you were way over or under 5 minutes, you may need to adjust your content. But if you were close, the goal is to practice enough that you consistently hit that 5-minute mark every time. This will give you confidence when it’s time for the real deal.

Adjusting Your Speech Based on Time Constraints

What if, despite your careful plans, you get to the venue and find out you only have 4 minutes to speak instead of 5? Or what if you’ve been blessed with an extra minute or two?

This is where knowing your speech well comes in handy. If you have to cut for time, look for anecdotes, examples, or tangents that can be shortened or eliminated without affecting your core message. If you have a little extra time, consider where you might be able to expand on a point or add an additional story.

The key is to be flexible and adaptable. Trust that you know your material well enough to adjust on the fly if needed. And remember, even if it’s not a perfect 5 minutes, what matters most is that you deliver your message effectively and engagingly.

So, how many words do you need for a 5-minute speech? As a general rule of thumb, aim for around 750 words. But remember, it’s not just about hitting a magic number. Your natural speaking pace, the type of speech you’re giving, and your comfort level all play a role in determining the ideal word count.

Remember, the trick is all in rehearsing, gearing up well before you need to perform, and not rushing through. Keep a timer or a speech calculator close by because they’re lifesavers for staying focused. With these strategies in your back pocket, you’ll be well on your way to delivering a powerful, well-paced 5-minute speech that leaves a lasting impact.

• Last Updated: May 3, 2024

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What is climate change mitigation and why is it urgent?

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• Climate change mitigation involves actions to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions from human activities.
• Mitigation efforts include transitioning to renewable energy sources, enhancing energy efficiency, adopting regenerative agricultural practices and protecting and restoring forests and critical ecosystems.
• Effective mitigation requires a whole-of-society approach and structural transformations to reduce emissions and limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
• International cooperation, for example through the Paris Agreement, is crucial in guiding and achieving global and national mitigation goals.
• Mitigation efforts face challenges such as the world's deep-rooted dependency on fossil fuels, the increased demand for new mineral resources and the difficulties in revamping our food systems.
• These challenges also offer opportunities to improve resilience and contribute to sustainable development.

What is climate change mitigation?

Climate change mitigation refers to any action taken by governments, businesses or people to reduce or prevent greenhouse gases, or to enhance carbon sinks that remove them from the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun in our planet’s atmosphere, keeping it warm. 

Since the industrial era began, human activities have led to the release of dangerous levels of greenhouse gases, causing global warming and climate change. However, despite unequivocal research about the impact of our activities on the planet’s climate and growing awareness of the severe danger climate change poses to our societies, greenhouse gas emissions keep rising. If we can slow down the rise in greenhouse gases, we can slow down the pace of climate change and avoid its worst consequences.

Reducing greenhouse gases can be achieved by:

• Shifting away from fossil fuels : Fossil fuels are the biggest source of greenhouse gases, so transitioning to modern renewable energy sources like solar, wind and geothermal power, and advancing sustainable modes of transportation, is crucial.
• Improving energy efficiency : Using less energy overall – in buildings, industries, public and private spaces, energy generation and transmission, and transportation – helps reduce emissions. This can be achieved by using thermal comfort standards, better insulation and energy efficient appliances, and by improving building design, energy transmission systems and vehicles.
• Changing agricultural practices : Certain farming methods release high amounts of methane and nitrous oxide, which are potent greenhouse gases. Regenerative agricultural practices – including enhancing soil health, reducing livestock-related emissions, direct seeding techniques and using cover crops – support mitigation, improve resilience and decrease the cost burden on farmers.
• The sustainable management and conservation of forests : Forests act as carbon sinks , absorbing carbon dioxide and reducing the overall concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Measures to reduce deforestation and forest degradation are key for climate mitigation and generate multiple additional benefits such as biodiversity conservation and improved water cycles.
• Restoring and conserving critical ecosystems : In addition to forests, ecosystems such as wetlands, peatlands, and grasslands, as well as coastal biomes such as mangrove forests, also contribute significantly to carbon sequestration, while supporting biodiversity and enhancing climate resilience.
• Creating a supportive environment : Investments, policies and regulations that encourage emission reductions, such as incentives, carbon pricing and limits on emissions from key sectors are crucial to driving climate change mitigation.

Photo: Stephane Bellerose/UNDP Mauritius

Photo: La Incre and Lizeth Jurado/PROAmazonia

What is the 1.5°C goal and why do we need to stick to it?

In 2015, 196 Parties to the UN Climate Convention in Paris adopted the Paris Agreement , a landmark international treaty, aimed at curbing global warming and addressing the effects of climate change. Its core ambition is to cap the rise in global average temperatures to well below 2°C above levels observed prior to the industrial era, while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.

The 1.5°C goal is extremely important, especially for vulnerable communities already experiencing severe climate change impacts. Limiting warming below 1.5°C will translate into less extreme weather events and sea level rise, less stress on food production and water access, less biodiversity and ecosystem loss, and a lower chance of irreversible climate consequences.

To limit global warming to the critical threshold of 1.5°C, it is imperative for the world to undertake significant mitigation action. This requires a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 45 percent before 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by mid-century.

What are the policy instruments that countries can use to drive mitigation?

Everyone has a role to play in climate change mitigation, from individuals adopting sustainable habits and advocating for change to governments implementing regulations, providing incentives and facilitating investments. The private sector, particularly those businesses and companies responsible for causing high emissions, should take a leading role in innovating, funding and driving climate change mitigation solutions. 

International collaboration and technology transfer is also crucial given the global nature and size of the challenge. As the main platform for international cooperation on climate action, the Paris Agreement has set forth a series of responsibilities and policy tools for its signatories. One of the primary instruments for achieving the goals of the treaty is Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) . These are the national climate pledges that each Party is required to develop and update every five years. NDCs articulate how each country will contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhance climate resilience.   While NDCs include short- to medium-term targets, long-term low emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) are policy tools under the Paris Agreement through which countries must show how they plan to achieve carbon neutrality by mid-century. These strategies define a long-term vision that gives coherence and direction to shorter-term national climate targets.

Photo: Mucyo Serge/UNDP Rwanda

Photo: William Seal/UNDP Sudan

At the same time, the call for climate change mitigation has evolved into a call for reparative action, where high-income countries are urged to rectify past and ongoing contributions to the climate crisis. This approach reflects the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which advocates for climate justice, recognizing the unequal historical responsibility for the climate crisis, emphasizing that wealthier countries, having profited from high-emission activities, bear a greater obligation to lead in mitigating these impacts. This includes not only reducing their own emissions, but also supporting vulnerable countries in their transition to low-emission development pathways.

Another critical aspect is ensuring a just transition for workers and communities that depend on the fossil fuel industry and its many connected industries. This process must prioritize social equity and create alternative employment opportunities as part of the shift towards renewable energy and more sustainable practices.

For emerging economies, innovation and advancements in technology have now demonstrated that robust economic growth can be achieved with clean, sustainable energy sources. By integrating renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind and geothermal power into their growth strategies, these economies can reduce their emissions, enhance energy security and create new economic opportunities and jobs. This shift not only contributes to global mitigation efforts but also sets a precedent for sustainable development.

What are some of the challenges slowing down climate change mitigation efforts?

Mitigating climate change is fraught with complexities, including the global economy's deep-rooted dependency on fossil fuels and the accompanying challenge of eliminating fossil fuel subsidies. This reliance – and the vested interests that have a stake in maintaining it – presents a significant barrier to transitioning to sustainable energy sources.

The shift towards decarbonization and renewable energy is driving increased demand for critical minerals such as copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth metals. Since new mining projects can take up to 15 years to yield output, mineral supply chains could become a bottleneck for decarbonization efforts. In addition, these minerals are predominantly found in a few, mostly low-income countries, which could heighten supply chain vulnerabilities and geopolitical tensions.

Furthermore, due to the significant demand for these minerals and the urgency of the energy transition, the scaled-up investment in the sector has the potential to exacerbate environmental degradation, economic and governance risks, and social inequalities, affecting the rights of Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and workers. Addressing these concerns necessitates implementing social and environmental safeguards, embracing circular economy principles, and establishing and enforcing responsible policies and regulations .

Agriculture is currently the largest driver of deforestation worldwide. A transformation in our food systems to reverse the impact that agriculture has on forests and biodiversity is undoubtedly a complex challenge. But it is also an important opportunity. The latest IPCC report highlights that adaptation and mitigation options related to land, water and food offer the greatest potential in responding to the climate crisis. Shifting to regenerative agricultural practices will not only ensure a healthy, fair and stable food supply for the world’s population, but also help to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.  

Photo: UNDP India

Photo: Nino Zedginidze/UNDP Georgia

What are some examples of climate change mitigation?

In Mauritius , UNDP, with funding from the Green Climate Fund, has supported the government to install battery energy storage capacity that has enabled 50 MW of intermittent renewable energy to be connected to the grid, helping to avoid 81,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually. 

In Indonesia , UNDP has been working with the government for over a decade to support sustainable palm oil production. In 2019, the country adopted a National Action Plan on Sustainable Palm Oil, which was collaboratively developed by government, industry and civil society representatives. The plan increased the adoption of practices to minimize the adverse social and environmental effects of palm oil production and to protect forests. Since 2015, 37 million tonnes of direct greenhouse gas emissions have been avoided and 824,000 hectares of land with high conservation value have been protected.

In Moldova and Paraguay , UNDP has helped set up Green City Labs that are helping build more sustainable cities. This is achieved by implementing urban land use and mobility planning, prioritizing energy efficiency in residential buildings, introducing low-carbon public transport, implementing resource-efficient waste management, and switching to renewable energy sources. 

UNDP has supported the governments of Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Indonesia to implement results-based payments through the REDD+ (Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries) framework. These include payments for environmental services and community forest management programmes that channel international climate finance resources to local actors on the ground, specifically forest communities and Indigenous Peoples. 

UNDP is also supporting small island developing states like the Comoros to invest in renewable energy and sustainable infrastructure. Through the Africa Minigrids Program , solar minigrids will be installed in two priority communities, Grand Comore and Moheli, providing energy access through distributed renewable energy solutions to those hardest to reach.

And in South Africa , a UNDP initative to boost energy efficiency awareness among the general population and improve labelling standards has taken over commercial shopping malls.

What is UNDP’s role in supporting climate change mitigation?

UNDP aims to assist countries with their climate change mitigation efforts, guiding them towards sustainable, low-carbon and climate-resilient development. This support is in line with achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to affordable and clean energy (SDG7), sustainable cities and communities (SDG11), and climate action (SDG13). Specifically, UNDP’s offer of support includes developing and improving legislation and policy, standards and regulations, capacity building, knowledge dissemination, and financial mobilization for countries to pilot and scale-up mitigation solutions such as renewable energy projects, energy efficiency initiatives and sustainable land-use practices. 

With financial support from the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund, UNDP has an active portfolio of 94 climate change mitigation projects in 69 countries. These initiatives are not only aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but also at contributing to sustainable and resilient development pathways.

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Steve Albini, influential record producer and musician, dies at 61

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Steve Albini, the record producer and engineer behind generation-defining rock albums by Nirvana, the Pixies and PJ Harvey, died Tuesday. He was 61.

A representative for Electrical Audio, Albini’s Chicago recording studio, confirmed Albini’s death following a heart attack on Tuesday. The representative did not have available a further statement or a list of survivors.

Albini was a giant of punk and experimental rock music from the ’80s to the present day. He produced (or as he preferred to call his job, “engineered”) Nirvana’s final studio album, “In Utero,” selected by the band for his raw, uncompromising aesthetic. Albums like the Pixies’ “Surfer Rosa” and PJ Harvey’s “Rid of Me” felt bracing and dangerous then, and continue to inspire young rockers today for their seething energy and defiance of pop audio convention.

“I’ve gotten exactly one phone call out of a No. 1 record,” Albini told The Times in 1993. “It shows how pack-like these major-label people are. They all think the same thing: ‘That Albini guy is trouble. Stay away.’”

Albini, raised in Missoula, Mont., was the son of a rocket scientist father and inherited his engineer’s meticulousness. The young Albini, smart and disenchanted with the local conservative culture, discovered punk through music magazines and found safe harbor for misfits. After moving to Chicago to attend Northwestern University for journalism, he rose to scene prominence as an artist in the scabrous groups Big Black and Shellac, which emerged from the fertile post-hardcore underground alongside bands like Sonic Youth, Butthole Surfers and the Minutemen.

Snarling and sneering through big eyeglasses, yet just as ambitious and uncorruptable as he was abrasive, Albini became a star in the underground. “How many boys want to be whipped by Steve Albini’s guitar?” Sonic Youth’s Kim Gordon told the Village Voice in 1988.

“Big Black introduced one of the indie world’s foremost characters,” wrote Michael Azerrad in the definitive indie-punk scene biography, “Our Band Could Be Your Life.” “A person who would define not just the sound of underground music through the next two decades, but also its discourse — the irascible, outspoken, intelligent and relentlessly ethical Steve Albini.”

Shellac in particular was a formative influence for countless punk, metal, electronic and noise bands. The group’s 1994 LP “At Action Park” was a brutal read on post-punk, its minimalist yet seething power-trio instrumentation slinking with menace.

Albini paired his dedication to the most vicious, arresting sounds possible with a workmanlike professionalism as a producer in his studio, Electrical Audio. He was famous for wearing a mechanic-style jumpsuit to sessions, an overt gesture at how he saw his role.

“I’ve always had a fairly standard method,” he said of his recording techniques. “I have a straightforward, documentary approach to recording music, and I’ve never been tempted with my own bands or with anyone else’s band to suddenly go production-happy. If you let the band sound natural, then the record will sink or swim on its own merits. ... The things I like most about rock bands are simplicity and straightforwardness, and those principles guide my recordings.””

He was a ferocious advocate for artists. A famous essay in the Baffler, “The Problem With Music,” laid out the perfidies of the major-label system, at the time still in a post-Nirvana feeding frenzy for young rock acts.

“Whenever I talk to a band who are about to sign with a major label, I always end up thinking of them in a particular context,” Albini wrote. “I imagine a trench, about four feet wide and five feet deep, maybe sixty yards long, filled with runny, decaying s—. I imagine these people, some of them good friends, some of them barely acquaintances, at one end of this trench. I also imagine a faceless industry lackey at the other end, holding a fountain pen and a contract waiting to be signed.”

“In Utero,” Nirvana’s followup to the the epochal “Nevermind,” bridged the gap between the underground music Kurt Cobain loved and the expectations placed on the biggest band in the world. “Feeling uncomfortable with this new world of Nirvana fame,“ drummer Dave Grohl said in an interview last year. ”When things did become huge, we all sort of clung to the things we felt most attached to. We had always listened to records Steve had made.”

Albini’s catalog spans decades of fierce and fearless rock and experimental records, from Slint and Jesus Lizard to Low, Mogwai and Joanna Newsom. He wrote and recorded up to his death. Shellac was about to tour around its first album in a decade, “To All Trains,” which will be released next week.

“What matters to me is that I do things in a way that I feel is — for lack of a better word — righteous,” Albini told The Times. “Everything that I do, I do basically with the same goal: I want to make better, cheaper punk-rock records today than I did yesterday.”

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