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Course: US history   >   Unit 7

• The presidency of Herbert Hoover
• The Great Depression
• FDR and the Great Depression

The New Deal

• The New Deal was a set of domestic policies enacted under President Franklin D. Roosevelt that dramatically expanded the federal government’s role in the economy in response to the Great Depression.
• Historians commonly speak of a First New Deal (1933-1934), with the “alphabet soup” of relief, recovery, and reform agencies it created, and a Second New Deal (1935-1938) that offered further legislative reforms and created the groundwork for today’s modern social welfare system.
• It was the massive military expenditures of World War II , not the New Deal, that eventually pulled the United States out of the Great Depression.

Origins of the New Deal

• relief (for the unemployed)
• recovery (of the economy through federal spending and job creation), and
• reform (of capitalism, by means of regulatory legislation and the creation of new social welfare programs). 2 ‍  

The First New Deal (1933-1934)

The second new deal (1935-1938), the legacy of the new deal, what do you think.

• Franklin Roosevelt, " Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago ," July 2, 1932. Full text courtesy The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara.
• See David M. Kennedy and Lizabeth Cohen, The American Pageant: A History of the American People , 15th ed. (Boston: Wadsworth, 2013), 754-277.
• Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty: An American History (New York: Norton, 2005), 829. Emphasis added.
• On industrial output, see Akira Iriye, American Foreign Policy Relations (1913), 119.
• On Keynes, see Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman (New York: MacMillan, 2003.)
• On Roosevelt's court-packing plan, see Burt Solomon, FDR v. The Constitution: The Court-Packing Fight and the Triumph of Democracy (New York: Walker & Co., 2003).
• See David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 131-287.

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By: History.com Editors

Updated: March 28, 2023 | Original: October 29, 2009

The New Deal was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans. When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were suffering. Over the next eight years, the government instituted a series of experimental New Deal projects and programs, such as the CCC , the WPA , the TVA, the SEC and others. Roosevelt’s New Deal fundamentally and permanently changed the U.S. federal government by expanding its size and scope—especially its role in the economy.

New Deal for the American People

On March 4, 1933, during the bleakest days of the Great Depression , newly elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his first inaugural address before 100,000 people on Washington’s Capitol Plaza.

“First of all,” he said, “let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”

He promised that he would act swiftly to face the “dark realities of the moment” and assured Americans that he would “wage a war against the emergency” just as though “we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe.” His speech gave many people confidence that they’d elected a man who was not afraid to take bold steps to solve the nation’s problems.

Did you know? Unemployment levels in some cities reached staggering levels during the Great Depression: By 1933, Toledo, Ohio's had reached 80 percent, and nearly 90 percent of Lowell, Massachusetts, was unemployed.

The next day, Roosevelt declared a four-day bank holiday to stop people from withdrawing their money from shaky banks. On March 9, Congress passed Roosevelt’s Emergency Banking Act, which reorganized the banks and closed the ones that were insolvent.

In his first “ fireside chat ” three days later, the president urged Americans to put their savings back in the banks, and by the end of the month almost three quarters of them had reopened.

The First Hundred Days

Roosevelt’s quest to end the Great Depression was just beginning, and would ramp up in what came to be known as “ The First 100 Days .” Roosevelt kicked things off by asking Congress to take the first step toward ending Prohibition —one of the more divisive issues of the 1920s—by making it legal once again for Americans to buy beer. (At the end of the year, Congress ratified the 21st Amendment and ended Prohibition for good.)

In May, he signed the Tennessee Valley Authority Act into law, creating the TVA and enabling the federal government to build dams along the Tennessee River that controlled flooding and generated inexpensive hydroelectric power for the people in the region.

That same month, Congress passed a bill that paid commodity farmers (farmers who produced things like wheat, dairy products, tobacco and corn) to leave their fields fallow in order to end agricultural surpluses and boost prices.

June’s National Industrial Recovery Act guaranteed that workers would have the right to unionize and bargain collectively for higher wages and better working conditions; it also suspended some antitrust laws and established a federally funded Public Works Administration.

In addition to the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the Tennessee Valley Authority Act and the National Industrial Recovery Act, Roosevelt had won passage of 12 other major laws, including the Glass-Steagall Act (an important banking bill) and the Home Owners’ Loan Act, in his first 100 days in office.

Almost every American found something to be pleased about and something to complain about in this motley collection of bills, but it was clear to all that FDR was taking the “direct, vigorous” action that he’d promised in his inaugural address.

Second New Deal

Despite the best efforts of President Roosevelt and his cabinet, however, the Great Depression continued. Unemployment persisted, the economy remained unstable, farmers continued to struggle in the Dust Bowl and people grew angrier and more desperate.

So, in the spring of 1935, Roosevelt launched a second, more aggressive series of federal programs, sometimes called the Second New Deal.

In April, he created the Works Progress Administration (WPA) to provide jobs for unemployed people. WPA projects weren’t allowed to compete with private industry, so they focused on building things like post offices, bridges, schools, highways and parks. The WPA also gave work to artists, writers, theater directors and musicians.

In July 1935, the National Labor Relations Act , also known as the Wagner Act, created the National Labor Relations Board to supervise union elections and prevent businesses from treating their workers unfairly. In August, FDR signed the Social Security Act of 1935, which guaranteed pensions to millions of Americans, set up a system of unemployment insurance and stipulated that the federal government would help care for dependent children and the disabled.

In 1936, while campaigning for a second term, FDR told a roaring crowd at Madison Square Garden that “The forces of ‘organized money’ are unanimous in their hate for me—and I welcome their hatred.”

He went on: “I should like to have it said of my first Administration that in it the forces of selfishness and of lust for power met their match, [and] I should like to have it said of my second Administration that in it these forces have met their master.”

This FDR had come a long way from his earlier repudiation of class-based politics and was promising a much more aggressive fight against the people who were profiting from the Depression-era troubles of ordinary Americans. He won the election by a landslide.

Still, the Great Depression dragged on. Workers grew more militant: In December 1936, for example, the United Auto Workers strike at a GM plant in Flint, Michigan lasted for 44 days and spread to some 150,000 autoworkers in 35 cities.

By 1937, to the dismay of most corporate leaders, some 8 million workers had joined unions and were loudly demanding their rights.

The End of the New Deal?

Meanwhile, the New Deal itself confronted one political setback after another. Arguing that they represented an unconstitutional extension of federal authority, the conservative majority on the Supreme Court had already invalidated reform initiatives like the National Recovery Administration and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration.

In order to protect his programs from further meddling, in 1937 President Roosevelt announced a plan to add enough liberal justices to the Court to neutralize the “obstructionist” conservatives.

This “ Court-packing ” turned out to be unnecessary—soon after they caught wind of the plan, the conservative justices started voting to uphold New Deal projects—but the episode did a good deal of public-relations damage to the administration and gave ammunition to many of the president’s Congressional opponents.

That same year, the economy slipped back into a recession when the government reduced its stimulus spending. Despite this seeming vindication of New Deal policies, increasing anti-Roosevelt sentiment made it difficult for him to enact any new programs.

On December 7, 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and the United States entered World War II . The war effort stimulated American industry and, as a result, effectively ended the Great Depression .

The New Deal and American Politics

From 1933 until 1941, President Roosevelt’s New Deal programs and policies did more than just adjust interest rates, tinker with farm subsidies and create short-term make-work programs.

They created a brand-new, if tenuous, political coalition that included white working people, African Americans and left-wing intellectuals. More women entered the workforce as Roosevelt expanded the number of secretarial roles in government. These groups rarely shared the same interests—at least, they rarely thought they did— but they did share a powerful belief that an interventionist government was good for their families, the economy and the nation.

Their coalition has splintered over time, but many of the New Deal programs that bound them together—Social Security, unemployment insurance and federal agricultural subsidies, for instance—are still with us today.

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The New Deal — A Guide to FDR’s Plan for Relief, Recovery, and Reform

The New Deal was a series of programs and policies implemented in the 1930s by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in response to severe economic and social issues in the United States.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944. Image Source: FDR Presidential Library & Museum on Flickr .

New Deal Summary

The New Deal was a series of programs and policies implemented in the 1930s by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt — commonly referred to as FDR — in response to severe economic and social issues in the United States. Each New Deal program and policy fell into one or more of three areas, known as the “Three Rs” — Relief, Recovery, and Reform.

At the end of the Roaring Twenties, the 1929 Stock Market Crash triggered the Great Depression started when the stock market crashed in 1929. Starting in 1931, the southwestern Great Plains suffered from a severe drought, which led to massive dust storms. The area was called “The Dust Bowl” and thousands of people were forced to abandon their homes and move west. In the wake of these events, Roosevelt ran for President in 1932, promising a “New Deal” for Americans, and defeated incumbent Herbert Hoover.

Roosevelt was inaugurated on March 4, 1933. In his First Inaugural Address, he delivered the famous line, “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” FDR moved quickly to ease the effects of the Depression on Americans by passing New Deal legislation during “The First Hundred Days” of his Presidency.

FDR started by restoring faith in banks, which had suffered due to the stock market crash of 1929. A Bank Holiday was declared and Congress followed by passing the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which allowed the government to inspect the financial health of banks before allowing them to reopen.

The New Deal aimed to tackle unemployment by creating programs that provided job opportunities. The Civil Works Administration (CWA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) employed millions of Americans to work on infrastructure projects, such as building roads, bridges, and schools. Other programs, like the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), developed hydroelectric power plants to bring electricity to communities where none existed.

The New Deal also addressed labor relations by passing the National Labor Relations Act — also known as the (Wagner Act). It protected the rights of workers, allowing them to join unions and engage in collective bargaining. The act also established the Fair Labor Standards Act, which set a minimum wage for workers.

The New Deal programs and policies created a significant expansion of the Federal government. They also redefined the government’s role in dealing with economic and social issues. The New Deal was controversial when it was implemented, and its legacy continues to be debated by historians, economists, and others. However, the significance of the New Deal and its impact on the United States during the era leading up to World War II cannot be denied.

What did the New Deal do?

This video from the Daily Bellringer provides an overview of the New Deal and its programs. It also touches on the controversy caused by the New Deal which was caused by the expansion of the Federal Government.

New Deal Facts

• The name “New Deal” came from Franklin D. Roosevelt’s 1932 acceptance speech for the Democratic Party’s presidential nomination. In the speech, he said, “I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people.”
• The New Deal was designed to deal with the economic and social issues created by the 1929 Stock Market Crash, the Great Depression, and the Dust Bow.
• On March 4, 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected President. He gave a speech on Capitol Plaza in Washington DC to 100,000 people. He said the “only thing we should be afraid of is fear itself.”
• He took action right away by calling Congress into a special session known as “The Hundred Days,” during which legislation was passed to deal with the Depression and provide economic aid to struggling Americans.
• In an effort to restore the public’s confidence in banks, FDR declared a Bank Holiday and Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act.
• The New Deal dealt with unemployment by creating programs like the Civil Works Administration (CWA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), providing jobs for millions of Americans and improving the nation’s infrastructure.
• The New Deal was followed by the Second New Deal, which included the National Labor Relations Act, the  Works Progress Administration, and the Social Security Act.
• The New Deal also included labor-related legislation, such as the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) and the Fair Labor Standards Act, which gave workers the right to join unions, negotiate collectively, and established a minimum wage.
• The New Deal paved the way for the repeal of the 18th Amendment, which established Prohibition. The Beer-Wine Revenue Act of 1933 amended the Volstead Act by raising the amount of alcohol allowed to 3.2 percent and also levied a tax.
• Social programs established by the New Deal are still in effect today, including Social Security and the “Food Stamp Plan.”

New Deal AP US History (APUSH) Terms, Definitions, and FAQs

This section provides terms, definitions, and Frequently Asked Questions about the New Deal and the Second New Deal, including people, events, and programs. Also, be sure to look at our Guide to the AP US History Exam .

The New Deal was a series of policies and programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the 1930s in response to the Great Depression. The New Deal aimed to provide relief to the unemployed and poor, promote economic recovery, and reform the financial system. The New Deal included programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), and the National Recovery Administration (NRA). It also created numerous agencies and programs such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the Social Security Administration.

The second phase of the New Deal, which was enacted in 1935. The Second New Deal focused on providing economic security to Americans through the creation of Social Security and other welfare programs. It also included measures to stimulate the economy, such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). The Second New Deal was instrumental in helping to alleviate poverty and providing employment opportunities during the Great Depression.

FDR’s Alphabet Soup refers to the numerous programs and agencies created during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency as part of the New Deal. These initiatives, often known by their acronyms, aimed to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression. Examples include the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), the TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority), and the WPA (Works Progress Administration).

The New Deal was a series of economic programs and reforms enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. The New Deal sought to provide relief, recovery, and reform to the American economy. It included programs such as Social Security, the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). These programs were instrumental in helping to protect workers’ rights and providing employment opportunities during the Great Depression. However, the New Deal was controversial, with some arguing it was a “raw deal” for workers and others arguing that it helped to alleviate the suffering of millions of Americans.

The three Rs of the New Deal were 1) Relief for the needy, 2) Recovery of the economy, and 3) Reform of the financial system. Each of the New Deal Programs generally fell into one of these areas. The goal of the three Rs was to keep the United States from falling into another Economic Depression.

New Deal People and Groups

Herbert Hoover — Herbert Hoover served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933. He faced the immense challenges of the Great Depression and was criticized for his belief in limited government intervention. Despite his efforts to address the crisis, Hoover’s presidency is often associated with economic hardships and the initial response to the Depression.

John L. Lewis — An American labor leader who was instrumental in the formation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1935. He was a key figure in the Second New Deal and helped to pass the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). He was also responsible for leading several major strikes during the Great Depression, including the United Mine Workers strike of 1934. Lewis worked to protect workers’ rights and provide employment opportunities during the Great Depression.

Franklin D. Roosevelt — Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd President of the United States, serving from 1933 to 1945. He was elected to the presidency during the Great Depression, and his presidency is closely associated with the New Deal, a series of policies and programs aimed at addressing the economic crisis and promoting economic recovery. He was re-elected for an unprecedented four terms and his leadership during the Great Depression and World War II solidified the role of the Federal government in the American economy and society.

Eleanor Roosevelt — The wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt and one of the most influential First Ladies in American history. She was an advocate for civil rights and women’s rights, and she used her position to promote social reform.

FDR’s Brain Trust — A group of advisors to President Franklin D. Roosevelt who helped him develop the New Deal. They included prominent academics and intellectuals such as Raymond Moley, Rexford Tugwell, and Adolf Berle.

New Deal Democrats —  New Deal Democrats were a faction within the Democratic Party during the 1930s and 1940s that supported Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal policies. These Democrats supported increasing government intervention in the economy and expanding social welfare programs.

United Mine Workers — A labor union that was formed in 1890. The union was instrumental in the formation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1935 and led several major strikes during the Great Depression, including the United Mine Workers strike of 1934.

Hundred Days Congress — The Hundred Days Congress was a special session of the United States Congress that ran from March 9 to June 16, 1933. It was called in response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression and was used to pass a number of laws known as the New Deal. During this period, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a series of sweeping reforms designed to provide relief for those affected by the depression, as well as to stimulate the economy. The Hundred Days Congress passed a number of laws, including the Emergency Banking Relief Act, the Glass-Steagall Act, and the National Industrial Recovery Act.

New Deal Events

1932 Presidential Election — The 1932 Presidential Election marked a pivotal moment in American history as the nation grappled with the Great Depression. It was primarily a contest between Republican incumbent Herbert Hoover and Democratic candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR). FDR emerged victorious, promising a “New Deal” to combat the Depression and implementing a series of reforms that fundamentally reshaped the role of the federal government.

Bank Holiday — A bank holiday is a period of time during which banks are closed, usually by government order. In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared a national bank holiday in order to address the banking crisis caused by the Great Depression. During the holiday, which lasted four days, the government examined the books of all banks and only those that were found to be sound were allowed to reopen. This action helped stabilize the banking system and restore public confidence in banks.

Fireside Chats — The Fireside Chats were a series of radio addresses given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during his presidency. The chats were designed to provide the American people with information about the government’s policies and actions and to explain the reasoning behind them in plain language. The chats were informal and conversational in tone, and they were delivered from the White House, often in the evening, giving the impression that Roosevelt was speaking directly to the American people from the warmth and comfort of their own homes. The Fireside Chats were a powerful tool for Roosevelt to communicate with the American people, build public support for his policies and maintain public confidence during a time of economic crisis.

Great Depression — The Great Depression refers to the severe economic downturn that occurred in the United States and other countries during the 1930s. It was characterized by widespread unemployment, poverty, and a sharp decline in industrial production and trade—ultimately leading to a fundamental restructuring of the American economy and significant social and political changes.

Roosevelt Recession — A period of economic contraction that occurred during the Great Depression, starting in 1937 and lasting until 1938. It was caused by a combination of factors, including President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s decision to reduce government spending, an increase in taxes, and the Federal Reserve’s decision to raise interest rates. This resulted in a decrease in consumer spending and investment, leading to a decrease in economic activity. The Roosevelt Recession was a major setback for the New Deal and led to increased unemployment and poverty.

United Mine Workers Strike of 1934 — A major strike led by the United Mine Workers Union during the Great Depression. The strike was in response to wage cuts and other grievances. It lasted for several months and resulted in a victory for the miners, who were able to secure higher wages and better working conditions.

New Deal Programs

Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933) — A law passed by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal. The AAA was designed to help farmers by providing subsidies for reducing crop production and encouraging soil conservation. It also established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), which was responsible for implementing the provisions of the act. The AAA was instrumental in helping to stabilize agricultural prices and providing economic relief to farmers during the Great Depression.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) — The CCC provided employment for young men between the ages of 18 and 25, who were paid to work on conservation projects such as planting trees, building roads, and constructing dams. The CCC also provided educational opportunities for its workers, including classes in literacy, math, and vocational skills. The CCC was instrumental in helping to restore the environment and providing employment opportunities during the Great Depression.

Civil Works Administration (CWA) — An agency created by the Federal Emergency Relief Act of 1933 as part of the New Deal. The CWA was responsible for providing jobs to millions of Americans during the Great Depression. It provided employment in construction, repair, and maintenance projects such as building roads, bridges, and public buildings. The CWA was instrumental in helping to alleviate poverty and providing employment opportunities during the Great Depression.

Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933) — A law passed by Congress in 1933 which allowed the federal government to provide emergency loans to banks in order to stabilize the banking system. The act was part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal and was designed to restore public confidence in the banking system. It provided for the reopening of solvent banks, the reorganization of insolvent banks, and the establishment of a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure deposits up to $2,500. The act was instrumental in helping to stabilize the banking system during the Great Depression and restoring public confidence in banks.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) — An independent agency of the United States government created in 1933 as part of the New Deal. The FDIC provides insurance for deposits up to a certain amount in member banks, protecting depositors from losses due to bank failures. The FDIC also regulates and supervises financial institutions to ensure that they are operating safely and soundly. It is one of the most important financial regulatory agencies in the United States and has helped to restore public confidence in the banking system.

Federal Emergency Relief Act (1933) — A law passed by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal. The FERA provided federal funds to states and local governments to create relief programs for the unemployed. It also established the Civil Works Administration (CWA), which was responsible for providing jobs to millions of Americans during the Great Depression. The FERA was instrumental in helping to alleviate poverty and providing employment opportunities during the Great Depression.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA) — An agency created by the National Housing Act of 1934 as part of the New Deal. The FHA was responsible for providing mortgage insurance to lenders, which allowed them to make home loans with lower down payments and easier credit requirements. This helped to increase homeownership and provided jobs to thousands of Americans during the Great Depression. The FHA helped stabilize the housing market and provide employment opportunities during the Great Depression.

Glass-Steagall Act (1933) — The Glass-Steagall Act was a law passed by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal. It was designed to separate commercial and investment banking, and it prohibited banks from engaging in certain types of speculative investments. The act also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which provided insurance for bank deposits up to a certain amount. The Glass-Steagall Act helped restore public confidence in the banking system and prevent another financial crisis.

National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) —  The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was a law passed by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal. It was designed to stimulate economic growth by providing government assistance to businesses, setting minimum wages and maximum hours for workers, and establishing codes of fair competition. The NIRA also established the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which was responsible for enforcing the provisions of the act. The NIRA was eventually declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935.

The Public Works Administration (PWA) — An agency created by the National Recovery Administration of 1933 as part of the New Deal. The PWA was responsible for providing jobs to millions of Americans during the Great Depression. It provided employment in construction, repair, and maintenance projects such as building roads, bridges, and public buildings. The PWA played an important role in helping to alleviate poverty and providing employment opportunities during the Great Depression.

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) — An agency created by the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 as part of the New Deal. The TVA was responsible for developing the infrastructure and resources of the Tennessee Valley region, including hydroelectric power, flood control, navigation, reforestation, and soil conservation. It also provided jobs to thousands of Americans during the Great Depression. The TVA played an important role in helping modernize the region and providing employment opportunities during the Great Depression.

Second New Deal Programs

Committee for Industrial Organizations (CIO) — An organization formed in 1935 as part of the Second New Deal. The CIO was responsible for organizing workers into unions and bargaining collectively with employers.

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) — An act passed in 1938 as part of the Second New Deal. The Fair Labor Standards Act was responsible for establishing a minimum wage, overtime pay, and other labor standards.

National Labor Relations Act (1935) — An act passed in 1935 as part of the Second New Deal. The NLRA was responsible for protecting the rights of workers to organize and bargain collectively with their employers. It also established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), which was responsible for enforcing the provisions of the act.

Social Security Act (1935) — An act passed as part of the Second New Deal. The Social Security Act was responsible for providing economic security to Americans through the establishment of a federal retirement program and other welfare programs. It also provided unemployment insurance and disability benefits.

Wagner Act — Also known as the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), it was passed in 1935 as part of the Second New Deal. The Wagner Act was responsible for protecting the rights of workers to organize and bargain collectively with their employers. It also established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), which was responsible for enforcing the provisions of the act.

Works Progress Administration (WPA) — An agency created by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 as part of the Second New Deal. The WPA was responsible for providing jobs to millions of Americans during the Great Depression. It funded a variety of projects, including construction, infrastructure development, and arts and culture programs. The WPA was instrumental in helping to stimulate the economy and providing employment opportunities during the Great Depression.

More New Deal Terms and Definitions

21st Amendment — The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that repealed the 18th Amendment and ended Prohibition. The 21st Amendment was ratified in 1933 as part of the New Deal and allowed states to regulate the sale and consumption of alcohol within their borders. It also gave states the power to collect taxes on alcohol sales, which provided a much-needed source of revenue during the Great Depression.

Boondoggling — A term coined by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to describe wasteful government spending on public works projects. The term was used to criticize the New Deal programs, which were seen as a form of government waste and corruption. Boondoggling became a popular term during the Great Depression and is still used today to refer to any wasteful or unnecessary government spending.

Tennessee River Valley — The Tennessee River Valley refers to the region in the southeastern United States encompassing parts of Tennessee, Alabama, and Kentucky. It gained prominence during the New Deal era due to the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a federal agency tasked with developing the area’s water resources, controlling flooding, and promoting economic development through hydroelectric power generation and irrigation projects.

National Parks — National Parks are protected areas designated by the federal government to preserve and showcase the country’s natural, historical, and cultural heritage. These areas, managed by the National Park Service, offer opportunities for recreation, conservation, and education. Notable examples include Yellowstone, Yosemite, and the Grand Canyon. National Parks serve as significant landmarks and contribute to the nation’s tourism industry and environmental conservation efforts.

Why is the New Deal important?

The New Deal is important to United States history for several reasons:

1. Response to the Great Depression: The New Deal was a direct response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, which was one of the most challenging periods in American history. It represented a major shift in the role of the federal government in addressing economic issues and providing relief to citizens.

2. Economic Recovery and Relief: The New Deal implemented a range of programs and policies aimed at stabilizing the economy, creating jobs, and providing relief to those affected by the Great Depression. It helped alleviate immediate suffering and provided assistance to millions of Americans through employment, financial aid, and social welfare programs.

3. Expansion of Federal Government Power: The New Deal marked a significant expansion of the federal government’s role in regulating the economy and addressing social issues. It introduced new agencies and programs, such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Social Security, that had long-lasting impacts on American society and established a precedent for increased government intervention in the economy.

4. Transformation of American Society: The New Deal’s programs had a transformative effect on American society. It brought about improvements in infrastructure, public works, and conservation projects, enhancing the nation’s physical landscape. It also introduced labor reforms, such as the right to unionize and the establishment of minimum wage standards, which aimed to improve working conditions and workers’ rights.

5. Legacy and Long-Term Impacts: Many of the programs and policies initiated during the New Deal era had lasting impacts on American society. Social Security, for example, continues to provide financial security to elderly and disabled Americans. The New Deal also shaped the political landscape, as the Democratic Party under FDR gained support from various social groups and established a coalition that would dominate American politics for decades.

• Written by Randal Rust

The New Deal

The election of Fran

Guiding Questions:

• What were President Franklin Roosevelt’s objectives as explained in his May 7, 1933 Fireside Chat?
• What problems were New Deal programs intended to solve?
• Why did President Franklin Roosevelt propose reorganization of the judiciary? What was the method he proposed the reorganization? What constitutional principles support his plan? How would reorganization have changed the constitutional system of checks and balances?
• What long-term results came from the New Deal?

Objectives:

• Students will describe the purposes of various New Deal programs.
• Students will analyze the extent to which President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal changed the shift of governmental power.
• Students will evaluate Roosevelt’s plan for the judiciary.

Expand Materials Materials

Student handouts.

• The New Deal Essay

Handout A: Franklin D. Roosevelt Fireside Chat “Outlining the New Deal Program”

Handout b: new deal programs.

• Handout C: Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Press Conference about the Composition of the Supreme Court, February 5, 1937

Handout D: Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Fireside Chat “On the Reorganization of the Judiciary”

Educator Resources

• Handout A: Franklin D. Roosevelt Fireside Chat “Outlining the New Deal Program” Answer Key
• Handout C: Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Press Conference about the Composition of the Supreme Court, February 5, 1937 Answer Key

Poster paper and markers for New Deal Programs presentations

Expand Key Terms Key Terms

• Fourteenth Amendment
• Bill of Rights
• due process
• limited government

Expand Prework Prework

Have students read the New Deal Essay .

Expand Warmup Warmup

Review some of the economic, social, and political conditions that faced the nation in 1932: deepening economic crisis and unemployment of the great Depression, stock market weakness and banking shutdown, plummeting industrial production, racial segregation and discrimination, lack of faith in the political system, etc.

Expand Activities Activities

Distribute Handout B: New Deal Programs . Have students work in pairs or trios to select one of the following New Deal programs and create a presentation in which both partners can explain the provisions of the program, which branch of the government would administer the program, and the intended length of the program.

• Agricultural Adjustment Act
• Civilian Conservation Corps
• Federal Communication Act
• Federal Emergency Relief Administration
• Federal Trade Commission
• Indian Reorganization Act
• National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act
• National Industrial Recovery Act
• Public Works Association
• Social Security Act
• Tennessee Valley Authority
• Works Progress Administration

Have students write the required information on poster paper. Encourage students to add illustrations, memory devices, and colorful elements to their posters, and then display the posters in the classroom for a gallery walk. Set a timer to give the audience 2 minutes at each poster. There is no particular order in which students should visit the posters; just spread out wherever there is space. Have one member of the pair responsible for each poster stand beside their poster to explain it to classmates for the first half of the gallery walk time, and then switch to allow the other teammate to present. As they view each poster, the audience should take notes on Handout B to summarize the main provisions of each New Deal program and develop a memory device for the program.

Have students read Handout C: Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Press Conference about the Composition of the Supreme Court, February 5, 1937 . If pressed for time, you might assign just pages 1, 8, and 9 of this document. Ask students what they think of President Roosevelt’s logic in the proposal regarding the Supreme Court. If more people are involved in reaching a decision, does that make the decision process take less time or more time?

Have students read Handout D and discuss the Critical Thinking Questions in small groups. If pressed for time, you might direct students to focus on pages 2,3,4, and 7.

Expand Wrap Up Wrap Up

Hold a debate regarding Roosevelt’s Judiciary Reorganization plan. Divide class in half, assign one half yea and the other half nay regarding this proposition: President Roosevelt’s Reorganization plan would have probably solved the problems he cited in a manner consistent with the Constitution.

In preparation, each side should be able to cite

• Constitutional provisions that affirm their arguments.
• Constitutional principles that affirm their arguments.
• The historical context of the arguments.

Format: 5 minutes for each side’s opening statements; 10 minutes for discussion and questions/cross examination; 5 minute break for each side to hone their final statement; 4 minutes for each side to make their final statement.

Expand Extensions Extensions

Find examples in current events of controversies related to judicial reform, separation of powers, and checks and balances.

Handout C: Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Press Conference about the Composition of the Supreme Court

Next Lesson

The Great Society and Beyond

Franklin Roosevelt and The New Deal Presentation

The new deal.

• Was initiated by Franklin Delano Roosevelt;
• He was the 32nd president of the United States;
• He governed from 1933 to 1938;
• His administration inherited the devastation of the great Depression;
• The great depression commenced in 1929 with the stock market collapse.

Economic Objectives of the New Deal

The strengthening of the economy though:

• The empowerment of the American people;
• Dealing with the devastation of the great depression through immediate relief;
• Supporting workers;
• Boosting agriculture;
• Boosting the production of electrical power;
• The generation of jobs for the people;
• Encouraging spending so as to stir up the economy;
• Prevent bank panic;
• Restore stock market confidence;
• Protect American industries from total collapse;
• Uphold the emerging economic authority of the United States.

The ills the New Deal Sought to Heal

The Strategy Identified To deal with The Economic Concerns of the Time

Putting cash in the pockets of Americans (The Equivalent of President Bush and President Obama’s Stimulus Package).

Government funding for massive projects in various areas such as electric energy, water and irrigation, and industry in general.

Direct support for workers, professionals and farmers.

Twelve Major New Deal programs

• Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA);
• Public Works Administration (PWA);
• Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA);
• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA);
• Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC);
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC);
• National Recovery Administration (NRA);
• Works Progress Administration (WPA);
• Rural Electrification Administration (REA);
• National Youth Administration (NYA);
• Wagner Act;
• Social Security Act.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Was created as the Emergency Relief Administration in 1932 by President Herbert Hoover.

It was given the new name under president Roosevelt in 1933 .

The purpose was to give grants to states to help women start self help projects.

It was replaced by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in 1935. which also ended in 1943.

Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC)

• This was established in the 31st of March 1933.
• This was FDR’s first month in office.
• The CCC provided work opportunities mainly for unskilled youth.
• The major work was construction of buildings and working in national parks.
• The program ended on the 30th of June 1943.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

It replaced the federal Emergency Relief Administration in 1935 (Taylor 21).

The aim was to create jobs for the people (Taylor 20).

By the time it was ended in 1943,close to eight million jobs had been created by the WPA.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

• Created in response to the great Depression in 1933 by the National Industrial Recovery Act.
• It concentrated on heavy spending in public works such as bridges and roads so as to trigger industrial growth.
• It ended in 1939.
• Below: Fort Peck –Montana, one of the largest dams in the planet resulted from PWA.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

• Created in 1933 to pay farmers to produce less and raise crop value.
• Was amended in 1938 to include new changes that outlawed taxing crop processors.
• The agency still exists.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

• Created on the 18th of May 1933.
• Main objective was to control flooding along the Tennessee River and generate electric power.
• The project still exists.
• Below: Wilson Dam-First to be built under the TVA.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

• Established in 1933.
• Aim was to provide security for deposits for member banks.
• It still exists for the same purpose.
• More duties include supervision of certain financial institutions.

The Wagner Act

• Enacted in 1935 under the sponsorship of Senator Wagner. It is also called the National Labor Relations Act.
• It was formed to protect workers on private firms from being mistreated.
• It was amended in 1947 and it still exists.
• Below: FDR sings the Wagner Act 19 1935.

The Social Security Act

• Enacted in 1935 with the aim of protecting the old, needy families, the disabled and the unemployed.
• It has been amended but it basically remains the same. Medicare and Medicaid are part of the act currently.
• It still exists.
• Below: First beneficiary of Social Security-Ida Fuller.

The National Recovery Administration (NRA)

• Formed in 1933.
• Declared unconstitutional in 1935 by the US Supreme Court.
• It died in 1935, but most of its provisions reappeared in the Wagner Act.
• Below: First NRA Director, Mr. Hugh Johnson.

National Youth Administration (NYA)

• Formed as part of the WPA in 1935.
• It’s aim was to offer work study programs for high school and college students.
• It died in 1943.
• Below: NYA Guidance session.

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

Was created by an executive order in 1935 by FDR and approved by the Rural Electrification Act of 1936 (Brown 19).

The aim was to spearhead the electrification process of rural America (Brown 34).

It worked hand in hand with TVA and other New Deal Job creation ideas and achieved massive success. It was abolished in 1994 and its place was taken by the Rural Utilities Service.

Works Cited

Brown, Deward. Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA (Contributions in Economics and Economic History). New York: Greenwood Press,1980.Print.

Taylor, David . Soul of a People: The WPA Writers’ Project Uncovers Depression America New York: Wiley & Sons, 2009.Print.

www.en.wikipedia.org

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IvyPanda. (2022, August 27). Franklin Roosevelt and The New Deal. https://ivypanda.com/essays/franklin-roosevelt-and-the-new-deal/

"Franklin Roosevelt and The New Deal." IvyPanda , 27 Aug. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/franklin-roosevelt-and-the-new-deal/.

IvyPanda . (2022) 'Franklin Roosevelt and The New Deal'. 27 August.

IvyPanda . 2022. "Franklin Roosevelt and The New Deal." August 27, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/franklin-roosevelt-and-the-new-deal/.

1. IvyPanda . "Franklin Roosevelt and The New Deal." August 27, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/franklin-roosevelt-and-the-new-deal/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Franklin Roosevelt and The New Deal." August 27, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/franklin-roosevelt-and-the-new-deal/.

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US History Subject for High School: Great Depression and New Deal

Us history subject for high school: great depression and new deal presentation, free google slides theme and powerpoint template.

The fascinating chain of historical and political events that set in motion the Great Depression and consequently the New Deal is something that cannot be studied and examined enough! If you’re looking for a fresh way to discuss the subject with your High School students, have a look at this gray and yellow template - visually attractive and fully customizable! Take your students through a journey of the 1930’s and educate them on the impact this decade had on the US and the world!

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The New Deal - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The New Deal

The new deal. 1933-1941. key quotes: fdr's inauguration speech ... employed 12,000 actors to put on plays and concerts to cheer people up ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Built 70 of USA Schools.
• Built 35 of USA Hospitals.
• Built four river dams.
• Electrified the New York Washington railway.
• Built 50 military airports.
• Built two aircraft carriers.
• Built four cruisers destroyers for the US Navy.
• Built a new sewage system in Chicago.
• Built 70,000 km of roads.
• Built 11,000 schools.
• La Guardia airport in New York.
• Employed photographers to make a record of the Depression.
• Employed 12,000 Actors to put on plays and concerts to cheer people up!
• Employed artists and painters to make paintings for display in schools and public buildings.
• Gave work to 2 million people a year.
• How useful is this source for explaining how the New Deal put America back to work?
• How successful was the New deal at putting USA back to work? Use the source and your knowledge to explain your answer.

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Paramount Reups First Look Deal With ‘Sonic The Hedgehog' Producer Neal H. Moritz & His Original Film Banner

At their CinemaCon presentation this AM, Paramount Pictures today announced a three-year extension of its first-look deal with producer Neal H. Moritz and his Original Film banner.

The new agreement goes through 2027.  

Under the deal, Paramount and Miramax announced today that the Sonic the Hedgehog producer will shepherd a new installment in the Scary Movie franchise. The film is being made as part of the studio's first look partnership with Miramax under the leadership of newly appointed CEO Jonathan Glickman, with Paramount Pictures distributing. Scary Movie is rolling cameras this year for release in 2025.

Brian Robbins, President and CEO of Paramount Pictures, said, "We are proud to continue our long-standing relationship with Neal, who is renowned across the industry for building enduring and audience-beloved franchises. We can't wait to continue partnering on our top-tier animated and live-action projects together."

Moritz commented, "I’m thrilled to be extending my partnership with Paramount. Collaborating with Brian Robbins, Marc Weinstock, Daria Cercek, and Mike Ireland has been a rewarding experience and I’m enthusiastic about continuing our creative journey together."

Currently, Moritz is EP on Paramount+’s Sonic the Hedgehog spinoff series  Knuckles , which takes place after the events of  Sonic the Hedgehog 2 . The series follows Knuckles (Idris Elba) on a hilarious and action-packed journey of self-discovery as he agrees to train Wade (Adam Pally) as his protégé and teach him the ways of the Echidna warrior. The series debuts on April 26.

Moritz is also producing  Sonic the Hedgehog 3 , scheduled for wide release on Dec. 20, after previously serving as a producer on  Sonic the Hedgehog  and  Sonic the Hedgehog   2 , films have together amassed over $725M worldwide.

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The New Deal

Mar 17, 2019

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The New Deal. Main Idea. In 1933 Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president of a suffering Nation. He quickly sought to address the country's needs, with mixed results. Focus Questions. What were the key events of the presidential election in 1932?

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• court packing
• relief programs
• fewer crops
• deteriorating relief programs
• deal senators challenged fdr

Presentation Transcript

Main Idea • In 1933 Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president of a suffering Nation. He quickly sought to address the country's needs, with mixed results.

Focus Questions • What were the key events of the presidential election in 1932? • What was the nature of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt's political partnership? • What initial actions did Roosevelt take to stabilize the economy? • How did the New Deal run into trouble in Roosevelt’s first term?

The Election of 1932 • Joblessness was on the rise and banks were collapsing in record numbers. • Many Americans placed the blame on President Hoover for conditions and looked to remove him. • Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was selected as the Democratic candidate for President. • FDR’s as New York’s governor launched groundbreaking reforms which contrasted from Hoover’s insistence on limited government interaction.

The 1932 Campaign • FDR promised relief for the poor and public works programs to provide jobs. • The main effort relied on attacking President's Hoover response to the Great Depression, or lack of action. • He also criticized Hoover for spending too much money, and promised to spend less. • Most of FDR’s speeches were vague; not tying him down to promises or policies

Victory • Roosevelt received more than 57% of the popular vote, and got all Electoral votes except for 6 states. • Also Democrats gain control of both the House and Senate.

FDR’s Inauguration • The purpose of the speech was to declare war on the Great Depression. • Hence the line: “We have nothing to fear, but fear itself.” • FDR assured that country will survive and prosper through the crisis.

Fireside Chats • Fireside chats were a series of radio broadcasts where the nation was addressed by FDR over the radio. • The chats spanned a variety of topics, usually some relevant issue to the Nation, and to gain support for resolutions. • The effect of these chats was calming to the nation.

The Hundred Days • President Roosevelt called congress into an emergency session to deal with situations facing the country. • The first situation was to handle the banking crisis. • The Emergency Banking Act passed allowing the government to examine, correct problems, and close banks as needed. • Within days banks reopened and people returned money ending the crisis.

The Hundred Days • The bank crisis resolution was the start of what known as the Hundred Days. • Additional banking reforms were passed under the Glass-Steagull Act, creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) • People no longer needed to fear losing their money if banks closed. • In the time of 99 days with congress, FDR pushed congress to implement parts of his program, the New Deal.

The New Deal • The New Deal aimed to fulfill three goals: • Relief • Recovery • Reforms • The combination of these efforts would attempt to end suffering, fix the economy, and prevent future economic problem.

Trouble for the New Deal • Several leaders emerged to criticize the New Deal. • Huey Long felt that policies towards banks were too kind • Long setup the Share our Wealth Society which proposed heavy taxes on the wealthy. • Charles Coughlin was critical of banks and financial leaders and preached to the nation regarding it.

Francis Townsend said the new deal for not doing enough to help the elderly. • He proposed a plan to provide pensions for people over the age of 60

CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps • Sought to address unemployment in people age 18-25. • They worked on conservation projects restoring forests, beaches, and parks. • Workers earned only $1 a day but received free board and job training. From 1934 to 1937, this program funded similar programs for 8,500 • Relief- CCC taught the men and women of America how to live independently

AAA- Agricultural Adjustment Act • Gave farmers a subsidy, or government payment to grow fewer crops. • Fewer crops would increase demand for those crops. • Tried to raise farm prices. It used proceeds from a new tax to pay farmers not to raise specific crops and animals. • Recovery

SEC- Securities and Exchange Commission • This commission would serve as the government watchdog over the nation’s stock market. • The SEC regulated the stock market. Congress also gave the Federal Reserve Board the power to regulate the purchase of stock • Reform

WPA- Works Progress Administration • This agency provided work for 8 million Americans. • The WPA constructed or repaired schools, hospitals, airfields, roads, and more. • Unemployed writers, musicians, artists, actors, and photographers temporarily went on the federal payroll, • Relief

FERA- Federal Emergency Relief Administration • This agency sent funds to depleting local relief agencies. Within two hours, $5 million were given out. • It was believed that men should be put to work and not be given charity. • The program also funded public work programs • Relief- Revitalized many deteriorating relief programs.

NIRA – National Industrial Recovery Act • Mandatedthat businesses in the same industry work together to set prices and production levels. • Normally this would have been viewed as a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. • Recovery

PWA- Public Works Administration • Managed the 3.3 billion dollars given to NIRA for public works programs. • Relief/Recovery- Was responsible for putting people back to work in construction projects.

TVA- Tennessee Valley Authority • This program was charged with developing the natural resources of the Tennessee River Valley. • It built dams to control floods and aid navigation along the river. • It would also provide hydroelectric power to be used by industries. • Reform

Beyond the Hundred Days • It was determined that FDR had delivered on the promise to act for the country. • It was admitted though that some of the acts passed were failures. • Acts were continued to be passed after this time.

CWA- Civil Works Administration • This public work program gave the unemployed jobs building or repairing roads, parks, airports. • It provided employment to over 4 million workers. • paid an average of $15 a week--many in useful construction jobs such as repairing schools, laying sewer pipes, building roads.  Some CWA jobs, however, were criticized as useless (e.g., leaf raking) • Relief

Indian Reorganization Act • Reversing previous policies, it recognized the tribe as key unit for tribe organization. • Limited the sale of Indian lands and provided assistance in developing resource, economy, and culture. • Limited rights of self rule was granted. • Reform

Eleanor Roosevelt • She served as the eyes and ears of FDR. • Eleanor also put her efforts in social issues, for example to stop lynching's of African Americans. • She served as a delegate to the United Nations.

Problems of the New Deal • 1935 court cases were reaching the courts considering the New Deal. • Schechter Poultry Corporation v United States found NIRA unconstitutional. • United States v Butler found that the AAAtax for subsidies unconstitutional .

2nd New Deal • With courts dismantling major parts of the New Deal, the economy stubbornly refused to get better. • Roosevelt passed the Second New Deal to provide new relief. • Social Security would be the centerpiece of this Deal.

Social Security 1935 • Provided guaranteed regular payments for people 65 and older. • Also included a program for people who were unemployed and looking for jobs. • This was to counteract Townsend’s proposition. • To avoid taxing people, hampering recovery, people were excluded. • Reform

1936 Elections • Critics still existed: American Liberty League were unhappy that FDR was against Big Business. • Republican’s felt the New Deal was bureaucratic and creating a planned economy. • Despite this democrats still had a landslide victory.

Court Packing- 1937 • Frustrated that the courts had struck down parts of the New Deal, FDR tried to reorganize the supreme court • Judiciary Reorganization Bill or the CourtPacking Billwould be expanding the supreme court by 6 justices. • The plan was struck down in end making the attempt look clumsy.

New Deal in doubt • At the end of 1937 the country suffered another setback, a drop in the stock market. • FDR looked to use large sums of money to help the people again. • John Maynard Keynes, a British economist, supported the plan . • The economy did rebound in 1938 because of FDR’s spending.

Impact of the New Deal • The relief programs were successful putting millions into the hands of the people. • The recovery efforts were wiped out by the downturn of 1937-1938. • The reforms were long lasting, like the FDIC, Securities and Exchange Commission, and WPA. • It also change the role of government into a bigger one, where people would look to for help.

End of the New Deal • Late 1937, anti-New Deal Senators challenged FDR to: • Cut Taxes • Balance the budget • Return power to states • This group was strong enough to challenge and stop most legislature.

1938 Elections • FDR face opposition in congress even from his own party. • FDR hand picked candidates to compete against incumbent senators. • The president also went to the southern states to influence the votes. • In each case the candidate lost, and FDR lost the needed support to pass more New Deal Programs.

Review • What did FDR do during 1932 to get elected? What did he criticize? • What were the fireside chats and what effect did they have? • What were the three parts of the new deal? Give an example of a program for each part. • What did Eleanor Roosevelt do?

5. What court cases declared parts of the New Deal Unconstitutional? Why was the AAA Unconstitutional? • 6. What was the key part to the 2nd New Deal? What did this program do and why is it important. • 7. What is court packing? Did it work or hurt FDR? • 8. What were some of the impacts of the New Deal?

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The Politics of a Steel Deal Hangs Over Biden’s Japan Summit

The president’s effort to court voters in crucial swing states is influencing economic and trade policy, and worrying longstanding allies.

By Andrew Ross Sorkin ,  Ravi Mattu ,  Bernhard Warner ,  Sarah Kessler ,  Michael J. de la Merced ,  Lauren Hirsch and Ephrat Livni

Deal making runs into presidential politics

President Biden holds talks on Wednesday for Fumio Kishida, Japan’s prime minister, part of a state visit designed to show the U.S.’s commitment to a staunch ally. Despite the pomp and ceremony, the presidential election will loom over the meetings, with Biden’s opposition to Nippon Steel’s bid for U.S. Steel showing how the chase for votes is affecting deal making and economic policy.

Biden views relations with Japan as crucial. The summit will be just the fifth state visit of his administration, and reflects a different approach to that of his predecessor, Donald Trump. Both have been tough on China, but Biden has built alliances to hammer home the point. The president has cultivated relationships with Japan and South Korea (neighbors and big trading partners with China) and India (a regional rival), as well as Europe.

Biden is balancing that with swing-state politics. The president has campaigned in Philadelphia more than any other place during his presidency. It’s not quite U.S. Steel country, and some Democrats are urging him to visit other parts of the state where Nippon Steel’s $14 billion bid for the Pittsburgh-based company is deeply unpopular.

The president needs to win over blue-collar voters to win Pennsylvania. Both Biden and Trump have courted union workers, notably during the auto industry strike last year. Biden is the first sitting president to visit a picket line.

Trade policy is key to such efforts. Trump ran in 2016 on an “America first” message. Slapping trade barriers on China was a key part of his argument that he would boost manufacturing at home. Trump has promised more wide-ranging tariffs if re-elected.

Biden has continued many of the same policies and is trying to avoid being outflanked by Trump.

The steel deal has run into that political reality. Nippon Steel thought its offer for U.S. Steel would be straightforward , but the United Steelworkers union pushed back. Biden came out against the deal , citing national security concerns. “I told our steel workers I have their backs, and I meant it,” he said. The union has endorsed Biden.

Japanese officials are said to be surprised by Biden’s opposition. “For the United States to say that a Japanese company investing in an American manufacturing firm constitutes a threat to American national security is strange and troubling,” Michael R. Strain, an economist at the conservative American Enterprise Institute, told The Times.

But Japan sees a bigger potential threat in American politics. The country’s business and political elite is even more worried that Trump could return to the White House. “Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst,” is how one top businessman explained it to Politico.

In other election news: Ron Klain , Biden’s former chief of staff, reportedly criticized the president’s electoral strategy, saying he was spending too much energy on long-term infrastructure projects rather than immediate economic needs. “I think the president is out there too much talking about bridges,” he said, according to Politico, rather than focusing on the cost of household goods that matter more to voters.

HERE’S WHAT’S HAPPENING

Boeing’s shares fall on new whistle-blower allegations. The F.A.A. is investigating a Boeing engineer’s claims that the plane maker cut corners to assemble the fuselage of the 787 Dreamliner, an accusation the company rejected. Meanwhile, problems swirling around Boeing’s 737 Max 9 planes have hit its business hard. Boeing delivered 83 new planes last quarter, its lowest number since 2021.

Fitch downgrades China’s sovereign debt outlook over growth concerns. The ratings agency cited a slowing economy and the risk of a crunch on public finances for the change. The decision follows a similar move by Moody’s in December and comes as China has struggled to reboot its economy following the pandemic.

Arizona reinstates a 160-year-old abortion ban. The state’s Republican-controlled Supreme Court on Tuesday voted to ban nearly all abortions in Arizona , a decision that appears destined to become a major campaign issue in the swing state. Sensing that the move could hurt their chances at the polls in November, various Republican politicians have called on the state’s Legislature to repeal it.

A.I.’s power problems

Big Tech has invested billions and dedicated vast computing resources to turbocharge the artificial intelligence boom, which doesn’t appear to be ending any time soon. But a growing chorus of executives see a wild card that could hold back growth: energy constraints.

Arm is the latest to sound the alarm. Rene Haas, C.E.O. of the SoftBank-backed chip designer, warned that A.I. could overwhelm power grids as it becomes more widely used by businesses and consumers. “By the end of the decade, A.I. data centers could consume as much as 20 percent to 25 percent of U.S. power requirements. Today that’s probably 4 percent or less,” he told The Wall Street Journal . “That’s hardly very sustainable.”

Haas hopes that a new $110 million research pact involving leading universities in the U.S. and Japan, and backed by Arm, Nvidia and Amazon, will help.

A.I. is an electricity hog. That’s especially true of generative artificial intelligence, which powers chatbots such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini. The International Energy Agency has noted that a ChatGPT query requires 10 times the amount of energy of a Google search. Global A.I. energy demand at data centers is expected to more than double to 1,000 terawatt-hours annually by 2026 — “roughly equivalent to the electricity consumption of Japan,” the I.E.A. said .

The current power grid won’t cut it. Sam Altman , the C.E.O. of OpenAI, argues that a breakthrough in nuclear power — he’s invested $375 million in the fusion start-up Helion Energy — or cheaper solar storage is needed to meet the sector’s voracious energy requirements. Microsoft is also betting on nuclear to power its needs.

A new chip design could also ease the load. Intel on Tuesday unveiled Gaudi 3, a high-end semiconductor that is targeting Nvidia’s dominance in the sector. Intel said the chip is more power efficient and can be used to more quickly train A.I. models.

And in another sign the chip war is heating up, Google is developing a similar kind of chip in-house to lessen its reliance on Nvidia, as well as defray rising A.I. costs.

Dude Perfect’s multimillion-dollar trick shot

When five roommates at Texas A&M University started making videos of basketball trick shots and posting them on YouTube in 2009, they never expected it to become a multimillion-dollar enterprise.

The friends behind Dude Perfect have just secured a huge investment, the latest example of how content creators are turning the media business on its head.

Dude Perfect is branching out. The group said on Tuesday that they had raised at least $100 million from Highmount Capital, a private investment firm. They will use the money to expand beyond YouTube, including opening a retail store and a streaming platform, as well as a line of games and a theme park.

They’re part of a new wave of streaming entrepreneurs. Under the old model, content creators would pitch studio or network executives to make programs for a big platform like Nickelodeon, and then build on that to find other ways of making money, such as merchandise or live events. Now, it’s possible to build fan engagement on a small budget.

They’re not the only YouTubers to follow this model. Ryans World , a channel featuring 12-year-old Ryan Kanji that started with him opening toy boxes, will release a self-titled feature film that will arrive in U.S. theaters this summer.

There is a Taylor Swift-inspired twist: A big studio won’t distribute the movie, as Swift did when she released her concert tour film last year.

Meanwhile, MrBeast, YouTube’s biggest star, signed a deal with Amazon Prime last month to create a reality competition series ; he recently started posting videos on X .

YouTubers know their audience in a way that old media didn’t. “YouTube is the place where new franchises are made,” Will Harrison, managing director at the consultancy Seven Dials Media and a former chief commercial officer for the Harry Potter franchise at Warner Bros., told DealBook. “They’ve done the hard part already by building the audience and the brand.”

What a surge in crypto can buy

With Bitcoin soaring, crypto fervor is back in the markets — and on Capitol Hill. There’s new hope that long awaited legislation on stablecoins, a popular kind of cryptocurrency, will pass this year amid a surge in industry lobbying .

One of the bill’s biggest backers is Patrick McHenry, the North Carolina Republican who leads the House Financial Services Committee and who has picked up donations from various cryptocurrency firms in recent years. The challenge: McHenry is set to retire at the term’s end.

There is bipartisan support for crypto legislation , McHenry said at the Bitcoin Policy Summit in Washington on Tuesday. McHenry and his Democratic counterpart on the committee, Maxine Waters of California, have said they are “ very close ” to an agreement on how to regulate stablecoins, which have become a popular way for people to trade cryptocurrencies.

As the name suggests, such tokens are considered relatively stable because they are pegged to assets like the U.S. dollar. But some investors were burned by the 2022 collapse of one prominent stablecoin, Terra. And lawmakers, including Senator Elizabeth Warren, Democrat of Massachusetts, have warned that various cryptocurrencies, including stablecoins, are being used to finance terrorism and crime gangs.

A stablecoin bill could appear in the Senate, too. Senators Kirsten Gillibrand, Democrat of New York, and Cynthia Lummis, a Wyoming Republican who has invested in Bitcoin and was also at the summit, said they would unveil similar legislation in days or weeks.

Crypto lobbying is on the rise. Stablecoin companies have been in talks with regulators and lawmakers since 2021. Around that time, the Treasury called on Congress to take up stablecoin legislation. Major issuers like Tether and Circle hope legislation will foster adoption and turn their tokens into common forms of payment. As such, they have ramped up their lobbying spending into the millions.

THE SPEED READ

The German generic drugmaker Stada is said to be talking to buyout firms about a potential $8.7 billion sale. (Bloomberg)

Automattic, the company behind WordPress.com, bought the messaging app Beeper , to develop a single way of sending texts across multiple platforms. (NYT)

“ Treasury Softens Stock Buyback Tax Hit on Foreign Companies” (WSJ)

The E.U. has opened an investigation into whether China has granted market-destabilizing subsidies to domestic wind turbine companies. (FT)

Best of the rest

“How American Drones Failed to Turn the Tide in Ukraine ” (WSJ)

There’s a new champ in college basketball: For the first time, more viewers watched the N.C.A.A. women’s final than the men’s match. But the men far outscored the women in TV money . (NPR, WSJ)

We’d like your feedback! Please email thoughts and suggestions to [email protected] .

An earlier version of this article misstated the name of the managing director at the consultancy Seven Dials. He is Will Harrison, not Will Harris.

How we handle corrections

Andrew Ross Sorkin is a columnist and the founder and editor at large of DealBook. He is a co-anchor of CNBC’s "Squawk Box" and the author of “Too Big to Fail.” He is also a co-creator of the Showtime drama series "Billions." More about Andrew Ross Sorkin

Ravi Mattu is the managing editor of DealBook, based in London. He joined The New York Times in 2022 from the Financial Times, where he held a number of senior roles in Hong Kong and London. More about Ravi Mattu

Bernhard Warner is a senior editor for DealBook, a newsletter from The Times, covering business trends, the economy and the markets. More about Bernhard Warner

Sarah Kessler is an editor for the DealBook newsletter and writes features on business and how workplaces are changing. More about Sarah Kessler

Michael de la Merced joined The Times as a reporter in 2006, covering Wall Street and finance. Among his main coverage areas are mergers and acquisitions, bankruptcies and the private equity industry. More about Michael J. de la Merced

Lauren Hirsch joined The Times from CNBC in 2020, covering deals and the biggest stories on Wall Street. More about Lauren Hirsch

Ephrat Livni reports from Washington on the intersection of business and policy for DealBook. Previously, she was a senior reporter at Quartz, covering law and politics, and has practiced law in the public and private sectors.   More about Ephrat Livni