background generator for essay

Free Introduction Generator for Essay Writing

Want to write a perfect introduction for your essay? Doing it by yourself can take too much time and effort. That’s why we present to you our free essay introduction generator!

To use the free introduction generator, follow this simple 4-step process:

• Set the desired parameters of your introduction.
• Select your assignment type.
• Write your topic into the empty field.
• Press “Generate.”

And that’s it—enjoy your essay introduction!

• ✨ Why Choose Our Tool
• 🎓 What Is an Introduction?
• ✍️ Writing Steps
• 💡 Free Examples

🔎 References

✨ why choose our introduction generator for essays.

Our generator is one of the best out there, and that's not just words. There are many things that make it stand out from the rest!

• It is 100% free of charge. You can use it without having to pay for any additional features.
• It’s convenient. Our generator’s interface is user-friendly and easy to use. Try it yourself!
• It does the job quickly and effectively. Just fill in a couple of fields, and you’ll get a perfect introduction!
• It can save you hours of work. With the help of our intro generator, essay writing will become much easier and more efficient.
• It’s available online. You are free to use our generator without downloading anything to your device.

🎓 What Is an Essay Introduction?

An essay introduction is the first paragraph that goes before the main body and describes the text's goals. It can have various functions depending on the essay's topic and objective.

In general, an introduction aims to do the following:

• Justify the relevance of the selected topic.
• Outline how the essay will discuss the subject.
• Point out questionable or underexplored aspects of the topic.

Introduction Parts Explained

An essay introduction consists of 4 parts. These parts are vital because they form the basis for the upcoming main body of an essay.

The parts of the introduction are:

1-3 sentences with essential background information on the main topic.

To ensure that your audience understands the context behind the essay's topic, start your introduction with an overview of all the essential aspects that come along with it. Remember that this is only a minor portion of the opening paragraph: there's no need to write a whole section of background material.

An explanation of any specific words that will be used in the essay.

Note that it doesn’t mean quoting dictionary definitions. You must explain in your own words any key terms that need clarification .

A plan outlining how the essay will respond to the prompt.

Clearly state how your essay's main arguments will lead to your conclusion. It’s like a short version (or a roadmap) of the paper.

A statement endorsing your views.

Clarifying the author's position on the essay's subject is essential before proceeding to the arguments. Briefly describe what you think about the topic and its problem.

✍️ How to Write an Introduction Effectively

A good introduction should serve as a bridge that will lead your reader to the main body of your essay. It must ignite their curiosity and provide enough background about the topic.

Keep reading to learn how to write an effective introduction!

Start with a Hook

An essay hook is a sentence or a short paragraph that grabs the reader's attention and makes them interested in your topic. There are several types of hooks you can use. Make sure to choose one that compliments the subject of your paper.

Provide the Background

Background information refers to the context or history surrounding the topic in question. It can include information about the subject matter, the time period, the cultural or social context, or any relevant events or trends related to the topic you will discuss.

Write a Thesis Statement

The entire structure of an essay is based on the thesis statement . It defines the purpose of an essay and enumerates the main arguments that will follow.

These are the characteristics of a well-written thesis statement:

• It presents a position that others could disagree with.
• A good thesis clearly and concisely states the main idea of an essay.
• It must be clear and detailed but not longer than a couple of sentences.
• It is located in the last sentence of an essay’s introduction.

Edit Your Introduction

After creating your introduction , you need to ensure it passes the quality check. Here is the checklist that will help you determine whether your intro is good enough.

✂️ The introduction paragraph should have manageable length . It’s usually around 1/3 of the overall essay’s text.

🎯 It should be straight to the point . Avoid providing useless information, or your readers will get bored or annoyed.

🧐 An introduction shouldn’t include complicated words, jargon, and complicated grammar. Make sure your professor and fellow students will be able to understand it.

❌ A paraphrased topic won’t do as an introduction or as a thesis statement.

💡 Examples of Essay Introductions

We've prepared some awesome examples on various topics to help you understand what makes a good introduction. Check them out!

Abortion Essay Introduction

This introduction provides a clear overview of the topic as well as explains why the issue is important. It provides a good foundation for the essay but could be improved by adding a more engaging hook.

Romeo and Juliet Essay Introduction

This example highlights the enduring appeal of Romeo and Juliet and why it continues to be relevant today. It also briefly touches on some of the play's central themes.

Leadership Essay Introduction

The introduction for a leadership essay is concise and to the point. It begins with a quote from a well-known motivation specialist that sets the essay's tone.

Bullying Essay Introduction

The introduction starts by highlighting the impact of the virus and the significant changes it has brought to our world. It goes on to explore the impact of COVID-19 beyond the physical toll, noting its effect on our collective psyche.

COVID-19 Essay Introduction

The introduction starts by highlighting the impact of the virus and the significant changes it has brought to our world. It goes on to explore the impact of COVID-19 beyond the physical toll, noting its effect on the collective psyche.

Immigration Essay Introduction

This introduction example provides specific information about the topic of modern-day immigration, such as its history and impact.

And with that being said, it’s time to conclude this article. We hope that you’ve enjoyed our examples. Want even more samples to boost your inspiration? Use our essay introduction generator! It will give you many more well-formulated introductions on any possible topic for free.

Go for it and have fun!

Looking for more study tools? Check out our summarizer and hypothesis generators .

❓ Essay Introduction Generator FAQ

❓ how do you write a good introduction for an essay.

A strong introduction is a crucial component of any academic essay. It lays out your case and lets the reader know what to anticipate. A good introduction must to the following:

• Grasp the reader's interest.
• Provide a background for the essay’s subject.
• Declare the essay's thesis, which serves as its foundation.

❓ What is a good introduction sentence for an essay?

A good introduction for an essay should include the following:

• An attention-grabbing hook.
• Detailed background information.
• A claim that clearly summarizes the essay's main point
• A brief roadmap of what it will be about.

❓ How do you write an introduction in an essay?

To write an introduction, follow these steps:

• Write a catchy hook sentence.
• Provide a background on the essay’s main topic.
• Conclude your intro with a thesis statement outlining the essay's goal and key points.

❓ How long should an introduction be for an essay?

The average introduction should consist of 3 to 5 sentences. Typically, you would aim for a word count of 50 to 80 words. Overall, an introduction should engage the reader and provide a clear direction for the essay. Make it as long as necessary to achieve these goals.

• How to Write an Essay: Introduction: University of Newcastle
• How To Write a Good Essay Introduction in 4 Simple Steps: Indeed
• Essay Writing: Introductions: University of Hull
• Essay Introductions: University of Maryland Global Campus

Intro Paragraph Generator

Craft a compelling and engaging introduction for your essay, create an engaging introduction, our intro paragraph generator helps you:, capture your reader's attention from the start.

• Establish context and background information
• Introduce your main idea or thesis statement
• Set the tone and direction for your essay

An engaging introductory paragraph is crucial for capturing your reader's attention and setting the stage for your essay. It establishes the context, introduces your main idea or thesis statement, and sets the tone for your work. Our Intro Paragraph Generator helps you craft a compelling and engaging introduction that will pique your reader's interest and guide them through your essay. Save time and effort brainstorming the perfect introduction and let our generator do the work for you.

A captivating intro paragraph lays the foundation for a successful essay.

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AI-powered Introduction Generator

Looking for a tool that can help you generate an entire article that is coherent and contextually relevant? Try our Blog Post Generator to create ready-to-publish content that are already optimized for maximum clarity and engagement.

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Introduction

An Introduction Generator is a groundbreaking tool that helps writers in various fields - from blog posts and essays to novels and business proposals. This AI-powered technology works by creating interesting introductions specifically for your topic with just a click. You simply enter the title or subject of your content, and you'll receive a set of well-crafted introduction paragraphs.

One such powerful tool in this space is Junia AI 's Introduction Generator . Designed with the latest AI-technology, it generates high-quality introductions that not only save time but also elevate the standard of your writing.

The key benefits of using Junia AI's Introduction Generator are:

• Enhanced efficiency
• Improved quality
• Greater engagement with readers
• Increased creativity
• Boost in content traffic

The Role of Introductions in Different Types of Content

Introductions are like the front door of your content – they welcome readers in. Whether you're writing an essay, a blog post , a novel, or a business proposal, the introduction plays a crucial role in setting the tone and capturing attention.

Here's how introductions work in different types of content:

1. Essay Introductions

In essays, the introduction is where you present your main argument or thesis. It's also an opportunity to grab readers' interest with a thought-provoking question or a bold statement.

For example:

"As sea levels rise and Arctic ice melts, the evidence of global warming can no longer be ignored."

2. Blog Introductions

Blogs are all about personality and relevance. A good blog introduction often starts with a relatable story or anecdote to hook readers right from the beginning.

Here's an example:

"The moment my feet touched the cobblestone streets of Rome, I knew my adventure had truly begun."

By sharing personal experiences, you can create a connection with your audience and makes them eager to read more about your travels.

3. Novel Openings

In novels, the opening lines are like a sneak peek into the world you've created. They should spark curiosity and make readers curious about what comes next.

Here's how 'The Last Sunset' starts:

"Amelia stood at the edge of civilization, the vast desert stretching before her like an unturned page."

With this vivid description, the author paints a picture in the reader's mind and leaves them wanting to know more about Amelia and her journey.

4. Business Proposal Introductions

Business proposals need to make a strong impression right from the start. An effective introduction in this context should establish your credibility and highlight the value you can offer.

For instance:

"In today's competitive market, ABC Corp’s innovative approach to digital marketing stands out as a beacon of efficiency."

This introduction immediately grabs the attention of potential clients by addressing a pressing need or opportunity they may have.

5. Academic Research Introductions

In academic research papers, the introduction serves as a roadmap for the study. It outlines the research questions and hypotheses, providing clarity on what the paper aims to achieve.

Here's an example of how an academic introduction could begin:

"This study examines the underexplored impact of social media on language acquisition among teenagers."

By stating the specific focus of the research, the introduction sets clear expectations for readers and highlights the significance of the study.

Each example shows how introductions are tailored to different types of content, making them relevant and enticing enough to keep readers engaged.

AI-Powered Natural Language Processing: The Secret Sauce Behind High-Quality Introductions

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the foundation of modern introduction generators like Junia AI. One of the main AI technologies driving these tools is Natural Language Processing (NLP). NLP enables software to comprehend, analyze, and produce human language in a meaningful way . It's what enables an Introduction Generator to generate introductions that are relevant to the context and interesting to readers.

How NLP Works in an Introduction Generator

When you enter your title or topic into an Introduction Generator, the NLP technology goes to work. It examines the input, grasps its meaning, and generates an introduction that fits the topic. This ensures that your introductions are not just generic paragraphs but tailored pieces designed to capture your reader’s interest right from the start.

Continuous Improvement with Machine Learning

Another layer of complexity comes with Machine Learning (ML), another part of AI. With ML algorithms, introduction generators go beyond content creation; they learn from it. These algorithms identify patterns and constantly enhance the quality of generated introductions based on real-time feedback. This means that over time, these tools become better at creating high-quality introductions that are customized to your specific requirements.

In essence, it's this combination of AI’s Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning capabilities that make introduction generators such invaluable tools for content creators. They don't just save time; they elevate the quality of your written work by ensuring each piece begins with a compelling introduction.

Advantages of Using an Introduction Generator like Junia AI

When you use an Introduction Generator like Junia AI, it offers more than just convenience. Here are the main benefits that can improve your writing process:

• Time Efficiency : As a writer or content creator, every minute counts. Junia AI's Introduction Generator quickly creates introductions, saving you valuable time. This allows you to focus more on researching, writing, and improving the main content, which is crucial for depth and detail.
• Improved Quality and Professionalism : An introduction is a crucial part that sets the tone for your entire piece. Junia AI makes sure this first impression is polished and professional. The introductions generated are not only interesting but also customized to match the quality you aim for in your writing.
• Higher Reader Engagement : The right opening can grab your audience's attention right away. With well-written openings provided by Junia AI, readers are more likely to stay interested in your content, leading to better retention rates and overall satisfaction.
• Boosted Creativity and Idea Generation : Sometimes, starting is the most difficult part. Junia AI acts as a partner in brainstorming, giving you a base on which ideas can develop. It sparks creativity by suggesting different angles and perspectives you might not have thought of before.

By incorporating these benefits into your workflow, Junia AI's Introduction Generator becomes more than just a tool; it's a collaborator that improves the quality of your content while making your creative process smoother.

Tips for Using Introduction Generators Effectively

Using an Introduction Generator can be a game-changer in your content creation process, but it's crucial to use these tools effectively to get the most out of them.

1. Customize the Output

The first rule of thumb is to treat the output from an introduction generator as a starting point for customization . Don't see it as the final product. These tools are meant to give you a strong foundation that you can then modify and adapt to your own style and the specific needs of your audience. Remember, automated tools can't fully replicate human creativity and nuanced understanding of context, so adding your personal touch is essential .

2. Review and Edit Carefully

To ensure consistency with the rest of your content, take an active role in proofreading and editing the generated introductions. Pay attention to:

• Consistency in tone and style throughout the text.
• Relevance and alignment with the main body of content.
• Clarity of message and avoidance of ambiguity.
• Readability - read the introduction aloud to assess its flow and readability. Make any necessary adjustments to enhance the overall coherence and impact.

By doing this, you can maintain a smooth flow of information and keep your readers interested from start to finish.

Incorporating these practices in your writing routine can help you make the most of introduction generators and improve your content overall.

Choosing the Right Introduction Generator for Your Needs

Selecting the ideal Introduction Generator for your writing projects involves careful consideration of several factors. You need a tool that not only streamlines your workflow but also aligns with your content goals and quality standards. Here are key criteria to evaluate:

1. Accuracy and Relevance

Ensure the generator produces introductions that accurately reflect your topic and resonate with your target audience.

2. Customization Options

Look for tools offering customization features, allowing you to tailor the output to your voice and style preferences.

3. Ease of Use

A user-friendly interface is crucial for a seamless experience. Opt for generators that simplify the creative process with intuitive controls.

4. Output Quality

The best introduction generators provide well-structured, coherent, and engaging content that requires minimal editing.

5. Feedback Incorporation

Choose a generator capable of learning from user feedback, thus improving over time.

6. Support and Resources

Consider whether there's quality customer support and resources like tutorials or community forums.

Given these criteria, Junia AI's Introduction Generator stands out as a top choice for writers. It is renowned for its:

• High-quality output that often surpasses expectations
• Advanced AI technology ensuring relevance and coherence
• Positive user reviews attesting to its effectiveness
• Robust feature set catering to a diverse range of writing needs

Writers seeking an edge in crafting compelling introductions will find Junia AI to be an invaluable asset in their toolkit.

Using AI technology like Junia AI's Introduction Generator can greatly enhance your ability to create effective introductions. Here's why it's worth considering:

• Efficiency : These tools make writing introductions faster and easier.
• Quality : With machine learning algorithms, the intros you generate will continuously improve, sounding more professional and polished.
• Engagement : Well-crafted introductions grab readers' attention and make them more likely to continue reading.

By using Junia AI's Introduction Generator, you can experience these benefits for yourself. This tool demonstrates how AI can transform the writing process, providing a valuable resource for writers who want to captivate their audience from the very beginning.

Give it a try and discover how AI can revolutionize your approach to writing!

Frequently asked questions

• What is an Introduction Generator? An Introduction Generator is a groundbreaking tool that helps in creating engaging and impactful introductions for various types of content using AI technology.
• What is the role of introductions in different types of content? Introductions serve as the front door of your content, setting the tone and capturing the audience's attention. They are essential for essays, blogs, novels, business proposals, academic research papers, and more.
• How does an AI Introduction Generator work? An AI Introduction Generator works by using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies to analyze the input, understand its meaning, and generate contextually relevant and engaging introductions for various types of content.
• What are some reasons to choose Junia AI's AI Introduction Generator? Junia AI's AI Introduction Generator offers time efficiency, improved quality and professionalism, higher reader engagement, and boosted creativity and idea generation. It is a valuable tool for content creators looking to enhance their writing process.

Introduction Generator

Create captivating and attention-grabbing introductions effortlessly with our AI-powered introduction generator.

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Crafting Perfect Openings with Ease

Are you tired of staring at a blank screen and struggling to come up with the perfect introduction for your blog posts, articles, or essays? Look no further! Our Introduction Generator tool is here to revolutionize how you start your written pieces. Say goodbye to writer’s block and hello to engaging, attention-grabbing introductions effortlessly.

The Importance of a Solid Introduction

An introduction serves as a handshake between the writer and the reader. It needs to be firm, warm, and inviting, hinting at the richness of the content that follows. A well-written introduction:

• Engages the Reader: It piques their curiosity, making them want to read further.
• Sets the Tone: Whether it’s serious, humorous, or somewhere in between, the intro sets the mood.
• Provides Context: It prepares the reader for what they’re about to delve into.
• Establishes Credibility: Written professionally lends authority to the writer’s voice.

Challenges Writers Face with Introductions

Many writers, both novice and seasoned, grapple with introductions. The key challenges they face include:

• Striking the right balance between being informative and engaging.
• Deciding how much background information to include.
• Avoiding cliches and creating an original hook.
• Ensuring that the introduction aligns with the main body of content.

How the Introduction Generator Comes to the Rescue

Enter the Introduction Generator – a tool designed to simplify the process and enhance the quality of your introductions. Here’s what makes it stand out:

• User-Friendly Interface: Just input your topic; the tool will craft a tailored introduction for you.
• Versatile: Suitable for a wide array of topics and writing styles.
• Time-Saving: No more hours spent rewriting and tweaking your opening paragraph.
• AI-Powered: Harnessing the power of advanced algorithms, our tool ensures that every introduction is unique and optimized for engagement.

How It Works

Using our Introduction Generator is a breeze. Here’s a step-by-step guide to get you started:

Step 1: Choose Your Topic Begin by providing the tool with your topic or keyword. Whether you have a broad subject in mind or a specific niche, our tool can adapt to your needs.

Step 2: Let the Magic Happen Once you’ve entered your topic, click the “Generate Introduction” button and watch as our tool works its magic. In just seconds, you’ll be presented with a well-crafted introduction that you can use as-is or as a starting point for further refinement.

Step 3: Customize and Personalize. Feel free to customize the generated introduction to suit your unique style and tone. Add your own voice, insert additional information, or make any necessary adjustments to make it truly yours.

Why Choose Our Introduction Generator?

• Save Time : Writing a captivating introduction can be time-consuming. Our tool streamlines the process, giving you more time to focus on the core content of your piece.
• Eliminate Writer’s Block : Don’t let writer’s block hold you back. Our Introduction Generator provides instant inspiration and helps you overcome creative obstacles.
• Consistency : Maintain a consistent quality of introductions across all your articles, ensuring that every piece starts strong.
• Versatility : Whether you’re a blogger, journalist, student, or professional, our tool adapts to your writing needs.

Tips for Writing a Great Introduction

In addition to using our Introduction Generator tool, here are some valuable tips to keep in mind when crafting introductions for your content:

1. Know Your Audience : Understand who your readers are and what they’re looking for. Tailor your introduction to their interests and needs.

2. Start with a Hook : Begin your introduction with a hook that grabs the reader’s attention. This can be a compelling fact, a thought-provoking question, or a powerful quote.

3. Provide Context : Give your readers some context for what they’re about to read. Explain the relevance of your topic and why it matters.

4. Be Concise : Keep your introduction concise and to the point. Avoid unnecessary fluff or information that doesn’t directly relate to your main topic.

5. Preview the Content : Give readers a preview of what to expect in the rest of your article. Outline the main points or arguments you’ll be covering.

6. Revise and Polish : Don’t settle for your first draft. Take the time to revise and polish your introduction to make it as compelling as possible.

Get Started Today

Say farewell to writer’s block and hello to captivating introductions. Your audience will thank you, and your writing will shine brighter than ever before. Unlock the power of the perfect introduction with our Introduction Generator tool – your secret weapon for writing success

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Essay Extender for Students

Have you ever struggled to reach the specific word count while writing an essay? Our online essay extender can help you get the desired word count with just a few simple steps. All you have to do is:

• Copy and paste your essay.
• Choose how many words you need in your paper.
• Click the "Extend" button.

💎 5 Key Advantages of the Essay Extender

🙋 when to use the ai essay extender, 📜 essay extender free examples, 🖇️ essay word extender tips, 🔗 references.

Our essay word extender offers a range of benefits that can enhance your writing experience. Here are some of them:

With its user-friendly interface, our online essay extender can assist you in various ways. Check out these ideas on how you can use the tool.

1. To Increase the Word Count

One of the most common uses of our essay extender is to increase an essay's word count. You add words to the entire text or a specific part, for example, introduction, conclusion, or body paragraphs. This gives you more control over where you want to expand an essay and helps you tailor the extension to the academic requirements .

Our tool adds words without compromising the quality of their writing. Since it uses advanced AI algorithms, it extends the text while maintaining the coherence and flow of the original content.

2. To Add a New Part

AI essay extender can also help you add a new part to your essay. For example, if you have already written the introduction and body paragraphs but are struggling with the conclusion, our tool can generate it.

Similarly, if you need to add a new body paragraph to support your argument , our essay extender can generate a paragraph based on your prompt. This feature is particularly useful when you are short on time and need to complete your essay quickly.

3. To Get New Ideas

Sometimes, you only need a fresh perspective to improve your writing. Our essay extender can generate unique ideas by developing a body paragraph on any topic. This feature is helpful for those who are stuck with their writing and need some inspiration to continue. You can use this generated paragraph as a starting point and further develop it according to your ideas and arguments.

Wanna see how essay extender generator works in practice? Let's try it together. Imagine you're writing an argumentative essay on "Should all internships be paid?" We'll use our tool to add some words to a body paragraph and then develop an effective introduction.

All internships should be paid for the simple fact that interns are providing valuable work and skills to the company. It is unfair to expect young workers, who are often already struggling with student debt, to work for free. Interns are not just shadowing or observing; they actively contribute to the company's operations and success. By not compensating them, companies are perpetuating a cycle of unpaid labor and exploiting the enthusiasm and eagerness of young workers. Furthermore, paying interns shows that their time and contributions are valued, allowing them to gain practical experience without financial strain.

All internships should be paid for the simple fact that interns are providing valuable work and skills to the company. It is unfair to expect young workers, who are often already struggling with student debt, to work for free. Interns are not just shadowing or observing; they actively contribute to the company's operations and success. For example, a student who is completing an unpaid internship at a marketing firm may be responsible for creating social media content, conducting market research, and assisting with client meetings. These tasks require time, effort, and skills, and the intern should be compensated for their contributions. By not compensating them, companies are perpetuating a cycle of unpaid labor and exploiting the enthusiasm and eagerness of young workers. Moreover, unpaid internships often come with hidden costs that can be a significant burden for students. For instance, a student interning in a different city may have to cover transportation, housing, and other expenses on top of working for free. Furthermore, paying interns shows that their time and contributions are valued, allowing them to gain practical experience without financial strain. Companies should recognize the contributions interns bring to their organization and compensate them accordingly for their hard work.

Internships have become a common way for students to gain practical experience and valuable skills in their chosen field. However, the issue of whether these internships should be paid or not has sparked a debate. While some argue that unpaid internships provide valuable learning opportunities, others believe that all internships should be paid to ensure fair treatment of young workers. In this essay, we will explore why all internships should be paid, including the value that interns bring to organizations and the hidden costs of unpaid internships.

Check out these helpful tips to work on your academic writing skills and extend an essay manually.

• Expand your arguments . Instead of simply stating your point, provide more detailed examples to support your ideas.
• Use transitional phrases . Transition phrases such as "in addition," "furthermore," and "moreover" can help you connect your ideas and add more depth to your essay.
• Include relevant statistics and data . Adding statistics and data from reliable sources can boost the credibility of your essay and help you expand your arguments.
• Incorporate quotes . Including quotes from experts or authoritative individuals adds depth and weight to your essay.
• Provide background information . If you feel that certain concepts need more explanation, you can provide background information to help the reader better understand your points.

Remember, when expanding on your arguments, it is essential to do so smartly. This means providing detailed explanations and relevant examples that add length to your essay and strengthen your points.

❓ Essay Extender FAQ

Updated: Apr 12th, 2024

• How to Increase or Decrease Your Paper’s Word Count | Grammarly
• How to Increase Your Essay Word Count - Word Counter Blog
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• What Are Filler Words? (Examples and Tips To Avoid Them) | Indeed.com
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On this page, you can find a free essay extender for students. With the help of this tool, you can increase the word count of any text – paste it into the related field and add the necessary details. The essay extender can add particular paragraphs or double your words in two clicks! Don’t miss the helpful tips and examples of text expansion.

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Blog introduction generator.

Automatically generate a perfect introduction for your next blog post.

✍️ Write Smarter, not Harder with NeuralText.

Using our Blog Introduction Generator, you can start your post with a great introduction.

The first thing your readers see when they visit your post is the introduction. Your topic and style will become clearer as a result. How you introduce your work will determine whether or not people read further. Short and sweet: What you say in your introduction matters, so you might as well brush up on it.

What to Write in a Blog Introduction

A good blog post introduction needs to accomplish several things. A great introduction helps you determine if you've done enough to call a draft "done." Each time you write a blog post, think to these three goals:

• Make your readers want to read the next sentence
• Explain your angle or opinion
• Give your readers an overview of what they will take away

But when writing you have a great enemy: the attention span. You have to catch the reader attention as soon as possible. Don't be afraid to rewrite your blog introduction: if you see that a sentence can be edited or delete, don't hesitate and take action.

How to Write a Blog Introduction

Well begun is half done. By crafting a blog introduction you will set expectations and make readers know what they will learn.

We've tried and tested some best practices through the years.

Here is a 4 steps formula to outline your introduction.

1 - Your first line is your pitch

You have only one or two sentences to catch someone's attention. It is your slogan, your why. Use it wisely, take time to craft a great one.

Use a thought provoking questions, or an analogy or even a personal story to create an emotional bound with your readers.

2 - Introduce a problem

Now you need to explain why readers should care about your what you've written. Give some background on how the issue came to be, describe the issue, or include a relatable joke.

Be mindful of who will be reading the post and how the topic will affect them.

Don't make the problem appear bigger than it actually is by using old, over-dramatic, and outdated statistics.

3 - Propose a solution

Having addressed the reason someone would read your blog post, it's time to offer a solution. Make sure your primary keyword is used in the antidote to the problem.

Clarity is better than cleverness here.

Don't stuff every search term into a sentence just to abuse your writing privileges.

4 - Set the bar

As a bonus, here's a sneak peek of what's coming up. Tell the reader what they will take away after your article. Actionable content is what readers want.

Compelling Blog Introduction Examples

That's enough theory for now. Let'see how some examples of great introduction that uses this 4-step formula.

This article from ahrefs is a good example:

1 - Is the first line a good pitch?

The writer opens the article using a contrarian view.

2 - How the problem is introduced?

One sentence for the problem. Simple and direct: you're doing keyword research wrong. 3 - Propose a solution You have to find topics to naturally plug your product recommendations with enough search demand. ‍

4- Set the bar Why the old approach did not work? Here's a sneaky peek with a two-sentence examples to make the reader sure they can understand what is the learning at the end of this piece of content.

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We have all been taught about what an essay introduction should include since elementary school. But how many of us are still able to put those into action while writing an essay introduction?

Your essay introduction provides the first impression on the readers. This is where the reader would decide whether or not they want to continue reading. A good essay can hold the reader’s attention and make them read the entire essay.

This article outlines some key steps or elements of an essay introduction to start powerfully.

What Is the Purpose of an Essay Introduction?

An essay introduction is the opening paragraph of an essay. It will therefore be the first thing your reader sees when reading your essay. A strong introduction serves two purposes.

First of all, it informs the reader of the subject matter of your paper. In other words, it should specify the essay’s topic and provide background information on its major argument. Second, it must pique attention and encourage readers to continue reading your essay.

What an Essay Introduction Should Include?

The essay introduction should set the stage for what is about to be discussed. It usually needs to meet three main requirements:

• Catches the reader’s attention using a compelling hook
• Provides background information about the topic to the reader
• Includes a thesis statement to outline the main points and claims

The length of each segment depends on the complexity of the essay. Let’s look at each part of an essay introduction in detail.

Part 1: a Compelling Hook for the Reader

Spend some time crafting a strong and compelling hook because it sets the tone for the entire essay. Avoid using lengthy, complex sentences; instead, begin with a short, concise, and intriguing phrase that will pique your reader’s interest.

The essay hook should give the reader a sense of the topic you’re writing about. It should hint at why the essay is going to be interesting before they continue reading your essay. Avoid using clichés, dictionary definitions, or plain factual assertions.

Part 2: Relevant Background Information

After presenting an effective hook, the next step is to provide a general summary of the main topic. Provide relevant background information your reader needs to comprehend the subject or argument of your essay.

However, the information presented should be comprehensive but highly focused and relevant to your claim. Don’t go into too much detail. You can identify points that you’ll discuss again later, but reserve your supporting details and analysis for the essay’s body paragraphs.

Based on your essay topic, the background information could include:

• Some historical, geographical, or social context
• An overview of the issue you’re debating about
• Definitions of important terms in the essay
• A summary of the research studies or relevant theories

Part 3: the Thesis Statement to Convey the Main Points

The final part is to narrow down your focus specifically to the main points of the subject through a thesis statement. It should be a brief statement that encapsulates your entire argument.

In short, a thesis statement gives viewers a quick overview of the main claim of your essay. It primarily directs what the body paragraph will cover.

In fact, the thesis statement is the key component of your essay introduction. A strong thesis is a claim that calls for support and justification rather than merely being a statement of fact.

Every essay has a clear purpose that drives the writing and guides readers from the beginning to the end. That’s what an introduction is for. Essay introductions often provide the reader with the information they need for the rest of the essay without unraveling too much detail. This article explains what an essay introduction should include and the importance of each part.

Abir Ghenaiet

Abir is a data analyst and researcher. Among her interests are artificial intelligence, machine learning, and natural language processing. As a humanitarian and educator, she actively supports women in tech and promotes diversity.

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Free Argumentative Essay Generator

State the point to be discussed in your body paragraph

State a supporting point to be discussed in body paragraph

State an opposing point to be discussed in body paragraph

State a similar aspect to be discussed

State a contrasting aspect to be discussed

So, you’ve tried every possible method and technique, but your argumentative essays are still not as good as they should be. What's worse, they take a lot of time to write. Is there a way out?

Yes, there is! With the help of our revolutionary argumentative essay generator, you will boost your creativity and improve the quality of your texts. Use it 100% free of charge to write a perfect argumentative essay!

• ️🚀 How to Use This Tool
• ️💡 Why Use Our Generator?
• ️✍️ What Is an Argumentative Essay?
• ️📚 Essay Structure
• ️🗣️ Types of Arguments
• ️🔥 How to Write
• ️🔗 References

🚀 How to Use Our Argumentative Essay Maker

Our tool is a must-have for all students. Essays that it makes can serve as examples to boost your inspiration. Here’s how to use it effectively:

• Type in your topic.
• Select how many body paragraphs with supporting arguments you want.
• Choose the number of body paragraphs with counterarguments.
• Customize the main body by adjusting the app’s settings (optionally.)
• Press “Generate” and get a fantastic result.

💡 Why Use Our Argumentative Essay Generator?

Our essay maker is one of the best you can get. It's all thanks to its amazing benefits:

✍️ What Is an Argumentative Essay?

An argumentative essay is a type of writing where you research a specific subject, state your point of view, and gather evidence. Its aim is to persuade readers to side with your viewpoint.

Assignments for argumentative essays usually require substantial research of literature and previously published material. Additionally, you may need to conduct an empirical investigation . It means that you will gather information through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments.

📚 Argumentative Essay Structure

An argumentative essay has a simple structure. It consists of 3 core parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. Let’s take a look at each of them separately.

Introduction

Your essay's introduction will consist of 3 parts:

• Every paper begins with a captivating hook that motivates the audience to read your text thoroughly. It can be a shocking fact, a striking piece of statistics, or a humorous phrase.
• The hook is then followed by a brief review of the topic's background .
• Finally, a thesis statement that encapsulates the main ideas and sets the objectives for the entire essay.

An argumentative essay usually includes 3 or more body paragraphs that provide supporting or opposing arguments for the chosen topic. There, you usually list examples, evidence, statistics, studies, and citations to strengthen your position. Each paragraph starts with a short topic sentence summarizing its main argument.

A conclusion wraps up the entire assignment and links all the elements together. It aims to give a general overview of the whole essay and give it closure. A well-written conclusion appeals to the reader's emotions and effectively explains why it was essential to analyze the chosen topic in the first place.

🗣️ Types of Arguments

Good argumentation is the secret of a good essay. Even the greatest ideas will sink into the air if not supported by convincing facts. To help you with this task, we present to you 3 most popular argumentation techniques. Choose the one that suits you most!

Classic (Aristotelian)

Let's start with a default framework, also known as Aristotelian . It uses reasoning in combination with logical facts. You can apply it to almost any concept except those that haven’t been researched enough. Aristotelian argumentation is perfect for narrow and straightforward topics.

It has the following structure:

• A brief description of the topic.
• A paragraph that explains your viewpoint.
• A section that describes the opposing idea.
• A presentation of proof that supports your position.

The Toulmin technique works best for unraveling complex issues that can be viewed from many angles. It has 7 primary sections that you can rearrange in any way that works best for your essay:

• A concise statement of your viewpoint.
• Several paragraphs that include supporting proof, such as statistics or scientific facts.
• A paragraph that explains the relationship between your claim and evidence.
• Additional findings to back up your assertion.
• A review of opposing viewpoints.

Note that if you choose the Toulmin approach, your arguments should be used only to refute another claim. So, instead of researching a topic, your Toulmin essay will solely aim at disproving an opposing viewpoint.

The Rogerian technique is somewhere between Aristotelian and Toulmin. If you use it, you accept the legitimacy of both your and the opposition's stance. It's the least aggressive and most courteous approach, which aids in persuading skeptical readers.

It is structured in five steps as follows:

• A description of the topic.
• A paragraph about your opponent’s ideas.
• A section about your viewpoint.
• A proposition of compromise that allows both points of view to coexist.
• A conclusion.

🔥 How to Write an Argumentative Essay

Writing an argumentative essay may initially seem complicated, but knowing the specifics makes it much easier. Here you’ll find a small step-by-step guide that will help you ace your task.

1. Answer the Question from the Topic

An argumentative essay requires you to present a clear opinion. To do it, you can ask yourself a major topic-oriented question. Then, develop your thesis statement as a response to that question. For instance, your question may be, "What is the best drink?" Then your thesis will say: the best drink is pineapple juice.

This technique simplifies the writing process because you’ve chosen a position from the start and won’t have to formulate your opinion later in the main body.

2. State Why the Opposing Argument Is Wrong

To effectively defeat opposing viewpoints , try stating your objections right away. For example, "Some people believe that apple juice is the best, but not everyone supports this opinion. Compared to apple's sour taste, pineapple juice offers a much more balanced flavor that combines sweet and sour." This approach works well since it backs up your point of view with proof and doesn’t allow your opponent to win.

3. Outline Your Main Points

It’s vital to support each claim you make with facts. To do it, make sure to find enough adequate evidence that can serve as key assertions. It’s best if you select the strongest of them and write them down in an outline. To strengthen your claims even further, don't hesitate to make a list of references and citations from different sources.

4. Write a Draft

It's now time to start writing the first draft of your argumentative essay. All you have to do at this stage is to collect all the parts of your outline together. Ensure a logical flow between paragraphs, and use transitional words to connect your ideas.

Additionally, you may use our argumentative essay generator to create a perfect draft that can serve as a basis for your essay. You can then edit and improve it as you see fit.

5. Edit and Proofread

After the draft is complete, you can start polishing and proofreading it. This time, try to locate and resolve all the grammatical and logical mistakes . Look for areas of your essay that can be clarified or arguments that lack persuasiveness.

Finally, when you feel like your essay is perfect, you can call it a day. Until then, try not to hurry and be sure to revise everything carefully.

As you can see, there is nothing impossible about writing an argumentative essay, especially if you have great AI helpers like our free generator. Try it now and see how the quality of your papers goes through the roof!

We also recommend trying out our business tools such as SOAR analysis matrix and STP template .

❓ Argumentative Essay Generator FAQ

❓ what are the 5 parts of an argumentative essay.

The 5 parts of an argumentative essay include an introduction with a hook, background information on your chosen topic, a thesis statement, body paragraphs with an argument for or against your point of view, and a conclusion.

❓ What is the purpose of an argumentative essay?

A compelling argumentative essay aims to state a specific point of view regarding the chosen topic. To do it, you can use different arguments, evidence, and other proof. Aside from that, an argumentative essay also aims to disprove the opposing viewpoint.

❓ How to start the prewriting process for an argumentative essay?

The first step in prewriting the argumentative essay is to research and gather evidence and facts to support your thesis. Also, sometimes you might have to do empirical research. It means gathering information through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments.

❓ In an argumentative essay, what tone should the author use?

The tone of an argumentative essay should be persuasive and authoritative. Persuasiveness means that you convince the reader that your position is correct and the opposing view is wrong. An authoritative tone will further demonstrate your expertise. Try to strike a balance in tone, and you'll succeed.

🔗 References

• Argumentative Essay/Commentary: The University of Toledo
• How to Write a Good Argumentative Essay: Easy Step-by-Step Guide: Masterclass
• How to Write a Standout Argumentative Essay: Grammarly
• Suggestions for Developing Argumentative Essays: University of California Berkeley
• Tips for Organizing an Argumentative Essay: Valparaiso University

What are you writing about today?

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Free Thesis Statement Generator - Create Your Thesis Online

1. State your topic*

Your topic is the main idea of your paper. It is usually a phrase or a few words that summarize the subject of your paper.

2. State the main idea about this topic*

Explicitly state what the main point of your thesis will be early in your paper.

3. Add evidence that supports your main idea*

What evidence could you use to drive home your thesis’ point? What facts or reasons support your argument?

4. Give another evidence that supports your main point

5. Include a counterargument if possible

Every topic has alternative schools of thought. Think of someone who would disagree with your arguments and/or evidence. What would they say? The more you understand the counterargument, the better you can defend your thesis and its arguments with evidence.

Read the options and choose the one you like:

How to use thesis generator by papersowl.

• Enter all the information we need in brief, do not use full sentences.
• Everything you need is to insert your text and its title into the box.
• Do not use capital letters, periods, or full stops in your answer.
• Hit the “Generate Thesis” button and get samples of your thesis statement.
• Choose the one that suits you from the five presented.

What should you have before using Thesis Generator?

• The topic of your paper. Get creative topic with our topic generator .
• Main conclusion. Use conclusion generator to compose a summary for any type of paper!
• Arguments for your conclusion
• Argument against

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• Research paper
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and many more

• Stuck with a lot of homework assignments?
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• Looking for a writing help with affordable price?

Thesis Statement Generator Review

Other platforms charge for the use of their thesis statement generator that are not always reliable or unique; you get the opposite with Papersowl’s simplistic and reliable thesis statement generator.

How Does Thesis Statement Generator Work?

• The task is to formulate the key concept of your paper; in other words, this is your topic. A statement or a few phrases summarize your paper's main theme. Fill in the requested topic of your paper. First, you should enter all the relevant information. Use clear and concise phrases. You do not need to use complete sentences.
• Explain your major point regarding this subject by inserting the title and the text into the box. Write what you need to say or prove about your subject. When expressing your viewpoint, explain one main thought, define the subject, and declare something particular about it. Avoid using capital characters, periods, or full stops.
• Fields marked with an asterisk are mandatory. Once you have filled them in, hit the generate thesis button. You will see the results below in a separate window. Key phrases will be highlighted in different colors. You can rephrase the thesis or click the button to get a new one. In addition to generating a thesis, you can request the design of examples. Several possible theses will be displayed in the same window.
• The last step is optional. The program offers you sample essays. Click on the corresponding button to get acquainted with examples of related works. The search will return essays or excerpts as close as possible to your topic. You can read them for free or, if necessary, order the full version.
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Advantages Of Thesis Statement Generator By PapersOwl

A thesis statement may appear the most complicated task in the process of writing an academic assignment. We’ve covered you here by developing a game-changing tool. Generating perfect thesis statements, it fills the gaps for you and provides some other tasty benefits:

Our service formulates a powerful thesis statement that informs readers about the scope, objectives, and subject of the paper. The thesis statements derived from our tool are catchy, unique, and relevant, so you don't have to worry about their intelligibility.

We understand your pains arising in the process of creating an efficient research paper and we don't want to further increase them. That's why we made our tool free for you to use.

Students may spend hours trying to come up with a relevant thesis statement they can defend in the course of the research. We offer a simple and time-saving algorithm for a great outcome.

We developed our tool with experts so that you could receive the best service. The brand-new software analyzes your inputs and produces a 100% unique statement that guides the reader and backs up your research.

Thesis Statement Generator Online

The most difficult and main part of each writing work is to form a thesis statement. The assignments of different topics are not so easy to create it perfectly at the beginning of writing. But to solve this problem and to help people all around the world who have been puzzled for hours over this issue, an online thesis statement generator was developed and that’s why you can try now to make your ideal one with filling the gaps. Sounds too complicated?

Don’t be scared of wasting lots of time or payments because it will take you less than 2 minutes to get your wish from the free thesis generator. There is nothing sophisticated, just start your research by stating your topic and then write down the main idea of the text, your position. After that you have to fill in a few more gaps, press submit and Bob’s your uncle.

By the way, our website involved lots of professionals to create such a wise thesis maker. And you may not be informed that this service is mostly chargeable on different websites. But we offer you is entirely free of payment. And if you are interested in such an experiment for your writing skills you can try a thesis for a research paper .

If You Pay For Research Paper You Get Many Advantages

Main types of thesis statement.

There are some kinds of essay papers that have ideas and purposes. Therefore, it is logical that for each particular type of essay you should use your own corresponding thesis creator. Each of them has specific skills to find an appropriate one analyzing all information you brought in and producing a well-directed idea in accordance with the essay type.  Also, each of them has its own system of calculation.

• Informative speech statement  generator

The main idea is to form no argument or expressing but a general goal of your essay. Here it is very important since this expository thesis statement provides the reader with a clear and accessible view of your paper and keeps reading curious.

• Compare and contrast the thesis statement generator.

This calculator works with comparison two or more things depending on your writing task. Instead of wasting lots of time to find an appropriate one to contrast it is very wise to work out the best statement. And having already all the points to work with it would be much easier to finish your work.

• Argumentative thesis statement generator

The problem of this writing helper is to get your opinion and to find out perfect arguments towards it. This one is based on examining your counter position, suggesting different reasons for the subject. Also, get your short summarize on exploring the issue.

• Cause and effect thesis statement generator

Using this one you will get a variety of reasons that refer to the text main idea, which is always hard to produce much. Moreover, you will receive effects that are related to just-ready causes. After that, it is no problem to get over with the rest of the analytical writing information to have your essay one of the best.

• Expository thesis statement generator

Helping students with explaining the sense of an issue to the audience is how it works. What does it imply? Working out evidence evaluating and investigating the problem of the text you will get the very one you needed. The hardest difficulties of such kind of essay leave for its solving.

Choose the appropriate thesis statement maker to enjoy its results on research paper writing service.

The Structure Of Thesis Statement

Its structure is a strong argument you should prove through the whole text. To build it you need to a generalization in one or two sentences. It should include a comment on your position, central message, be something clear and useful for readers. Shape it to show the reader that all information and main you mean there is in your narrative work, nothing extra. Every sentence should be informative or has a reason to think about it.

Samples Of Thesis Statement Created By Our Users

People who visited our website tried to create their own samples and here is what they got:

• After graduating high school, students need a gap year because this leads to socialization and students become aware of what do they want from life.

Considering high schools and people it is a fact as that is the true and the second part of the sentence is a reason because that could be the answer to the previous part of the sentence.

Sample Of Thesis Statement On Gender Roles.

Using a thesis statement creator makes it possible to receive such a sentence:

• There are some expectations that we grow familiar as the times passes and they are regarded to be the gender roles. Basically, the gender role is what is convenient for a man or woman to do in society.
• You get it when explaining that, for example, what I believe on this matter is that it affects children and teenagers negatively because it puts pressure on them and creates a superiority relation between the genders in our society.

Sample Of Statement On Advertising

How to make one? To express your opinion even on advertising it is available with thesis statement generator free. Just look at the problem from different sides. Here we have:

• Advertising can be incredibly effective and powerful in promoting causes and beneficial products, while at the same time be negative for forcing ideas upon its audience. Advertising, despite its causes, is beneficial and necessary towards creating a stable and free-flowing society and economy.

Thus here we have a strong one and already positive and negative sides. They are significant in developing good text and picking up all the audience. By the way, if it is difficult to continue with the writing and thesis generator for the research paper didn’t give you a strong new one, because you can always choose buy a research paper at our website.

Sample Of Statement On Fake News

To form such kind of them also needs some efforts but if you are already little experience in this area it wouldn’t be quite difficult. Everything is about practice.

• We present new evidence on the role of false stories circulated on social media prior to the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Drawing on audience data, archives of fact-checking websites, and results from a new online survey, we find: social media was an important but not dominant source of news in the run-up to the election.

This is a phrase we should work with. Having studied that we can claim that:

Exploring many reliable sources it turned out that presidential elections weren’t clear and even social media were accused of it.

Now you are acquainted much closer with statement generators of different kinds. We believe your life will become easier with its help and good grades expect for you soon. Thus, don’t give up on your writing, use smart technologies and make progress. You can much more than you are expected to do.

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Hey everyone! I'm working on my college applications, and part of it requires a personal background essay. I'm a little stuck, so if you guys could share some examples or tips, that'd be great! Please help me out, thanks!

Hello! It's understandable that writing a personal background essay can be challenging. Here are some tips to get you started and an example of how you might approach this essay:

1. Reflect on what makes your background unique. Consider your family's history, culture, traditions, values, and how these have shaped your experiences.

2. Delve into the details. Discuss specific experiences, anecdotes, or events that have had a significant impact on your life and highlight the lessons you've gained from your background.

3. Be authentic. Write from the heart and let your personality shine through. This essay is your opportunity to help the admissions officers get to know you beyond your stats and accomplishments.

4. Avoid clichés. Personal background essays are quite common, so if you're writing about a widely-covered topic (moving, learning a new language, etc.), try to find a unique angle or aspect that will set your essay apart.

Growing up in a multigenerational household, I've had the rare privilege of experiencing diverse perspectives on life from my grandparents, parents, and siblings. My grandparents, who emigrated from Vietnam, taught me the importance of staying true to our cultural heritage and maintaining strong connections with family. Daily rituals like preparing and enjoying traditional Vietnamese meals, participating in Lunar New Year celebrations, and listening to stories about my grandparents' journey to the United States helped me appreciate the strength and resilience of my ancestors.

However, this cultural pride was not always something I cherished. As a child, I was bullied for my Banh Khot and Banh Mi lunches, and I'd often ask my parents to pack more generic-looking sandwiches to avoid feeling like an outsider at school. It wasn't until my grandmother shared her own story of assimilation and how she strived to maintain her cultural identity in a new country that I realized the value of embracing my heritage. Inspired by her courage, I decided to educate my peers about Vietnamese traditions and founded a cultural exchange club at school. Together, we explored our heritages, organizing potlucks, cultural presentations, and language exchange sessions.

Through this experience, I've learned that embracing who I am and the unique background I come from has made me a stronger person. My personal background has taught me to be open to learning about other cultures, which I look forward to bringing to my future college community.

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Read the N.T.S.B.’s Preliminary Report on the Baltimore Bridge Collapse

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The 24-page report includes investigators’ initial findings into the collapse of the Francis Scott Key Bridge after it was struck by a container ship.

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NATIONAL SAFETY SPORTATION BOARD + AVIATION HIGHWAY MARINE RAILROAD PIPELINE May 14, 2024 Marine Investigation Preliminary Report Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Location: Baltimore, Maryland Date and Time: March 26, 2024 0129 local time (eastern daylight time) Ship: Dali (Neo-Panamax containership) Accident Number: DCA24MM031 IMO Number: 9697428 Injuries: 8 (6 fatal) On March 26, 2024, about 0129 eastern daylight time, the 947-foot-long Singapore-flagged cargo vessel (containership) Dali was transiting out of Baltimore Harbor in Baltimore, Maryland, when it experienced a loss of electrical power and propulsion and struck the southern pier supporting the central truss spans of the Francis Scott Key Bridge (Key Bridge). A portion of the bridge subsequently collapsed into the river, and portions of the deck and the truss spans collapsed onto the vessel's forward deck (see figure 1). A seven-person road maintenance crew employed by Brawner Builders-which was contracted by the Maryland Transportation Authority (MDTA)-and one inspector employed by Eborn Enterprises, Inc., a subconsultant to the MDTA, were on the bridge when the vessel struck it. The inspector escaped unharmed, and one of the construction crewmembers survived with serious injuries. The bodies of the six fatally injured construction crewmembers have been recovered. One of the 23 persons aboard the Dali was injured. 1 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse NERGY MAERSK MAERSK ERSK Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 Figure 1. The Dali, with portions of the collapsed Key Bridge across its forward deck and in the Patapsco River, on March 28. The US Coast Guard classified this accident as a major marine casualty.¹ The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), according to its Memorandum of Understanding with the Coast Guard, is the lead federal agency for the safety investigation, and, in response to the accident, traveled to Baltimore. As part of the investigative process, the NTSB invited qualified parties to participate in the investigation. While they are not part of the analysis, parties are crucial in helping the NTSB develop the facts around an investigation. The following entities have agreed to serve as party to the Dali investigation: • Synergy Marine Group • Grace Ocean Private Limited • Maryland Transportation Authority (MDTA) Federal Highway Administration 1 A major marine casualty may include any one of the following: (a) the loss of six or more lives, (b) the loss of a mechanically propelled vessel of 100 or more gross tons, (c) property damage initially estimated to be $500,000 or more, and (d) a serious threat, as determined by the Commandant of the Coast Guard with the concurrence of the National Transportation Safety Board Chair, to life, property, or the environment by hazardous materials. 2 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Association of Maryland Pilots • Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ClassNK) • HD Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd • Maritime & Port Authority of Singapore Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 The parties were formed into specialized investigative groups led by NTSB group chairs in the areas of nautical operations (ship handling, cargo, and navigation), engineering (propulsion and electrical), survival factors (search and rescue), bridge structures (design and protection), and recorders (electronic evidence). The Chair of the NTSB traveled with the investigative team and acted as the agency spokesperson. In addition, the Singapore Transport Safety Investigation Bureau (TSIB), the Sri Lanka Merchant Shipping Secretariat, and the India Directorate General of Shipping are coordinating with the NTSB as representatives of the substantially interested states.2 1 Accident Events 1.1 Dali's Main Propulsion System The Dali was propelled by a single, slow-speed, 55,626-hp (41,480-kW) diesel engine manufactured by Hyundai MAN B&W (see figure 2). The engine was directly connected to a single, right-turning propeller. To run the main engine, one of the vessel's four diesel generators must be operating and supplying the vessel with electrical power. The emergency generator alone cannot be used to restart or run the main engine. The Dali's main engine required compressed air directed into its cylinders to start and change direction. To change from ahead (moving forward) to astern 2 According to International Maritime Organization Resolution MSC.255(84), a substantially interested state is a State: (1) which is the flag State of a ship involved in a marine casualty or marine incident; (2) which is the coastal State involved in a marine casualty or marine incident; or; (3) whose environment was seriously damaged by a marine casualty (including the environment of its waters and territories recognized under international law); (4) where the consequences of a marine casualty or marine incident caused, or threatened, serious harm to that State or to artificial islands, installations, or structures over which the State is entitled to exercise jurisdiction; (5) where, as a result of a marine casualty, nationals of that State have lost their lives or received serious injuries; (6) that has important information at its disposal that the marine safety investigating State(s) consider useful to the investigation; or (7) that for some other reason establishes an interest that is considered significant by the marine safety investigating State(s). 3 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 (moving in reverse), the engine would need to be stopped and then restarted in the opposite direction. The engine was also fitted with alarms and automatic shutdown features to prevent damage to the engine if supporting systems required for its operation, such as the lubricating oil pump (which controls lubricating-oil pressure) or cooling water pump (which supplies a flow of cooling water), were lost. If a loss of electrical power occurred to either of these pumps, the engine would be shut down automatically. As part of a multistep sequence to restart and operate the main engine after a shutdown, the lubricating oil and cooling water pumps would need to be restarted. UNDAI MAN Bak NTSB Figure 2. Left: The Dali's main engine room (looking aft), showing the vessel's engine. Right: NTSB investigators examining the lower level of the vessel's engine room (looking forward). 1.2 Dali's Electrical Power Distribution System The ship's electrical power was supplied by four alternating current generators, which were each driven by a diesel engine. Generator nos. 1 and 4 were rated for 4,400 kW, and generator nos. 2 and 3 were rated for 4,000 kW. The generators were connected to a 6,600-volt high-voltage (HV) main electrical bus by the vessel's power management system (see figure 3) that powered various shipboard equipment, including the main engine lubricating oil pumps, the bow thruster (a propulsor on the ship's bow that that assists with ship maneuverability), and reefer containers 4 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 3 (refrigerated containers that cool temperature-sensitive cargo). ³ The HV main electrical bus could be split with an installed main bus tie (HVR in figure 5 on page 88), which would isolate two generators on each side of the bus. The bus was designed to be normally operated in a closed-bus configuration (meaning the main bus tie, which connected the two sides of the bus, was closed); this was the case during the accident voyage. 西門 hhhh HV switchboard and breakers B.B. LV switchboard and breakers ELLE 154 n BB NTSB Figure 3. The Dali's power management system in the ship's engine control room. The HV switchboard (which houses the HV bus) and breakers (left) and the LV switchboard (which houses the LV bus) and breakers (right). A 440-volt low-voltage (LV) electrical bus was connected to the HV bus via redundant step-down transformers (TR1 and TR2 in figure 5). The LV bus powered vessel lighting and other equipment, including steering gear pumps and the main engine cooling water pumps. Breakers were located on either side of the step-down transformers—HR1 and HR2 on the HV side, LR1 and LR2 on the LV side. The LV bus ³ An electrical bus is a physical part of an electrical switchboard. (The term bus is a shortened form of bus bars, which are the metal bars physically located within the switchboard.) The bus connects the power produced by generators to systems/devices that require electrical power. Components such as circuit breakers and transformers help handle the electrical power that the bus distributes to the systems/devices requiring electrical power. 5 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 could also be split with an installed bus tie (LVR in figure 5). The bus was designed to be normally operated with the LV bus tie closed, which was the configuration during the accident voyage. With the LV bus tie closed, one transformer (TR1 or TR2) is designed to be used, with its associated HR and LR breakers (see figure 5). 1.3 Events of March 26 The following timeline depicts the events that occurred in the time leading up to the Dali striking pier no. 17 of the Key Bridge, the bridge's subsequent collapse, and initial search and rescue and recovery efforts for the road maintenance crewmembers (see figure 4). Baltimore NTSB Brooklyn Park Seagirt Marine Terminal Patapsco River Dundalk Francis Scott Key Bridge 0 2 4 mi Figure 4. Area where the Dali struck the Key Bridge, as indicated by the red X. (Background source: Google Maps) Around midnight on March 26, seven road maintenance workers and one inspector were working in the southbound lanes of the Key Bridge, which were closed to traffic. MDTA Police units were stationed at either end of the bridge to alternate traffic on the northbound lanes to protect the construction crew. 6 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 About 0005, an Association of Maryland Pilots senior pilot and an apprentice pilot boarded the Dali, which was about to depart from Seagirt Marine Terminal en route to Colombo, Sri Lanka, with a cargo of 4,680 containers (56,675 metric tons of containerized cargo). During the master/pilot exchange, the senior pilot asked about the vessel's condition, and the captain reported that the ship was in good working order.4 The Dali was assisted by two tugboats. • • The Bridget McAllister, a 78-foot-long, 5,080-hp tugboat with a 65-ton bollard pull, was secured on the Dali's port quarter.5 The Eric McAllister, a 98-foot-long, 5,150-hp tugboat with a 66-ton bollard pull, was secured on the Dali's port bow. About 0036, the two tugboats pulled the Dali away from the dock. About 0107, the vessel entered the Fort McHenry Channel. Generator nos. 3 and 4 were supplying electrical power to the vessel (see figure 5). All three steering pumps, which turned the ship's single rudder, were online. 4 A master/pilot exchange is required at the start of pilot transits and includes discussion of the vessel's navigational equipment, any limitations of maneuverability, available engine speeds, berthing maneuvers, intended course and speed through the waterway, anticipated hazards along the route, weather conditions, and composition of the bridge team and deck crew both forward and aft, including bow lookout. 5 Bollard pull is a measure of the pulling capability of a vessel at zero speed. 7 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 DG4 DG3 DG2 DG1 NTSB DGR4 DGR3 DGR2 DGR1 HV BUS (6,600 V) HR2 HVR TR2 LR2 LVR EG HR1 B/T TR1 LR1 LV BUS (440 V) B/T Bow thruster DG Diesel generator Breakers DGR Diesel generator breaker EBUS EBUS Emergency electrical bus EG Emergency generator Open HR High-voltage breaker HV BUS High-voltage electrical bus HVR High-voltage bus tie LR Low-voltage breaker Closed LV BUS Low-voltage electrical bus LVR Low-voltage bus tie TR Transformer Figure 5. Simplified one-line electrical diagram of the Dali electrical power distribution system. Breakers shown reflect their positions at departure on March 26. About 0045, the senior pilot ordered the main propulsion engine (a 55,626-hp [41,480-kW] diesel engine driving a single propeller) to "dead slow ahead." Once in the channel, about 0107, the senior pilot also gave orders for the tugboats to be let go per normal practice. The senior pilot handed control over to the apprentice pilot and remained standing by. The ahead engine orders given during maneuvering would have generally corresponded to the estimated ship speeds (with the vessel loaded) in figure 6. About 0109, the main engine's speed was increased to "slow ahead." The apprentice pilot ordered a course of 141° to transit under the Key Bridge. 8 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 Engine Telegraph Estimated Ship's Speed (kts) (Ahead) RPM Loaded Ballast NAV FULL 80.05 21.9 23.5 FULL 60 16.8 18.1 HALF 53 14.5 15.7 SLOW 35 10.0 10.9 DEAD SLOW 27 8.1 8.8 STOP Figure 6. The Dali's main engine maneuvering table, which shows ahead engine orders and the vessel's corresponding speeds under two operating conditions: loaded and ballast. The Dali was loaded when it departed. About 0125, the Dali was 0.6 miles-or three ship lengths-from the Key Bridge when electrical breakers (HR1 and LR1) that fed most of the vessel's equipment and lighting unexpectedly opened (tripped) (see figure 7). This caused the first blackout (loss of electrical power) to all shipboard lighting and most equipment, including the main engine cooling water pumps (which controlled engine cooling water pressure) and steering gear pumps. Generator nos. 3 and 4 continued to run and supply electrical power to the HV bus. Most bridge equipment also lost power, and the voyage data recorder (VDR) lost vessel system data feeds. Bridge audio continued to be captured. 9 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 1 2 NTSB 1 A primary electrical breaker that feeds most of the Dali's equipment and lighting unexpectedly opens (trips). The ship loses electrical power, experiencing a blackout. 2 Main propulsion diesel engine shuts down automatically after pumps lost electrical power. The vessel loses main propulsion (its propeller stops). 3 Crew restores electrical power to the vessel. 4 Call for tug assist. Senior pilot orders anchor dropped. 5 Second blackout occurs. 6 VHF marine radio call is made to warn all waterborne traffic. 7 The Dali hits the Key Bridge. 3 5 6 Dolphin no. 2 7 Dolphin no. 1 Figure 7. The Dali's route on March 26, between the first blackout, and the Dali striking pier no. 17 of the Key Bridge. The location and approximate size of two of the bridge's "dolphins," sheet pile and concrete structures protecting the bridge's piers, are labeled in the lower right. The main propulsion diesel engine was independent of the vessel's four diesel- driven electrical generators; however, the loss of electrical power to the pumps required for its operation resulted in the main engine being automatically shut down, and the vessel lost main propulsion, meaning its propeller stopped. The loss of electrical power stopped all three steering pumps, and, therefore, the rudder was unable to be moved. At the time, the ship was on a heading of 141.7º, a course over ground of 140.8°, and speed over ground of 9.0 knots, with the rudder amidships (0°). At 0126:02, the VDR, which had stopped recording vessel system data when the blackout occurred, resumed recording the data. The VDR audio recording had not been affected by the blackout. The Dali's heading was 144.3° and course over ground was 142.7°. Its speed over ground was 8.6 knots. The apprentice pilot called the pilot dispatcher by mobile phone. At 0126:13, the senior pilot, who had regained control from the apprentice pilot by this point, ordered 20° of port rudder. 10 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 According to the crew, the emergency generator started and connected to the emergency bus (its breaker would have closed) shortly after the vessel lost electrical power. At this time, the NTSB is still investigating the exact time when the emergency generator started and connected to the emergency bus. Typical for oceangoing vessels, the Dali had an emergency diesel generator (in addition to the four generators) that could be configured to automatically start and connect to the emergency bus if normal electrical power and lighting were lost. When the emergency bus was powered, emergency lighting, navigation and radio equipment, alarms, and other emergency equipment would have been available, and the designated emergency steering pump (no. 3) would have been available to turn the rudder at its low-speed setting. (When operated alone using emergency electrical power, steering pump no. 3 was designed to run at a lower speed, turning the rudder at a slower rate than with all pumps.) However, without the propeller turning, the rudder would have been less effective. The crew manually closed breakers HR1 and LR1, reconnecting generator nos. 3 and 4 and restoring electrical power to the LV bus, supplying electrical power again to the entire vessel. At 0126:39, the pilots called for tug assist. The Eric McAllister was 3 miles away and immediately answered, heading toward the ship (the tug did not reach the Dali before it struck the bridge). At 0127:01, the senior pilot ordered an anchor dropped, and the crew began the process to drop anchor. The pilots' dispatcher called the MDTA Police duty officer and relayed that the ship had lost power. The pilots' dispatcher then notified the Coast Guard about the Dali's loss of power. • The Dali crew was able to restore electrical power to the vessel, but, when the ship was 0.2 miles from the bridge, a second electrical blackout occurred because DGR3 and DGR4, the breakers that connected generator nos. 3 and 4 to the HV bus, opened, causing a total loss of vessel electrical power (HV bus and LV bus). Having connected to the emergency bus by this time, the emergency generator provided electrical power to the emergency equipment continuously through the second electrical blackout. Generator no. 2, which had previously started automatically because it was in standby mode, connected and restored power to the HV bus via DGR2. At 0127:23, the pilot ordered the rudder hard to port (35°). At this point, the main engine remained shut down and there was no propulsion to assist with steering. 11 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 At 0127:25, one of the pilots made a call by very high frequency (VHF) marine radio to warn all waterborne traffic. At 0127:32, about 31 seconds after the second blackout, the crew manually closed breakers HR2 and LR2, restoring power to the LV bus, which was powered by generator no. 2. (The crew regained electrical power before the vessel struck the pier but was unable to regain propulsion.)6 At 0127:53, the MDTA duty officer ordered the units stationed at the ends of the bridge to close the bridge to all traffic. Once the bridge was closed to traffic, only the maintenance crew and the inspector remained on the bridge. At 0129:10, the Dali's starboard bow struck pier no. 17 of the Key Bridge at 6.5 knots. Six spans of the bridge (the main spans [17, 18, and 19] and spans 20, 21, and 22) subsequently collapsed into the water and across the ship's bow. A Dali crewmember, who was on the bow at the time of the accident, told investigators that, as he was releasing the brake on the port anchor, he had to escape from the falling bridge before he was able to reapply the brake. (Due to ongoing salvage efforts, the amount of anchor chain paid out is still unknown.) As the bridge deck collapsed onto the bow of the Dali, another of the vessel's crewmembers sustained a minor injury while escaping the debris. The road maintenance inspector had been walking the length of the bridge when the ship struck it. He ran north and made it to the nearest surviving span before the rest of the bridge collapsed. The other seven workers were in their vehicles and fell with the bridge. One worker was able to free himself from his truck and was rescued by an MDTA Police boat at 0155. About 0134, the Coast Guard issued an urgent marine information broadcast, requesting assistance from passing traffic. The first Coast Guard boats were on scene about 0151. Multiple agencies searched for survivors throughout March 26. The Coast Guard suspended the active search that evening, and efforts then transitioned to recovery. Six victims were later recovered by divers. 6 After the accident, the crew changed which generators supplied the vessel's electrical power. Generator electrical power was routed to the electrical systems only through HR2, TR2, and LR2 until April 9, when NTSB investigative parties and equipment manufacturer representatives began examining the electrical system. Testing is ongoing. 12 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 2 Dali 2.1 Background and Specifications The Dali, a 947-foot-long, steel-hulled general cargo vessel (containership), was built by HD Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. in 2015. The vessel's draft on departure was 39.9 feet fore and aft, with a cargo of 4,680 containers (56,675 metric tons of containerized cargo). The ship and cargo displaced 112,383 metric tons as loaded at departure. Singapore-based Grace Ocean Private Limited, the vessel's owner, owns 55 ships-a mix of containerships (including Dali), bulk carriers, and tankers. As of March 26, Singapore-based Synergy Marine Group, the vessel manager who provided the crew and operated the vessel for the owner, managed 55 ships under Panama, Marshall Islands, Hong Kong, Liberia, and Singapore flags, including the Dali. The vessel was classed by ClassNK, one of several nongovernmental classification societies that establish and maintain standards for the construction and operation of ships. Through construction and later periodic surveys, classification societies confirm a vessel meets the class's technical rules. 2.2 US Port Calls in March 2024 Since arriving from Sri Lanka to the United States on March 19, the ship had made two other US port calls (Newark, New Jersey, from March 19 until March 21, and Norfolk, Virginia, from March 22 to March 23). On March 23, at 0236, the Dali moored at the Seagirt Marine Terminal in Baltimore Harbor. 2.2.1 Electrical Power Loss on Previous Day On March 25, about 10 hours before leaving Baltimore, the Dali experienced a blackout (loss of electrical power to the HV and LV buses) during in-port maintenance. While working on the diesel engine exhaust scrubber system for the diesel engine driving the only online generator (generator no. 2), a crewmember mistakenly closed an inline engine exhaust damper. Closure of this damper effectively blocked the engine's cylinder exhaust gases from traveling up its stack and out of the vessel, causing the engine to stall. When the system detected a loss of power, generator no. 3 automatically started and connected to the HV bus. Vessel power was restored when crewmembers manually closed HR2 and LR2. Generator no. 3 continued to run for a short period, but insufficient fuel pressure 7 The NTSB is not aware of any other vessel power outages occurring in Baltimore or while in its prior ports, Newark or Norfolk. 13 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 caused its speed to decrease, and its breaker (DGR3) opened; a second blackout (another loss of electrical power to the HV and LV buses) occurred. In the meantime, the crew had reopened generator no. 2's engine exhaust damper, and the generator automatically restarted and then connected to the HV bus when DGR2 closed. While recovering from this second blackout, the crew switched the bus configuration to use breakers HR1 and LR1 and the bus's associated transformer (TR1) instead of breakers HR2 and LR2, which had been in use for several months. TR1 and its associated breakers, HR1 and LR1, were in use when the ship departed on March 26. The first in-port blackout was caused by the mechanical blocking of the online generator's exhaust gas stack. The second blackout in port was related to insufficient fuel pressure for the online generator. During both of these electrical power-loss events, the online generators' breakers (DGR2 and DGR3) to the HV bus opened before the HR2 or LR2 breakers opened. During the recovery, the crew put TR1 online to feed the LV bus because TR2 had reportedly been in use for several months. The first vessel blackout after departure on March 26 occurred when the HR1 and LR1 breakers opened unexpectedly. The NTSB is still investigating the electrical configuration following the first in-port blackout and potential impacts on the events during the accident voyage. 2.3 Electronic Data 2.3.1 Voyage Data Recorder International Maritime Organization rules require that vessels of 3,000 gross tons and above, constructed after July 1, 2014, and engaged on international voyages be equipped with a full VDR system. International Maritime Organization resolution MSC.333(90) requires that these vessels contain both a fixed and a float-free VDR capsule that record, at a minimum, 48 hours of data. Additionally, the VDR should store internal data of at least 30 days in the VDR's cabinet. The Dali was constructed in 2015 and contained a JRC JCY-1900 VDR. Six hours of VDR data, which tracked events immediately before and after the accident, were downloaded and reviewed on March 26, immediately following the casualty. The VDR's hard drive from the VDR cabinet on the Dali was later removed and downloaded by NTSB personnel with the assistance of the VDR manufacturer. The hard drive contained 34 days of VDR data. 14 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Other Data Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 2.3.2 Data from other bridge equipment, including the ship's electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS) and the pilots' portable pilot unit (PPU), were also downloaded. Review of this data continues. 2.3.3 Integrated Control and Monitoring System and High-voltage Electrical Bus The Dali was equipped with an integrated control and monitoring system (ICMS) that retained information related to machinery and system changes and resulting alarms, including vessel engines and the electrical power management system. The NTSB has managed testing of the vessel's HV electrical bus and its components (including the HV and LV breakers) as the investigation parties and the electrical bus manufacturer, HD Hyundai Heavy Industries, Co. Ltd., work to identify the cause(s) of the breakers unexpectedly opening while approaching the Key Bridge and the subsequent blackouts (see figure 8). NTSB DANGER 3093 Figure 8. An NTSB investigator examining the Dali's HV switchboard (which houses the HV bus) and applying tamper-evident preservation seals. 15 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse 2.4 Alcohol and Other Drug Testing Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 Coast Guard regulations require employers to conduct drug and alcohol testing for those directly involved in a "serious marine incident."8 On March 26, at 0232, the Dali master and chief engineer tested the entire crew for alcohol, per company procedure. All tested negative. At 0317, the senior and apprentice pilots were relieved by another pilot from the Association of Maryland Pilots. The two pilots were taken ashore where, at 0530, both were administered tests for alcohol and other drugs per Coast Guard regulations. Both tested negative. Between 1617 and 1804, a third-party testing provider went aboard the ship to test the entire crew for alcohol and drugs, per Coast Guard regulations. All tested negative for both. The injured crewmember, who had been tested at 0232 with the rest of the crew, had already been taken ashore for medical treatment and was not tested by the third-party testing provider. 2.5 Fuel Testing The ship used three main grades of fuel for the main engine and electrical generators: low-sulfur marine gas oil (LSMGO), low-sulfur heavy fuel oil, and heavy fuel oil. The Dali carried an estimated 1.8 million gallons of fuel in dedicated vessel fuel tanks. None of the vessel's dedicated fuel tanks were damaged. The last time the Dali crew switched fuel was on the evening of March 21, 5 days before the accident, when they switched to burning LSMGO in all engines upon entering US territorial waters (12 miles off the Atlantic coast), as required by emission regulatory requirements. The Dali took on various amounts of all three types of fuel in Newark, New Jersey, on March 19 after the month-long trip from Sri Lanka. Fuel-sample analysis results indicated that the LSMGO fuel bunkered in Newark, which was the same type of fuel in use during the accident events, complied with international standards and regulations. The test results did not identify any concerns related to the quality of the fuel. On March 28, the owner took samples of the LSMGO that was being burned at the time of the accident. At NTSB direction, the owner transferred the samples to an independent laboratory. The test results did not identify any concerns related to the quality of the fuel. 8 See Title 46 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 4.03-2-Serious marine incident. 16 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 On April 11, additional fuel samples were taken from all fuel tanks and various fuel supply manifolds on board the vessel; samples were tested by an independent lab. Fuel-sample analysis results indicated that the LSMGO fuel being burned at the time of the accident complied with international standards and regulations. The test results did not identify any concerns related to the quality of the fuel. 2.6 Hazardous Materials Of the 4,680 containers on board the vessel at the time of the accident, 56 were identified as containing dangerous goods (hazardous materials). The containers were located throughout the ship. The NTSB identified 14 containers, which were recorded as containing hazardous materials, that may have been damaged when the ship struck the Key Bridge or during the subsequent collapse of the bridge deck onto the ship (see figure 9 and table below). These 14 containers were all located forward of the superstructure, inboard in bays 5, 6, and 7.9 10 14 6 2 9 11 13 5 15 7 1 3 1. Alkyl sulfonic acid, liquid 2. Alkyl sulfonic acid, liquid 3. Alkyl sulfonic acid, liquid 4. Corrosive liquid, flammable 5. Lithium-ion batteries in equipment 6. Perfumery products 7. Perfumery products 8. Perfumery products NTSB 9. Alkyl sulfonic acid, liquid 10. Alkyl sulfonic acid, liquid 11. Alkyl sulfonic acid, liquid 12. Sodium hydroxide solution and Alcohols N.O.S. 13. Environmentally hazardous substance, liquid, N.O.S. 14. Environmentally hazardous substance, liquid, N.O.S. Figure 9. Approximate locations of cargo bays (yellow with numbers in white squares) and the 14 impacted hazardous materials shipping containers (orange circles with white numbers) transposed onto the Dali as seen after the accident. Hazardous material container no. 13 was in a portable tank, stored in the hold, below the deck. 9 A superstructure is the area on the main deck of a ship that houses crew stateroom accommodations and the galley. The ship's bridge sits atop the superstructure. 17 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 Table. Hazardous materials in potentially damaged containers. Description Quantity No. of containers Hazard class¹ Alkyl sulfonic acids, liquids 128,000 kg 6 82 Corrosive liquid, flammable 4,626 kg 1 8 (class 3 subrisk)³ Environmentally hazardous substance, 6,804 kg 1 95 solid, N.O.S. (copper powder)4 Environmentally hazardous substance, 18,270 kg 1 liquid, N.O.S. (alkoxylated long-chain alkyl amine)6 a. Sodium hydroxide solution a. 10 kg 1 b. Alcohols N.O.S. b. 174 kg 1 83 Perfumery products 7,016 kg 3 Lithium-ion batteries in equipment 922 kg 1 9 Notes: 1. See Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 173–Shippers-General Requirements for Shipments and Packagings. 2. Class 8 materials are corrosive materials. 3. Class 3 materials are flammable and combustible liquids. 4. N.O.S. means "not otherwise specified." See 49 CFR 172.101-Purpose and use of hazardous materials table. 5. Class 9 materials are miscellaneous hazardous materials. 6. In a portable tank. Stored below deck. The Dali master activated the vessel response plan at 0212 the morning of the accident by contacting crisis and emergency management firm Witt O'Brien's, the qualified individual. 10 Resolve Marine responded as salvor, and Marine Spill Response Corporation responded as the oil spill response organization according to the vessel response plan. The Coast Guard additionally deployed its Atlantic Strike Team and its Salvage Engineering Response Team. The US Army Corps of Engineers and the US Navy Supervisor of Salvage and Diving, among many other agencies, also responded. Responders deployed containment boom around the ship, conducted 10 A vessel response plan is a document that establishes vessel information for use during an oil spill (or if the threat of oil discharge or other unresolved hazardous conditions is present). Information includes designated shore-based resource providers, such as oil spill management and salvage, and procedures for notifying them. A qualified individual is trained in the responsibilities of implementing a vessel response plan. 18 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 atmospheric monitoring, and plugged the deck scuppers." According to the Unified Command, no hazardous material from containers has reached the water. Salvors are transferring the bulk liquid acid to intact tanks and moving containers ashore. 3.1 Background 3 Francis Scott Key Bridge The Francis Scott Key Bridge was owned and operated by MDTA and was opened to traffic on March 23, 1977, and carried Maryland 695 over the Patapsco River, running from Baltimore to Dundalk, Maryland. The approximately 9,087-foot- long, steel and concrete bridge was comprised of a continuous steel through-truss located over the river's navigation channel; the north and south approaches of the bridge consisted of multibeam plate girder spans (see figure 10). The continuous through-truss main spans of the bridge had a total length of about 2,643 feet and consisted of a 1,200-foot-long main span and two 721.5-foot-long back spans. The main span's navigation vertical clearance was 185 feet, and its navigation horizontal clearance (between the supporting piers) was about 1,100 feet. Continuous steel through-truss Multibeam plate girder spans N Continuous through-truss spans Multibeam plate girder spans Figure 10. The Key Bridge with its truss and spans labeled. (Background source: MDTA) 11 (a) A containment boom is a temporary floating barrier extended used to contain an oil spill. Atmospheric monitoring is the monitoring of an area's air to detect concentrations of certain gases. (b) A scupper is an opening cut through a ship's bulwarks (vertical plating that extends the side of the ship above its weather decks) that allows water collecting on a weather deck to flow overboard. 19 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 At the time of the collapse, the Key Bridge consisted of four total travel lanes (two northbound and two southbound). The annual average daily traffic for calendar year 2023 was 34,121 vehicles per day, with trucks comprising 10% of traffic. ¹² 3.2 Pier Protection When the Key Bridge was constructed, four large dolphins-two located on the west side of the bridge and two located on the east side of the bridge-were also constructed at the same time to protect pier nos. 17 and 18 supporting the bridge's central through-truss spans. Dolphin no. 1 was about 491 feet west of the center of pier no. 17 and 550 feet clear of the centerline of the navigational channel (see figure 11). The dolphins were constructed with a 25-foot-diameter sheet pile filled with tremie concrete and capped with reinforced concrete (see figure 12). Attached at various locations on the dolphin were 17-foot-long rubber fenders. Dolphin no. 1 491 feet Fort McHenry Channel Pier no. 17 XXX Dolphin no. 3 550 feet Dolphin no. 2 Pier no. 18 Dolphin no. 4 700 feet 550 feet Figure 11. Locations of dolphins relative to the Dali, the Key Bridge, and Fort McHenry Channel. (Background sources: MAXAR and Google Earth) 12 Recent traffic data provided by the MDTA. 20 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Pier no. 18 Pier no. 17 Dolphin no. 1 Pier fendering system Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 Figure 12. The Key Bridge and the locations of pier nos. 17 and 18. Insets show dolphin no. 1 as well as pier no. 17's fendering-system surrounding. (Background source: MDTA) In addition to the dolphins, pier nos. 17 and 18 were each surrounded by a 100-foot-by-84.5-foot crushable concrete box and timber fender system, as seen in figure 12. These systems were comprised of hollow, thin-walled, concrete box structures attached to the piers. The timber portions of the fender were attached to the outer face of the concrete box and utilized a combination of vertical and horizontal members. Additionally, steel plates were secured at the base of the vertical timber members. The Dali struck pier no. 17 and the fendering system surrounding the pier but did not contact dolphin no. 1 or its rubber fenders. Both fendering systems surrounding pier nos. 17 and 18 were further damaged during the collapse of the truss spans of the bridge when components of the truss spans impacted portions of the fenders as the components fell into the water. 21 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 3.3 Bridge Inspections and Condition 13 The Key Bridge was subject to regular inspections in accordance with the National Bridge Inspection Standards. ¹³ These periodic inspections are intended to maintain safe bridge operation and prevent structural and functional failures. In addition to routine bridge inspections, the bridge's steel-truss design and location over the Patapsco River required two additional types of inspections be performed. One of these additional inspections focused on the nonredundant steel tension members within the steel truss, and the other examined the bridge's underwater members. 14 The last inspection of the nonredundant steel tension members was completed in May 2023, and the last underwater bridge inspection was completed in March 2021. Data from these inspections and the routine inspections were entered into the Federal Highway Administration National Bridge Inventory (which records bridge inventory and condition data collected from states, federal agencies, and tribal governments) indicating that bridge inspectors rated the conditions of the deck, the superstructure, and the substructure as being in satisfactory condition. 4 Ongoing Activities The NTSB will continue evaluating the design and operation of the Dali's power distribution system (including its breakers). Examination of damage to the vessel will continue when the ship is clear of debris and moved to a shoreside facility. The NTSB is working with parties to immediately assess their bridges and determine whether pier protection needs to be improved. Specifically, the MDTA is studying short-term and long-term options for upgrades to the existing protection system for the eastbound and westbound spans on the Gov. William Preston Lane Jr. Memorial Bridge (commonly known as the Bay Bridge) near Annapolis. The NTSB is examining the pier protection improvements that have been made on the following bridge collapses resulting from marine vessel strikes that the NTSB has investigated: the Sunshine Skyway Bridge in Tampa Bay, Florida; Queen Elizabeth Causeway Bridge near South Padre Island, Texas; and the I-40 Bridge near Webbers Falls, Oklahoma. 13 23 CFR Part 650 Subpart C–National Bridge Inspection Standards. 14 A nonredundant steel member is a primary steel member fully or partially in tension, and without load path redundancy, system redundancy, or internal redundancy, whose failure may cause a portion of or the entire bridge to collapse; see 23 CFR 650.305–Definitions. In 2022, the Federal Highway Administration started using the term nonredundant steel tension member, replacing the previous term fracture critical member. 22 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 Interviews, including with bridge experts, waterways management personnel, marine safety and highway regulators, and vessel operators, are planned. Detailed analysis of the VDR bridge audio and further validation of VDR parameters continues. Planned areas of investigation include oceangoing vessels' propulsion and electrical systems; the frequency and causes of vessel contacts with bridges over navigable waters; and bridge-strike mitigation measures such as a combination of vessel-size restrictions, vessel-assist tugs, and bridge-pier protection. The NTSB investigation of all aspects of the accident is ongoing as we determine the probable cause. 23 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.

Contact of Containership Dali with the Francis Scott Key Bridge and Subsequent Bridge Collapse Dali Owner Operator Flag Builder Build year IMO No. MMSI Call Sign Destination Grace Ocean Private Limited Synergy Marine Group Singapore HD Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. 2015 9697428 563004200 9V5283 Colombo, Sri Lanka Meteorological Information Sky Water temperature Light Observation time Air temperature Wind speed and Overcast 48°F / 9°C Night 0216 local time (eastern daylight time) 39°F / 4°C 2 kts (calm) direction Visibility Wreckage Information Vessel crew injuries Vessel passenger injuries 10 mi 1 None 7 (6 fatal) Ground injuries Total injuries Damage Fire 8 (6 fatal) Substantial None Explosion None Latitude Longitude 39°12.99' N 76°31.75' W Investigation Marine Investigation Preliminary Report DCA24MM031 Investigator in charge Additional participating parties Substantially interested states Note Marcel Muise Synergy Marine Group, Grace Ocean Private Limited, Maryland Transportation Authority (MDTA), Federal Highway Administration, Association of Maryland Pilots, Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ClassNK), HD Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd, and Maritime & Port Authority of Singapore India Singapore Sri Lanka The NTSB travelled to the scene of this accident. 24 of 24 This information is preliminary and subject to change.