biography text ir soekarno

Biography of Sukarno, Indonesia's First President

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Sukarno (June 6, 1901–June 21, 1970) was the first leader of independent Indonesia . Born in Java when the island was part of the Dutch East Indies, Sukarno rose to power in 1949. Rather than supporting Indonesia's original parliamentary system, he created a "guided democracy" over which he held control. Sukarno was deposed by a military coup in 1965 and died under house arrest in 1970.

Fast Facts: Sukarno

• Known For : First leader of an independent Indonesia
• Also Known As : Kusno Sosrodihardjo (original name), Bung Karno (brother or comrade)
• Born:  June 6, 1901 in Surabaya, Dutch East Indies
• Parents : Raden Sukemi Sosrodihardjo, Ida Njoman Rai
• Died : June 21, 1970 in Jakarta, Indonesia
• Education : Technical Institute in Bandung
• Published Works:  Sukarno: An Autobiography, Indonesia Accuses!, To My People
• Awards and Honors : International Lenin Peace Prize (1960), 26 honorary degrees from universities including Columbia University and the University of Michigan
• Spouse(s) : Siti Oetari, Inggit Garnisih, Fatmawati, and five polygamous wives: Naoko Nemoto (Indonesian name, Ratna Dewi Sukarno), Kartini Manoppo, Yurike Sanger, Heldy Djafar, and Amelia do la Rama.
• Children : Totok Suryawan, Ayu Gembirowati, Karina Kartika, Sari Dewi Sukarno, Taufan Sukarno, Bayu Sukarno, Megawati Sukarnoputri, Rachmawati Sukarnoputri, Sukmawati Sukarnoputri, Guruh Sukarnoputra, Ratna Juami (adopted), Kartika (adopted)
• Notable Quote : "Let us not be bitter about the past, but let us keep our eyes firmly on the future."

Sukarno was born on June 6, 1901, in Surabaya , and was given the name Kusno Sosrodihardjo. His parents later renamed him Sukarno after he survived a serious illness. Sukarno's father was Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, a Muslim aristocrat and school teacher from Java. His mother Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai was a Hindu of the Brahmin caste from Bali.

Young Sukarno went to a local elementary school until 1912. He then attended a Dutch middle school in Mojokerto, followed in 1916 by a Dutch high school in Surabaya. The young man was gifted with a photographic memory and a talent for languages, including Javanese, Balinese, Sundanese, Dutch, English, French, Arabic, Bahasa Indonesia, German, and Japanese.

Marriages and Divorces

While in Surabaya for high school, Sukarno lived with the Indonesian nationalist leader Tjokroaminoto. He fell in love with his landlord's daughter Siti Oetari, who he married in 1920.

The following year, however, Sukarno went to study civil engineering at the Technical Institute in Bandung and fell in love again. This time, his partner was the boarding-house owner's wife Inggit, who was 13 years older than Sukarno. They each divorced their spouses and married each other in 1923.

Inggit and Sukarno remained married for 20 years but never had children. Sukarno divorced her in 1943 and married a teenager named Fatmawati. She would bear Sukarno five children, including Indonesia's first female president , Megawati Sukarnoputri.

In 1953, President Sukarno decided to become polygamous in accordance with Muslim law. When he married a Javanese woman named Hartini in 1954, First Lady Fatmawati was so angry that she moved out of the presidential palace. Over the next 16 years, Sukarno would take five additional wives: a Japanese teen named Naoko Nemoto (Indonesian name Ratna Dewi Sukarno), Kartini Manoppo, Yurike Sanger, Heldy Djafar, and Amelia do la Rama.

Indonesian Independence Movement

Sukarno began to think about independence for the Dutch East Indies while he was in high school. During college, he read deeply on different political philosophies, including communism , capitalist democracy, and Islamism, developing his own syncretic ideology of Indonesian socialist self-sufficiency. He also established the Algameene Studieclub for like-minded Indonesian students.

In 1927, Sukarno and the other members of the Algameene Studieclub reorganized themselves as the Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI), an anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist independence party. Sukarno became the first leader of the PNI. Sukarno hoped to enlist Japanese help in overcoming Dutch colonialism and unite the different peoples of the Dutch East Indies into a single nation.

The Dutch colonial secret police soon learned of the PNI, and in late December 1929, Sukarno and the other members were arrested. At his trial, which lasted for the last five months of 1930, Sukarno made a series of impassioned political speeches against imperialism that attracted widespread attention.

Sukarno was sentenced to four years in prison and went to the Sukamiskin Prison in Bandung to begin serving his time. However, press coverage of his speeches so impressed liberal factions in the Netherlands and in the Dutch East Indies that Sukarno was released after just one year. He had also become very popular with the Indonesian people.

While Sukarno was in prison, the PNI split into two opposing factions. One party, the Partai Indonesia , favored a militant approach to revolution, while the Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia (PNI Baroe) advocated slow revolution through education and peaceful resistance. Sukarno agreed with the Partai Indonesia approach more than the PNI's, so he became the head of that party in 1932 after his release from prison. On August 1, 1933, the Dutch police arrested Sukarno once again while he was visiting Jakarta.

Japanese Occupation

In February 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded the Dutch East Indies. Cut off from help by the German occupation of the Netherlands, the colonial Dutch quickly surrendered to the Japanese. The Dutch forced-marched Sukarno to Padang, Sumatra, intending to send him to Australia as a prisoner, but had to leave him in order to save themselves as Japanese forces approached.

The Japanese commander, Gen. Hitoshi Imamura, recruited Sukarno to lead the Indonesians under Japan's rule. Sukarno was happy to collaborate with them at first, in hopes of keeping the Dutch out of the East Indies.

However, the Japanese soon began to impress millions of Indonesian workers, particularly Javanese, as forced labor. These romusha workers had to build airfields and railways and grow crops for the Japanese. They worked very hard with little food or water and were regularly abused by the Japanese overseers, which quickly soured relations between the Indonesians and Japan. Sukarno would never live down his collaboration with the Japanese.

Declaration of Independence for Indonesia

In June 1945, Sukarno introduced his five-point Pancasila , or principles of an independent Indonesia. They included a belief in God but tolerance of all religions, internationalism and just humanity, the unity of all Indonesia, democracy through consensus, and social justice for all.

On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allied Powers . Sukarno's young supporters urged him to immediately declare independence, but he feared retribution from the Japanese troops still present. On August 16, the impatient youth leaders kidnapped Sukarno and then convinced him to declare independence the following day.

On August 18 at 10 a.m., Sukarno spoke to a crowd of 500 in front of his home and declared the Republic of Indonesia independent, with himself serving as president and his friend Mohammad Hatta as vice president. He also promulgated the 1945 Indonesian Constitution, which included the Pancasila.

Although the Japanese troops still in the country tried to suppress news of the declaration, word spread quickly through the grapevine. One month later, on September 19, 1945, Sukarno spoke to a crowd of more than one million at Merdeka Square in Jakarta. The new independence government controlled Java and Sumatra, while the Japanese maintained their hold on the other islands; the Dutch and other Allied Powers had yet to show up.

Negotiated Settlement With the Netherlands

Toward the end of September 1945, the British finally made an appearance in Indonesia, occupying the major cities by the end of October. The Allies repatriated 70,000 Japanese and formally returned the country to its status as a Dutch colony. Due to his status as a collaborator with the Japanese, Sukarno had to appoint an untainted prime minister, Sutan Sjahrir, and allow the election of a parliament as he pushed for international recognition of the Republic of Indonesia.

Under the British occupation, Dutch colonial troops and officials began to return, arming the Dutch POWs formerly held captive by the Japanese and going on shooting sprees against Indonesians. In November, the city of Surabaya experienced an all-out battle in which thousands of Indonesians and 300 British troops died.

This incident encouraged the British to hurry their withdrawal from Indonesia and by November of 1946, all British troops were gone and 150,000 Dutch soldiers returned. Faced with this show of force and the prospect of a long and bloody independence struggle, Sukarno decided to negotiate a settlement with the Dutch.

Despite vociferous opposition from other Indonesian nationalist parties, Sukarno agreed to the November 1946 Linggadjati Agreement, which gave his government control of Java, Sumatra, and Madura only. However, in July 1947, the Dutch violated the agreement and launched Operatie Product, an all-out invasion of the Republican-held islands. International condemnation forced them to halt the invasion the following month, and former Prime Minister Sjahrir flew to New York to appeal to the United Nations for intervention.

The Dutch refused to withdraw from the areas already seized in Operatie Product, and the Indonesian nationalist government had to sign the Renville Agreement in January 1948 as a result, which recognized Dutch control of Java and the best agricultural land in Sumatra. All over the islands, guerrilla groups not aligned with Sukarno's government sprang up to fight the Dutch.

In December 1948, the Dutch launched another major invasion of Indonesia called Operatie Kraai. They arrested Sukarno, then-Prime Minister Mohammad Hatta, Sjahrir, and other Nationalist leaders.

The backlash to this invasion from the international community was even stronger; the United States threatened to halt Marshall Aid to the Netherlands if it did not desist. Under the dual threat of a strong Indonesian guerrilla effort and international pressure, the Dutch yielded. On May 7, 1949, they signed the Roem-van Roijen Agreement, turning over Yogyakarta to the Nationalists and releasing Sukarno and the other leaders from prison. On December 27, 1949, the Netherlands formally agreed to relinquish its claims to Indonesia.

Sukarno Takes Power

In August 1950, the last part of Indonesia became independent from the Dutch. Sukarno's role as president was mostly ceremonial, but as the "Father of the Nation" he wielded a lot of influence. The new country faced a number of challenges; Muslims, Hindus, and Christians clashed; ethnic Chinese clashed with Indonesians; and Islamists fought with pro-atheist communists. In addition, the military was divided between Japanese-trained troops and former guerrilla fighters.

In October 1952, the former guerrillas surrounded Sukarno's palace with tanks, demanding that the parliament be dissolved. Sukarno went out alone and gave a speech, which convinced the military to back down. New elections in 1955 did nothing to improve stability in the country, however. Parliament was divided among all the various squabbling factions and Sukarno feared the entire edifice would collapse.

Growing Autocracy

Sukarno felt he needed more authority and that Western-style democracy would never function well in volatile Indonesia. Despite protests from Vice President Hatta, in 1956 he put forth his plan for "guided democracy," under which Sukarno, as president, would lead the population to a consensus on national issues. In December 1956, Hatta resigned in opposition to this blatant power grab—a shock to citizens around the country.

That month and into March 1957, military commanders in Sumatra and Sulawesi ousted the Republican local governments and took power. They demanded that Hatta be reinstated and communist influence over politics end. Sukarno responded by installing Djuanda Kartawidjaja as vice president, who agreed with him on "guided democracy," and declaring martial law on March 14, 1957.

Amid growing tensions, Sukarno went to a school function in Central Jakarta on November 30, 1957. A member of the Darul Islam group tried to assassinate him there with a grenade. Sukarno was unharmed, but six school children died.

Sukarno tightened his grip on Indonesia, expelling 40,000 Dutch citizens and nationalizing all of their property, as well as that of Dutch-owned corporations such as the Royal Dutch Shell oil company. He also instituted rules against ethnic-Chinese ownership of rural land and businesses, forcing many thousands of Chinese to move to the cities and 100,000 to return to China.

To quell military opposition in the outlying islands, Sukarno engaged in all-out air and sea invasions of Sumatra and Sulawesi. The rebel governments had all surrendered by the beginning of 1959, and the last guerrilla troops surrendered in August 1961.

On July 5, 1959, Sukarno issued a presidential decree voiding the current Constitution and reinstating the 1945 Constitution, which gave the president significantly broader powers. He dissolved parliament in March 1960 and created a new Parliament, for which he directly appointed half of the members. The military arrested and jailed members of the opposition Islamist and socialist parties and shut down a newspaper that had criticized Sukarno. The president also began to add more communists to the government so that he wouldn't be solely reliant on the military for support.

In response to these moves toward autocracy, Sukarno faced more than one assassination attempt. On March 9, 1960, an Indonesian Air Force officer strafed the presidential palace with the machine gun on his MiG-17, trying unsuccessfully to kill Sukarno. Islamists later shot at the president during Eid al-Adha prayers in 1962, but again Sukarno was unhurt.

In 1963, Sukarno's hand-picked Parliament appointed him president for life. As a dictator, he made his own speeches and writings mandatory subjects for all Indonesian students, and all mass media in the country was required to report only on his ideology and actions. To top his cult of personality, Sukarno renamed the highest mountain in the country "Puntjak Sukarno," or Sukarno Peak, in his own honor.

Suharto's Coup

Although Sukarno seemed to have Indonesia gripped in a mailed fist, his military/communist support coalition was fragile. The military resented the rapid growth of communism and began to seek an alliance with Islamist leaders, who also disliked the pro-atheism communists. Sensing that the military was growing disillusioned, Sukarno rescinded martial law in 1963 to curb the Army's power.

In April 1965, the conflict between the military and communists increased when Sukarno supported communist leader Aidit's call to arm the Indonesian peasantry. U.S. and British intelligence may or may not have established contacts with the military in Indonesia to explore the possibility of bringing down Sukarno. Meanwhile, the ordinary people suffered enormously as hyperinflation spiked to 600%; Sukarno cared little about economics and did nothing about the situation.

At the break of day on October 1, 1965, the pro-communist " 30 September Movement " captured and killed six senior Army generals. The movement claimed that it acted to protect President Sukarno from an impending Army coup. It announced the dissolution of parliament and the creation of a "Revolutionary Council."

Major General Suharto of the strategic reserve command took control of the Army on October 2, having been promoted to the rank of army chief by a reluctant Sukarno, and quickly overcame the communist coup. Suharto and his Islamist allies then led a purge of communists and leftists in Indonesia, killing at least 500,000 people nationwide and imprisoning 1.5 million.

Sukarno sought to maintain his hold on power by appealing to the people over the radio in January 1966. Massive student demonstrations broke out, and one student was shot dead and made a martyr by the Army in February. On March 11, 1966, Sukarno signed a Presidential Order known as the Supersemar that effectively handed control of the country over to General Suharto. Some sources claim he signed the order at gunpoint.

Suharto immediately purged the government and the Army of Sukarno loyalists and initiated impeachment proceedings against Sukarno on the grounds of communism, economic negligence, and "moral degradation"—a reference to Sukarno's infamous womanizing.

On March 12, 1967, Sukarno was formally ousted from the presidency and placed under house arrest at the Bogor Palace. The Suharto regime did not allow him proper medical care, so Sukarno died of kidney failure on June 21, 1970, in the Jakarta Army Hospital. He was 69 years old.

Sukarno left behind an independent Indonesia—a major achievement of international proportions. On the other hand, despite his rehabilitation as a respected political figure, Sukarto also created a set of issues that continue to plague today's Indonesia. His daughter, Megawati, became Indonesia's fifth president.

• Hanna, Willard A. “ Sukarno .”  Encyclopædia Britannica , 17 June 2018.
• “ Sukarno .”  Ohio River - New World Encyclopedia .
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Biografi Singkat Soekarno, Masa Kecil hingga Perjuangan Kemerdekaan

Kompas.com tren, maulana ramadhan.

KOMPAS.com -  Hari ini 120 tahun lalu, tepatnya 6 Juni 1901, sosok besar dalam sejarah Indonesia dilahirkan. Dia adalah bapak Proklamator Indonesia yang juga Presiden RI pertama, Ir. Soekarno atau akrab disapa Bung Karno .

Bung Karno dilahirkan di Surabaya pada 6 Juni 1901. Sempat ada beberapa versi terkait tempat kelahiran Bung Karno. Selain Surabaya, ada juga versi yang menyebutkan bahwa Bung Karno dilahirkan di Blitar, Jawa Timur.

Namun menurut biografi Soekarno yang ditulis oleh Cindy Adams yang berjudul "Soekarno Penyambung Lidah Rakyat", Soekarno bercerita bahwa ia lahir di Surabaya.

Baca juga: Bukan di Blitar, Presiden Soekarno Lahir di Jalan Peneleh Surabaya

“Karena merasa tidak disenangi di Bali, Bapak kemudian mengajukan permohonan kepada Departemen Pengajaran untuk pindah ke Jawa. Bapak dipindah ke Surabaya dan di sanalah aku dilahirkan," kata Bung Karno.

Soekarno tepatnya dilahirkan di Jalan Peneleh Gang Pandean IV, Nomor 40, Kelurahan Peneleh, Kecamatan Genteng, Surabaya. Kini warga menamakan kampung di Peneleh itu sebagai “Kampung Bung Karno”.

Masa kecil dan menjalani pendidikan

Soekarno merupakan anak kedua dari Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo dan Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai. Beliau memiliki satu orang kakak perempuan yang bernama Raden Soekarmini.

Semula, Soekarno diberi nama Koesno Sosrodihardjo oleh orang tuanya. Namun karena semasa kecil Soekarno sering sakit-sakitan, namanya diubah menjadi Soekarno ketika dirinya berusia lima tahun. Nama tersebut diambil dari nama pewayangan, Karna.

Baca juga: Sejarah Hari Lahir Pancasila: Wasiat Bung Hatta untuk Putra Soekarno

Soekarno lahir dari perpaduan antara bangsawan kelas priyayi dari sang ayah dan keluarga Brahmana dari sang ibu yang taat beribadah. Sehingga membuat Soekarno memiliki kultur dan kepercayaan yang kuat.

Dilansir dari buku Soekarno Hatta Ada Persamaan dan Perbedaanya (1983) karya Tamar Djaya, tahun 1907 Soekarno masuk sekolah dasar atau sekolah rakyat (SR) pada waktu itu, di Tulung Agung. Ia tinggal bersama kakeknya, Raden Hardjokromo.

Pada tahun 1908, Soekarno masuk ke Sekolah Dasar di HIS, kemudian melanjutkan ke Europesche Legore School (ELS) di Mojokerto pada tahun 1913.

Ayahnya mendidik Soekarno dengan disiplin tinggi, sehingga Soekarno dituntut untuk terus belajar membaca dan menulis. Usaha tersebut membuat Soekarno termasuk murid yangunggul.

Lulus dari ELS, Soekarno melanjutkan pendidikannya di Hogere Burger School (HBS) di Surabaya pada 1916.Di periode ini Soekarno bertemu dengan Tokoh Sarekat Islam, H.O.S Tjokroaminoto.Soekarno bahkan juga pernah tinggal di rumah kos milik Tjokroaminoto.

Tahun 1921, Soekarno menyelesaikan sekolahnya di HBS. Ia kemudian melanjutkan sekolahnya di Technische hoge School (THS) atau kini lebih dikenal sebagai Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB). Soekarno berhasil memperoleh gelar insinyur di tahun 1926.

Baca juga: Mengenang Presiden Soekarno dan Warisan Pemikirannya...

Perjuangan Soekarno

Rasa Nasionalisme Soekarno mulai tumbuh pesat ketika bersekolah di Surabaya dan tinggal di rumah Tjokroaminoto. Di sana Soekarno mulai berkenalan dengan paham dan konsep pemikiran seperti pemikiran barat dan pemikiran Islam.

Tahun 1926 Soekarno mendirikan Algeemene Studie Club di Bandung. Organisasi ini yang kemudian menjadi cikal bakal Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI) yang didirikan Soekarno pada 4 Juli 1927, dengan rumusan ajaran Marhaenisme.

Usaha yang dilakukan Soekarno membuat…

Tag sukarno soekarno bung karno mohammad hatta biografi soekarno.

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Kinds of Text, Biography Text: Definition, Purposes, Generic Structures, Language Features - mediainggris.com

Definition of biography text, the function of biography text (social function/purpose of biography text).

• To know a person’s story about his/her life outside of any accomplishments this person may be known for.
• To give many information easily and educate the readers.

Types Of Biography Text

1. autobiography, 2. biography, the structure of biography text, orientation (description), re-orientation (closing), biography text features / language features of biography text, use of simple past tense, temporal sequence and temporal conjunction, focus on specific person, use of action verbs., examples of biography text, short biography text about albert einsten, long biography text of jokowi, biography text of national heroes, biography text of cut nyak dhien, biography text of ir. soekarno, biography text exercise, handy 2022-05-15 tags: english , kinds of text.

Biografi Ir. Soekarno, Sang Proklamator Kemerdekaan Indonesia

Biografi Ir. Soekarno – Grameds pasti sudah tidak asing lagi dengan Ir.Soekarno, Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia yang merupakan presiden pertama Republik Indonesia. Perjuangan dan jasanya untuk bangsa Indonesia tidak terhitung jumlah, bahkan kehebatannya tidak hanya terkenal di dalam negeri namun sampai internasional. Itulah sebabnya biografi Ir. Soekarno sangat menarik untuk dibahas dan diketahui oleh generasi bangsa Indonesia.

Sosok Soekarno memiliki tempat tersendiri bagi masyarakat Indonesia dan memberikan banyak teladan bagi bangsa. Banyak tenaga, pemikiran, bahkan jiwa dipertaruhkan oleh Soekarno untuk Indonesia, mulai dari melawan penjajahan sampai membangun bangsa ini menjadi  seperti sekarang. Soekarno menjadi tokoh penting dalam sejarah Indonesia yang akan terus terkenang jasa-jasanya.

Berikut ini penjelasan singkat biografi Ir. Soekarno yang perlu Grameds ketahui sebagai generasi bangsa agar dapat memetik nilai-nilai positif dari kisah sang proklamator.

Biodata Ir. Soekarno

Nama lengkap : Ir. Soekarno

Nama panggilan : Bung Karno

Nama kecil : Kusno

Tempat, tanggal lahir : Surabaya, 6 Juni 1901

Agama : Islam

Nama Isteri : Fatmawati, Hartini, Ratna Sari Dewi, Kartini Manopo, Haryati, Yurike Sanger, dan Heldy Djafar

Nama Anak : Guntur, Megawati, Rachmawati, Sukmawati, Guruh (dari Fatmawati) Taufan, Bayu (dari Hartini) Kartika (dari Ratna Sari Dewi)

Pendidikan : HIS di Surabaya, Hogere Burger School (HBS), Technische Hoogeschool (THS) di Bandung

Meninggal : Jakarta, 21 Juni 1970

Dimakamkan : Blitar, Jawa-Timur

Kehidupan Pribadi Ir. Soekarno

Ir. Soekarno atau akrab dipanggil Bung Karno lahir pada 6 Juni 1901 di Surabaya, Jawa Timur dengan nama kecilnya Kusno Sosrodihardjo dan wafat pada 21 Juni 1970 di Jakarta. Bung Karno adalah anak dari pasangan Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo dan Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai. Karena sakit-sakitan, Soekarno kecil dirawat kakaknya bernama Raden Hardjodikromo di Tulungagung. Soekarno kembali tinggal dengan bapak dan ibunya pada 1909 di Mojokerto.

Di Mojokerto itulah sang ayah ditugaskan sebagai kepala Eerste Inlandse School dan Soekarno pun sekolah ditempat itu . Sejak tinggal kembali bersama orang tuanya,  Soekarno mengganti namanya dari Kusno menjadi Soekarno agar dirinya tidak sakit-sakitan lagi dan dapat tumbuh dengan sehat.  Sejak kecil Soekarno sudah menjadi anak yang berprestasi bahkan mampu menguasai banyak bahasa. Itulah sebabnya kecerdasan Soekarno dikenal oleh dunia.

Tahun 1911 Soekarno pindah lagi ke ELS yang setara dengan Sekolah Dasar (SD) yang khusus dipersiapkan untuk masuk Hogere Burger School (HBS) di Surabaya. Tahun 1915 Soekarno pun menamatkan sekolahnya di ELS  dan kemudian tinggal di rumah sahabat ayahnya, Haji Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto atau HOS Cokroaminoto yang merupakan pendiri Serikat Islam. Sejak itulah Soekarno mulia mengenal dunia perjuangan yang akhirnya membuatnya sangat ingin berjuang bagi bangsa Indonesia.

Di Kediaman Cokroaminoto, Soekarno muda mulai banyak belajar politik dan banyak berlatih pidato. Di sanalah Soekarno mulai kenal dan berinteraksi dengan tokoh-tokoh hebat, seperti Dr. Douwes Dekker, Tjipto Mangunkusumo, dan Ki Hajar Dewantara. Merekalah pemimpin organisasi National Indische Partij saat itu.

Bersekolah di HBS memberi banyak pengalaman dan pelajaran bagi Soekarno, hingga akhirnya lulus dan tahun 1921. Setelah itu Soekarno pun kembali pindah tempat tinggal, yakni ke Bandung dan tinggal bersama Haji Sanusi untuk melanjutkan pendidikannya di Technische Hooge School (THS) jurusan teknik sipil atau kita kenal sekarang sebagai kampus ITB. Disanalah Soekarno mendapatkan gelar insinyur-nya dengan lulus pada tanggal 25 Mei 1926.

Soekarno diwisuda bersama dengan delapan belas unsur lainnya tepat saat Dies Natalis ITB yang ke-61 pada 3 Juli 1926. Menurut Prof. Jacob Clay Sebagai ketua Fakultas di kampus tersebut menyatakaan kebanggannya karena ada 3 orang insinyur orang Jawa, Yakni Soekarno, Anwari, dan Soetedjo, dan gelar insinyur dari daerah lainnya.

Di masa hidupnya, Soekarno telah menikahi sejumlah perempuan, yakni Fatmawati, Hartini, Ratna Sari Dewi, Kartini Manopo, Haryati, Yurike Sanger, dan Heldy Djafar. Atas pernikahannya tersebut, Soekarno dikarunia 11 orang anak. Sebagian keturunan Soekarno pada akhirnya juga ada yang mengikuti jejak sang ayah di dunia politik Indonesia.

Yakni putrinya yang bernama Megawati Soekarnoputri yang pernah menjabat sebagai presiden ke-5 RI, Rachmawati Soekarnoputri, dan Sukmawati Soekarnoputri. Putranya yang pertama dengan Fatmawati, Guntur Soekarnoputra justru tidak terjun ke dunia politik seperti dirinya dan adik-adik perempuannya.

Perjalanan Politik Ir. Soekarno

Berbicara soal biografi Ir.Soekarno tidak lengkap rasanya jika tidak membahas kiprahnya di dunia politik yang sangat luar biasa. Ir. Soekarno bahkan sudah terjun ke dunia politik sejak usianya masih sangat muda. Soekarno terkenal pertama kali pada tahun 1915 saat menjadi anggota Jong Java Cabang Surabaya. Kebanyak organisasi di Indonesia menurut Soekarno masihlah Jawa Sentris yang hanya memikirkan kebudayaan saja.

Hal itulah yang membuat Soekarno perlu menjawab tantangan tersebut. Karena kesedihannya tersebut Soekarno pun memberikan pidato menggunakan bahasa ngoko (bahasa Jawa yang kasar) dalam rapat pleno tahunan Jong Java di Surabaya. Tak berselang lama, setelah sebulan rapat tersebut, Soekarno mencetuskan gagasan untuk membuat surat kabar Jong Java menggunakan bahasa Melayu, bukan bahasa Belanda.

Soekarno kemudian mendirikan Algemeene Studie (ASC) di Bandung pada tahun 1926 yang merupakan hasil inspirasi dari Dr. Soetomo di Indonesische Studie Club. Organisasi ASC inilah yang menjadi cikal bakal berdirinya partai besar di Indonesia, Partai Nasional Indonesia yang lahir tahun 1927. Berkat aktif di organisasi PNI itulah Soekarno beberapa ditangkap Belanda karena dianggap membahayakan pemerintah kolonial.

Tanggal 29 Desember 1929 Soekarno ditangkap di Yogyakarta untuk dipindahkan ke penjara Banceuy di Bandung. Kemudian pada tahun 1930 dipindahkan ke penjara Sukamiskin dan di tahun ini pula Soekarno mengeluarkan pledoi Indonesia Menggugat yang sangat fenomenal saat itu sampai akhirnya dibebaskan pada 31 Desember 1931. Setelah bebas dari penjara, tahun 1932 SOekarno bergabung dalam Partai Indonesia (Partindo) yang masih pecahan PNI karena saat itu PNI dibubarkan dan dinyatakan dilarang oleh Belanda.

Namun keaktifannya di Partino kembali mengantarkan ke penjara pada tahun 1933 di pengasingan Folders karena pergerakan yang bahaya bagi Belanda. Karena pengasingannya yang cukup lama dan sangat jauh hampir membuat tokoh-tokoh nasional Indonesia yang lainnya melupakan keberadaan dan keterlibatan Soekarno. Hal itu tidak membuatnya menyerah dan Soekarno terus mengirim surat kepada Ahmad Hasan, seorang Guru Persatuan Islam.

Tahun 1938 Soekarno kemudian diasingkan ke Provinsi Bengkulu sampai tahun 1942. Pada masa penjajahan Jepang tahun 1942 Soekarno baru kembali dibebaskan. Setelah melalui perjalanan panjang,  tahun 1943 perdana menteri Jepang, Hideki Toja mengundah Soekarno, Muhammad Hatt, dan Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo yang kemudian disambut hangat kehadirannya oleh Kaisar Hirohito. Mereka bertiga telah dianggap sebagai keluarga kaisar Jepang dengan diberikannya Bintang Kekaisaran (Ratna Suci).

Sejak masa penjajahan Jepang itulah banyak muncul organisasi, seperti Jawa Hokokai, BPUPKI, Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (Putera) hingga PPKI dengan tokoh-tokoh utama yakni Soekarno, K.H Mas Mansyur, Ki. Hajar Dewantara, dan tokoh lainnya yang aktif di organisasi pergerakan nasional. Akhirnya tokoh-tokoh pergerakan nasional tersebut melakukan  buy clenbuterol bekerjasama dengan pemerintah jepang untuk kemerdekaan Indonesia. Meskipun tetap ada yang melakukan gerakan bawah tanah seperti Amir Sjarifuddin dan Sutan Syahrir yang tidak sepenuhnya percaya pada Jepang dan menganggapnya berbahaya dan fasis.

Selama perjuangan yang panjang akhirnya Soekarno dan Moh. Hatta memproklamasikan kemerdekaan RI pada 17 Agustus 1945 yang didesak oleh kaum muda dan sempat diculik ke Rengasdengklok. Sejak itulah Soekarno diangkat menjadi Presiden pertama Indonesia dan mulai dikenal sebagai Sang Proklamator yang didampingi Mohammad Hatta sebagai wakilnya. Sebelumnya pada 1 Juni 1945 dalam sidang BPUPKI Soekarno sudah mengemukakan gagasan tentang dasar Negara, yakni Pancasila yang sekarang masih menjadi dasar Negara kita.

Setelah berhasil merumuskan Pancasila, Soekarno berupaya menyatukan nusantara menjadi Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Bahkan bangsa-bangsa di Asia, Afrika, dan Amerika Latin juga sempat diusahakan Soekarno dalam Konferensi Asia Afrika tahun 1955 di Bandung hingga akhirnya berkembang menjadi Gerakan Non Blok. Berkat jasa Soekarno lah banyak Negara kawasan Asia Afrika yang mereka, meskipun ada pula yang konflik berkepanjangan karena ketidakadilan di negaranya. Itulah sebabnya Soekarno dikenal dalam menjalankan politik bebas aktif dunia Internasional.

Atas kejayaan perjuangannya untuk Indonesia, Ir Soekarno juga mengalami masa jatuh dalam politiknya setelah Wakil Presiden Mohammad Hatta akhirnya memutuskan untuk mengundurkan diri dan memisahkan diri dari Soekrano tahun 1956. Selain itu banyak pula pemberontakan separatis yang terjadi di beberapa daerah di Indonesia. Berdasarkan catatan sejarah, puncak pemberontakan tersebut adalah saat terjadinya pemberontakan yang dikenal dengan G30S PKI yang meluluhlantakan masyarakat Indonesia Saat itu.

Karena peristiwa itulah Soekarno mendapat pengucilan dari presiden yang menggantikan dirinya, yakni Soeharto. Karena usianya yang sudah tua dan sering sakit-sakitan akhirnya Soekarno wafat di Jakarta, tepatnya Wisma Yaso pada tanggal 21 Juni 1970. Kemudian jasadnya dimakamkan di Blitar dan menjadi ikon kota Blitar hingga saat ini. Makam Soekarno Pun selalu ramai peziarah dan wisatawan yang datang di hari-hari tertentu dan sangat ramai saat haul Sang Proklamator tersebut.

Peninggalan Barang Pribadi Ir. Soekarno

Berpulangnya sosok yang pernah menjadi orang nomor satu di Indonesia ini meninggalkan banyak peninggalan barang bersejarah dalam perjuangannya bagi Bangsa Indonesia. Hingga saat ini Grameds masih bisa melihat barang-barang peninggalan Ir. Soekarno berikut ini di beberapa museum terkenal di Indonesia:

1. Peci Hitam

Dalam dokumen sejarah kita pasti sudah tidak asing dengan Soekarno yang selalu mengenakan Peci hitam. Barang ini bahkan sudah menjadi ciri khas dari Bung Karno. Sampai sekarang kita juga masih bisa menemukan banyak prang yang masih menggunakan peci hitam ini. Bahkan hampir jarang sekali melihat soekarno terlihat tanpa peci hitamnya saat itu.

2. Wesi Kuning

Wesi kuning atau besi kuning milik Soekarno berbentuk seperti gada milik Minak Jinggo. Barang ini dianggap memiliki kekuatan supranatural bagi Soekarno.

3. Tongkat Komando

Tongkat komando yang terbuat dari kayu asal pegunungan Kalak, Ponorogo, Jawa Timur ini tidak pernah lepas atau ditinggalkan Soekarno. Bahkan sampai kunjungannya ke luar negeri, tongkat ini tetap dibawa oleh Soekarno. Tongkat ini sudah menjadi barang yang wajib Soekarno bawa ke mana saja

4. Keris Peninggalan Perang Puputan

Soekarno sangat gemar mengoleksi berbagai macam keris, salah satu koleksinya yakni keris perang puputan yang sangat terkenal. Keris ini bahkan banyak dipercaya orang membuat Soekarno menjadi presiden Indonesia.

5. Tongkat Monyet

Tongkat monyet yang dimiliki Ir. Soekarno didapatkan saat dirinya berada di pengasingan Belanda. Soekarno sering membawa tongkat tersebut dalam aktivitasnya sehari-hari.

6. Jas Putih

Jas putih adalah pakaian yang sering dikenakan oleh Soekarno di beberapa acara kebangsaan di dalam negeri atau luar negeri. Bahkan barang ini sudah menjadi identitas unik Sang Proklamator. Jas Putih ini dapat membuat penampilan Soekarno semakin berwibawa dan membawa aura yang positif bagi dirinya.

7. Ajian Lembu Sekilan

Barang milik Soekarno ini konon merupakan ajian Patih Gajah Mada yang memiliki kesaktian untuk menjaga keselamatan Soekarno.

8. Keris Kehilangan Tubuh

Keris sakti yang dikenal dimiliki oleh Jenderal Soedirman ini ternyata juga dimiliki oleh Soekarno. Keris ini juga dianggap memiliki kekuatan supranatural tertentu bagi Soekarno di masa hidupnya.

Penghargaan Yang Diterima Ir Soekarno

Perlu Grameds ketahui bahwa kehebatan Soekarno tidak hanya di dalam negeri melainkan juga diakui dunia. Semasa hidupnya Soekarno telah memperoleh banyak penghargaan dari gelar Doktor Honoris Causa dari 26 universitas di dalam negeri dan luar negeri. Banyak penghargaan yang Soekarno punya selama kiprahnya di dunia politik terutama perjuangannya atas kenegaraan. Berikut ini daftar penghargaan yang dimiliki Soekarno semasa hidupnya yang perlu Grameds ketahui:

• Bintang Kelas satu The Order of the Supreme Companions Dari Presiden Afrika Selatan, Thabo Mbeki
• Lenin Star Dari Pemerintah Rusia
• Grand Yugoslav Star Dari Pemerintah Yugoslavia
• Grand Of  The Order Of The Southern Cross Dari Pemerintah Brazillia
• Grand Knight of The Order If Oats IX Dari Tahta Suci Vatikan
• Satyalancana Perintis Kemerdekaan Dari Pemerintahan RI
• White Lion Medal Dari Czechoslovakia
• The Gold Medal Of The Consecration Dari Tahta Suci Vatikan
• Collar Of The Order Of San Martin Dari Pemerintah Argentina
• Medal Of The Order Of The Golden Spur Dari Tahta Suci Vatikan
• The Medal Of The Highest Order Dari Pemerintahan Australia
• Philippine Legion of Honor Dari Pemerintah Filipina
• Medal of Resistance, First Class Dari Pemerintah Vietnam Utara
• Order of The Condor of the Andes Dari Pemerintah Bolivia
• Bintang Sewindu Angkatan Perang Indonesia (APRI) Dari Pemerintah RI tahun 1959
• Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipura Dari Republik Indonesia tahun 1959
• Bintang Gerilya Dari Republik Indonesia tahun 1959
• Bintang Mahaputera Adipura Dari Republik Indonesia tahun 1959
• Bintang Bhayangkara Utama Dari Republik Indonesia tahun 1959
• Bintang Sakti Dari Republik Indonesia tahun 1959
• Bintang Garuda Dari Republik Indonesia tahun 1959
• Bintang Dharma Dari Republik Indonesia tahun 1959
• Bintang Jasa Utama Dari Republik Indonesia tahun 1963
• Pahlawan Proklamator Dari Republik Indonesia tahun 1983
• Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum Dari Pemerintah Jepang tahun 1961

Nah, itulah biografi Ir. Soekarno yang perlu Grameds ketahui sebagai generasi muda bangsa Indonesia. Cara terbaik menghargai jasa para pahlawan bangsa adalah mengenali dan mempelajari sejarah perjuangannya. Kisah perjuangan Ir. Soekarno bagi bangsa Indonesia memberi kita pelajaran betapa berharganya bangsa ini untuk kita jaga.

Grades bisa mengambil banyak nilai-nilai positif dalam biografi Ir.Soekarno ini sebagai pribadi yang idealis, pemikir, pemberani, dan kegigihan untuk tidak mudah menyerah. Soekarno juga telah memberikan kontribusi besar pada pembangunan bangsa Indonesia hingga menjadi Negara seperti sekarang.

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Jika Grameds tertarik dengan biografi Ir.Soekarno lebih lengkap dan luas lagi maka bisa kunjungi koleksi buku Gramedia di www.gramedia.com . Grmaeds akan banyak menemukan berbagai referensi tentang Ir. Soekarno, mulai kehidupan pribadi, kiprah politik, sampai pemikiran-pemikiran Soekarno yang hebat. Berikut ini rekomendasi buku Gramedia yang bisa Grandes baca agar lebih mengenal sosok Soekarno, Tokoh besar kebanggaan bangsa Indonesia: Selamat belajar. #SahabatTanpa Batas

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About the author.

Mengetahui hal-hal terbaru sangatlah menarik dan juga tidak ketinggalan dengan informasi terbaru. Ada banyak informasi terbaru yang selalu menarik untuk ditulis, salah satunya adalah biografi.

• Soekarno Online

Digital Library of the First President of Indonesia

Sukarno was the leader of Indonesia’s struggle for independence from the Netherlands.

Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno or Pak Karno. Like many old Javanese people, he had only one name. In religious contexts, he was occasionally referred to as “Achmed Sukarno”. In some other occasions, he referred as “Sukarno Sukarno”. The name Soekarno means “Good Karna” in Javanese.

Background Sukarno’s father, an aristocrat named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjoa was Javanese primary school teacher.  His mother, named Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai was Balinese Brahman caste from Buleleng regency. Sukarno was born at Jl. Pandean IV / 40 Surabaya, East Java in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Following Javanese custom, he was renamed after surviving a childhood illness. After graduating from a native primary school in 1912, he was sent to Europeesche Lagere School (Dutch-medium junior secondary school) in Mojokerto. When his father sent him to Surabaya in 1916 to attend a Hogere Burger School (Dutch-medium secondary school), he met Tjokroaminoto, a nationalist and founder of Sarekat Islam, the owner of the boarding house where he lived. In 1920, Sukarno married Tjokroaminoto’s daughter Siti Oetari. In 1921 he began to study at the Technische Hogeschool (Technical Institute) in Bandung. He studied civil engineering and focused on architecture. In Bandung, Sukarno became romantically involved with Inggit Garnasih, the wife of Sanoesi, the boarding house owner where he lived as student. Inggit was 13 years older than Sukarno. On March 1923, Sukarno divorced Siti Oetari to marry Inggit (who also divorced her husband Sanoesi). And later on Soekarno also divorced Inggit and married Fatmawati.

Sukarno graduated with a degree in engineering on 25 May 1926. In July 1926, with his university friend Anwari, he established the architectural firm Soekarno & Anwari in Bandung, which provided planning and contractor services. Among Sukarno’s architectural works are the renovated building of the Preanger Hotel (1929), where he acted as assistant to famous Dutch architect Charles Prosper Wolff Schoemaker. Sukarno also designed many private houses on today’s Jalan Gatot Subroto, Jalan Palasari, and Jalan Dewi Sartika in Bandung. Later on, as president, Sukarno remained engaged in architecture, designing the Proclamation Monument and adjacent Gedung Pola in Jakarta, the Youth Monument (Tugu Muda) in Semarang, the Alun-alun Monument in Malang, the Heroes’ Monument in Surabaya, and also the new city of Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan.

Atypically, even among the colony’s small educated elite, Sukarno was fluent in several languages. In addition to the Javanese language of his childhood, he was a master of Sundanese, Balinese and of Indonesian, and especially strong in Dutch. He was also quite comfortable in German, English, French, Arabic, and Japanese, all of which were taught at his HBS. He was helped by his photographic memory and precocious mind.

In his studies, Sukarno was “intensely modern,” both in architecture and in politics. He despised both the traditional Javanese feudalism, which he considered as “backward” and was to blame for the fall of the country under Dutch colonialism, and the imperialism practiced by Western countries, which he termed as exploitation of humans by other humans and is responsible for the deep poverty and low levels of education of Indonesian people under the Dutch. To promote nationalistic pride amongst Indonesian people, Sukarno interpreted these ideas in his dress, in his urban planning for the capital (eventually Jakarta), and in his socialist politics, though he did not extend his taste for modern art to pop music; he had Koes Plus imprisoned for their allegedly decadent lyrics despite his reputation for womanising. For Sukarno, modernity was blind to race, neat and Western in style, and anti-imperialist.

Independence struggle

Sukarno was first exposed to nationalist ideas while living under Tjokroaminoto. Later, while a student in Bandung, he immersed himself in Western, communist, and Islamic political philosophy, eventually developing his own political ideology of Indonesian-style socialist self-sufficiency. He begin styling his ideas as Marhaenism, named after Marhaen, an Indonesian peasant he met in southern Bandung area, who owned his little plot of land and worked on it himself, producing sufficient income to support his family. In university, Sukarno began organising study club for Indonesian students, the Algemeene Studieclub, in opposition to the established student clubs dominated by Dutch students.

On 4 July 1927, Sukarno with his friends from the Algemeene Studieclub established a pro-independence party, Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI), upon which Sukarno was elected as the first leader. The party advocated independence for Indonesia, and opposed imperialism and capitalism because it opined that both systems worsened the life of Indonesian people. The party also advocated secularism and unity amongst the many different ethnicities in the Dutch East Indies, to establish a united Indonesia. Sukarno also hoped that Japan would commence a war against the western powers and that Java could then gain its independence with Japan’s aid. Coming soon after the disintegration of Sarekat Islam in early 1920s and the crushing of Partai Komunis Indonesia after their failed rebellion of 1926, PNI began to attract a large number of followers, particularly among the new university-educated youths eager for larger freedoms and opportunities denied to them in the racist and constrictive political system of Dutch colonialism.

PNI activities came under the attention of the colonial government, and Sukarno’s speeches and meetings was often infiltrated and disrupted by agents of the colonial secret police (Politieke Inlichtingen Dienst/PID). Eventually, Sukarno and other key PNI leaders were arrested on 29 December 1929 by Dutch colonial authorities in a series of raids throughout Java. Sukarno himself was arrested while on a visit to Yogyakarta. On his trial at the Bandung Landraad courthouse from August to December 1930, Sukarno made a series of long political speech attacking the injustices of colonialism and imperialism, titled Indonesia Menggoegat (Indonesia Accuses).

On December 1930, Sukarno was sentenced to four years in prison, which was served in Sukamiskin prison in Bandung. His impressive speech, however, received wide coverage by the press, and due to strong pressure from the liberal elements both in Netherlands and Dutch East Indies, Sukarno was released early on 31 December 1931. By this time, he had become a popular hero widely known throughout Indonesia.

However, during his imprisonment, PNI had been splintered by oppression of colonial authorities and internal dissension. The original PNI was disbanded by the Dutch, and its former members formed two different parties; the Partai Indonesia (Partindo) under Sukarno’s associate Sartono who were promoting mass agitation, and the Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia (PNI Baroe) under Mohammad Hatta and Soetan Sjahrir, two nationalists who recently returned from studies in Netherlands who were promoting long-term strategy of dispensing modern education to the uneducated Indonesian populace to develop an intellectual elite able to offer effective resistance to Dutch rule. After attempting to reconcile the two parties to establish one united nationalist front, Sukarno chose to become the head of Partindo on 28 July 1932. Partindo has maintained its alignment with Sukarno’s own strategy of immediate mass agitation, and Sukarno disagreed with Hatta’s long-term cadre-based struggle. Hatta himself believed Indonesian independence will not occur within his lifetime, while Sukarno believed Hatta’s strategy to be ignorant of the fact that politics can only make real changes through formation and utilisation of force (machtsvorming en machtsaanwending).

During this period, to support himself and the party financially, Sukarno re-entered architecture, opening the bureau Soekarno & Rooseno. He also wrote articles for the party’s newspaper, Fikiran Ra’jat. While being based in Bandung, Sukarno travelled extensively throughout Java to establish contacts with other nationalists. His activities attracted further attention by the Dutch PID. On mid-1933, Sukarno published a series of writings titled Mentjapai Indonesia Merdeka (“To Attain Independent Indonesia”). For this writing, he was arrested by Dutch police while visiting fellow nationalist Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin in Jakarta on 1 August 1933.

This time, to prevent providing Sukarno with platform to make political speeches, the hardline governor-general jonkheer Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge utilised his emergency powers to send Sukarno to internal exile without trial. In 1934, Sukarno was shipped, along with his family (including Inggit Garnasih), to the remote town of Ende, on the island of Flores. During his time in Flores, he utilised his limited freedom of movement to establish a children’s theatre, among its members was future politician Frans Seda. Due to an outbreak of malaria in Flores, the Dutch authorities decided to move Sukarno and his family to Bencoolen (now Bengkulu) on western coast of Sumatera, on February 1938.

In Bengkulu, Sukarno became acquainted with Hassan Din, the local head of Muhammadiyah organisation, and he was allowed to teach Islamic religion at a local school owned by the Muhammadiyah. One of his students was 15-year old Fatmawati, daughter of Hassan Din. He became romantically involved with Fatmawati, which he justified by stating the inability of Inggit Garnasih to produce children during their almost 20-year marriage. Sukarno was still in Bengkulu exile when the Japanese invaded the archipelago in 1942.

World War II and the Japanese occupation In early 1929, during the Indonesian National Revival, Sukarno and fellow Indonesian nationalist leader Mohammad Hatta (later Vice President), first foresaw a Pacific War and the opportunity that a Japanese advance on Indonesia might present for the Indonesian independence cause.[8] In February 1942 Imperial Japan invaded the Dutch East Indies quickly defeating Dutch forces who marched, bussed and trucked Sukarno and his entourage three hundred kilometres from Bengkulu to Padang, Sumatra. They intended keeping him prisoner and shipping him to Australia, but abruptly abandoned him to save themselves upon the impending approach of Japanese forces on Padang.

The Japanese had their own files on Sukarno and the Japanese commander in Sumatera approached him with respect, wanting to use him to organise and pacify the Indonesians. Sukarno on the other hand wanted to use the Japanese to free Indonesia: “The Lord be praised, God showed me the way; in that valley of the Ngarai I said: Yes, Independent Indonesia can only be achieved with Dai Nippon…For the first time in all my life, I saw myself in the mirror of Asia.”[10] On July 1942, Sukarno was sent back to Jakarta, where he re-united with other nationalist leaders recently released by the Japanese, including Mohammad Hatta. There, he met the Japanese commander General Hitoshi Imamura, who asked Sukarno and other nationalists to galvanise support from Indonesian populace to aid Japanese war effort.

Sukarno was willing to support the Japanese, in exchange for a platform for himself to spread nationalist ideas to the mass population. The Japanese, on the other hand, needed Indonesia’s manpower and natural resources to help its war effort. The Japanese recruited millions of people, particularly from Java, to be forced labor called “romusha” in Japanese. They were forced to build railways, airfields, and other facilities for the Japanese within Indonesia and as far away as Burma. Additionally, the Japanese requestioned rice and other food produced by Indonesian peasants to supply their own troops, while forcing the peasantry to cultivate castor oil plants to be used as aviation fuel and lubricants.

To gain cooperation from Indonesian population and to prevent resistance to these draconian measures, the Japanese put Sukarno as head of Tiga-A mass organisation movement. On March 1943, the Japanese formed a new organisation called Poesat Tenaga Rakjat (POETERA/ Concentration of People’s Power) under Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hadjar Dewantara, and KH Mas Mansjoer. The aim of these organisations were to galvanise popular support for recruitment of romusha forced labor, requisitioning of food products, and to promote pro-Japanese and anti-Western sentiments amongst Indonesians. Sukarno coined the term, Amerika kita setrika, Inggris kita linggis (“Let’s iron America, and bludgeon the British”) to promote anti-Allied sentiments. In later years, Sukarno was lastingly ashamed of his role with the romusha. Additionally, food requisitioning by the Japanese caused widespread famine in Java which killed more than one million people in 1944-1945. In his view, these were necessary sacrifices to be made to allow for future independence of Indonesia. He also was involved with the formation of Pembela Tanah Air (PETA) and Heiho (Indonesian volunteer army troops) via speeches broadcast on the Japanese radio and loud speaker networks across Java and Sumatera. By mid-1945 these units numbered around two million, and were preparing to defeat any Allied forces sent to re-take Java.

In the meantime, Sukarno eventually divorced Inggit, who refused to accept her husband’s wish for polygamy. She was provided with a house in Bandung and a pension for the rest of her life. In 1943, he married Fatmawati. They lived in a house in Jl. Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, confiscated from its previous Dutch owners and presented to Sukarno by the Japanese. This house would later be the venue of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945.

On 10 November 1943 Sukarno and Hatta was sent for seventeen-day tour of Japan, where they were decorated by the Emperor Hirohito and was wined and dined in the house of Prime Minister Hideki Tojo in Tokyo. On 7 September 1944, with the war going badly for the Japanese, Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised independence for Indonesia, although no date was set. This announcement was seen, according to the U.S. official history, as immense vindication for Sukarno’s apparent collaboration with the Japanese. The U.S. at the time considered Sukarno one of the “foremost collaborationist leaders.”

On 29 April 1945, with the fall of Philippines to American hands, the Japanese allowed for the establishment of Badan Penjelidik Oesaha-oesaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI), a quasi-legislature consisting of 67 representatives from most ethnic-groups in Indonesia. Sukarno was appointed as head of BPUPKI and was tasked to lead discussion to prepare the basis of a future Indonesian state. To provide a common and acceptable platform to unite the various squabbling factions in BPUPKI, Sukarno formulated his ideological thinking developed for the past twenty years into five principles. On 1 June 1945, he introduced these five principles, known as pancasila, during the joint session of BPUPKI held in the former Volksraad Building (now called Gedung Pancasila).

Pancasila as presented by Sukarno during the BPUPKI speech, consisted of five common principles which Sukarno saw as commonly shared by all Indonesians:

Nationalism, whereby a united Indonesian state would stretch from Sabang to Merauke, encompassing all former Dutch East Indies Internationalism, meaning Indonesia is to appreciate human rights and contribute to world peace, and should not fall into chauvinistic fascism such as displayed by Nazis with their belief in the racial superiority of Aryans Democracy, which Sukarno believed has always been in the blood of Indonesians through the practice of consensus-seeking (musyawarah untuk mufakat), an Indonesian-style democracy different from Western-style liberalism Social justice, a form of populist socialism in economics with Marxist-style opposition to free capitalism. Social justice also intended to provide equal share of the economy to all Indonesians, as opposed to the complete economic domination by the Dutch and Chinese during the colonial period Belief in God, whereby all religions are treated equally and have religious freedom. Sukarno saw Indonesians as spiritual and religious people, but in essence tolerant towards differing religious beliefs

On 22 June, the Islamic and nationalist elements of BPUPKI created a small committee of nine, which formulated Sukarno’s ideas into the five-point Pancasila, in a document known as the Jakarta Charter:

Belief in one God, with obligation for Muslims to observe Islamic law Civilised and just humanity Unity of Indonesia Democracy through representative consensus-building Social justice for all Indonesians

Due to pressure from the Islamic element, the first principle mentioned the obligation for Muslims to practice Islamic law (sharia). However, the final Sila as contained in the 1945 Constitution which was put into effect on 18 August 1945, excluded the reference to Islamic law for sake of national unity. The elimination of sharia was done by Mohammad Hatta based upon request by Christian representative Alexander Andries Maramis, and after consultation with moderate Islamic representatives Teuku Mohammad Hassan, Kasman Singodimedjo, and Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo.[16]

On 7 August 1945, the Japanese allowed the formation a smaller Panitia Penjelidik Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI), a 21-person committee tasked with creating specific governmental structure of future Indonesian state. On 9 August, the top leaders of PPKI (Sukarno, Hatta, and KRH Radjiman Wediodiningrat), were summoned by Commander-in-Chief of Japan’s Southern Expeditionary Forces, Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi, to Da Lat, 100 km from Saigon. Field Marshal Terauchi gave Sukarno the freedom to proceed with preparation for Indonesian independence, free of Japanese interference. After much wining and dining, Sukarno’s entourage was flown back to Jakarta on 14 August. Unbeknownst to the guests, atomic bombs had been dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the Japanese were preparing for surrender.

The following day, on 15 August, the Japanese declared their acceptance of Potsdam Declaration terms, and unconditionally surrendered to the Allies. On the afternoon of that day, Sukarno received this information from leaders of youth groups and members of PETA Chairul Saleh, Soekarni, and Wikana, who had been listening to Western radio broadcasts. They urged Sukarno to declare Indonesian independence immediately, while the Japanese were in confusion and before the arrival of Allied forces. Faced with this quick turn of events, Sukarno procrastinated. He feared bloodbath due to hostile response from the Japanese to such a move, and was concerned with prospects of future Allied retribution.

At early morning on 16 August, the three youth leaders, impatient with Sukarno’s indecision, kidnapped him from his house and brought him to a small house in Rengasdengklok, Karawang, owned by a Chinese family and occupied by PETA . There they gained Sukarno’s commitment to declare independence within the next day. That night, the youths drove Sukarno back to the house of Admiral Tadashi Maeda, the Japanese naval liaison officer in Menteng area of Jakarta, who sympathised with Indonesian independence. There, he and his assistant Sajoeti Melik prepared text of Proclamation of Indonesian Independence.

War leader On early morning of 17 August 1945, Sukarno returned to his house at Jl Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, where he was joined by Mohammad Hatta. Throughout the morning, impromptu leaflets printed by PETA and youth elements informed the population of the impending proclamation. Finally, on 10 am, Sukarno and Hatta stepped to the front porch, where Sukarno declared the independence of the Republic of Indonesia in front of a crowd of 500 people.

On the following day, 18 August, PPKI declared the basic governmental structure of the new Republic of Indonesia:

Appointing Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta as President and Vice-President and their cabinet. Putting into effect the 1945 Indonesian constitution, which by this time excluded any reference to Islamic law. Setting a Central Indonesian National Committee (Komite Nasional Indonesia Poesat/KNIP) to assist the president prior to election of a parliament.

Sukarno’s vision for the 1945 Indonesian constitution comprised the Pancasila (five principles). Sukarno’s political philosophy was mainly a fuse of elements of Marxism, nationalism and Islam. This is reflected in a proposition of his version of Pancasila he proposed to the BPUPKI (Inspectorate of Indonesian Independence Preparation Efforts), in which he originally espoused them in a speech on 1 June 1945:[16]

Sukarno argued that all of the principles of the nation could be summarized in the phrase gotong royong.[17] The Indonesian parliament, founded on the basis of this original (and subsequently revised) constitution, proved all but ungovernable. This was due to irreconcilable differences between various social, political, religious and ethnic factions.[18]

In the days following the Proclamation, the news of Indonesian independence was spread by radio, newspaper, leaflets, and word of mouth despite attempts by the Japanese soldiers to suppress the news. On 19 September, Sukarno addressed a crowd of one million people at the Ikada Field of Jakarta (now part of Merdeka Square) to commemorate one month of independence, indicating the strong level of popular support for the new republic, at least on Java and Sumatera. In these two islands, the Sukarno government quickly established governmental control while the remaining Japanese mostly retreated to their barracks awaiting arrival of Allied forces. This period was marked by constant attacks by armed groups on Europeans, Chinese, Christians, native aristocracy and anyone who were perceived to oppose Indonesian independence. The most serious cases were the Social Revolutions in Aceh and North Sumatera, where large numbers of Acehnese and Malay aristocrats were killed by Islamic groups (in Aceh) and communist-led mobs (in North Sumatera), and the “Three Regions Affair” in northwestern coast of Central Java where large numbers of Europeans, Chinese, and native aristocrats were butchered by mobs. These bloody incidences continued until late 1945 to early 1946, and begin to peter-out as Republican authority begin to exert and consolidate its control.

Sukarno’s government initially postponed the formation of a national army, for fear of antagonizing the Allied occupation forces and their doubt over whether they would have been able to form an adequate military apparatus to maintain control of seized territory. The members of various militia groups formed during Japanese occupation such as the disbanded PETA and Heiho, at that time were encouraged to join the BKR—Badan Keamanan Rakjat (The People’s Security Organization)—itself a subordinate of the “War Victims Assistance Organization”. It was only in October 1945 that the BKR was reformed into the TKR—Tentara Keamanan Rakjat (The People’s Security Army) in response to the increasing Allied and Dutch presence in Indonesia. The TKR armed themselves mostly by attacking Japanese troops and confiscating their weapons.

Due to sudden transfer of Java and Sumatera from General Douglas MacArthur’s American-dominated Southwest Pacific Area to Lord Louis Mountbatten’s British-dominated Southeast Asian Command, the first Allied soldiers (1st Battalion of Seaforth Highlanders) only arrived in Jakarta on late September 1945. British forces began to occupy major Indonesian cities on October 1945. The commander of British 23rd Division, Lieutenant General Sir Philip Christison, set-up command in the former governor-general’s palace in Jakarta. Christison stated its intentions as the liberation of all Allied prisoners-of-war, and to allow the return of Indonesia to its pre-war status, as colony of Netherlands. The Republican government were willing to cooperate with regards to the release and repatriation of Allied civilian and military POWs, setting-up the Committee for the Repatriation of Japanese and Allied Prisoners of Wars and Internees (Panitia Oeroesan Pengangkoetan Djepang dan APWI/POPDA) for this purpose. POPDA, in cooperation with the British, repatriated more than 70,000 Japanese and Allied POWs and internees by the end of 1946. To resist Dutch attempts to regain control of the country, Sukarno’s strategy was to seek international recognition and support for the new Indonesian Republic, in view of the relative military weakness of the Republic compared with British and Dutch military power.

Sukarno was aware that his past history as Japanese collaborator might complicate relationship with the Western countries. Hence, to help acquire international recognition as well as to accommodate domestic demands for establishment of political parties, Sukarno allowed the formation of parliamentary system of government, whereby a prime minister controlled day-to-day affairs of the government, while Sukarno as president remained as figurehead. The prime minister and his cabinet will be responsible to the Central Indonesian National Committee instead of the president. On 14 November 1945, Sukarno appointed Sutan Sjahrir as first prime minister, he was a European-educated politician who was never involved with the Japanese occupation authorities.

Ominously, Dutch soldiers and administrators under the name of Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA) began to return under the protection of the British. They were led by Hubertus Johannes van Mook, a pre-war Dutch colonial administrator who led the Dutch East Indies government-in-exile in Brisbane, Australia. They armed released Dutch POWs, which began to engage in shooting rampages against Indonesian civilians and Republican police. As consequence, armed conflict soon erupted between the newly-constituted Republican forces aided by a myriad of pro-independence mob groups, against the British and Dutch forces. On 10 November, a full-scale battle broke-out in Surabaya between British Indian 49th Infantry Brigade and Indonesian population, involving air and naval bombardments of the city by the British. 300 British soldiers were killed (including its commander Brigadier AWS Mallaby), while thousands of Indonesians died. Shootouts broke-out with alarming regularity in Jakarta, including an attempted assassination of Prime Minister Sjahrir by Dutch gunmen. To avoid this menace, Sukarno and majority of his government left for the safety of Yogyakarta on 4 January 1946. There, the Republican government received protection and full support from Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX. Yogyakarta will remain as the Republic’s capital until end of the war in 1949. Sjahrir remained in Jakarta to conduct negotiations with the British.[19]

The initial series of battles in late 1945 and early 1946 left the British in control of major port cities on Java and Sumatera. During the Japanese occupation, the Outer Islands (excluding Java and Sumatera) was occupied by Japanese Navy (Kaigun), which did not allow for political mobilisation in their areas on account of the small population base available for mobilisation, and the proximity of these areas to active theatres of war. Consequently, there were little Republican activity in these islands post-proclamation. Australian and Dutch forces quickly occupied these islands without much fighting by end of 1945 (excluding the resistance of I Gusti Ngurah Rai in Bali, the insurgency in South Sulawesi, and fighting in Hulu Sungai area of South Kalimantan). Meanwhile, the hinterland areas of Java and Sumatera remained under Republican administration.

Eager to pull-out its soldiers from Indonesia, the British allowed for large-scale infusion of Dutch forces into the country throughout 1946. By November 1946, all British soldiers have been withdrawn from Indonesia, replaced by more than 150,000 Dutch soldiers. On the other hand, the British sent Lord Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel and Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn to bring the Dutch and Indonesians to the negotiating table. The result of these negotiations was the Linggadjati Agreement signed on November 1946, where the Dutch acknowledged de facto Republican sovereignty over Java, Sumatera, and Madura. In exchange, the Republicans were willing to discuss future Commonwealth-like United Kingdom of Netherlands and Indonesia.

Sukarno’s decision to negotiate with the Dutch was met with strong opposition by various Indonesian factions. Tan Malaka, a communist politician, organised these groups into a united front called the Persatoean Perdjoangan (PP). PP offered a “Minimum Program” which called for complete independence, nationalisation of all foreign properties, and rejection of all negotiations until all foreign troops are withdrawn. These programmes received widespread popular support, including from armed forces commander General Sudirman. On 4 July 1946, military units linked with PP kidnapped Prime Minister Sjahrir who was visiting Yogyakarta. Sjahrir was leading the negotiation with the Dutch. Sukarno, after successfully influencing Sudirman, managed to secure the release of Sjahrir and the arrest of Tan Malaka and other PP leaders. Disapproval of Linggadjati terms within the KNIP led Sukarno to issue a decree doubling KNIP membership by including many pro-agreement appointed members. As consequence, KNIP ratified the Linggadjati Agreement on March 1947.[20]

On 21 July 1947, the Linggadjati Agreement was broken by the Dutch, who launched Operatie Product, a massive military invasion into Republican-held territories. Although the newly-reconsitituted TNI was unable to offer significant military resistance, the blatant violation by the Dutch on internationally-brokered agreement outraged world opinion. International pressure forced the Dutch to halt their invasion force on August 1947. Sjahrir, who has been replaced as prime minister by Amir Sjarifuddin, flew to New York City to appeal Indonesian case in front of United Nations. UN Security Council issued a resolution calling for immediate ceasefire, and appointed a Good Offices Committee (GOC) to oversee the ceasefire. The GOC, based in Jakarta, consisted of delegations from Australia (led by Richard Kirby, chosen by Indonesia), Belgium (led by Paul van Zeeland, chosen by Netherlands), and United States (led by Frank Porter Graham, neutral).

The Republic was now under strong Dutch military stranglehold, with the Dutch military occupying West Java, and the northern coast of Central Java and East Java, along with the key productive areas of Sumatera. Additionally, the Dutch navy blockaded Republican areas from supplies of vital food, medicine, and weapons. As consequence, Prime Minister Amir Sjarifuddin has little choice but to sign the Renville Agreement on 17 January 1948, which acknowledged Dutch control over areas taken during Operatie Product, while the Republicans pledged to withdraw all forces that remained on the other side of the ceasefire line (“Van Mook Line”). Meanwhile, the Dutch begin to organize puppet states in the areas under their occupation, to counter Republican influence utilising ethnic diversity of Indonesia.

The signing of highly disadvantageous Renville Agreement caused even greater instability within the Republican political structure. In Dutch-occupied West Java, Darul Islam guerrillas under Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo maintained their anti-Dutch resistance and repealed any loyalty to the Republic, they will cause a bloody insurgency in West Java and other areas in the first decades of independence. Prime Minister Sjarifuddin, who signed the agreement, was forced to resign on January 1948, and was replaced by Mohammad Hatta. Hatta cabinet’s policy of rationalising the armed forces by demobilising large numbers of armed groups that proliferated the Republican areas, also caused severe disaffection. Leftist political elements, led by resurgent Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) under Musso took advantage of public disaffections by launching rebellion in Madiun, East Java, on 18 September 1948. Bloody fighting continued during late-September until end of October 1948, when the last communist bands were defeated and Musso shot dead. The communists have overestimated their potential to oppose the strong appeal of Sukarno amongst the population.

On 19 December 1948, to take advantage of the Republic’s weak position following the communist rebellion, the Dutch launched Operatie Kraai, a second military invasion designed to crush the Republic once and for all. The invasion was initiated with an airborne assault on Republican capital Yogyakarta. Sukarno ordered the armed forces under Sudirman to launch guerilla campaign in the countryside, while he and other key leaders such as Hatta and Sjahrir allowed themselves to be taken prisoner by the Dutch. To ensure continuity of government, Sukarno sent a telegram to Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, providing him the mandate to lead an Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI), based on the unoccupied hinterlands of West Sumatera, a position he kept until Sukarno was released on June 1949. The Dutch sent Sukarno and other captured Republican leaders to captivity in Prapat, in Dutch-occupied part of North Sumatera and later to the island of Bangka.

The second Dutch invasion caused even more international outrage. United States, impressed by Indonesia’s ability to defeat the 1948 communist challenge without outside help, threatened to cut-off Marshall Aid funds to Netherlands if military operations in Indonesia continued. TNI did not disintegrate and continued to wage guerilla resistance against the Dutch, most notably the assault on Dutch-held Yogyakarta led by Lieutenant-Colonel Suharto on 1 March 1949. Consequently, the Dutch were forced to sign the Roem-van Roijen Agreement on 7 May 1949. According to this treaty, the Dutch released the Republican leadership and returned the area surrounding Yogyakarta to Republican control on June 1949. This is followed by the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference held in The Hague which led to the complete transfer of sovereignty by the Queen Juliana of the Netherlands to Indonesia, on 27 December 1949. On that day, Sukarno flew from Yogyakarta to Jakarta, making a triumphant speech at the steps of the governor-general’s palace, immediately renamed the Merdeka Palace (“Independence Palace”).

Figurehead president

At this time, as part of compromise with the Dutch, Indonesia adopted a new federal constitution that made the country a federal state called the Republik Indonesia Serikat (Republic of United States of Indonesia), consisting of the Republic of Indonesia whose borders were determined by the “Van Mook Line”, along with 6 states and 9 autonomous territories created by the Dutch. During the first half of 1950, these states gradually dissolved itself as the Dutch military that previously propped them, was withdrawn. On August 1950, with the last state – State of East Indonesia – dissolving itself, Sukarno declared a Unitary Republic of Indonesia based on newly-formulated provisional constitution of 1950. Both the Federal Constitution of 1949 and the Provisional Constitution of 1950 were parliamentary in nature, where executive authority laid with the prime minister, and which—on paper—limited presidential power. However, even with his formally reduced role, he commanded a good deal of moral authority as Father of the Nation.

The first years of parliamentary democracy proved to be very unstable for Indonesia. Cabinets fell in rapid succession due to the acute differences between the various political parties within the newly-appointed parliament (Dewan Perwakilan Rakjat/DPR). There was severe disagreements on future path of Indonesian state, between nationalists who wanted a secular state (led by Partai Nasional Indonesia first established by Sukarno), the Islamists who wanted an Islamic state (led by Masyumi Party), and the communists who wanted a communist state (led by PKI, only allowed to operate again in 1951). On the economic front, there was severe dissatisfaction with continuing economic domination by large Dutch corporations and the ethnic-Chinese.

In the regions, the Darul Islam rebels under Kartosuwirjo in West Java refused to acknowledge Sukarno’s authority and declared a NII (Negara Islam Indonesia – Islamic State of Indonesia) on August 1949. Rebellions in support of Darul Islam also broke-out in South Sulawesi in 1951, and in Aceh in 1953. Meanwhile, pro-federalism members of the disbanded KNIL launched failed rebellion in Bandung (APRA rebellion of 1950), in Makassar in 1950, and in Ambon (Republic of South Maluku revolt of 1950).[21]

Additionally, the military was torn with hostilities between officers originating from the colonial-era KNIL, who wished for a small and elite professional military, and the overwhelming majority of soldiers who started their careers in the Japanese-formed PETA, who were afraid of being discharged and were more known for nationalist-zeal over professionalism.

On 17 October 1952, the leaders of the former-KNIL faction, Army Chief Colonel Abdul Haris Nasution and Armed Forces Chief-of-Staff Major-General Tahi Bonar Simatupang mobilized their troops in a show of force. Protesting against attempts by the DPR to interfere in military business on behalf of the former-PETA faction of the military, Nasution and Simatupang had their troops surround the Merdeka Palace and point the tank turrets in the direction of the said building. Their demand to Sukarno was that the current DPR be dismissed. For this cause, Nasution and Simatupang also mobilized civilian protesters. Sukarno came out of the palace and using nothing but his famed oratory skills, convinced both soldiers and civilians alike to go home. Nasution and Simatupang had been defeated, and both were later dismissed. Nasution, however, would be re-appointed as Army Chief after reconciling with Sukarno in 1955.

In 1954, Sukarno married Hartini, a 30-years-old widow from Salatiga, whom he met during a reception. His third wife, Fatmawati was outraged by this fourth marriage. She left Sukarno and their children, although they never officially divorced. Fatmawati no longer took-up the duties as First Lady, a role subsequently filled by Hartini.

The 1955 elections produced a new Parliament and a Constitutional Assembly. The election results equally shared power between the antagonistic powers of PNI, Masyumi, Nahdlatul Ulama, and PKI. Hence, domestic political instability continued unabated. Talks in the Constitutional Assemby to produce a new constitution met a deadlock over the issue of whether to include Islamic law.

On the international front, Sukarno organised the Bandung Conference in 1955, with the goal of uniting developing Asian and African countries into a non-aligned movement to counter against the competing superpowers at the time.

Sukarno resented his figurehead position and the increasing disorder of the country’s political life. Claiming Western-style democracy was unsuitable for Indonesia, he called for a system of “guided democracy.” The Indonesian way of deciding important questions, he argued, was by way of prolonged deliberation designed to achieve a consensus. This was the way problems were solved at the village level, and Sukarno argued it should be the model for the entire nation. He proposed a government based not only on political parties but on “functional groups” composed of the nation’s basic elements, which would together form a National Council, through which a national consensus could express itself under presidential guidance.

Vice-President Mohammad Hatta was strongly opposed to Sukarno’s guided democracy concept. Citing irreconcilable differences, Hatta resigned from his position in December 1956. Hatta’s retirement sent a shockwave across Indonesia, particularly among the non-Javanese ethnicities, who viewed Hatta as their representative in a Javanese-dominated government.

From December 1956 to January 1957, regional military commanders in North Sumatera, Central Sumatera, and South Sumatera provinces took over local government control. They declared a series of military councils which will run their respective areas and refused to accept orders from Jakarta. A similar regional military movement took control of North Sulawesi on March 1957. They demanded the elimination of communist influence in government, equal share in government revenues, and reinstatement of Sukarno-Hatta duumvirate.

Faced with this serious challenge to the unity of the republic, Sukarno declared martial law (Staat van Oorlog en Beleg) on 14 March 1957. He appointed a non-partisan prime minister Djuanda Kartawidjaja, while the military was in the hands of his loyalist General Nasution. Nasution increasingly shared Sukarno’s views on the negative impact of western democracy on Indonesia, and he foresaw greater role for the military to bring much-needed discipline to the country.

As a reconciliatory move, Sukarno invited the leaders of the regional councils to Jakarta on 10–14 September 1957, to attend a National Conference (Musjawarah Nasional), which failed to bring a solution to the crisis. On 30 November 1957, an assassination attempt was made by grenade attack against Sukarno when he was visiting a school function in Cikini, Central Jakarta. Six children were killed, but Sukarno did not suffer any serious wounds. The perpetrators were members of the Darul Islam extremist group, under the order of its leader Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo.

By December 1957, Sukarno began to take concrete steps to enforce his authority over the country. On that month, he nationalised 246 Dutch companies which have been dominating Indonesian economy (most notably the NHM, Royal Dutch Shell subsidiary Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij, Escomptobank, Internatio, Geo Wehry & Co, Jacobson & Berg, etc.) and expelled 40,000 Dutch citizens remaining in Indonesia while confiscating their properties, due to the failure by the Dutch government to continue negotiations on the fate of Netherlands New Guinea as was promised in the 1949 Round Table Conference. Sukarno’s economic nationalism policy was followed by issuance Presidential Directive No. 10 of 1959, which banned commercial activities by foreign nationals in rural areas. This rule targeted the ethnic-Chinese, who dominated both the rural and urban retail economy despite the fact that at this time few of them had Indonesian citizenship. This policy resulted in massive relocation of the rural ethnic-Chinese population to urban areas, while approximately 100,000 chose to return to China.

To face the dissident regional commanders, Sukarno and Army Chief Nasution decided to take drastic steps following the failure of Musjawarah Nasional. By utilising regional officers that remained loyal to Jakarta, Nasution organised a series of “regional coups” which ousted the dissident commanders in North Sumatera (Colonel Maludin Simbolon) and South Sumatera (Colonel Barlian) by December 1957. This returned government control over key cities of Medan and Palembang.

On February 1958, the remaining dissident commanders in Central Sumatera (Colonel Ahmad Hussein) and North Sulawesi (Colonel Ventje Sumual) declared PRRI-Permesta Movement aimed at overthrowing the Jakarta government. They were joined by many civilian politicians from the Masyumi Party, such as Sjafruddin Prawiranegara who were opposed to growing influence of communists. Due to their anti-communist rhetoric, the rebels received monetary, weaponry, and manpower aid from the CIA until Allen Lawrence Pope, an American pilot, was shot down after a bombing raid on government-held Ambon on April 1958. On April 1958, central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions on Padang and Manado, the rebel capitals. By the end of 1958, the rebels have been militarily defeated, and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered on August 1961.

‘Guided Democracy’ and increasing autocracy The impressive military victories over the PRRI-Permesta rebels and the popular nationalisation of Dutch companies left Sukarno in a very strong position. On 5 July 1959, Sukarno reinstated the 1945 constitution by presidential decree. It established a presidential system which he believed would make it easier to implement the principles of guided democracy. He called the system Manifesto Politik or Manipol—but was actually government by decree. Sukarno envisioned an Indonesian-style socialist society, who adhere to the principle of USDEK:

Undang-Undang Dasar ’45 (Constitution of 1945) Sosialisme Indonesia (Indonesian socialism) Demokrasi Terpimpin (Guided Democracy) Ekonomi Terpimpin (Commanded Economy). Kepribadian Indonesia (Indonesia’s Identity) On March 1960, Sukarno disbanded parliament and replaced it with a new parliament where half the members were appointed by the president (Dewan Perwakilan Rakjat – Gotong Rojong / DPR-GR). On September 1960, he established a Provisional People’s Consultative Assembly (Madjelis Permusjawaratan Rakjat Sementara/MPRS) as the highest legislative authority according to the 1945 constitution. MPRS members consisted of members of DPR-GR and members of “functional groups” appointed by the president.

With the backing of the military, Sukarno disbanded the Islamic party Masyumi and Sutan Sjahrir’s party PSI, accusing them of involvement with PRRI-Permesta affair. The military arrested and imprisoned many of Sukarno’s political opponents, from socialist Sjahrir to Islamic politicians Mohammad Natsir and Hamka. Using martial law powers, the government closed-down newspapers who were critical of Sukarno’s policies.[23]

During this period, there were several assassination attempts on Sukarno’s life. On 9 March 1960, Daniel Maukar, an Indonesian airforce lieutenant who sympathised with the Permesta rebellion, strafed the Merdeka Palace and Bogor Palace with his MiG-17 fighter jet, attempting to kill the president; he was not injured. On May 1962, Darul Islam agents shot at the president during Eid al-Adha prayers on the grounds of the palace. Sukarno again escaped injury.

On the security front, the military started a series of effective campaigns which ended the long-festering Darul Islam rebellion in West Java (1962), Aceh (1962), and South Sulawesi (1965). Kartosuwirjo, the leader of Darul Islam, was captured and executed in September 1962.

To counter-balance the power of the military, Sukarno started to rely on the support of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). In 1960, he declared his government to be based on Nasakom, a union of the three ideological strands present in Indonesian society: nasionalisme (nationalism), agama (religions), and komunisme (communism). Accordingly, Sukarno started admitting more communists into his government, while developing strong relationship with the PKI chairman Dipa Nusantara Aidit.

In order to increase Indonesia’s prestige, Sukarno supported and won the bid for the 1962 Asian Games held in Jakarta. Many sporting facilities such as the Senayan sports complex (including the 100,000-seat Bung Karno Stadium) were built to accommodate the games. There was political tension when the Indonesians refused the entry of delegations from Israel and Taiwan. After the International Olympic Committee put sanctions on Indonesia due to this exclusion policy, Sukarno retaliated by organising a “non-imperialist” competitor event to the Olympic Games, called Games of New Emerging Forces (GANEFO). GANEFO was successfully held in Jakarta on November 1963, and was attended by 2,700 athletes from 51 countries.

As part of his prestige-building program, Sukarno ordered the construction of large monumental buildings such as National Monument (Monumen Nasional), Istiqlal Mosque, CONEFO Building (now the Parliament Building), Hotel Indonesia, and the Sarinah shopping centre to transform Jakarta from a former colonial backwater to a modern city. The modern Jakarta boulevards of Jalan Thamrin, Jalan Sudirman, and Jalan Gatot Subroto was planned and constructed under Sukarno.

Foreign policy As Sukarno’s domestic grip on power was secured, he began to pay more attention to the world stage, where Sukarno embarked on a series of aggressive and assertive policies based on anti-imperialism to increase Indonesia’s prestige internationally. These anti-imperialist and anti-Western policies, often bordering on brinkmanship, were also designed to provide a common cause to unite the diverse and fractious Indonesian people. In this, he was aided by his Foreign Minister Subandrio.

Since his first visit to Beijing in 1956, Sukarno has began in the 1950s to increase his ties to the People’s Republic of China and the communist bloc in general. He also began to accept increasing amounts of Soviet bloc military aid. By early 1960s, Soviet bloc provided more aid to Indonesia than to any other non-communist country, while Soviet military aid to Indonesia was only equalled by aid provided to Cuba. This large influx of communist aid prompted an increase in military aid from the Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy administrations, which worried about a leftward drift should Sukarno rely too much on Soviet bloc aid.[24]

Sukarno was feted during his visit to United States in 1956, where he addressed a joint session of United States Congress. Soon after his first visit to America, Sukarno visited Soviet Union, where he received even more lavish welcome to Moscow. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev paid a return visit to Jakarta and Bali in 1960, where Khrushchev awarded Sukarno with the Lenin Peace Prize. To make amends for the CIA involvement in the PRRI-Permesta rebellion, President Kennedy invited Sukarno to Washington, and provided Indonesia with billions of dollars in civilian and military aid.[24]

Despite his close relationships with both Western and Communist Blocs, Sukarno increasingly attempted to forge a new alliance called the “New Emerging Forces”, as a counter to the old superpowers, whom he accused of spreading “Neo-Colonialism and Imperialism” (NEKOLIM). In 1961, this first president of Indonesia also found another political alliance, an organization, called the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM, in Indonesia known as Gerakan Non-Blok, GNB) with Egypt’s President Gamal Abdel Nasser, India’s Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Yugoslavia’s President Josip Broz Tito, and Ghana’s President Kwame Nkrumah, in an action called The Initiative of Five (Sukarno, Nkrumah, Nasser, Tito, and Nehru). This action was a movement to not give any favour to the two superpower blocs, who were involved in the Cold War. Sukarno is still fondly remembered for his role in promoting the influence of newly-independent countries; among others, his name is used as streetnames in Cairo, Egypt and Rabat, Morocco, and as a major square in Peshawar, Pakistan. In 1956, the University of Belgrade awarded him an honorary doctorate.

As the NAM countries were becoming split into differing factions, and as fewer countries were willing to support Sukarno’s growing aggressive anti-Western foreign policies, he increasingly began to abandon his non-alignment rhetoric, in exchange for a new alliance with China, North Korea, North Vietnam, and Cambodia, an alliance he called the “Beijing-Pyongyang-Hanoi-Phnom Penh-Jakarta Axis”. After withdrawing Indonesia from the “imperialist-dominated” United Nations on January 1965, Sukarno sought to establish a competitor organisation to the UN called Conference of New Emerging Forces (CONEFO) with support from China, who at that time was not yet a member of United Nations.

Sukarno began an aggressive foreign policy to secure Indonesian territorial claims. On August 1960, Sukarno broke-off diplomatic relations with the Netherlands over continuing failure to commence talks on the future of Netherlands New Guinea, as was agreed at the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference of 1949. After the Dutch announced the formation of a Nieuw Guinea Raad on April 1961, with the intention of creating an independent Papuan state, Sukarno declared military confrontation in his Tri Komando Rakjat (TRIKORA) speech in Yogyakarta, on 19 December 1961. He organised military incursions into the half-island, whom he referred to as West Irian, which by end of 1962 has landed around 3,000 Indonesian soldiers throughout West Irian. On January 1962, a naval battle erupted when an Indonesian infiltration fleet of four torpedo boats were intercepted by Dutch ships and planes off the coast of Vlakke Hoek. In this battle, one Indonesian boat was sunk, killing the Naval Deputy Chief-of-Staff Commodore Jos Sudarso. On February 1962, the Kennedy administration, worried of a continuing Indonesian shift towards communism should the Dutch held-on to West Papua, sent Attorney-General Robert Kennedy to Netherlands, to underline that United States will not support Netherlands in case of conflict with Indonesia. With massive Soviet armaments and even manpower aid, Sukarno planned a large-scale air and seaborne invasion on the Dutch military headquarters of Biak scheduled for August 1962, called Operasi Djajawidjaja, to be led by Major-General Suharto. Before these highly risky plans can be realised, Indonesia and Netherlands signed the New York Agreement on August 1962. The two countries agreed to implement the Bunker Plan (formulated by American diplomat Ellsworth Bunker), whereby the Dutch agreed to hand-over West Papua to UNTEA on 1 October 1962. UNTEA handed the territory to Indonesian authority on May 1963.

After securing control over West Irian, Sukarno also opposed the British-supported establishment of Federation of Malaysia in 1963, claiming that it was a neo-colonial plot by the British to besiege Indonesia. In spite of his political overtures, which was partly justified when some leftist political elements in British Borneo territories Sarawak and Brunei opposed the Federation plan and aligned themselves with Sukarno, Malaysia was proclaimed in September 1963. This led to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (Konfrontasi), proclaimed by Sukarno in his Dwi Komando Rakjat (DWIKORA) speech in Jakarta on 3 May 1964. Sukarno’s proclaimed objective was not to annex Sabah and Sarawak into Indonesia, but to establish a State of North Kalimantan under the control of North Kalimantan Communist Party. From 1964 until early 1966, limited numbers of Indonesian soldiers, “volunteers”, and Malaysian communist guerillas were infiltrated into both north Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, where they engaged in jungle warfare with British and Commonwealth soldiers deployed to protect the nascent Malaysia. Indonesian agents also exploded several bombs in Singapore. Domestically, Sukarno whipped up anti-British sentiment and the British Embassy was burned down. In 1964, all British companies operating in the country, including Indonesian operations of the Chartered Bank and Unilever, were nationalized.

By 1964, Sukarno commenced an anti-American campaign due to his growing shift towards the communist bloc, and less friendly Lyndon Johnson administration. American interests and businesses in Indonesia denounced and even attacked by PKI-led mobs. American movies were banned, American books and records of the Beatles were burned, and Indonesian band Koes Plus was jailed for playing American-style rock and roll music. As a result, US aid to Indonesia was halted, to which Sukarno made his famous remark, “Go to hell with your aid”. Sukarno withdrew Indonesia from the United Nations membership on 7 January 1965 when, with US backing, Malaysia took a seat of UN Security Council. By this time, Sukarno’s brinkmanship policies left him with few international allies. With the government already severely indebted to the tune of US$ 1 billion to the Soviet Union, Sukarno became increasingly dependent to Communist China for support. He spoke increasingly of a Peking-Jakarta axis, which will be the core of a new anti-imperialist world organization, the CONEFO.

Related Posts:

• Freedom of West Irian
• Soekarno Speech “Trikora”

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Home » Biografi dan Profil Lengkap Presiden Soekarno Dari Awal Sampai Akhir

Biografi dan Profil Lengkap Presiden Soekarno Dari Awal Sampai Akhir

Biografi dan Profil Lengkap Soekarno Beserta Riwayat Hidupnya Dari Awal Sampai Menjadi Presiden Pertama Indonesia

InfoBiografi.Com – Siapa yang tidak kenal dengan Tokoh Soekarno yang merupakan Pelopor atas kemerdekaan Indonesia dan menjadi sekaligus pencetus Pancasila. Soekarno merupakan tokoh penting yang paling banyak dikagumi di Indonesia, Soekarno merupakan Presiden pertama Indonesia yang akrab dibanding dengan Bung Karno berasal dari Blitar yang merupakan pahlawan Proklamasi bersama Mohammad Hatta atau akrab di panggil Bung Hatta.

Banyaknya orang yang mengagumi tokoh Bung Karno banyak juga orang yang mencari tentang biografi dari Bung karno. Ir.Soerkarno dikenal sebagai bapak pendiri bangsa yang memiliki kegigihan, ketabahan, dan semnagat membara untuk memerdekakan Indonesia. Ir.Soekarno merupakan sosok yang disegani oleh teman maupun lawan. Soekarno mendapat julukan Singa Podium karena disetipa pidotanya selalu memiliki semngat yang tinggi dan berapi-api hingga mampu membakar semangat seluruh rakyat Indonesia. Dengan biografi ini kami mengajak anda untuk lebih mengenal sejarah hidup presiden pertama Indonesia yaitu Ir.Soekarno.

Biografi Singkat Ir.Soekarno

Nama Asli : Koesno Sosrodiharjo Nama Ganti : Soekarno Lahir : Surabaya 6 Juni 1901 Wafat : Jakarta 21 Juni 1970 Makam : Kota Blitar, Jawa Timur Kebangsaan : Indonesia Orangtua : Soekemi Sosrodihardjo (Bapak), Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai (Ibu) Gelar : Pahlawan Indonesia Pasangan : Siti Oetari, Inggit Garnasih, Fatmawati, Hartini, Kartini Manoppo, Ratna Sari Dewi Soekarno, Haryati, Yurike Sanger, Heldy Djafar Anak :

• Putra: Guruh Soekarnoputra, Guntur Soekarnoputra, Bayu Soekarnoputra, Taufan Soekarnoputra, Totok Suryawan,
• Putri: Megawati Soekarnoputri, Kartika Sari Dewi Soekarno, Rachmawati Soekarnoputri, Sukmawati Soekarnoputri, Ayu Gembirowati, Rukmini Soekarno,

Pendidikan :

• Pendidikan sekolah dasar di Eerste Inlandse School, Mojokerto
• Pendidikan sekolah dasar di Europeesche Lagere School (ELS), Mojokerto (1911)
• Hoogere Burger School (HBS) Mojokerto (1911-1915)
• Technische Hoge School, Bandung (sekarang berganti nama menjadi Institut Teknologi Bandung) (1920)

Penghargaan :

• Penghargaan Perdamaian Lenin (1960)
• Bintang Kehormatan Filipina (1965)
• Doktor Honoris Causa dari 26 Universitas
• The Order Of The Supreme Companions of OR Tambo (Presiden Afsel – 2005)

Biografi Lengkap Ir.Soekarno

Soekarno dilahirkan dari pasangan Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo dan Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai di Surabaya pada tanggal 06 Juni 1901 dengan nama asli Koesno Sosrodiharjo, namun kare sering sakit, orangtua nya mengganti nama menjadi Soekarno.

Ayah dan ibu beliau bertemu di Bali ketika ayahnya menjadi guru di Bali dan Ibunya merupakan bangsawan di Bali, Soekarno memiliki saudara kandung perempuan bernama Sukarmini.

Masa Kecil Soekarno

Tentang masa kecil Presiden soekarno, beliau hanya sedikit menghabiskan masa kecil bersama orangtuanya di Blitar. Hingga kemudian beliau tinggal bersama Kakeknya bernama Raden Hardjoko di Tulung Agung jawa Timur, disana beliau sempat bersekolah walapu tidak sampai selesai karena beliau ikut dengan orangtuannya pindah ke Mojokerto.

Pendidikan Soekarno

Di Mojokerto Ayahnya memasukan Beliau disekolah yang dengan tempat Ayahnya menjadi guru, namun pada tahun 1911 Ayahnya memindahkannya sekolah ke ELS (Europeesche Lagere School) untuk lebih mudah masuk keHBS (Hogere Burger School) di Surabaya. Setelah tamat dan bersekolah di HBS tahun 1915, Soekarno kemudian tinggal di rumah Haji Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto atau H.O.S Cokroaminoto yang merupakan kawan dari ayah Soekarno yang dikenal sebgai pendiri dari Serikat Islam (SI).

Di rumah Cokroaminoto, Soekarno muda mulai belajar berpolitik dan juga belajar berpidato meskipun cenderung ia lakukan sendiri di depan cermin di kamarnya. Di sekolahnya yaitu Hoogere Burger School atau HBS, Soekarno mendapat banyak ilmu pengetahuan.

Setelah lulus dari Hoogere Burger School atau HBS pada tahun 1921, Soekarno kemudian pindah ke bandung dan tinggal dirumah Haji Sanusi dan melanjutkan studinya ke Technische Hoogeschool (THS) jurusan teknik sipil yang sekarang menjadi ITB dan lulus pada tanggal 25 mei 1926 dengan gelar Ir (insinyur).

Perjuangan Ir. Soekarno

Lulus dari THS, Ir.Soekarno kemudian mendirikan Biro Insinyur pada tahun 1926 bersama Ir.Anwari yang mengerjakan desain dan rancang bangunan. Disinilah yang menjadi cikal bakal berdirinya Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI) yang berdiri pada 4 Juli 1927. Disinilah Beliau mengamalkan ajaaran Marhaenisme yang bertujuan agar bangsa Indonesia bisa Merdekan dan lepas dari Jajahan Belanda.

Dari keberaniannya inilah yang membuat Soekarno di tangkap oleh Belanda di Yogyakarta dan memasukannya ke penjara Banceuy di Bandung pada bulan Desember 1929. Pada tahun 1930 Spekarno di pindahkan ke penjara Sukamiskin, dan disanalah Soekarno membuat Pledoi yang fenomenal yaitu Indonesia Menggugat.

Pada tanggal 31 Desember 1931 Soekarno di bebaskan, dan pada tahun 1933 Soekarno bergabung dengan Partai Indonesia (Partindo) yang merupakan pecahan dari PNI.

Soekarno kembali ditangkap oleh Soekarno pada bulan Agustus 1933 dan mengasingkannya ke Flores. Karena jarak yang jauh, membuat Soekarno hampir dilupakan oleh tokoh-tokoh nasional lainnya. Pada tahun 1938 Soekarno dibuang ke Bengkulu, dan disinilah Beliau bertemu dengan Mohammad Hatta dan Ibu Fatmawati.

Pada tahun 1942 kekuasaan Belanda berakhir setelah Jepang masuk menyerbu Indonesia. Diawal kependudukannya, Jepang tidak memperhatikan tokoh-tokoh pergerakan Indonesia hingga pada akhirnya pada tahun 1943 jepang menyadari pentingnya para tokoh-tokoh ini. Jepang mulai memanfaatkan tokoh Pergerakkan indonesia, salah satunya adalah Ir.Soekarno untuk menarik perhatian penduduk Indonesia terhadap propraganda Jepang.

Pada akhirnya para tokoh pergerakan nasional mulai berkerja sama dengan pemerintah penduduk jepang untuk dapat mencapai kemerdekaan Indonesia. Meskipun ada pula tokoh yang menganggap Jepang Fasis yang berbahaya dan melakukan gerakan perlawanan seperti Sultan Sjahrir dan Sjarifuddin.

Pada bulan Agustus 1945, Ir.Soekarno diundang oleh Marsekal Terauchi yang merupakan pimpinan Angkatan Darat wilayah Asia Tenggara ke Dalat, Vietnam. Disana Marsekal Terauchi menyatakan bahwa sudah saatnya Indonesia merdeka dan segala urusan proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia adalah tanggung jawab Indonesia sendiri.

Peristiwa Rengasdengklok

Setelah Soekarno kembali ke Indonesia terjadilah peristiwa Rengasdengklok pada tanggal 16 Agustus 1945. Yang ketika itu para tokoh pemuda dari PETA menuntut agar Soekarno dan Hatta segera memproklamasikan Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia, yang saat itu Indonesia sedang ada masa vakum dari kekuasaan jepang yang diakibatkan Jepang telah menyerah dan pasukan sekutu belum tiba.

Pada akhirnya, Soekarno dan tokoh-tokoh lainnya mulai menyiapkan diri menjelang Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia. Berdasarkan sidang BPUPKI dilakukan pembentukan panitia kecil untuk diadakannya upacara proklamasi yang terdiri dari delapan 0rang resmi di bentuk.

Kemerdekaan Indonesia 

Pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 Indonesia memproklamasikan kemerdekaanya dan teks proklamasi dibacakan secara langsung oleh Ir.Soekarno, Pada tanggal 18 Agsutus 1945 Soekarno dan Mohammad Hatta diangkat oleh PPKI menjadi Presiden dan Wakil presiden Republik Indonesia. Pada tanggal 29 Agustus 1945 pengangkatan Presiden dan Wakil presiden RI dikukuhkan oleh KNIP.

Sekutu Kembali Melakukan Serangan

Setelah proses kemerdekaan Indonesia terjadi, kemerdekaan yang telah didapatkan itu tidak dapat langsung dinikmati oleh warga Indonesia, karena pada tahun-tahun berikutnya masih ada sekutu yang secara terang-terangan tidak mengakui adanya kemerdekaan di Indonesia dan berusaha menjajah kembali Indonesia.

Berbagai macam gencatan dan serangan yang dilakukan dari pihak sekutu tidak membuat rakyat Indonesia menyerah. Seperti peristiwa yang terjadi di Surabaya yang ketika itu pasukan Belanda dipimpin oleh Brigadir Jendral A.W.S Mallaby yang berusahan kembali menyerang Indonesia.

Namun rakyat Indonesia di Surabaya dengan gigih terus berjuang untuk mempertahankan kemerdekaan hungga akhirnya Brigadir Jendral A.W.S Mallaby tewas dan pemerintahan Belanda menarik pasukannya kembali ke Belanda. Perang tersebut tidak hanya terjadi di kota surabaya namun terjadi hampir disetiap kota.

Dengan adanya serangan tersebut membuat Indonesia secara resmi mengadukan agresi militrer Belanda ke PBB, karena serangan tersebut dianggap telah melanggar perjanjian internasinal yaitu perjanjian linggajati.

Meskipun telah dilaporkan ke PBB, Belanda masih tetap melakukan agresinya. Hingga pada akhirnya atas pemintaan India dan Australia pad 31 Juli 1947 masalah agresi militer yang dilancarkan oleh Belanda dimasukan dalam agenda rapat Dewan Keamanan PBB, dan akhirnya dikeluarkanlah Resolusi No 27 tanggal 1 Agustus 1947 yang isinya menyerukan agar konflik bersenjata di hentikan.

Dan atas tekanan dari Dewan Keamanan PBB, pada tanggal 15 Agustus 1947 pemerintah Belanda menyatakan menerima resolusi dan akan menhentikan pertempuran.

Setelah pengakuan kedaulatan dari pemerintah Belanda, Presiden Soekarnao dan Mohammad Hatta kembali di angkat menjadi Presiden dan Wakil presiden Republik Indonesia Serikat. Dan karena adanya tuntutan dari seluruh rakyat Indonesia yang ingin kembali negara kesatuan, maka pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1950 RIS diubah kemballi menjadi Republik Indonesia dimana Ir.Soekarno dan Mohammad Hatta masih menjadi wakilnya.

Terjadinya Pemberontakan G30S/PKI

Pada tahun 1960 terjadilan pergolakan politik yang amat hebat terjadi di Indonesia, yaitu adanya pemberontakan G30-S/PKI yang melahirkan krisis politik di Indonesia. Hingga Massa dari KAMI (Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia) dan KAPI (Kesatuan Aksi Pelajar Indonesia) melakukan aksi demonstrasi dan menyampaikan Tri Tuntutan Rakyat (Tritura) yang salah satu isinya meminta agar PKI dibubarkan.

Namun Presiden Soekarno menolak untuk membubarkan PKI karena menilai bahwa tindakan tersebut bertentangan dnegan pandangan Nasional, Agama dan Komunisme. Karena sikapnya tersebut akhirnya melemahkan posisinya dalam dunia Politik.

Lima bulan setelah peristiwa tersebut dikeluarkanlah surat perintah sebelas maret (SUPERSEMAR) yang ditandatangani oleh Soekarno yang isinya berupa perintah kepada Letnan Jenderal Soeharto untuk mengambil tindakan yang perlu digunakan untuk menjaga keamanan pemerintah dan keselamatan pribadi.

Surat perintah tersebut digunakan oleh Soeharto yang saat itu menjadi Panglima Angkatan Darat untuk membubarkan PKI dan menyatakannya sebagai organisasi terlarang. MPRS pun mengeluarkan dua Ketetapannya, yaitu TAP No IX/1966 tentang pengukuhan Supersemar menjadi TAP MPRS dan TAP No XV/1966 yang memberikan jaminan kepada Soeharto sebagai pemegang Supersemar untuk setiap saat bisa menjadi presiden apabila presiden sebelumnya berhalangan.

Pada hari minggu tanggal 21 Juni 1970, Presiden Soekarno membacakan pidatonya yang isinya mempertanggung jawabkan atas sikapnya terhadap peristiwa G30S dan pidatonya ditolak oleh MPRS hingga akhirnya pada 20 Februari 1967 Ir.Soekarno menandatangani Surat Pernyataan Penyerahan Kekuasaan di Istana Merdeka.

Wafatnya Ir.Soekarno

Hari Minggu, 21 Juni 1970 Presiden Soekarno meninggal dunia di RSPAD (Rumah Sakit Pusat Angkatan Darat) Gatot Subroto, Jakarta. Presiden Soekarno disemayamkan di Wisma Yaso, Jakarta dan kemudian dimakamkan di Blitar, Jawa Timur berdekatan dengan makam ibundanya, Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai. Pemerintah kemudian menetapkan masa berkabung selama tujuh hari.

Demikianlah artikel tentang   Biografi dan Profil Presiden Soekarno  yang dapat kami sampaikan melalui posting ini, semoga dapat di gunakan sebagai literatur yang bermanfaat untuk anda. Baca juga posting menarik lainnya di bawah ini.

• Biografi dan Profil Mario Teguh
• Biografi dan Profil B.J.Habibie
• Biografi dan Profil Kapitan Pattimura
• Biografi dan Profil Lengkap Megawati Soekarno Putri

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Thursday, May 5, 2016

Short biography of soekarno,  short biography of soekarno.

2 comments:

kak diparagraf 2 ada kesalahan, harusnya proclaimed bukan memplroklamirkan

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