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Essay on Soil Pollution

Soil is also called Earth, ground or dirt, which is formed by the accumulation of Organic and Inorganic matter as a bedrock through several years of physical weathering. And, Soil Pollution is the imbalance in the composition of this Organic matter which naturally decomposes and Inorganic matter which may be integrated with harmful chemicals that don’t decompose easily and degrade the quality of the Soil causing Soil Pollution. In this Soil Pollution essay, we will understand the cause and effects of Soil Pollution.

Soil is a thin layer that consists of both Organic and Inorganic components. These materials cover the Earth's rocky surfaces. Also included is the organic part, which is made up of decomposed animal and plant material. While rock bits make up the inorganic portion. This section was created through the chemical and physical weathering of bedrock over a thousand years. Soils that are productive are important for agriculture in order to meet the world's food needs. As a result, the essay on Soil Pollution focuses on the reasons that cause Soil contamination as well as the negative consequences of Soil Pollution.

Short Essay on Soil Pollution

Human-made chemicals are the leading cause of Soil Pollution as it alters the natural Soil Environment. And the ingestion of chemicals is at a big-time high due to industrialization and increase in population. This Soil Pollution essay in English will emphasize on the fact that there are millions of chemicals naturally present in the Soil. But when there is an increase in the concentration of a few harmful chemicals, it becomes a threat to living beings as it leads to serious health hazards. 

The main contributors to Soil Pollution are the frequent use of chemical pesticides, fertilizers with higher concentrations of chemicals then decrease the natural fertility of the Earth, uncontrolled disposal of sewage, careless industrial waste spillage like of oils and solid matter from concrete matter used in making buildings and medical waste from hospitals and pharmaceutical labs and poor waste management.

All of the aforementioned causes lead to serious health conditions at all levels of the ecosystem. The plant growth is stunted when grown on such harmful grounds,  the humans who are exposed to food yielded from such an environment can experience short term consequences like fatigue, weakness, headache, skin conditions or long term problems like depression, nervous system damage and animals including aquatic life suffers a great deal from this damage as they live on the polluted water seeped from the polluted Soil.

All of this can be resolved when people are consciously reducing the disposal of such harmful wastes into the natural bodies and a proper waste management system is followed.

Long Essay on Soil Pollution

Soil like all other forms of Pollution in nature is a growing sense of dread due to its deadly consequences in all living beings in the Ecosystem. Man-made materials are the leading cause of Soil Pollution. When any matter is present in quantities larger than the needed amount, then that becomes a potent threat. In trying to grow at a greater pace they are harming the Environment. The biggest threat to this problem is the irresponsibility displayed while disposing of any waste as the disposal of chemicals are not naturally present in the Soil so this causes contamination and as the levels increase leads to Pollution. In this essay on Soil Pollution, let’s understand the causes, effects and possible solutions.

What Causes Soil Pollution?

Soil Pollution is characterized as chemicals, salts, poisonous compounds, and radioactive contaminants that stay in the Soil and have negative impacts on animal health and plant growth. Pollution of Soils can occur in a variety of ways. These are the following:

Industrial garbage is dumped on the Earth's surface.

A landfill seeps water.

Underground storage tanks are bursting.

Contaminated water seeps into the ground.

Seepage of solid waste.

Heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, and insecticides are examples of chemicals.

Soil Pollution Causes

A Soil pollutant is a factor that causes Soil to deteriorate owing to a reduction in the texture, mineral, or quality content of the Soil. This also disrupts the biological equilibrium of Soil-dependent organisms. Furthermore, Soil Pollution has negative consequences for plant growth. Soil contamination is usually produced by man-made applications such as contaminated surface water percolation, pesticides, fuel dumping, oil dumping, and so on.

Other operations include the leaching of pollutants from landfills, the direct dumping of industrial wastes into the Soil, and so on. Solvents, petroleum hydrocarbons, lead, pesticides, and various heavy metals are among the most prevalent compounds implicated. As a result, the occurrence of the phenomenon is highly correlated with the intensities and industrialisation of chemical use.

The following are some of the most common sources of Soil Pollution:

Fertilizer usage is increasing.

Insecticides, herbicides, and pesticides are used indiscriminately.

Solid waste disposal

Deforestation

Effects of Soil Pollution

As we go about our lives, we disregard the devastating effects of Soil Pollution on the Ecosystem and inevitably our health.

When we consume the food grown on such polluted Soil the crop absorbs it and then is passed on to us and leads to fatal diseases overtime.

Soil loses its fertility and stunts the growth of the plants and when they are harvested the contaminated Soil becomes futile as it is no longer useful for further cultivation as such lands become incompetent to support life and are deserted leaving more space to dump such harmful waste this cyclical nature of cause and effect is deadly.

The food that is produced from such lands also lacks good nutrients and thus creates another generation of malnourished children which hinders their natural growth physically and mentally.

The underground Soil water when it meets the natural aquatic bodies, it does a great deal of damage to aquatic life, both plants that grow underwater and animals.

Soil Pollution's Consequences

Some radioactive pollutants from nuclear reactors, explosions, hospitals, science labs, and other sources penetrate deeply into the Soil, where they linger for a long time and pollute the Soil.

False agricultural practices involving advanced agro-technology entail the use of massive volumes of harmful fertilisers such as herbicides, weedicides, insecticides, and other chemicals, which improve Soil fertility while gradually reducing Soil physio-chemical and biological qualities. Other forms of Soil Pollution include municipal rubbish, food processing waste, mining practices, and many others.

Soil Pollution is extremely detrimental to one's health since poisonous substances enter the body through the food chain and disrupt the entire inner body system. Individuals, particularly industrialists, should adopt all effective control measures, including environmental protection regulations, in order to reduce and minimise Soil Pollution. People should encourage the recycling and reuse of solid waste, as well as the planting of as many trees as possible.

Ways to Curb Soil Pollution

The most important step in starting to solve this problem is by creating awareness and informing people about the dire consequences, and how their contribution can do good to the ecosystem and human nature. The possible solutions to these problems are-

No excess use of fertilizers, and other chemicals used. As these are useful only in required quantities and when overdone leads to the damage so one can avoid overuse of the harmful substances containing chemicals.

Encouraging afforestation i.e. the planting of trees as the more trees planted the Erosion of Soil will be less and this will help in retaining the useful chemicals in the Soil and hence increasing the fertility of the Soil as well.

Recycling and reusing of waste materials will help a great deal and lessen the harm to a greater degree.

As the saying goes Prevention is better than cure, it is better to take steps in creating a safer environment instead of regretting later. India being Agricultural Land, we can take steps to organize programs and educate the farmers and other locals to use natural manure, and make them aware of the problems caused by chemicals used.

FAQs on Soil Pollution Essay

1. How can we Control Soil Pollution?

On an individual level, we have to take it upon ourselves to reduce the amount of waste produced due to our regular activities on a daily basis. We should also plant more trees and encourage nearby ones to do the same. The effect is more impactful when individuals take accountability for their duty to give back to nature. Students can learn how to control Soil Pollution and educate their elders for the same.

2. What are the different types of Soil Pollution?

There are two types of Soil Pollution, the one caused by natural disasters like floods which also erodes the Soil, this can be in a specific region or can be widespread. The other one is man-made or called anthropogenic type which is the major cause of the problem. We cannot control the natural one but the man-made one. By taking to certain protocols and following the code of conduct, we will be able to control the Soil Pollution caused by the people. 

3. How to curb Soil Pollution?

There are three ways to curb Soil Pollution. One way is to not use excess fertilisers and chemicals on the ground. The fertilisers can cause degradation of the Soil and kill the organic microorganisms that help to promote Soil fertility. The second way is by recycling and reusing man-made products. We should ban plastic and opt for products that can be reused and recycled. Trees should be planted and deforestation should be in control. For every tree cut, there should be twice the plantation.

4. How can chemicals affect biodiversity?

The fertilisers used as chemicals in the Soil can affect crop growth. It kills the macronutrients that are essential and causes toxic effects to the crop. These when taken up by humans or animals can promote biomagnification and increase toxicity at every level in the food chain. Even when we water the crops, the water can contain toxic chemicals and affect aquatic marine life. Hence the chemicals can affect biodiversity to a broad level. 

5. Is an Essay on Soil Pollution for Students in English helpful?

Yes, the Essay on Soil Pollution for Students in English is very helpful. Firstly it helps the student to know about Soil Pollution and its prevention. Secondly, students will be able to write a well-composed essay on the topic of Soil Pollution. It is important to get environmental knowledge and write it properly in English medium. Regular practice and learning can help students to compose a good essay on diverse topics. Learn and read to get a better grip on essay writing.

Essay on Soil Pollution for Students and Children

500+ words essay on soil pollution.

Soil is a thin layer made up of organic as well as inorganic materials. These materials cover the rocky surfaces of Earth. Also, the organic portion, which is derived from the decayed remains of animals and plants. While the inorganic portion is made up of rock fragments. This portion was formed over a thousand years of chemical and physical weathering of bedrock. Productive soils are useful for agriculture in order to supply the world with the required food. So, the essay on soil pollution is guided to factors causing soil pollution and the adverse effects of soil pollution. 

How does Soil Get Polluted?

Soil pollution can be defined as persistent of chemicals, salts, toxic compounds, radioactive materials, that have adverse effects on animal health and plant growth. There are many ways through which soils can get polluted. These are: 

• Discharge of industrial waste into the Earth surfaces. 
• Seepage through a landfill. 
• Underground storage tanks getting ruptured. 
• Formation of contaminated water into the soil. 
• Solid waste seepage. 
• Chemicals like heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, and pesticides. 

Causes of Soil Pollution

A soil pollutant is a factor that is used for deterioration of soil due to texture, mineral, or quality content of soil being reduced. Also, this disturbs the biological balance of the organisms dependant on the soil. Additionally, there are adverse effects of soil pollution on the growth of plants. Usually, soil pollution is caused due to the presence of man-made applications like percolation of contaminated surface water, pesticides, fuel dumping, oil dumping, etc. 

Additionally, there are other activities like leaching of wastes from landfills, direct discharge of industrial wastes into the soil, etc. Also, the most common chemicals involved here are solvents, petroleum hydrocarbons, lead, pesticides, and various heavy metals. So, the phenomena occurring has a high correlation with the intensities and industrialization of chemical usage. 

Some of the main causes of soil pollution are:

• Increasing use of fertilizers
• Indiscriminate use of insecticides, herbicides, and pesticides
• Dumping of solid wastes
• Deforestation

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Effects of Soil Pollution 

Some radioactive pollutants from sources such as nuclear reactors, explosions, hospitals, science labs, etc. go very deep into the soil, stay there for a long time and cause soil pollution.

False agricultural practices using advanced agro-technology mean the use of enormous amounts of toxic fertilizers including herbicides, weedicides, pesticides, etc. increases soil fertility but gradually decreases soil physio-chemical and biological properties. Municipal trash heap, food processing waste, mining methods, and many more are other sources of soil pollution.

Because toxic chemicals enter the body through the food chain and disturb the entire inner body system, soil pollution is very dangerous to health. In order to decrease and limit soil pollution, the individuals particularly industrialists should follow all efficient control measures including environmental protection laws. People should promote the recycling and reuse of solid waste and maximum feasible tree plantation.

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Essay on Soil: Meaning, Composition and Layers

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After reading this article you will learn about Soil:- 1. Introduction to Soil 2. Meaning of Soil 3. Composition 4. Soil Layers 5. Basic Properties 6. Testing of Properties.

• Essay on the Testing of Soil Properties

Essay # 1. Introduction to Soil:

Soil is the surface layer of earth on which the human civilization depends for its existence. Actually soil represents the loose upper crust of the earth surface distinctly different from the underlying bed rock.

Its depth, colour, and composition vary from place to place, but all soils are common in consisting of inorganic (mineral) and organic matter, water, and gaseous phases. Every soil is made up of a succession of layers, collectively known as soil-profile, reaching down to the parent material.

The soil-profile consists of two or more horizontal layers, called horizons. The soil horizon may vary in thickness, mineral composition, and structure; they are indicated by the letters A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, etc. A1 horizon is the uppermost or surface layer of the soil and its fertility level is very important from viewpoint of an agriculturist.

Soil fertility depends not only on the presence of inorganic and organic substances, but also on the presence of various species of microorganisms which influence the qualitative composition of the soil.

The existence of soil, the store-house of Nature, furnishing substances for all plants, animals, men, and other organisms, dates back to uncountable periods, even long before the man appeared on the scene. Vast number of plants, animals and finally the man populated the earth and the soil supported them all entirely without human assistance.

That, soil is vastly complex material on the face of earth is the fundamental truth to be understood in its study. Being a common commodity, it means a different thing to a different man in different pursuit. A geologist would preferably consider it to be the outer loose crust of the earth surface; quite distinct from the bed rock lying beneath.

To a farmer, it is a medium to grow his crops in and from which the plants obtain their mechanical support and many of their nutrients. Chemically, the soil is endowed with a magnitude of organic and inorganic substances not found in the underlying strata; indeed it functions as nature’s chemical laboratory in which various dissolutions and synthetic processes go on continuously in a hidden manner.

A lay man, however, is always of the opinion that soil is dust, essentially a dead material, sustaining nothing like life within it. With regard to origin and evolution of life, it can be considered that soil is the depository of all lives within which are carried out most of the transformations that enable life to continue.

Ecologically, soil is the most dynamic component (lithosphere) of the global environment encompassing distinct communities of organisms in its realm.

For a building engineer, the soil is a substratum on which structures can be built. But nothing could be farther from the truth, a microbiologist would say. For him, soil appears to be a dynamic body on the surface of the earth, pulsating with life due to presence of myriads of microorganisms.

Essay # 2. Meaning of Soil:

The word ‘soil’ is derived from the latin word ‘solum’ , which means floor or ground.

Soil is a natural formation resulting from the transformation of surface rock by combination of climate, plant and animal life with ageing.

Soil is formed through following steps:

(a) The formation of regolith by the breakdown of the bed rocks process is called weathering or disintegration.

(b) The addition of organic matter resulting from the decomposition of plant and animal residue and reorganization of these components by soil material of varying depths.

‘Petrology’ is the science of rocks which forms soil. ‘Pedology’ is study of soil which includes origin of soil, its classification and its description. ‘Edaphology’ is the study of various properties of soil in relation to growth, nutrition and yield of crops.

Soil can also be defined as natural body which is formed at the boundary between lithosphere and biosphere by inter-chains of all factors involved in Soil formation considering both living and dead.

So soil contains not only minerals but organic (humus) and organo-mineral (complex or chilate) compounds. The soil contains 13 elements in general out of 16 required by plants for growth. The soil becomes polluted when the quantity of 13 elements decreases or increases irregularly due to industrial effluents.

Several hazardous chemicals and the mountains of wastes are ultimately dumped on the lands. Dumping of industrial and municipal wastes causes toxic substances to be leached and seep into the soil and affects the ground water course.

Modern agricultural practices introduce numerous pesticides, fungicides, bacteriocides, insecticides, biocides, fertilizers and manures, resulting in severe biological and chemical contamination of land. Apart from all these, direct pollution of soil by deadly pathogenic organism is also of major concern. The properties of soil change with pollution and sometimes soil losses its fertility permanently.

Essay # 3. Composition of Soil:

The chemical composition of soil is much diversified and depends upon chemical composition of rock but in general the following elements are present in it.

In many soils of arid areas the following water soluble salts have also been examined:

Except CaCO 3 , MgCO 3 and CaSO 4 all other salts dissolve completely in water.

Essay # 4. Soil Layers of Earth:

Soil is made up of rock which has been transformed into other layers due to vegetation and various micro and macro-organisms.

Several factors contribute to the formation of soil from the parent material. This includes the mechanical weathering of rocks due to temperature changes and abrasion, wind, moving water, glaciers, chemical weathering activities, and lichens. Climate and time are also important in the development of soil.

In extremely dry or cold climate soils develop very slowly, while in humid and warm climates soils develop more rapidly. Under ideal climatic conditions, soft parent material may develop into 1 cm of soil within 15 years. Under poor climatic conditions, a hard parent material may require hundreds of years to develop into soil.

Mature soils are arranged in a series of zones called ‘soil horizons’ . Each horizon has a distinct texture and composition that varies with different types of soils. A cross-sectional view of the horizons in soil is called ‘soil profile’ .

The top layer or the surface litter layer, called the ‘O-horizon’ . It consists mostly of freshly-fallen and partially-decomposed leaves, twigs, animal waste, fungi and other organic materials. Normally, it is brown or black. The uppermost layer of the soil is called the ‘A-horizon’. It consists of partially-decomposed organic matter (humus) and some inorganic mineral particles. It is usually darker and looser than the deeper layers.

The roots of most plants are found in these two upper layers. As long as these layers are anchored by vegetation, the soil stores water and releases it in a trickle throughout the year instead of in a force like a flood. These two top layers also contain a large amount of bacteria, fungi, earthworms, and other small insects, which help to recycle soil nutrients and contribute to soil fertility.

The ‘B-horizon’ , often called the subsoil, contains less organic material and fewer organisms than the A horizon. The area below the subsoil is called the ‘C- horizon’ and consists of weathered parent material. This parent material does not contain any organic materials. The chemical composition of the C-horizon helps to determine the pH of the soil and also influences the soil’s rate of water absorption and retention.

Soil with approximately equal mixture of clay sand, slit and humus are called loams.

Essay # 5. Basic Properties of Soils:

I. acidity and alkalinity of s oils:.

The pH of a good soil should be about 7 but due to industrial effluents the pH increases or decreases causing pollution in soil.

Soils are characterized by the following pH values:

Essay on Save Soil

Students are often asked to write an essay on Save Soil in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Save Soil

Introduction.

Soil is a vital part of our environment. It supports plant life, which provides us with food, oxygen, and more.

Soil Erosion

Soil erosion is a major issue. It happens when wind or water carry away the top layer of soil. This can lead to less fertile land.

Importance of Saving Soil

Saving soil is crucial. It helps maintain biodiversity, supports agriculture and fights climate change.

Ways to Save Soil

We can save soil by reducing deforestation, practicing sustainable farming, and controlling pollution. These actions will ensure healthy soil for future generations.

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• Paragraph on Save Soil

250 Words Essay on Save Soil

Soil, an indispensable component of our ecosystem, plays a pivotal role in maintaining the planet’s ecological balance. Despite its crucial role, soil degradation is a growing concern, demanding immediate attention and action.

The Importance of Soil

Soil is the foundation of agriculture, facilitating the growth of plants which provide us food, fiber, medicinal plants, and other essentials. It acts as a natural filter, purifying water before it reaches groundwater reserves. Moreover, soil sequesters carbon, helping mitigate climate change.

Threats to Soil

Various anthropogenic activities, including deforestation, industrialization, and unsustainable farming practices, have accelerated soil erosion and degradation. These activities disrupt the soil’s natural structure, leading to loss of fertility and biodiversity.

Soil Conservation

Effective soil conservation strategies are a necessity. Sustainable farming practices like crop rotation, contour ploughing, and agroforestry can be instrumental in preserving soil health. Policies promoting responsible land use and discouraging deforestation can also contribute significantly.

Role of Technology

Emerging technologies can aid in soil conservation. Satellite imagery and AI can help monitor soil health, predict erosion patterns, and guide sustainable land use. These technologies can empower farmers, policymakers, and researchers to make informed decisions.

Soil conservation is not just an environmental concern, but a matter of global food security and climate change mitigation. It is high time we acknowledge the importance of soil and take collective action to save it. After all, the health of soil is directly linked to the health of our planet and its inhabitants.

500 Words Essay on Save Soil

Soil, the thin layer of material covering our planet’s surface, plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth. It is a complex ecosystem that supports plant growth, regulates water flow, and acts as a habitat for billions of organisms. However, soil degradation, primarily caused by human activities, is threatening this vital resource. The need to save soil is more pressing than ever before.

Soil is a cornerstone of biodiversity, serving as a home to a myriad of organisms, from bacteria and fungi to insects and small mammals. These organisms contribute to the nutrient cycle, breaking down organic matter into nutrients that plants can absorb. In turn, these plants provide food and oxygen for animals and humans. Soil also plays a critical role in climate regulation. It stores carbon, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and mitigating climate change.

Despite its importance, soil is under threat from various human activities. Industrial agriculture, deforestation, and urbanization are leading causes of soil degradation. These practices strip the soil of its nutrients, disrupt its structure, and lead to erosion. Moreover, the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides can harm the soil’s microbiome, reducing its fertility and resilience.

Soil Conservation Strategies

To save soil, it is essential to implement sustainable land management practices. These include crop rotation, which helps maintain soil fertility by alternating the types of crops grown in a particular area, reducing the risk of pest and disease outbreaks. Cover cropping is another effective strategy; it prevents soil erosion, improves soil health, and enhances water retention.

Moreover, reducing the use of harmful chemicals in agriculture and promoting organic farming can significantly improve soil health. Organic farming encourages biodiversity, improves soil structure, and enhances its ability to retain water and nutrients.

Role of Education and Policy

Education plays a crucial role in soil conservation. By raising awareness about the importance of soil and the threats it faces, we can encourage more sustainable practices. In addition, policy interventions are needed to promote soil-friendly practices. Governments should incentivize sustainable farming and land use practices, and penalize those that contribute to soil degradation.

Soil is not just dirt beneath our feet; it’s a living, breathing ecosystem that sustains life on Earth. Our survival depends on its health. Therefore, saving soil should be a global priority. By adopting sustainable practices, educating people about the importance of soil, and implementing soil-friendly policies, we can ensure that this precious resource continues to support life for generations to come.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

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Essay on Soil Pollution

Soil is one of the essential natural resources. It is the basis of food production, and it supports a wide variety of plant and animal life. Soil pollution is the contamination of soil with substances that would not usually be naturally found in a place. It can be caused by many factors, such as fertilisers and pesticides from farms, construction sites that discard dirt, and the improper disposal of household chemicals. BYJU’S essay on soil pollution teaches us the causes, effects and ways to prevent soil pollution.

Besides the factors mentioned above, the substances responsible for soil pollution can come from various sources, such as industrial wastes, sewage disposal, and pesticides. These substances can impact humans and other organisms in the soil to die. They also contaminate water sources. Moreover, soil pollution causes groundwater contamination, making it dangerous for people to drink without boiling first because it could contain germs and chemicals. The chemical substances that result in soil pollution can also cause air pollution . Now, let us learn the reasons for soil pollution by reading the soil pollution introduction essay.

Causes of Soil Pollution

Soil pollution essay in English helps understand its reasons and impact. It can occur from various sources, but the most common sources are agricultural and industrial activities. As the careless use of these chemicals affects soil quality, it will eventually lead to a shortage in food production.

Waste disposal sites or factories near rivers or streams also often cause soil pollution because they release pollutants into the surface and water, which leads to water pollution . Another common cause of soil pollution is dumping trash. This can include anything from household garbage to industrial and medical waste. The toxins in these materials can leach into the soil and contaminate it; this means that any plants grown in that soil will also be tainted. Some chemicals are even known to cause cancer or other diseases. Pollution from toxic waste, such as metal smelting, chemical manufacturing, and oil refining, can also harm soil quality.

Effects of Soil Pollution

After understanding the causes of soil pollution, let us know the adverse effects by reading the soil pollution essay . Harmful substances disposed of in water can leach into the soil and contaminate nearby water sources. One of the negative effects of soil pollution is that it can be challenging to grow plants in areas where the soil is contaminated.

Soil pollution has detrimental effects on our environment, but it is hard to see the accumulation of pollutants and how severe the damage is. Soil can act as a sink that soaks up contaminants such as pesticides and heavy metals. However, soil can take in only a limited amount of these substances, at which point they are no longer absorbed into the ground and start to build up in the atmosphere. This will eventually lead to the contamination of air, water, and food supplies.

How to Prevent Soil Pollution?

Soil pollution is a global issue and is a problem that affects everyone. The most important things to do are to stop using pesticides and herbicides, use organic fertilisers and compost, avoid spreading trash or hazardous materials in the park , and limit chemical fertilisers. Sewage from cities and factory waste can contaminate the soil. One way to reduce this is to use a two-chamber septic tank, which effectively reduces soil pollution.

The effects of soil pollution are a significant concern, and hence, we must learn how to prevent soil pollution by reading BYJU’S how to prevent soil pollution essay.

To conclude, we must join hands in preventing soil pollution for a better future. For more kids learning activities like GK questions and worksheets , visit BYJU’S website.

Frequently Asked Questions on Soil Pollution

Do chemical fertilisers harm the soil.

Yes. Chemical fertilisers harm the soil.

What are the three significant causes of soil pollution?

Three significant causes of soil pollution are careless waste disposal, oil spills and industrial activities.

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Essay on Soil Pollution for Students in English | 500 Words Essay

December 20, 2020 by Sandeep

Essay on Soil Pollution: The process by which soil gets contaminated by toxic chemicals and pollutants in rich concentrations, thereby affecting the ecosystem is called soil pollution. Metals, ions, salts, organic compounds formed through microbial activity and organism decomposition disturbs surface layer of soil. This slowly enters groundwater and then into water bodies. Humans infest crops with pesticides and insecticides and produce industrial land radioactive substances due to which soil gets polluted.

Essay on Soil Pollution 500 Words in English

Below we have provided Soil Pollution Essay in English, written in easy and simple words for class 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 school students.

Soil is a combination of organic matter, minerals, chemicals, liquids and organisms that sustain life together. Soil pollution is the presence of toxic components in the soil that affect the soil and the environment at large. It is usually caused by industrial production, agricultural products, or unsuitable waste disposal. Due to its impact on plant life, the problem of soil contamination typically comes to light.Soil pollution can arise from the use of pesticides, non-biodegradable materials, manufacturing effluents, and artificial fertilizers.

Soil pollution contributes to other forms of contamination if, for example, soil pollutants are transferred to water or air. Agriculture is highly soil-dependent, and its pollution harms agricultural activities. The soil is the gift of nature that we work on, walk around, find the food source, produce food, etc. However, something done inappropriately is becoming biologically toxic. Carefree use of soil has caused an increased rate of soil pollution which will inevitably make the soil unusable and unrecyclable.

Types of Soil Pollution

The soil contains two types of pollutants, namely natural pollutants and added pollutants due to human activities. Natural pollutants include organic compounds and inorganic particles that are the result of human activities such as animal and plant decay. Such pollutants are not a cause of concern though, and in fact, they replenish their nutrient soil.  The other group of pollutants are human-made. Human-made pollutants include toxic chemical waste, oil and fuel disposal, radioactive waste, landfills and unregulated disposal, coal ash and other such waste that originates from human activity and is dumped into the soil without treatment.

Causes of Soil Pollution

The disposal of heavy metals, oil and gasoline pollution, industrial waste, accumulation of acids and hazardous chemicals contribute to soil pollution. Heavy use of inorganic nitrogen manures within the agricultural method is often related to soil pollution, in part through the nitrification process. The principal cause of soil pollution is improper irrigation technique. When you over water the ground, this results in an increased level of the water table, which results in higher capillary action.

Similarly, poor maintenance of irrigation waterways and channels can lead to water leakage within the adjacent agricultural land. Also, the lack of crop rotation and intensive farming may have a detrimental impact on the consistency of the soil after some time. Urban activities includes improper waste disposal and building construction which leads to soil pollution by inhibiting proper water drainage. Animal waste and human sewage may pollute the soil by altering its chemical composition.

Effects of Soil Pollution

Soil pollution has had a significant effect on crop quality as the crop roots are unable to absorb enough nutrients from the soil due to pollutants present. For certain parts of the world, this has made the soil less fertile, and efforts are on to replenish the soil of its nutrients. Another significant effect on human health from land pollution is the emergence of multiple diseases due to our interaction with the soil pollutants. For example, areas where soil pollution is high, along with skin infection and even skin cancer, there has been an increase in respiratory problems, particularly in children.

Soil pollution also contributes to higher rates of water pollution . It is because the pollutants of the soil near the rivers or other bodies of water allow the pollutants to be mixed with the flowing water of the rives and thereby pollute it. Soil pollution impacts the environment as a whole, as it also impacts certain species survival.

Preventative Measures for Soil Pollution

Since polluted soil is not safe to use, we need to find ways to prevent soil pollution from affecting our everyday lives. The toxicity of the industrial waste must be before it is disposed of in the soil. Farmers need to make sure they use bio-fertilizers rather than chemical fertilizers. The farmers must also opt for bio-pesticides and bio-fungicides. It can take a long time to respond, but it is suitable for both the crops and the soil. Planting more trees can help to avoid soil erosion.

Exploring pesticide replacements and organic fertilizers is an excellent solution to preventing soil emissions. Also, mixed and rotational farming should be encouraged more to avoid land pollution. Recycling the waste material, rather than storing it inside the landfill, would also eliminate soil pollution. Nobody will throw the electrical products and batteries into home dustbins to keep the soil clear of dangerous substances.

Essay on Soil Pollution

Soil pollution refers to the mixture of toxic and harmful substances in the soil.

Soil is one of the important natural resources that are the basis of human survival on this Earth. People are not only dependent on soil for food but they have another connection with it. The soil contains the blood of our brave soldiers and also the hard work of our farmers. People love and give special importance to the soil. But today, the scenario is changed completely and the world is facing the major concern of soil pollution. On seeing the importance of soil and the need to protect it, we will discuss soil pollution in detail.

Short and Long Soil Pollution Essay in English

Here, I’m presenting long and short essays on Soil Pollution in 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 500 words. This topic is useful for students of classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 to write effective essays, paragraphs, or speeches in English.

Soil Pollution Essay 10 Lines (100 – 150 Words)

1) Soil is an important natural resource necessary for human survival.

2) The mixing of toxic substances into the soil is referred to as soil pollution.

3) Soil pollution is harmful to nature as well as to all living organisms.

4) It can be caused due to natural means or due to human interventions.

5) Soil pollution can lead to harmful diseases in humans.

6) It also affects the fertility and quality of the soil.

7) Chemicals from industries and agriculture are the major source of soil pollution.

8) It can be controlled by minimizing chemical fertilizers.

9) Industries should treat chemicals before disposing of them in the soil.

10) Preventing soil pollution will help to live happily on Earth.

Short Essay on Soil Pollution (250 – 300 Words)

One of the most vital components of the nature is soil. At the moment, soil pollution is the main cause of harm to our environment. When plenty of toxic substances are mixed into the soil, it becomes toxic resulting in soil pollution. A soil pollutant is anything that hurts the soil’s quality, texture, or mineral content, or that affects the balance of the living things in the soil.

Soil pollution harms all living organisms in one or another way. It turns soil acidic which is most unfriendly for most microorganisms. However, it affects human health majorly. Soil pollution is caused by dumping pesticides, Herbicides, insecticides, fuel, oil, and other things in the soil. The use of fertilizers to increase soil fertility is harmful to the soil. Solid waste disposal and deforestation are some other causes of soil pollution. Loss of nutrients in the soil is often linked to soil degradation.

Soil pollution is a problem because it hurts not only the crops but also the whole ecosystem. Before putting industrial waste in the soil, it must be made less dangerous. Government should make strict rules for industries. People should be made aware of the hazards of soil pollution. Farmers should use bio-fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. Things like plastics and other non-biodegradable substances should be prohibited. Planting more trees will result in minimizing soil erosion and preventing soil pollution.

As the saying goes, “Prevention is better than Cure”, it’s better to take steps to make the world a safer place than to wish you had. Therefore, we should play our part to control soil pollution and make Earth a safer and better place to live.

Long Essay on Soil Pollution (500 Words)

Introduction

Soil is an essential part of our surroundings. It covers the rocky parts of the Earth’s surface and is mainly made up of organic and inorganic substances. Soil pollution is now one of the biggest problems faced by the entire humanity. It is where many small animals live, where plants grow, and where people grow a wide range of crops to keep the cycle of life going.

What is Soil Pollution?

Soil pollution is any unwanted change in the physical, chemical, or biological properties of the soil that affects its fertility and usefulness. It is a big problem for the environment and has long-term effects on people’s health. Soil pollution makes it impossible for plants to grow the way they should. Some contaminants are made by nature, but most are caused by industrialization and human activities.

Causes of Soil Pollution

There are many things that can pollute the soil, but farming and manufacturing are the most common ones. The discharge of wastes and chemicals from industries into the soil without treating them pollutes the soil. Farmers use fertilizers to grow crops but they seep down the soil making it poisonous.

Putting trash in the ground is another common way to pollute the soil. This can be anything from the garbage of homes to waste from factories and hospitals. The poisons in these things can seep into the ground and pollute it.

Effects of Soil Pollution

Soil Pollution is very dangerous to the health of people and other living things. When we eat food grown in polluted soil, the crop absorbs the chemicals, which are then passed on to us and can cause severe life-taking diseases. As an effect of soil pollution, the soil becomes useless and it is no longer used to grow crops. When water from the soil seeps below the ground and gets into natural water bodies, it does a lot of damage to the animals and plants that live there. It can also be responsible for causing soil erosion. Acid rain is made worse in part by dirty soil.

How to Control Soil Pollution?

People can control soil pollution in many ways. The most important thing to solve this problem is to make people aware of the consequences of soil pollution. Industrialists should follow all effective control measures, such as environmental protection laws, to cut down and limit soil pollution. Farmers should stop using excessive pesticides and herbicides and instead can switch to organic fertilizers and compost. People should encourage recycling and reusing solid waste, as well as planting as many trees as possible.

Soil pollution is a worldwide problem that everyone has to deal with. Studies have shown that soil pollution is getting worse in both cities and rural areas at a very scary rate. We can’t let soil’s beauty go away by making it dirty. Therefore, it is high time to apply efforts and save soil from pollution.

I hope the above provided essay on Soil Pollution will be helpful in understanding the effect, causes, and prevention of this type of pollution.

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions on Soil Pollution

Ans. Loamy soil is considered best for farming.

Ans. Alluvial soil is mostly found in India.

Ans. Cancer, skin disease, respiratory disease, nervous system damage, etc are some diseases caused by soil pollution

Ans. No, the soil is a non-renewal resource as it takes long years to form.

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Essay on Importance of Soil

January 21, 2018 by Study Mentor Leave a Comment

The life supporting natural resource which is formed by mixing of weathered rock materials and   decomposed biomass consisting of organic matter is called soil. It is one of the important natural resources. Soil is the most essential element of existence of life on earth.

Soil is the living ecosystem. Without soil, there is no existence of life.  In our Vedas, it is said that life form on this earth consists of five elements and soil is one of them.

So, creation of life form belongs to soil, development of life form belongs to soil, destruction of life form belongs to soil.

“If a healthy soil is full of death, it is also full of life.”

Table of Contents

Formation of soil

Rocks are the chief sources for the parent materials over which soil formation takes place. Rocks are converted into parent materials by the weathering process. In other words, weathering process precedes the soil formation. Parent materials include rocks, loses, alluvium, sand etc.

Weathering process means the physical and chemical deterioration of rocks over time due to factors like temperature, heat, pressure, water, wind etc. It takes more than thousand years for the formation of just one-inch layer of soil.

Components of soil

Soil contains different kinds of components. The components are given below

Air- In between the spaces of soil particles air is present. Soil with loose surface allows air diffusion in to it. Air contains gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen etc. Concentration of carbon dioxide is more than other gases.

Water- Water is the solution of organic and inorganic compounds. Soil contains water as it contains both organic and inorganic materials. Soil with more number of pores contain more water as water is absorbed in those pores.

Minerals- During weathering process, disintegration of rocks occurs. At that time particles of minerals are formed inside the soil.

Organic matters- These are the decayed form of organic substances like plants, animals, micro-organisms on the soil. These kinds of substances increase the fertility of the soil.

Micro-organisms- Micro -organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae are present in high numbers in the soil. These organisms act as decomposers of plants, animals, other organisms.

The above all components make soil suitable for existence and development of life form.

Soil as life

“The soil is the great connector of lives, the source and destination of all. It is the healer and restorer and   resurrect or, by which disease passes into health, age into youth, death into life. Without proper care for it we have no community, because without proper care for it we have no life”   -Wendell Berry

So, the existence of life form on this earth solely depends on soil. It forms the surface and ecosystem of the earth.

Image Credit: Source

As we early stated that soil is the living ecosystem. Soil is the habitat of all kinds of organisms. Different kinds of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and undiscovered microbes acting as decomposes are found in high numbers in soil.

These micro-organisms decompose dead plant and animal bodies. As a result, pollution due to decaying dead bodies of animals decreases and it increases the quantity of organic matters in soil which makes the soil more fertile suitable for cultivation.

Soil is the natural medium for plant growth. Soil contains air which consists of gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen. For plant growth air ventilation is needed. So, soil provides oxygen, air ventilation for plant to grow. Water is also a major component of soil.

For plant growth water is important as it act as nutrient carrier and a main factor of plant life. Soil also contains minerals like silicon, aluminium, phosphorous, magnesium, carbon, iron, nitrogen etc. which are important elements.

Non-renewable resources like coal, petroleum, gold, copper, silver are found inside the earth. The modern world is standstill without these resources. These resources have become the integrated part of our life.

Soil holds the souvenir of our past and our cultural heritage buried in it. Soil plays a vital role as carbon reservoir as it absorbs most of the carbon dioxide gas and reduces the greenhouse gas concentration to some extent. Soil decomposes the dead bodies of plants and animals but it preserves their existence in the form of fossil.

For us food, cloth, and house are basic needs of life. Soil is the origin for all the three needs. When there is no soil, there is no food, no cloth, no house.

“Heaven is under our feet as well as over our heads.”    -Thoreau

Soil conservation

As soil is the origin of existence and development of life form on earth, conservation of it is must. Because without soil the whole living process is unthinkable. As earlier stated above that one-inch layer of soil formation takes more than thousand years.

Soil erosion mainly takes place due to water, wind, fertilizers etc. Heavy flow of water and heavy rainfall washes away the soil from one place to another. When there is no cover of plants, wind causes soil erosion. Loss of minerals, nutrients in soil as a result of utilization of fertilizers makes a steep erosion. Deforestation holds another cause.

Roots of trees hold the soil in a compact manner.  Litter of leaves resists soil erosion caused by wind and heavy rainfall. So, deforestation enhances the process of erosion.

Soil conservation includes following process

• Afforestation prevails erosion by reducing the velocity of wind and the roots held the soil in a strong manner.
• Growing of vegetation cover on the ground conserves soil.
• Crop rotation shoots up the productivity of the lands.
• Slowing down the water movement along the slope.
• Reduction in the usage of fertilizers, pesticides.
• Protection of soil from the strike of heavy water drops.

“Soil is a resource, a living, breathing entity that, if treated properly will maintain itself. When it has finally been depleted, the human population will disappear… project your imagination into the soil below you next time you go into the garden.

Think with compassion of the life that exists there. Think the drama, the sexuality, the harvesting, the work that carries on ceaselessly.”

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Essay on soil erosion | environment.

Here is a compilation of essays on ‘Soil Erosion’ for class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Soil Erosion’ for school and college students.

Essay on Soil Erosion

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Essay Contents:

• Essay on the Conservation of Soil Erosion

Essay # 1. Meaning of Soil Erosion:

All land use activities, particularly those which are poorly managed, involve destruction or disturbance, to a greater or lesser extent, of natural and semi-natural ecosystems. Almost invariably, however, it is those ecosystems, in equilibrium with their environment, which offer most effective protection to the soil that supports them.

A major consequence of ecosystem destruction and disturbance is that of soil degradation. This has been defined as the decline in soil quality caused through its misuse by human activity. More specifically it refers to the decline in soil productivity through adverse changes in nutrient status, organic matter structural stability and concentrations of electrolytes and toxic chemicals.

Soil degradation incorporates a number of environmental problems, some of which are interrelated, including erosion compaction, water excess and deficit, acidification, salinization and sodification and toxic accumulation of agricultural chemicals and urban/industrial pollutants.

In many instances, these have led to a serious decline in soil quality and productivity and it is only in recent decades that the finite nature of soil as a resource has become widely recognised. Soil degradation is not a new phenomenon. Archeological evidence suggests that it has been on­-going since the beginning of settled agriculture several thousand years ago.

The decline of many ancient civilizations, including the Mesopotamians of the Tigris and Euphrates valleys in Iraq, the Harappans of the Indus valley in Pakistan and the Mayans of Central America, was due in part to soil degradation.

More recently an event of major significance was the dustbowl which occurred in the Great Plains of the American Midwest during the 1930s.

At this time, intensive agricultural practices, employed in the eastern states, were transferred to the drier Midwest where the soils are lighter textured and more susceptible to erosion. A number of years of drought, combined with crop failure and destruction of the protective organic-rich topsoil, resulted in severe wind erosion.

According to the Global Assessment of Soil Degradation project, about 15 per cent of the global land area between 72°N and 57°S is degraded. Of this, an area slightly less than that of India (about 300 million hectares) is strongly degraded, largely as a result of deforestation (113 million hectares), inappropriate management of cropped land (83 million hectares) and overgrazing (75 million hectares).

In recent decades, the global rate of soil degradation has increased dramatically and is likely to increase further as we approach the twenty-first century; in 1983 it was estimated at 5-7 million ha a -1 and is set to rise beyond 10 million ha a -1 by the year 2000.

The effects of soil degradation are not restricted to the soil alone, but have a number of off-site implications. Soil erosion, for example, is often associated with increased incidence of flooding, siltation of rivers lakes and reservoirs and deposition of material in low-lying areas.

These problems may be compounded in areas where infiltration capacity is reduced due to compaction, hard setting or induration of soils. Salinisation and sodification of soils are often associated with poor quality irrigation water while soil acidification is commonly linked with acidification and aluminium contamination of surface waters.

Leaching of fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural soils may also lead to contamination of surface and shallow ground waters.

In addition, contamination of soils by urban and industrial pollutants, such as heavy metals and radionuclides, may lead to toxic accumulation in arable produce and in herbage for grazing animals, thus having important implications for human health.

The extent of soil degradation is influenced by a number of factors, many of which are interrelated, namely soil characteristics, relief, climate, land use and socio-economic and political controls (Fig. 23.1).

In many studies of soil degradation and its wider environmental implications, the socio-economic and political controls are often overlooked, or at least not examined in any detail, perhaps because of the difficulties associated with the collection of reliable and comparable data.

Increasingly, however, these controls on land use systems are being viewed as central to the issue of soil degradation, particularly in the developing world.

Management of soil degradation, whether at a global, regional or local scale, is clearly a complex issue and represents one of our most challenging environmental problems.

Emphasis should be placed on sustainable, rather than exploitative land use practices; this theme was highlighted by the World Soil Charter which called for a commitment by governments, agencies and land-users to ‘manage the land for long term advantage rather than short term expediency’ .

The problem requires a holistic, multidisciplinary approach involving the collaborative and coordinated efforts of ecologists, agronomists, soil scientists, hydrologists, engineers, sociologists and economists. Moreover, the involvement of government and non-government organisations, aid agencies and the farmers themselves is essential to the success of research and development in this area.

Such involvement should facilitate the implementation of education, training and incentive programmes. Imposition from above of high-technology, high-cost solutions by technical experts from developed countries is certainly not the answer in the developing world.

Inevitably, such solutions are not economically viable and low-technology, low-cost options—such as low external input agriculture, agroforestry and social forestry—are often the only answer.

Hence, the approach to soil conservation has shifted in recent years from a rather techno centric standpoint to a more eco-centric position. Central to this approach are the concepts of land husbandry and sustainable development, which place emphasis on the land-users themselves rather than on the technical experts and advisors.

This chapter aims to examine a selection of the most pressing soil degradation problems and, in each case, the causal factors, on and off site effects and management strategies will be considered.

Essay # 2. Occurrence of Soil Erosion:

Soil erosion occurs when the rate of removal of soil by water and/or wind exceeds the rate of soil formation. Generally, rates of soil formation are very low, with profiles developing at a rate of about 1 cm every 100-400 years; assuming an average bulk density of 1.33g cm -3 , this equates to about 0.3 – 1.3 t ha -1 a -1 .

It is important to differentiate between natural or background erosion and erosion which has been accelerated largely as a result of human activity.

Background erosion rates are often similar to rates of soil formation at < 1.0 t ha -1 a -1 , although in mountainous areas they may be considerably higher. In contrast, rates of accelerated erosion commonly exceed 10 t ha -1 a -1 and sometimes exceed 100t ha -1 a -1

Some of the highest soil erosion rates have been observed in the Loess Plateau area of China and in the Himalayan foothills of Nepal, where values in excess of 200 t ha -1 a -1 have been recorded. Similarly, in India, gully erosion results in a loss of about 8,000 ha of land per year.

The extent of soil erosion is governed by a number of factors. Those of particular importance include erosivity of the eroding agent, erodibility of the soil, slope steepness and length, land use practices and conservation strategies.

These factors are summarised in the Universal Soil Loss Equation which has been used widely in the modelling and prediction of soil erosion e.g., Colby-Saliba:

E = R.K.L.S.C.P.

where, E = mean annual soil loss, R = rainfall erosivity index, K = soil erodibility index, L = slope length, S = slope steepness, C = cropping factor which represents the ratio of soil loss under a given crop to that from bare soil, and P = conservation practice factor which represents the ratio of soil loss where contouring and strip-cropping are practiced to that where they unused.

Although widely used, this model has been the subject of extensive criticism. For example, it assumes that a vegetation cover is always protective which is not necessarily the case; erosion on land with a good cover of crops planted in rows can be greater than on land which is sparsely vegetated. It is also water erosion based and cannot be used in areas affected extensively by wind erosion.

More specifically, it focuses on rill and inter-rill erosion and is not easily applied to areas where gully and stream bank erosion are widespread. Its universal nature has also been questioned particularly in terms of its application to tropical soils.

Furthermore, it should be emphasised that this model does not consider the wide range of socio-economic and political factors which play a crucial role in terms of their influence on the degree of soil erosion which will be examined later. Alternative models include SLEMSA (Soil Loss Estimator for Southern Africa) and CREAMS (Chemicals Run-off and Erosion Arising From Agricultural Management Systems).

Land use is perhaps the most significant factor influencing soil erosion, for two main reasons. First, many land use practices leave the soil devoid of a protective vegetation cover, or with only a partial cover, for significant periods of time and second, they involve mechanical disturbance of the soil.

Specific aspects of land use often associated with accelerated soil erosion include expansion and intensification of arable cultivation, overgrazing, deforestation, certain forestry practices, site clearance in preparation for urban and industrial construction and a number of recreational activities such as walking and skiing.

Arable cultivation has expanded and intensified dramatically in recent decades. Relatively steep slopes, formerly covered by grass or tress, have been converted to arable cropping, while an increased use of heavy agricultural machinery has resulted in compaction of the soil. This, in turn, has led to reduced infiltration capacity, particularly along wheel tracks, thus resulting in increased surface run-off and erosion.

Similarly, increased reliance on tillage activities, throughout the cropping cycle, has rendered soils more susceptible to erosion. This problem has been compounded by the decline in levels of soil organic matter and hence structural stability, largely in response to increased use of inorganic fertilizers.

In addition, the tendency to increase field sizes on arable land has meant that there are fewer physical breaks and barriers in the landscape, such as tree lines, hedgerows and walls, to restrict erosion. Susceptibility to erosion is further increased if land is cultivated with the slope rather than parallel to the contours.

Overgrazing is particularly common in drought-affected parts of the developing world, such as the Sahel region of sub-Saharan Africa and the rangelands and communal lands of eastern and southern Africa.

In a study of the impact of grazing on soils of the Savanna region of Nigeria, for example, Aweto and Adejumbobi (1991) attribute enhanced surface run-off and erosion to compaction of the soil and destruction of the protective vegetation cover by grazing animals and to the adoption of inappropriate burning strategies.

Deforestation, largely for logging and wood fuel purposes, is also common in many parts of the developing world.

Trees are well-known for their ability to protect soils from erosion, particularly on steeply sloping terrain. Their root systems and the organic material which they supply help to stabilise the soil, while water uptake and canopy interception serve to reduce the frequency and intensity of surface run-off.

In addition to deforestation, many forestry practices are associated with accelerated soil erosion, including the needle leaf forestry programmes which have become widespread in many areas of upland Britain. Here, erosion is most serious during the pre-planting stages of land preparation and drainage and after harvesting.

In relation to urban and industrial land use, construction and associated disturbance of land may lead to increased soil erosion. Even certain recreational activities have been implicated in this problem, including walking and skiing.

A number of socio-economic and political factors have been associated with accelerated soil erosion, particularly in the developing world. These include population pressure, skewed land resource distribution; poverty and marginalization, increasing demand for wood fuel, inappropriate land tenure and farm policies, small size of land-holdings and poor infrastructure.

In many developing countries, population growth is rapid and the demand for agricultural land and wood fuel is ever increasing (Table 23.4).

Furthermore, agricultural systems are characterised by a skewed land resource distribution where a minority of affluent and powerful landowners control a majority of the land area.

The poorest farmers are thus forced onto marginal land, which is particularly susceptible to erosion, and often end up in a vicious spiral of debt. Rural-urban migration, abandonment of land and increased soil erosion are often responsible to this poverty trap situation (Fig. 23.2).

In many parts of the developing world, large areas of land are utilised for mono-cultivation of cash crops, which are not necessarily best-suited to soil conditions, rather than for indigenous mixed food cropping. Such commercial pressure on agricultural systems, as well as contributing to the problem of marginalization discussed above, has a detrimental effect on soil quality and is unlikely to be sustainable in the long term.

There is also little political support in terms of education, training and incentive schemes to encourage farmers to adopt more sustainable land use practices. The establishment of appropriate and comprehensive soil conservation and land husbandry programmes is further hindered by the small size of land-holdings and the large number of farmers involved (Table 23.5).

The on and off-site effects of soil erosion are considerable. At the global scale, it is estimated that unless soil conservation measures are introduced on all cultivated land, 544 million ha of potentially productive rain-fed crop land will be lost and agricultural production expected to decrease by almost 20 per cent, by the year 2000-2005.

Undoubtedly, these effects will be felt most severely in those developing countries which are least able to cope with the problem. It should be noted that the deterioration in soil productivity is disproportionate to the amount of soil eroded, as it is the nutrient rich and structure- supporting constituents in the topsoil which are lost most readily.

Essay # 3. Causes of Soil Erosion:

These are as follows:

(i) Overcropping:

Overcropping causes the soil to deteriorate when too many crops are grown on the same land without the farmer replacing lost mineral and organic material. In natural conditions, as plants grow, they extract the valuable mineral and organic plant nutrients from the soil; when they die, they decay and release their nutrients, returning them to the soil which is thus enriched for other plants that come after them.

But when men cultivate crops, they harvest them and carry the crops elsewhere to be sold or consumed. There is no replacement at all. If the farmer year after year, grows cotton which is very exhaustive of nitrates, and does not add any manure or fertilizers, the soil is bound to become poorer until the farm has to be abandoned.

Overcropping may occur in several ways:

(a) Monoculture:

This is the growing of a single type of crop, year after year, such as cotton or wheat. The crop is constantly using up particular types of minerals from the soil which it needs. As a result some minerals in the soil may be completely exhausted and fertility may decline if fallow periods, fertilizers or crop rotations are not used to balance soil properties.

(b) Multicropping:

This is the constant use of the land for several crops every year. If there is not a constant supply of fertilizer this quickly exhausts the soil and yields rapidly decline.

(c) Shifting cultivation:

This type of cultivation of forest clearings can be very harmful. The destruction of the trees by fire means that the soil is no longer protected from the full force of heavy tropical rain, nor is it consolidated and held together by plant roots. It is therefore quickly washed away. After the ladangs are abandoned the forest is allowed to grow again, and, if the plot is not cleared again for a long time (about 20 years), the rest or fallow period is long enough for the soil to regain its humus and mineral content.

If, however, as usually happens, the plots are re-cleared after only a few years or one plot is occupied for too many years, the soil cannot recuperate and it becomes permanently infertile. It may be eroded into deep gullies or invaded by lalang grass and is thus made useless either for farming or for forest.

(ii) Overgrazing:

Animal grazing is dependent upon either natural or man-sown grasses and herbs, which are eaten by the cattle, sheep, goats or horses. The number of animals that can be grazed depends on the carrying capacity of the pasturage, that is the number of animals which can graze on the pasture without completely killing the grasses or other plants.

If the number of animals is within the carrying capacity, the grass is able to grow again, but if there are too many animals it may not have sufficient time to recover and may be killed. If this happens the vegetative cover becomes too thin to protect the soil and rain and wind are able to erode the soil.

This in turn reduces the amount of grass that can grow in the area. In parts of Mediterranean Europe, West and East Africa and India, overgrazing by cattle, or worse still by sheep or goats which nibble down every bit of grass, has caused acute soil erosion.

(iii) Deforestation:

When men remove the natural forest cover of an area either for agriculture or for timber this usually exposes the area to soil erosion because the soil is no longer protected by the leafy canopy of the forest from heavy rain or strong winds. The bad effects of deforestation are worst when all the trees, even the smallest, are removed and when new seedlings are not planted to replace the felled timber.

(iv) Slope Cultivation:

Soil erosion is always enhanced when the cleared area of land is on a steep slope, because this allows gully erosion to take place. The soil on slopes, too, is easily moved by gravity when it is loosened. The effects of shifting cultivation, overgrazing and deforestation are all worse on steeply sloping land.

Where cultivation takes place on steep slopes erosion is greatly aggravated if plants are arranged slope-wise, i.e. in rows up and down the hill slope. This practice of slope-wise cultivation produces ready-made channels down which rain-water can flow carrying away the topsoil.

(v) Cultivation of Dry Areas:

In semi-arid areas the cultivation of marginal agricultural lands may lead to erosion because the removal of the natural vegetation and the ploughing of the land loosens the soil and this enables the wind to blow it away. In marginal areas such as this, special dry-farming tech­niques have to be adopted unless a ‘Dust Bowl’ situation is to arise.

Essay # 4. Impact of Soil Erosion:

The rapid erosion of soil by wind and water has been a problem ever since land was first cultivated. The consequences of soil erosion occur both on- and off-site.

On-site effects are particularly important on agricultural land where the redistribution of soil within a field, the loss of soil from a field, the break-down of soil structure and the decline in organic matter and nutrient result in a reduction of cultivable soil depth and a decline in soil fertility. Erosion also reduces available soil moisture, resulting in more drought-prone conditions.

The net effect is a loss of productivity which, at first, restricts what can be grown and results in increased expenditure on fertilizers to maintain yields, but later threatens food production and leads, ultimately, to land abandonment. It also leads to a decline in the value of the land as it changed from productive farmland to wasteland.

Offsite problems result from sedimentation down stream or downwind which reduces the capacity of rivers and drainage ditches, enhances the risk of flooding, blocks irrigation canals and shortens the design life of reservoirs. Many hydroelectricity and irrigation projects have been ruined as a consequence of erosion.

Sediment is also a pollutant in its own right and, through the chemicals adsorbed to it, can increase the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in water bodies and result in eutrophication.

Essay # 5. Process of Soil Erosion:

Soil erosion is a two-phase process, consisting of the detachment of individual particles from the soil mass and their transport by erosive agents such as running water and wind. When sufficient energy is no longer available to transport the particles, a third phase—deposition—occurs.

Rain splash is the most important detaching agent. The soil is also broken up by weathering processes, both mechanical, by alternate wetting and drying, freezing and thawing and frost action and biochemical. Soil is disturbed by tillage operations and by the trampling of people and livestock. Running water and wind are further contributors to the detachment of soil particles.

All these processes loosen the soil so that it is easily removed by the agents of transport. The severity of erosion depends upon the quality of material supplied by detachment and the capacity of the eroding agents to transport it.

There are a number of factors that control erosion:

1. Erosivity of the eroding agent;

2. Erodibility of the soil;

3. Slope of the land; and

4. Nature of the plant cover.

In the field, soil erosion status may be surveyed and data are recorded as per proforma (Table 23.6) for further interpretation.

Essay # 6. Measurement of Soil Erosion:  

Those designed to determine soil loss from relatively small sample areas or erosion plots often as part of an experiment and those designed to assess erosions over a larger area such as a drainage basin.

In erosion plot, a standard size of 22 m long and 1.8 m wide are used. The plot edges are made of sheet metal, wood or any material which is stable, does not leak and is not liable to rust. At the downslope end is positioned a collecting trough or gutter, covered with a lid to prevent the direct entry of rainfall, from which sediment and runoff are channelled into collecting tanks.

For large plots or where run-off volumes are very high, the overflow from a first collecting tank is passed through a divisor which splits the flow into equal parts and passes one part, as a sample, into a second collecting tank. A flocculating agent is added to the mixture of water and sediment collected in each tank.

The soil settles to the bottom of the tank and the clear water is then drawn-off and measured. The volume of soil remaining in the tank is determined and a sample of known volume is taken for drying and weighing. The sample weight multiplied by the total volume gives the total weight of soil in the tank.

The total soil loss from the plot is the weight of the soil in the first tank plus, assuming one-fifth of the overflow from the first tank passes through the divisor into the second tank, five times the weight of soil in the second tank.

Where automatic sediment sampling occurs, the sediment concentration is determined for each sample. Since the time that each sample was taken during the storm is known, the data can be integrated over time to give a sediment graph.

Investigation of sediment production in a catchment or drainage basin must be carried through an elaborate layout of erosion plot investigation in the stream slopes of various orders.

Essay # 7. Conservation of Soil Erosion:  

Soil conservation design most logically follows a sequence of events (Fig. 23.3) beginning with a thorough assessment of erosion risk, followed by designing a sound land use plan based on what the land is best suited for under present or proposed economic and social conditions, land tenure arrangements and production technology and what is compatible with the maintenance of environmental stability.

However, the approach of soil conservation varies from place to place and also based on type of land use. For instance, erosion control in cultivated land is dependent upon good management which implies establishing sufficient crop cover and selecting appropriate tillage practices.

Thus soil conservation relies strongly on agronomic methods combined with sound soil management whilst mechanical measures play only a supporting role. On the whole, the conservation strategies are aimed at establishing and maintaining good ground cover.

The details are given in Table 23.7:

Further, it is recognised that strategies for soil improving traditional systems instead of imposing entirely new techniques from outside and on enhancing land husbandry (Fig. 23.4, Table 23.7).

In addition there are a number of mechanical field practices used to control the soil erosion.

Three methods are normally employed in conjunction with agronomic measures:

1. Contouring i.e., carrying out ploughing, planting and cultivation on the contour can reduce soil loss from sloping land compared with cultivation up and down the slope.

2. Contour bunds i.e., these are earth banks 1.5 – 2m wide thrown across the slope to act as a barrier to run-off, to form a water storage area on their upslope side.

3. Terraces—these are earth embankments constructed across the slope to intercept surface run­off and convey it to a stable outlet at a non-erosive velocity and to shorten slope length.

4. Waterways—to convey run-off at a non-erosive velocity to suitable disposal part viz., diversion ditches, terrace channels, grass waterways etc.

5. Stabilisation structures—this is a specialised structure build up to produce small dams (0.4 to 2 meter height) by locally available materials for gully erosion control.

Related Articles:

• Essay on the Impact of Human Activities on Environment
• Soil Erosion: Types and Causes of Soil Erosion

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Impacts of climate change adaptation options on soil functions: A review of European case‐studies

Ahmad hamidov.

1 Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany

2 Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers (TIIAME), 39 Kary‐Niyaziy Street, Tashkent, 100000, Uzbekistan

Katharina Helming

3 Faculty of Landscape Management and Nature Conservation, University for Sustainable Development (HNEE), Schickler Straße 5, 16225, Eberswalde, Germany

Gianni Bellocchi

4 INRA, VetAgro Sup, UCA, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur Écosystème Prairial (UREP), 63000, Clermont‐Ferrand, France

Waldemar Bojar

5 Faculty of Management, University of Science and Technology, Fordońska 430 St., 85‐790, Bydgoszcz, Poland

Tommy Dalgaard

6 Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK‐8830, Tjele, Denmark

Bhim Bahadur Ghaley

7 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 30, DK‐2630, Taastrup, Denmark

Christian Hoffmann

8 Institute for Regional Development, European Academy of Bolzano, Viale Druso 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy

9 Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK

Annelie Holzkämper

10 Agroscope, Climate and Agriculture Group, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland

Dominika Krzeminska

11 Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO, Postbox 115, 1431, Ås, Norway

Sigrun H. Kværnø

Heikki lehtonen.

12 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI‐00790, Helsinki, Finland

Georg Niedrist

13 Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy of Bolzano, Viale Druso 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy

Lillian Øygarden

Pytrik reidsma.

14 Plant Production Systems group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Pier Paolo Roggero

15 Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy

16 Desertification Research Centre, University of Sassari, viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy

Teodor Rusu

17 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj‐Napoca, Manastur Street 3‐5, 400372, Cluj‐Napoca, Romania

Cristina Santos

18 IFAPA‐Centro Alameda del Obispo, Junta de Andalucía, P.O. Box 3092, 14080, Córdoba, Spain

Giovanna Seddaiu

Eva skarbøvik, domenico ventrella.

19 Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA‐AA), Via Celso Ulpiani 5, 70125, Bari, Italy

Jacek Żarski

20 Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bernardyńska St. 6, 85029, Bydgoszcz, Poland

Martin Schönhart

21 Department of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Feistmantelstraße 4, 1180, Vienna, Austria

Associated Data

Soils are vital for supporting food security and other ecosystem services. Climate change can affect soil functions both directly and indirectly. Direct effects include temperature, precipitation, and moisture regime changes. Indirect effects include those that are induced by adaptations such as irrigation, crop rotation changes, and tillage practices. Although extensive knowledge is available on the direct effects, an understanding of the indirect effects of agricultural adaptation options is less complete. A review of 20 agricultural adaptation case‐studies across Europe was conducted to assess implications to soil threats and soil functions and the link to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The major findings are as follows: (a) adaptation options reflect local conditions; (b) reduced soil erosion threats and increased soil organic carbon are expected, although compaction may increase in some areas; (c) most adaptation options are anticipated to improve the soil functions of food and biomass production, soil organic carbon storage, and storing, filtering, transforming, and recycling capacities, whereas possible implications for soil biodiversity are largely unknown; and (d) the linkage between soil functions and the SDGs implies improvements to SDG 2 (achieving food security and promoting sustainable agriculture) and SDG 13 (taking action on climate change), whereas the relationship to SDG 15 (using terrestrial ecosystems sustainably) is largely unknown. The conclusion is drawn that agricultural adaptation options, even when focused on increasing yields, have the potential to outweigh the negative direct effects of climate change on soil degradation in many European regions.

1. INTRODUCTION

Soil systems are fundamental to sustainable development due to their multifunctional role in providing services including biomass production (food, feed, fibre, and fuel); habitats for living organisms and gene pools (biodiversity); cleaning of water and air; mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions; contributions to carbon (C) sequestration; buffering of precipitation extremes; and provisions to cultural, recreational, and human health assets (Coyle, Creamer, Schulte, O'Sullivan, & Jordan, 2016 ; Montanarella, 2015 ; Tóth et al., 2013 ). The effects of climate change are associated with increases in temperature (T) and extreme weather events such as heavy rainfall, droughts, frosts, storms, and rising sea levels in coastal areas. These effects may also increase the threats to soil such as soil erosion, soil compaction, reduced soil fertility, and lowered agricultural productivity, which ultimately deteriorate food security and environmental sustainability (Lal et al., 2011 ). These climate‐related risks raise major concerns regarding the future role of soils as a sustainable resource for food production.

Climate change can affect soil functions directly and indirectly. The direct effects include soil process changes in organic carbon transformations and nutrient cycling through altered moisture and T regimes in the soil or increased soil erosion rates due to an increased frequency of high‐intensity rainfall events. Blum ( 1993 ) was among the first to frame a systematic concept of linking soil processes via soil functions to services for the environment and society in Europe. Climate change and soil management can change the ability of soils to perform soil functions, which, for the sake of simplicity, the study calls changes in soil functions. Several studies have assessed the effects of climate change on soil functions (Coyle et al., 2016 ; Ostle, Levy, Evans, & Smith, 2009 ; Xiong et al., 2014 ). For instance, in organic‐rich soils in the UK, increased T and decreased soil moisture linked to warming or drought were observed to reduce the C storage capacity (Ostle et al., 2009 ).

The indirect effects of climate change on soil functions include those that are induced by climate change adaptation options. Agricultural management can mitigate climate change effects, for example, through increased soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration (Haddaway et al., 2015 ). Farmers may implement adaptations as a result of multiple, intertwined driving forces, including market price changes, new technologies, and improved knowledge in combination with climate change (Reidsma et al., 2015b ). Regarding European agriculture, several scenario studies have investigated agricultural adaptation options in response to climate change, including the introduction of irrigation regimes in drought‐prone areas, crop rotation changes, increased fertilization rates on cropland, amended soil tillage practices, and cultivation of melting permafrost soils (Mandryk, Reidsma, & van Ittersum, 2017 ; Schönhart, Schauppenlehner, Kuttner, Kirchner, & Schmid, 2016 ; Ventrella, Charfeddine, Moriondo, Rinaldi, & Bindi, 2012a ).

Although ample knowledge is available for the direct effects (although the interactions are not completely understood), evidence of the indirect effects of agricultural adaptation options on soil functions is more scattered and difficult to derive experimentally because it depends on an uncertain future climate and corresponding adaptation. However, the anticipation of development pathway impacts is a precondition for decision‐making.

Although farm management concerns the local field level, the multiple soil functions need to be maintained and improved at higher spatial aggregates to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) formulated by the United Nations agenda 2030. Montanarella and Alva ( 2015 ) assessed soil functions as being particularly relevant for three of the 17 SDGs, namely, SDGs 2 (achieving food security and promoting sustainable agriculture), 13 (taking actions on climate change), and 15 (using terrestrial ecosystems sustainably, reversing land degradation, and halting biodiversity loss).

The objective of this paper was to review case‐studies on future adaptation options in European regions for their information on how adaptations may affect soil functions and what that means in the context of the SDGs. Taking current climate systems and management practices as counterfactuals, the cases were used to assess how future climate change in combination with adaptation options may impact European soils. The regional case‐studies resulted from the European Joint Programming Initiative on Agriculture, Climate Change, and Food Security (FACCE‐JPI) knowledge hub MACSUR (Modelling European Agriculture with Climate Change for Food Security; http://www.macsur.eu ). MACSUR brought together researchers across Europe to improve the understanding of climate change impacts and adaptation potentials on European agriculture.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. study area and climate.

Climate change adaptation options and resulting soil impacts are likely to be diverse across Europe due to heterogeneous biophysical and socio‐economic production conditions. Additionally, research design likely determines conclusions on adaptation options and their impacts in a region. To tackle both bio‐physical and socio‐economic dimensions, 20 case‐studies across Europe were assessed at the NUTS 2/3 level (Figure  1 ). Each case‐study undertook an integrated assessment with quantitative tools (e.g., scenario modelling) or qualitative, stakeholder inclusive tools or a combination of both. Published results from case‐studies were compiled and further substantiated with information from 23 involved scientists—most of them co‐authors of this article—via a semi‐structured questionnaire ( Appendix S1 ). This led to a unique data set that reflects the impacts of adaptation options on soils across Europe. The 20 case‐studies represent 13 European countries and cover 11 of the 13 major environmental zones of Europe (Metzger, Bunce, Jongman, Mücher, & Watkins, 2005 ). This classification represents the environmental heterogeneity of Europe and utilizes European ecological data sets for climate, geomorphology, geology and soil, habitats, and vegetation. The two zones not presented in the sample are Anatolia and Lusitania.

Location of the 20 case‐study areas and their environmental zones in Europe as classified by Metzger et al. ( 2005 ): 1—Mostviertel (AUT), 2—Broye (CH), 3—Brandenburg (DE), 4—Hovedstaden (DK), 5—Norsminde (DK), 6—Guadalquivir Valley (ES), 7—North Savo (FI), 8—Massif Central (FR), 9—Foggia (IT), 10—Oristanese (IT), 11—South Tyrol (IT), 12—Baakse Beek (NL), 13—Flevoland (NL), 14—Hobøl, Østfold (NO), 15—Jæren, Rogaland (NO), 16—Lowland Trøndelag (NO), 17—Romerike Akershus (NO), 18—Kujawsko‐Pomorskie (PL), 19—Transylvanian Plain (RO), and 20—NE Scotland (UK) [Colour figure can be viewed at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com ]

To classify the case‐studies in terms of soil types, the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (FAO, 2006 ) was used. The 20 case‐study areas cover the 15 most common arable soil types of the 32 World Reference Base types (Table  1 ). Table  1 also lists the features of climate change scenarios that are relevant to agricultural production, land use and farming systems, methods employed to obtain the results, and key publications for each of the case‐studies. Regarding the assessment methods, most studies (17 out of 20) modelled the effects of alternative adaptation management options under climate change on yields and environmental impacts. Such adaptation options were identified by means of stakeholder interaction with regional farmers or extension services in 14 cases and by researchers in the other cases. Therefore, the adaptation options that were regarded as the most suitable by farmers could be identified. Three case‐studies simulated changing climatic conditions by employing field experiments at different locations for studying adaptation options (e.g., crop rotation and no tillage).

Characteristics of the 20 case‐studies

Note . GIS = Geographic Information System; T = temperature; WRB = World Reference Base.

2.2. Analytical framework

The Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response framework was used to study the impacts of climate change adaptation options on the soil functions and SDGs (Figure  2 ). The framework conceptualizes complex sustainability challenges and provides insight into the relationships between the environment and human beings (Gabrielsen & Bosch, 2003 ). It links the emergence of climate change (Drivers of change) and its impacts on natural and human systems to decision makers (farmers) who adopt new management practices (Pressures), which can lead to soil threats (State 1) and altered soil functions (State 2). Subsequently, the SDG targets (Impact) can be affected. As a result, policy action (Response) may be required (not covered in the present study). Adaptation options, soil threats, and soil functions are understood as dynamic processes over time, such that the ‘States’ in the Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response framework represent dynamic biophysical indicators and human practices.

Analytical chain of the study applied to the Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response framework. SDG = Sustainable Development Goal Source: Adapted from Gabrielsen and Bosch ( 2003 ) [Colour figure can be viewed at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com ]

Adaptation options can be triggered by climate change. However, in reality, this driver is intertwined with other factors such as market conditions, technological development, farmer perceptions, and policy interventions (Mitter, Schönhart, Larcher, & Schmid, 2018 ; Techen & Helming, 2017 ). All case‐studies assessed climate change adaptation but in different scenario contexts. For the sake of comparability, only those scenarios and adaptation options were included in the review that had been developed from a farming system perspective intended to maintain farm profitability and improve yield level and stability. Other adaptation options focusing primarily on environmental (e.g.,reduced nutrient leaching) and/or social (e.g., employment, health, and culture) objectives (Mandryk, Reidsma, Kanellopoulos, Groot, & van Ittersum, 2014 ) were not included. The current situation of management practices and climate conditions is the counterfactual to which scenarios of future climate and management situations were assessed. However, in reality, transition is already occurring, and the adoption of adaptation practices can already be observed at individual farms in some cases (e.g., in North Savo, FI).

2.3. Characteristics of soil threats and soil functions

The European Commission's ( 2002 ) report lists seven major threats that cause soil degradation in Europe: soil erosion , decline in SOC , compaction , decline in soil biodiversity , salinization , contamination , and sealing . Because the study focuses on agricultural soil management, only the first five soil threats were considered. Soil contamination and soil sealing were excluded because the first is by definition associated with industrial, mainly point‐source pollution, whereas the latter refers to taking land out of production (European Commission, 2002 ).

Soils provide numerous functions to society. The European Commission ( 2006 ) lists seven key functions: food and biomass production ; storing , filtering, transforming , and recycling water and nutrients ; habitat and gene pool ; SOC pool ; providing raw materials ; serving as physical and cultural environment for mankind ; and storing the geological and archaeological heritage . In this study, focus was laid on the first four functions (Table  2 ), which are most relevant to agricultural land use (Schulte et al., 2014 ). The concept of soil functions was introduced in the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection (European Commission, 2006 ), although it has not resulted in a legal implementation of soil conservation measures. Soil functions connect the physical, chemical, and biological processes in the soil system with the provision of benefits to society (Glæsner, Helming, & de Vries, 2014 ). Agricultural management affects the performance of soil functions in close interaction with geophysical site conditions. The optimization of one of the functions is often to the disadvantage of others. The assessment presents aggregated impacts of one to several adaptation options on soil threats and functions (Table  3 ).

Soil functions and the linkage to the SDGs as classified by Montanarella and Alva ( 2015 )

Note . SDGs = Sustainable Development Goals.

Expected agricultural adaptation options and anticipated impacts on soil threats and soil functions in the 20 case studies

Note . SOC = soil organic carbon.

2.4. Relevance of soil functions for realizing the SDGs

In 2015, the United Nations member countries adopted the agenda 2030 with its 17 SDGs. Although not explicit in the 17 SDG guidelines, the ability of soils to perform their functions plays an important role in meeting specific goals (Keesstra et al., 2016 ). The review of case‐studies was used to examine the potential of supporting the SDGs in the European context through links with soil functions (Montanarella & Alva, 2015 ; Table  2 ).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results indicate that all case‐studies considered soil degradation, although they all had other primary research objectives (e.g., yields, profitability, and greenhouse gas emissions). This confirms the high awareness of soil degradation issues in agricultural climate change research. In general, the adaptation options under climate change conditions seem to have positive impacts on soils (Table  3 ). Five main groups of agricultural adaptation options could be distinguished: introduction of new crops and crop rotation changes; alteration of the intensity of tillage practices; implementation of irrigation and drainage systems; optimization of fertilization; and change of arable land to grassland or vice versa. The potential soil threats of adaptation options and impacts on soil functions are presented in Table  3 . A positive impact (+) indicates reduced soil threats and improved soil functions. A negative impact (−) indicates increased soil degradation risks and decreased soil functions. Due to the aggregation of one to several simultaneously assessed adaptation options, the combined effects on soil functions are provided for each case‐study.

3.1. Impacts of adaptation options on soil threats

The study shows that adaptation options under climate change scenarios reduced SOC losses in 75% of the cases examined (Figure  3 ). For example, farmers and extension experts in the North Savo case (FI) are already worried about wet conditions in winter and more frequent heavy rains as well as wet conditions during the harvest periods, which affect crop yields, nutrient leaching, and erosion. In response, modified crop rotations, including the use of deep‐rooted crops (i.e., clover and oilseed), have been proposed by local scientists (Huttunen et al., 2015 ; Peltonen‐Sainio et al., 2016 ). An expert from the region anticipates that these changes may maintain or even improve the SOC levels and water retention. For the case‐study of Foggia (IT), adopting 2‐ or 3‐year crop rotations (based on winter wheat and tomato) under future conditions similar to a climate model realization of the IPCC A2 climate emission scenario led to an increase in SOC by approximately 10% of the SOC content of the current system that is based on continuous wheat (Ventrella et al., 2012b ).

Anticipated impacts of agricultural adaptation options on soil threats [Colour figure can be viewed at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com ]

The SOC levels were expected to decrease in only two cases (10%) as a result of implementing adaptation options. For example, using the CLIMSAVE Integrated Assessment Platform, Holman, Harrison, and Metzger ( 2016 ) identified adaptation options for NE Scotland (UK). The options included an expansion of the agricultural area and conversion of extensive permanent grassland to ley grassland and arable land due to expected increases in T and reduced summer wetness limitations by 2050. These measures would likely lead to a loss of SOC in the area. Three case‐studies (15%) did not analyse SOC changes.

Twelve studies (60%) anticipated a reduced potential risk of soil erosion due to implementation of adaptation measures, including improved crop rotations, permanent soil cover by crop residues, and minimum tillage or zero tillage.

Although adaptation options are anticipated to reduce many soil threats in most cases across Europe, there are concerns regarding the likely increase in soil compaction (approximately 40%). Soil compaction is a common problem worldwide. It affects plant root development and reduces water retention capacity; it can also lower crop yields (D'Or & Destain, 2016 ). With the increase in total irrigated cropland and more intensive use of agricultural machinery, the risk of soil compaction may increase. For Brandenburg (DE), Gutzler et al. ( 2015 ) identified the irrigation of key crops, such as wheat, rye, maize, and sugar beet, as an agricultural adaptation strategy to cope with climate change (e.g., less rainfall in summer and more in winter) and to increase crop productivity. However, irrigation and the use of heavy machinery may increase the risk of soil compaction in the area. Thus, an appropriate use of agricultural machinery (e.g., low pressure and wide tires) is one effective measure against compaction (Prager et al., 2011 ). In Flevoland (NL), some farmers are concerned about SOC loss and soil compaction and therefore intend to replace root crops with wheat. However, if they were only interested in profits, the area of root crops such as potatoes would likely increase (Mandryk et al., 2017 ).

The results further show that little knowledge or awareness is currently available among agricultural researchers regarding the influence of climate change and adaptation on soil biodiversity, although the decline in soil biodiversity has been reported as the key future threat (McBratney, Field, & Koch, 2014 ). Although eight cases anticipated positive and two cases anticipated negative impacts on biodiversity, 10 cases (50%) did not consider soil biodiversity.

Most of the case‐studies reported that the risk of salinity is limited, at least in the medium term, due to their locations in northern and western parts of Europe. Salinity issues are more prominent in the southern and eastern parts of Europe, such as in the Mediterranean climate region (Zalidis, Stamatiadis, Takavakoglou, Eskridge, & Misopolinos, 2002 ), where the annual water balance may become negative. In the case of the Guadalquivir Valley (ES), increased irrigation using reclaimed wastewater might create environmental problems due to increased soil salinity accumulation. Studies carried out in Almería (southern Spain) showed that irrigation with nutrient enriched disinfected urban wastewater can result in low macronutrient absorption efficiency and high soil salinity (Segura, Contreras París, Plaza, & Lao, 2012 ).

3.2. Impacts of adaptation options on soil functions

In addition to reducing soil threats, most of the adaptation options were found to have positive effects on some soil functions (Figure  4 ). Adaptation options were expected to increase agricultural food and biomass production in 80% of the case‐studies. This finding reveals that the integration of climate change adaptation and yield increase was plausible for the time range of the studies (i.e., the years 2025–2100). In the example of Oristanese (IT), decreased rainfall in the spring and more frequent and extreme droughts are expected as part of climate change. Adaptation of crop varieties/hybrids and improved organic fertilizer use and management have been proposed to offset such climate change challenges when irrigation water is available (Dono et al., 2016 ), which may result in increased crop and biomass production due to the extended growing season, the CO 2 fertilization, and the effect of milder winters on irrigated autumn–spring hay crops.

Anticipated impacts of agricultural adaptation options on soil functions. SOC = soil organic carbon [Colour figure can be viewed at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com ]

Increased biomass production accompanied an expected increase in SOC in 11 of the 16 cases. The results highlight that adaptation options such as reduced tillage, establishment of cover crops, and manuring have the possibility to maintain or even increase the SOC content. For example, Schönhart et al. ( 2016 ) illustrated the positive impacts of reduced tillage on the SOC levels for Mostviertel (AUT) based on integrated modelling.

The storing, filtering, transforming, and recycling functions of soils were also found to be positively impacted by the adaptation options in 70% of the case‐studies. For example, in the Broye (CH) case‐study, increasing irrigation resulted in a denser and more permanent crop cover throughout the year and therefore helped to maintain agricultural productivity and to reduce nutrient losses through leaching or soil loss through water erosion. Furthermore, it was found that both conservation soil management and an increase in the share of winter crops can contribute to a reduction in soil loss by providing soil coverage, particularly during the periods of the year with the most intense rainfall events (Klein, Holzkämper, Calanca, & Fuhrer, 2014 ).

Similar to the results of soil threats, the impacts on the function of soils as a habitat and gene pool are largely unknown. Of the 20 case‐studies, only six (30%) addressed the impacts of agricultural adaptation on soil biodiversity. The obvious ignorance of soil biodiversity issues in most of the case‐studies is a mismatch with the emerging knowledge of the important functional role of soil organisms for soil processes (Cluzeau et al., 2012 ). This is a clear knowledge gap that must be addressed in the future. Among the few cases addressing biodiversity, Odgaard, Bøcher, Dalgaard, and Svenning ( 2011 ) proposed adaptation, including changing crop rotations (e.g., reduced maize area) for Norsminde (DK). Increasing drainage and extending buffer zones along water courses (Christen & Dalgaard, 2013 ) can be responses to more extreme weather events. Local experts in Norsminde expect positive impacts on habitats with larger and perhaps more diverse gene pools. In general, in Denmark, there is a trend towards more organic farming, which will ultimately promote soil biodiversity.

3.3. Progress towards the SDGs

The adaptation options represented in the case‐studies potentially support the achievement of SDGs. Adaptation in most of the case studies likely supports SDGs 2 and 13, whereas the impacts on SDG 15 appear uncertain and depend on the regional context and the choice of adaptation options. Most case‐studies are largely based on modelling and experts' expectations of possible effects of future management and less on measured empirical evidence, which increases uncertainties of soil biodiversity effects due to climate change adaptation. However, with respect to SDGs 2 and 13, several climate change adaptation options are already practised on farms in order to increase resilience to harmful weather events (e.g., Mitter et al., 2018 ), which increases confidence. For example, some evidence has been found for effects on crop yields and soil functions under conditions of elevated temperatures, rainfall, or extreme events (Peltonen‐Sainio et al., 2016 ), which are most likely becoming more frequent due to climate change in some European regions. Other adaptation options, such as more diversified land use at the farm level suggested by Peltonen‐Sainio et al. ( 2016 ), require further empirical evidence.

Although the contribution to SDG 2 through increased food and biomass production in many areas of Europe is in line with other model results on climate change adaptation (Ergon et al., 2018 ; Gabaldón‐Leal et al., 2015 ; Klein, Holzkämper, Calanca, Seppelt, & Fuhrer, 2013 ; Klumpp, Tallec, Guix, & Soussana, 2011 ), less evidence is available to validate findings on the other soil functions, which are more important for SDGs 13 and 15. Further uncertainty results from the huge knowledge gap on the potential and adoption rates of emerging technologies in agriculture and on process interactions between climate change, soil management, and soil functions. Detailed, integrated case‐studies of climate and management changes are required to verify which adaptation options perform best to promote sustainable development in a particular regional context and how their adoption can be supported.

4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Climate change is a major threat that could lead to a decline in agricultural production in many regions of the world. Adaptation is important to manage the risks and utilize the benefits from climate change. However, when the primary aim is to increase food production, soils and ecosystem services may be adversely affected. Thus, understanding the possible future impacts of agricultural adaptation options for addressing potential risks of soil degradation is vital.

The results of this study provide some clear general insights. They show that adaptation options are expected to reduce the threats of soil erosion and declining SOC in most cases. Soil compaction remains a major threat. Little knowledge is available regarding the decline in soil biodiversity. Therefore, future research should focus on these shortcomings. Furthermore, the adaptation options reveal generally positive effects on the soil functions of food and biomass production, C sequestration in soil, and improvements in storing, filtering, transforming, and recycling capacities. Impacts on soil microorganisms and soil fauna are poorly understood. The results suggest that anticipated climate change adaptation options in agriculture have the potential to offset some of the deteriorating impacts of climate change on soil functions if farmers implement them based on the best available knowledge. In addition, the linkage between soil functions and the SDGs indicates a positive contribution to achieving SDGs 2 (achieving food security and promoting sustainable agriculture) and 13 (taking actions on climate change), whereas a clear signal regarding impacts on SDG 15 (using terrestrial ecosystems sustainably) could not be identified.

Finally, this study demonstrated that despite the broad range of local contexts and farming systems assessed in the 20 case‐studies across Europe, it is possible to identify converging win–win policies that are able to support adaptation options that could, at the same time, minimize soil threats and enhance multiple soil functions. However, more studies are needed in the future to support this ambition given the uncertainties inherent to climate change, its implications for long‐term soil process dynamics, interactions with agricultural practices, and the multiple interacting factors affecting the consequences of adaptation options as well as the market, technology, and policy changes for soils.

Supporting information

Data S1 A semi‐structured interview format

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was supported by the Modelling European Agriculture with Climate Change for Food Security (MACSUR) BMBF (031B0039C) and national or European research projects (e.g., LANDMARK, SustainFARM, dNmark.org and NitroPortugal in Denmark, BMBF BonaRes [031A608B] in Germany, the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies D.M. 24064/7303/15 in Italy, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/N00485X/1 and BB/K010301/1] in the UK, the Austrian Science Fund [FWF] [I 2046‐B25], and the metaprogrammes AAFCC [Adaptation of Agriculture and Forests to Climate Change] and ECOSERV [Ecosystem Services] of the French National Institute for Agricultural Research [INRA] in France). We appreciate the support from Kevin Urbasch (Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research) and Ilhom Abdurahmanov (Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers) in preparing the spatial map.

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100 Words Essay On Soil Pollution In English

Soil pollution is defined by Wikipedia to be, “a part of land degradation caused by the presence of xenobiotic chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals or improper disposal of waste.”

Soil pollution gives rise to diseases such as headaches, coughing, chest pain, nausea, and skin or eye irritation. Studies have also proven that prolonged exposure to contaminated soil can lead to depression of the central nervous system and damage to vital organs. Much like water pollutants, common air pollutants are industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, nuclear wastes, mining and sewer sludge. 

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Speech on Soil Pollution in English in simple and easy words

Table of Contents

Speech on Soil Pollution : For years, soil pollution has been one of the biggest environmental issues that the whole world is trying to tackle. It is highly hazardous because it not only affects the land and water animals; it also hampers the life of human beings. Time to time government and private institutes, schools and colleges organize programs, events, debates, etc., to discuss the matter. You may be required to give Speech on Soil Pollution on one of such events.

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Long and Short Speech on Soil Pollution in English

We have shared some sample Soil Pollution Speech that you can take examples from. Our Long Speech on Soil Pollution is highly informative and comprehensive.

It is basically aimed at preparing students and professionals to speak confidently on soil pollution. The Short Speech on Soil Pollution is equally all-inclusive for students of school and college level to speak on the topic.

The languages of all English speech topics are very simple yet inspiring for you to hold the attention of your audience.

Soil Pollution Speech 1

Respected Teachers, Parents and Dear Students!

Welcome to the event called ‘Plant a tree’, our school celebrates this day every year and the main motive is to make kids responsible towards environment and be instrumental in diminishing soil pollution.

Soil pollution is one of the biggest and the most common problems people are facing today. The primary reason why soil gets polluted is because of the waste produced by men. Soil is usually the combination of non-organic and organic composite elements; it s composed of minerals, rocks, air, water, and humus; hence, the soil is considered as highly valuable resource. It is also valued because; it is that face of earth where trees and plants nurture their roots and develop in the healthful environment; soil is also the home to numerous tiny microbe organisms important for farming purposes.

However, the quality of soil is degrading day by day and the mixing of harmful non-organic and organic elements is the biggest cause of such degradation. The soil is regarded polluted when it stops growing crops, plants or grasses. Such land is useless for farmers and if farming stops, it affects the economy of the country. While growth of industries is considered to be the biggest reasons of such contamination, agriculture and urbanization are also to be held responsible for soil pollution.

Industries are engaged in dumping waste produces such as metals, chemicals, plastics etc. for years. These activities not only destroy the soil vitality and nutrients, they also leave the lands and soil making those useless. Farmers spray ‘chemical pesticides’ for keeping the insects and organisms away that may otherwise demolish their harvests. The herbicides and pesticides used by the framers to keep their harvest safe otherwise are highly dangerous and indirectly impact the health of people that consumes the crops.

Also, consumption of crops, vegetables and fruits from polluted soil may cause diseases and infection as they are related to carcinogenic composites such as metal, lead, oil, petroleum, etc. that may affect human bodies adversely.

Soil pollution is hazardous to animals’ people’s, birds’ and insects’ health. While toxins and polluted materials emerged in the soil is rather difficult to separate; suitable methods and measures must be applied to preserve the soil environment.

Soil composition has nutrients that help the development of nutritious fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. Both wildlife and humans co-independently depend upon land for survival. The vigorous soil is not only important for growing abundant and healthy crops, fruits, etc; it is also important for getting shelter. Polluted and poor soil composition may cause collapse of buildings due to poor and degraded soil foundation. Soil pollution also results in air pollution, spreading hazardous dust elements in the air that cause various health problems when breathed by living beings.

There are various causes and impacts of soil pollution depending upon the kind of pollutants. Soil pollution can be due to man-made or natural pollutants. It is sad to know that pollution cannot be completely eradicated; however the hazardous effect can be minimized and necessary for making the atmosphere eco-friendly.

While there are various methods of controlling the soil get polluted any further; tree plantation is one of the most important and significant measures. Tree plantation culture should be inculcated in children at home and school so that they understand the importance of greenery and remain dedicated to the environment.

Soil Pollution Speech 2

A very good morning to all the staff and all other members of the ABC Ltd. Company!

As you know that we have gathered here to participate in the event called ‘Sustainable India’ organized by our company. The main purpose of this event is to make you aware of the ill-effect of soil pollution that is constantly spreading in the atmosphere in the present times.

Soil pollution is described as the ‘changes in chemical, physical and biological’ situations of the soil due to human intervention or misuse of land; thus, causing degradation of the soil and minimizing its productivity.

Many research centers are engaged in doing researches to find out the main cause and impacts of soil pollution. Municipal and domestic waste, agricultural and industrial waste, etc. are primarily responsible for the pollution of soil and land. Not just soil but the local marine surroundings as well as the water bodies are also getting polluted due to such wastes.

Domestic wastes are usually created by households and include materials and matters such as unused food, peels of vegetables and fruits, plastics and newspapers. While many women dump such garbage in the local ground, or open land, etc. many families submit such wastes to garbage pickers who would ultimately deposit all the wastes in huge open land. Since these wastes are disposed of improperly, they not only pollute the entire the atmosphere and the surrounding place, they also become home for flies, rats, mosquitoes etc.

Industries have also been a major cause of soil pollution. Industries such as textile & mining, paper & pulp, steel & iron, food processing, chemicals & fertilizers and oil refineries discharge tones of industrial wastes during the process. Such wastes get dumped into water and soil, thereby contributing to increased soil pollution.

Irrigation and harvesting also increase salinity of soil to an extent that its productivity lessens. Exhaustive use of pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides decreases the soil’s capability to fix nitrogen. Also, residues of pesticides get preserved in the soil for years, degrading the soil quality.

Production of mineral is connected with the generation of solid waste in the form of slimes, overburden and tailings. Areas around mining and smelting compounds are mostly filled by metals. Mining often results in loss of productive land, soil pollution and soil erosion. Biological Agents are also responsible for soil pollution due to inappropriate disposal of excreta.

Nuclear wastes are very harmful for health as they have radioactive substances that produce nuclear radiation. If such radioactive nuclear wastes get dumped in trash bins, they may release nuclear radiations posing threat to life of living beings.

While responsible steps have to be taken by each and every individual to stop soil pollution; using eco-friendly products and prohibiting use of plastic and polythene bags is the most important steps required to be taken by people. Plastics never get fully decomposed; in fact, they get immersed in water and soil, threatening the life of innocent and poor water and animals. Use of bio-degradable bags such as jute, cloth, etc would help curtailing use of plastics.

People must stop reading physical newspaper, instead read it online to save trees. Government must emphasize on use of organic manure in fields, etc. Garbage must be burnt in enclosed chambers. These steps would help reduce soil pollution and give us a healthier life in the long run.

Soil Pollution Speech 3

Good Morning Friends!

It gives me immense pleasure to announce that our company has been selected as one of most sustainable companies out of the 25 companies. I would like to thank my team for being instrumental in achieving this award. On this occasion, I would like to speak few words on environmental pollution.

As we are advancing, the level of pollution has also been rising constantly and soil pollution has become one of the most critical challenges impacting the environment as well living beings. While soil pollution is considered the global problem; developed and developing countries have been struggling constantly to find solution to this problem. Different types of toxins and hazardous substances from various sources get immersed land polluting the soil, water and the air, as a result. Poisonous dust and smokes, chemicals, etc from the factories and industries are disposed of in open lands and water causing air, water, land and overall environmental pollution.

It’s a known fact that polluted atmosphere is highly deadly for which get inserted into human and animal bodies through lungs when we breathe. Despite various efforts been made by different Research Institute, no permanent solution has been invented to fight the soil pollution.

Sewage dumps and all other types of wastes from factories and industries are directly flown into huge water bodies including rivers, seas, lakes, etc. While they cause water pollution and have adverse effect on people health since they get mixed with drinking water; these polluted water bodies are also instrumental in causing soil pollution. When flood occurs, the contaminated water flows in open fields, etc and deposits in the land when water dries out; resulting in soil pollution.

Agriculture is also one of the reasons of soil pollution. Chemicals such as solvents, hydrocarbons and heavy metals released from factories and industries get amalgamated with the soil; use of pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides etc. during farming and underneath leakage of chemicals or chemical spill, etc heavily result in soil pollution.

We all know that soil pollution has major health implications; but did you know that soil pollution has economic implications too? Industrial and domestic wastes cause soil pollution, resulting in infertility and degradation of land. Improper and illegal practices of waste disposal such as burning and dumping of crops, garbage also result in air pollution causing health problems. Soil pollution is also instrumental in degrading the variety, quality and quantity of crop. Mining in industries, factories are the reasons of infertility, soil erosion and soil pollution.

While various methods are been suggested as the measures for controlling soil pollution; no measure would be fruitful until people become conscious, aware and responsible. It is important for the industry experts and practitioners to identify land planning elements for establishing land utilize options, prospective long-standing economic benefits and thus save environmental impacts. Implementation of schemes and policies to curtail afforestation is also important saving the environment.

It has also been suggested to implement sustainable management of waste for protecting the land from getting polluted. It is advisable to recycle the industrial wastes; wastes and debris left post mining must be refilled in abandoned and old mines, biodegradable substances must be composted. Public awareness is the foremost step that must be taken to inform people about the benefits of such processes.

Soil Pollution Speech 4

Dear Visitors and Staff!

Good morning and welcome to the event organized by our NGO ‘XYZ for India”. Our NGPO basically focuses on making India pollution free and today, our theme is ‘Soil Pollution’.

Soil pollution is considered one of the deadliest problems as it is constantly been hampering the life of human beings as well as it has polluted the entire atmosphere across the world. In layman’s language, soil pollution is a slow poison that is disturbing the life of people as well as animals, birds as well as water animals. While soil pollution or any type of pollution is considered to be uncontrollable; it is becoming all the more critical to control pollution and make India and the world pollution free to live a healthier life.

The biggest reason of soil pollutions is the unawareness amongst people. Though villages are also significant contributors of soil pollution; industries and factories situated in developed cities and big towns are highly responsible for these types of pollution. While almost everyone understands the repercussions of soil pollution; no effort made by one or two people, industries or institutes is sufficient enough to tackle such ever increasing problem.

Soil pollution is the result of dumps, garbage and waste materials that get deposited in the land that gradually impacts that area of land as well as the surrounding areas. Also, farmers use pesticides, herbicides, etc. to protect their crops and harvests. In earlier days, farmers used organic pesticides but now they use chemical infused pesticides for accelerating the growth of crops and for protecting the same. While these result in increased result on short term basis; such pesticides have deadly result in the long run.

Factories and industries flow their wastes directly in water bodies that hampers the small lakes or seas and when water in lakes, rivers dry out during summers, the wastes travel on lands polluting the entire area. It is high time that industry and factory owners understand their responsibility and take constructive steps for saving the earth from pollution.

Though soil pollution has always been a critical problem but the urbanization, deforestation advanced life style, technological advancement, and less conscious people today are contributing greatly to the rise of soil pollution.

Common people can help protect the soil from getting polluted by completely stopping the use of plastic, especially the polythene bags. These are the most dangerous and highly uncontrollable reason of soil pollution. The plastics never get completely destroyed and keep on lying on the land or immersed in water for years and years affecting not only land and water animals but also human lives since these get merged in the air too.

It is important that the people, industries and the government make joint effort and introduce some laws and policies to curtail the use of polythene bags. Though there are policies but in the absence of strict implementation, many states, especially big cities are carelessly using such hazardous substances. While local shops and vendors must be penalized with heavy fines and punishments; people must also make sure to carry their own jute or cloth bag when going out for shopping.

A small step taken by every individual can bring a great revolution in saving the earth from soil pollution but it has to start now. Though this speech today, I appeal to each one of you to be conscious, sensible and considerate towards our planet and act responsibly.

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Speech on Soil Pollution FAQ’s

What is soil pollution in 100 words.

Soil pollution is the contamination of soil with harmful substances, such as chemicals, heavy metals, or toxic waste, which adversely affect soil quality and harm plant and animal life. It results from various human activities like industrial waste disposal, agricultural chemicals, and improper waste management, posing a significant threat to ecosystems, agriculture, and human health.

What is soil pollution in a short essay?

Soil pollution, a pressing environmental issue, occurs when soil is contaminated by harmful substances. This contamination adversely affects soil quality, harming plant and animal life. It results from human activities like industrial waste, agricultural chemicals, and poor waste management. Soil pollution poses a significant threat to ecosystems, agriculture, and human health.

What are the main points of soil pollution?

The main points of soil pollution include the introduction of harmful substances into the soil through various human activities, such as industrial waste disposal and the use of agricultural chemicals. These contaminants can harm soil quality, disrupt ecosystems, reduce crop yields, and impact human health. Soil pollution is a threat to biodiversity, food safety, and sustainable agriculture.

What is soil pollution for students?

Soil pollution is when the soil becomes contaminated with harmful substances like chemicals, heavy metals, and toxic waste. This can happen because of things like factories, farms, and improper waste disposal. When soil is polluted, it can harm plants and animals, disrupt ecosystems, and even make food unsafe. It's essential to understand that soil pollution is a significant environmental problem that affects the quality of the soil we rely on for agriculture and the well-being of the planet. Students can help by learning about responsible waste management and sustainable farming practices to reduce soil pollution.

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Forest Essay, 500 Words Essay on Forest in English

Forest Essay is the most important topic to ask in examination. Discover and Read the enchanting world of forests in the 500 words Forest Essay in the article given below.

October 11, 2023

Table of Contents

Forest Essay

Forests are vital components of our planet’s ecosystem, covering roughly 31% of Earth’s land area and supporting an incredible diversity of life. These lush habitats serve as biodiversity hotspots, hosting numerous plant and animal species found nowhere else on Earth. Furthermore, forests play a critical role in mitigating climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and releasing life-sustaining oxygen.

They also regulate water flow, prevent soil erosion, and provide valuable resources such as wood and medicinal plants. Beyond their ecological significance, forests offer recreation opportunities, cultural and spiritual value, and economic benefits, contributing significantly to both local communities and the global economy. To safeguard these natural wonders and their many contributions, it is imperative that we continue to prioritize forest conservation and sustainable management practices.

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Importance of Forest

Forests hold immense importance for our planet and all life on it. Their significance can be summarized in several key points:

Biodiversity Conservation: Forests are rich reservoirs of biodiversity, housing a vast array of plant and animal species. They serve as critical habitats and breeding grounds, helping to maintain the intricate web of life on Earth. Many species are uniquely adapted to forest ecosystems, making their preservation essential for global biodiversity.

Climate Regulation: Forests play a pivotal role in climate regulation by acting as carbon sinks. Through photosynthesis, they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store carbon in their biomass and soil. This helps mitigate climate change by reducing the greenhouse effect and stabilizing global temperatures.

Oxygen Production: Trees and plants in forests are responsible for producing a significant portion of the world’s oxygen. They take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis, making forests vital for the breathable air we rely on.

Water Cycle Management: Forests contribute to the regulation of the water cycle. They absorb rainwater, reducing runoff and the risk of floods, while slowly releasing water into rivers and streams, ensuring a steady supply of fresh water. Forests also help maintain water quality by filtering pollutants.

Soil Protection and Fertility: The root systems of trees and plants in forests prevent soil erosion by anchoring the soil. Additionally, as leaves and organic matter decompose, they enrich the soil with nutrients, promoting soil fertility for agriculture.

Resource Provision: Forests provide a wide range of valuable resources, including timber, non-timber forest products (such as fruits, nuts, and medicinal plants), and habitat for hunting and fishing. These resources support the livelihoods of millions of people worldwide.

Cultural and Spiritual Significance: Forests hold cultural and spiritual significance for many indigenous communities and societies around the world. They are often seen as sacred places and are integral to traditional knowledge and practices.

Economic Value: Forests contribute significantly to the global economy. The timber industry, along with the production of non-timber forest products, generates income and employment opportunities, particularly in rural areas.

Recreational and Health Benefits: Forests provide spaces for recreation, such as hiking, camping, and wildlife observation. Spending time in forests has been linked to reduced stress, improved mental health, and enhanced overall well-being, contributing to a healthier society.

Forest Essay in English 500 Words

The Enchanting World of Forests: Nature’s Gift to Humanity

Forests are not just vast expanses of trees; they are the heart and soul of our planet. These enchanting ecosystems, covering approximately 31% of Earth’s land area, have an irreplaceable role in maintaining the balance of life on our blue planet. In this essay, we will journey into the captivating world of forests, uncovering their unique attributes, ecological significance, and the countless ways they enrich our lives.

Diversity in Unity

Forests are living museums of biodiversity, each a unique tapestry of life. As you step into a forest, you enter a realm teeming with an astonishing array of plant and animal species. In these lush havens, you can find towering trees, delicate ferns, vibrant wildflowers, elusive mammals, and melodious birds. Many of these creatures are found exclusively in forests, making them essential for preserving Earth’s biodiversity.

The Climate Warriors

Forests are our planet’s frontline defenders against climate change. They are nature’s carbon capture and storage facilities. Through the miraculous process of photosynthesis, trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it as carbon in their biomass and soil. This helps regulate the Earth’s climate by reducing the greenhouse effect, which, in turn, mitigates the impacts of global warming.

The Oxygen Factory

Forests are often referred to as the “lungs of the Earth” because they play a pivotal role in producing oxygen. The very air we breathe owes a debt of gratitude to the photosynthetic prowess of forests. They continually release life-sustaining oxygen into the atmosphere, making them essential for our survival.

Guardians of Water

Forests are like natural sponges that absorb rainwater and slowly release it into streams and rivers. This regulation helps prevent floods during heavy rainfall and ensures a consistent supply of freshwater during dry spells. Additionally, forests act as water filters, purifying the water as it percolates through the forest floor.

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Soil Protectors and Fertility Boosters

The intricate root systems of trees and plants in forests anchor the soil, preventing erosion. This vital function safeguards fertile topsoil from being washed away by rain or blown away by the wind. Moreover, as leaves and organic matter decompose, they enrich the soil with nutrients, making it fertile for agriculture.

Nurturing Life and Livelihoods

Forests are not just about ecology; they are deeply intertwined with human existence. They provide a cornucopia of resources, including wood for construction and fuel, non-timber forest products like fruits and medicinal herbs, and habitat for hunting and fishing. These resources support the livelihoods of millions of people around the world.

A Sanctuary for the Soul

Forests offer more than tangible benefits; they provide spiritual solace and recreation. Many indigenous communities consider forests sacred, and they are often places of meditation and reflection. Beyond their spiritual significance, forests are popular destinations for outdoor activities like hiking, camping, and wildlife watching, promoting physical and mental well-being.

Conservation and Sustainable Management

To preserve the treasures of our forests, conservation efforts are crucial. Reforestation and afforestation involve planting new trees and restoring degraded forests. Sustainable logging practices strike a balance between resource extraction and forest preservation. Establishing protected areas and national parks safeguards critical forest ecosystems, and respecting the land rights of indigenous communities is vital for preserving forests and their traditional knowledge.

Forest Essay FAQs

Forests play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy planet. They are essential to our society as they supply us with various important resources. People depend on forests for items like paper, wood, and more. Furthermore, forested areas serve as critical habitats for animals, plants, and numerous microorganisms, ensuring the survival of diverse species.

A forest is a vast expanse of land covered with a dense growth of trees, shrubs, and plants. It is a vibrant ecosystem teeming with diverse life forms, including animals, birds, insects, and fungi. Forests are essential for the health of our planet, as they help regulate the climate by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. They also play a crucial role in preserving biodiversity by providing habitats for countless species. Moreover, forests offer valuable resources such as wood and medicinal plants, supporting both human livelihoods and ecological balance. These complex and intricate ecosystems are vital to the well-being of our world.

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English Paragraph On Soil For Class 5 Students

About soil, a paragraph writing example in English for all class students and children. The following soil paragraphs are very useful for writing and completing worksheets.

Table of Contents

The soil: Paragraph Writing Example For Students

Soil is one of the most significant natural resources we have. It is a vital portion of the ecosystem and plays a main role in plant growth and food creation. Soil is also a valuable source for water storage and filtration.

The soil consists of different types of rock, minerals, organic matter, air, and water. The type of soil you have depends on the type of rock that is found in your area. Soils can be divided into two categories: mineral soils and organic soils.

Mineral soils are made up of inorganic substances such as sand, silt, and clay. These soils are naturally lighter in color than organic soils. Organic soils are made up of organic materials such as rotting plants, rotted animal matter, and other types of stored organic matter. These soils are generally darker in color than mineral soils.

Soil can be found anywhere on earth where rock weathering occurs. The soil begins to develop as soon as the first rock particle breaks into smaller pieces due to atmospheric conditions such as wind and rain. As these particles continue to break down, they start to form new minerals that are different from the original ones.

At this point, organic matter also begins to accumulate, which leads to the formation of layers of soil, or horizons. As the soil continues to form, it resembles a layered cake with ribbons of different colors that represent each horizon present in the soil profile. For example, a layer formed by the accumulation of organic matter would be darker in color, while a layer formed by the accumulation of sand would be lighter.

Soil plays an important role in human life as it is used for farming and growing various crops that serve as a source of food . It is also important to filter wastewater before it reaches our streams, rivers, lakes, etc. Soil also helps regulate the amount of water that gets into the soil through rainfall or irrigation, thus helping us achieve consistently good crop yields.

The fertility dilemma associated with some soils has been solved by deep plowing procedures, which turn under organic matter more effectively than shallow plowing methods. Other ways to increase soil health include using plant species that fix nitrogen in the soil, adding lime if your pH levels are too low, and using cover crops.

Soil is a non-profit resource, and it is critical to take care of it so that it can be used for many years to come. We need to use the best supervision techniques to conserve soil and minimize degradation. By doing this, we can ensure that our soil will remain fertile and be able to produce food for generations to come.

Thank you for reading! I hope this copy has given you a better understanding of what soil is and what it does. Please feel free to share your thoughts in the comments section below!

Hello! Welcome to my Blog StudyParagraphs.co. My name is Angelina. I am a college professor. I love reading writing for kids students. This blog is full with valuable knowledge for all class students. Thank you for reading my articles.

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