ladakh earthquake case study

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Disaster Management in Flash Floods in Leh (Ladakh): A Case Study

Preeti gupta.

Regimental Medical Officer, Leh, Ladakh, India

Anurag Khanna

1 Commanding Officer, Army Hospital, Leh, India

2 Registrar, Army Hospital, Leh, India

Background:

On August 6, 2010, in the dark of the midnight, there were flash floods due to cloud burst in Leh in Ladakh region of North India. It rained 14 inches in 2 hours, causing loss of human life and destruction. The civil hospital of Leh was badly damaged and rendered dysfunctional. Search and rescue operations were launched by the Indian Army immediately after the disaster. The injured and the dead were shifted to Army Hospital, Leh, and mass casualty management was started by the army doctors while relief work was mounted by the army and civil administration.

The present study was done to document disaster management strategies and approaches and to assesses the impact of flash floods on human lives, health hazards, and future implications of a natural disaster.

Materials and Methods:

The approach used was both quantitative as well as qualitative. It included data collection from the primary sources of the district collectorate, interviews with the district civil administration, health officials, and army officials who organized rescue operations, restoration of communication and transport, mass casualty management, and informal discussions with local residents.

234 persons died and over 800 were reported missing. Almost half of the people who died were local residents (49.6%) and foreigners (10.2%). Age-wise analysis of the deaths shows that the majority of deaths were reported in the age group of 25–50 years, accounting for 44.4% of deaths, followed by the 11–25-year age group with 22.2% deaths. The gender analysis showed that 61.5% were males and 38.5% were females. A further analysis showed that more females died in the age groups <10 years and ≥50 years.

Conclusions:

Disaster preparedness is critical, particularly in natural disasters. The Army's immediate search, rescue, and relief operations and mass casualty management effectively and efficiently mitigated the impact of flash floods, and restored normal life.

Introduction

In the midnight of August 6, 2010, Leh in Ladakh region of North India received a heavy downpour. The cloud burst occurred all of a sudden that caught everyone unawares. Within a short span of about 2 h, it recorded a rainfall of 14 inches. There were flash floods, and the Indus River and its tributaries and waterways were overflowing. As many as 234 people were killed, 800 were injured, and many went missing, perhaps washed away with the gorging rivers and waterways. There was vast destruction all around. Over 1000 houses collapsed. Men, women, and children were buried under the debris. The local communication networks and transport services were severely affected. The main telephone exchange and mobile network system (BSNL), which was the lifeline in the far-flung parts of the region, was completely destroyed. Leh airport was flooded and the runway was covered with debris, making it non-functional. Road transport was badly disrupted as roads were washed away and blocked with debris at many places. The civil medical and health facilities were also severely affected, as the lone district civil hospital was flooded and filled with debris.

Materials and Methods

The present case study is based on the authors’ own experience of managing a natural disaster caused by the flash floods. The paper presents a firsthand description of a disaster and its prompt management. The data was collected from the records of the district civil administration, the civil hospital, and the Army Hospital, Leh. The approach used was both quantitative as well as qualitative. It included data collection from the primary sources of the district collectorate, interviews with the district civil administration and army officials who organized rescue operations, restoration of communication, and transport, mass casualty management, and informal discussions with local residents.

Disaster management strategies

Three core disaster management strategies were adopted to manage the crisis. These strategies included: i) Response, rescue, and relief operations, ii) Mass casualty management, and iii) Rehabilitation.

Response, rescue, and relief operations

The initial response was carried out immediately by the Government of India. The rescue and relief work was led by the Indian Army, along with the State Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), and Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP). The Indian Army activated the disaster management system immediately, which is always kept in full preparedness as per the standard army protocols and procedures.

There were just two hospitals in the area: the government civil hospital (SNM Hospital) and Army Hospital. During the flash floods, the government civil hospital was flooded and rendered dysfunctional. Although the National Disaster Management Act( 1 ) was in place, with the government civil hospital being under strain, the applicability of the act was hampered. The Army Hospital quickly responded through rescue and relief operations and mass casualty management. By dawn, massive search operations were started with the help of civil authorities and local people. The patients admitted in the civil hospital were evacuated to the Army Hospital, Leh in army helicopters.

The runway of Leh airport was cleared up within a few hours after the disaster so that speedy inflow of supplies could be carried out along with the evacuation of the casualties requiring tertiary level healthcare to the Army Command Hospital in Chandigarh. The work to make the roads operational was started soon after the disaster. The army engineers had started rebuilding the collapsed bridges by the second day. Though the main mobile network was dysfunctional, the other mobile network (Airtel) still worked with limited connectivity in the far-flung areas of the mountains. The army communication system was the main and the only channel of communication for managing and coordinating the rescue and relief operations.

Mass casualty management

All casualties were taken to the Army Hospital, Leh. Severely injured people were evacuated from distant locations by helicopters, directly landing on the helipad of the Army Hospital. In order to reinforce the medical staff, nurses were flown in from the Super Specialty Army Hospital (Research and Referral), New Delhi, to handle the flow of casualties by the third day following the disaster. National Disaster Cell kept medical teams ready in Chandigarh in case they were required. The mortuary of the government civil hospital was still functional where all the dead bodies were taken, while the injured were handled by Army Hospital, Leh.

Army Hospital, Leh converted its auditorium into a crisis expansion ward. The injured started coming in around 0200 hrs on August 6, 2010. They were given first aid and were provided with dry clothes. A majority of the patients had multiple injuries. Those who sustained fractures were evacuated to Army Command Hospital, Chandigarh, by the Army's helicopters, after first aid. Healthcare staff from the government civil hospital joined the Army Hospital, Leh to assist them. In the meanwhile, medical equipment and drugs were transferred from the flooded and damaged government civil hospital to one of the nearby buildings where they could receive the casualties. By the third day following the disaster, the operation theatre of the government civil hospital was made functional. Table 1 gives the details of the patients admitted at the Army Hospital.

Admissions in the Army Hospital, Leh

The analysis of the data showed that majority of the people who lost their lives were mainly local residents (49.6%). Among the dead, there were 10.3% foreign nationals as well [ Table 2 ]. The age-wise analysis of the deaths showed that the majority of deaths were reported in the age group 26–50 years, accounting for 44.4% of deaths, followed by 11–25 year group with 22.2% deaths.

Number of deaths according to status of residence

The gender analysis showed that 61.5% were males among the dead, and 38.5% were females. A further analysis showed that more females died in <10 years and ≥50 years age group, being 62.5% and 57.1%, respectively [ Table 3 ].

Age and sex distribution of deaths

Victims who survived the disaster were admitted to the Army Hospital, Leh. Over 90% of them suffered traumatic injuries, with nearly half of them being major traumatic injuries. About 3% suffered from cold injuries and 6.7% as medical emergencies [ Table 4 ].

Distribution according to nature of casualty among the hospitalized victims

Rehabilitation

Shelter and relief.

Due to flash floods, several houses were destroyed. The families were transferred to tents provided by the Indian Army and government and non-government agencies. The need for permanent shelter for these people emerged as a major task. The Prime Minister of India announced Rs. 100,000 as an ex-gratia to the next of kin of each of those killed, and relief to the injured. Another Rs. 100,000 each would be paid to the next of kin of the deceased from the Chief Minister's Relief Fund of the State Government.

Supply of essential items

The Army maintains an inventory of essential medicines and supplies in readiness as a part of routing emergency preparedness. The essential non-food items were airlifted to the affected areas. These included blankets, tents, gum boots, and clothes. Gloves and masks were provided for the persons who were working to clear the debris from the roads and near the affected buildings.

Water, sanitation, and hygiene

Public Health is seriously threatened in disasters, especially due to lack of water supply and sanitation. People having lost their homes and living in temporary shelters (tents) puts a great strain on water and sanitation facilities. The pumping station was washed away, thus disrupting water supply in the Leh Township. A large number of toilets became non-functional as they were filled with silt, as houses were built at the foothills of the Himalayan Mountains. Temporary arrangements of deep trench latrines were made while the army engineers made field flush latrines for use by the troops.

Water was stagnant and there was the risk of contamination by mud or dead bodies buried in the debris, thus making the quality of drinking water questionable. Therefore, water purification units were installed and established. The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) airlifted a water storage system (Emergency Rescue Unit), which could provide 11,000 L of pure water. Further, super-chlorination was done at all the water points in the army establishments. To deal with fly menace in the entire area, anti-fly measures were taken up actively and intensely.

Food and nutrition

There was an impending high risk of food shortage and crisis of hunger and malnutrition. The majority of food supply came from the plains and low-lying areas in North India through the major transport routes Leh–Srinagar and Leh–Manali national highways. These routes are non-functional for most part of the winter. The local agricultural and vegetable cultivation has always been scanty due to extreme cold weather. The food supplies took a further setback due to the unpredicted heavy downpour. Food storage facilities were also flooded and washed away. Government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and the Indian Army immediately established food supply and distribution system in the affected areas from their food stores and airlifting food supplies from other parts of the country.

There was a high risk of water-borne diseases following the disaster. Many human bodies were washed away and suspected to have contaminated water bodies. There was an increased fly menace. There was an urgent need to prevent disease transmission due to contaminated drinking water sources and flies. There was also a need to rehabilitate people who suffered from crush injuries sustained during the disaster. The public health facilities, especially, the primary health centers and sub-health centers, were not adequately equipped and were poorly connected by roads to the main city of Leh. Due to difficult accessibility, it took many hours to move casualties from the far-flung areas, worsening the crisis and rescue and relief operations. The population would have a higher risk of mental health problems like post-traumatic stress disorder, deprivation, and depression. Therefore, relief and rehabilitation would include increased awareness of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and its alleviation through education on developing coping mechanisms.

Economic impact

Although it would be too early to estimate the impact on economy, the economy of the region would be severely affected due to the disaster. The scanty local vegetable and grain cultivation was destroyed by the heavy rains. Many houses were destroyed where people had invested all their savings. Tourism was the main source of income for the local people in the region. The summer season is the peak tourist season in Ladakh and that is when the natural disaster took place. A large number of people came from within India and other countries for trekking in the region. Because of the disaster, tourism was adversely affected. The disaster would have a long-term economic impact as it would take a long time to rebuild the infrastructure and also to build the confidence of the tourists.

The floods put an immense pressure and an economic burden on the local people and would also influence their health-seeking behavior and health expenditure.

Political context

The disaster became a security threat. The area has a high strategic importance, being at the line of control with China and Pakistan. The Indian Army is present in the region to defend the country's borders. The civil administration is with the Leh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) under the state government of Jammu and Kashmir.

Conclusions

It is impossible to anticipate natural disasters such as flash floods. However, disaster preparedness plans and protocols in the civil administration and public health systems could be very helpful in rescue and relief and in reducing casualties and adverse impact on the human life and socio economic conditions.( 2 ) However, the health systems in India lack such disaster preparedness plans and training.( 3 ) In the present case, presence of the Indian Army that has standard disaster management plans and protocols for planning, training, and regular drills of the army personnel, logistics and supply, transport, and communication made it possible to immediately mount search, rescue, and relief operations and mass casualty management. Not only the disaster management plans were in readiness, but continuous and regular training and drills of the army personnel in rescue and relief operations, and logistics and communication, could effectively facilitate the disaster management operations.

Effective communication was crucial for effective coordination of rescue and relief operations. The Army's communication system served as an alternative communication channel as the public communication and mobile network was destroyed, and that enabled effective coordination of the disaster operations.

Emergency medical services and healthcare within few hours of the disaster was critical to minimize deaths and disabilities. Preparedness of the Army personnel, especially the medical corps, readiness of inventory of essential medicines and medical supplies, logistics and supply chain, and evacuation of patients as a part of disaster management protocols effectively launched the search, rescue, and relief operations and mass casualty reduction. Continuous and regular training and drills of army personnel, health professionals, and the community in emergency rescue and relief operations are important measures. Emergency drill is a usual practice in the army, which maintains the competence levels of the army personnel. Similar training and drill in civil administration and public health systems in emergency protocols for rescue, relief, mass casualty management, and communication would prove very useful in effective disaster management to save lives and restore health of the people.( 2 – 4 )

Lessons learnt and recommendations

Natural disasters not only cause a large-scale displacement of population and loss of life, but also result in loss of property and agricultural crops leading to severe economic burden.( 3 – 6 ) In various studies,( 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 ) several shortcomings have been observed in disaster response, such as, delayed response, absence of early warning systems, lack of resources for mass evacuation, inadequate coordination among government departments, lack of standard operating procedures for rescue and relief, and lack of storage of essential medicines and supplies.

The disaster management operations by the Indian Army in the natural disaster offered several lessons to learn. The key lessons were:

• Response time is a critical attribute in effective disaster management. There was no delay in disaster response by the Indian Army. The rescue and relief operations could be started within 1 h of disaster. This was made possible as the Army had disaster and emergency preparedness plans and protocols in place; stocks of relief supplies and medicines as per standard lists were available; and periodic training and drill of the army personnel and medical corps was undertaken as a routine. The disaster response could be immediately activated.
• There is an important lesson to be learned by the civil administration and the public health system to have disaster preparedness plans in readiness with material and designated rescue officers and workers.
• Prompt activation of disaster management plan with proper command and coordination structure is critical. The Indian Army could effectively manage the disaster as it had standard disaster preparedness plans and training, and activated the system without any time lag. These included standard protocols for search, rescue, and evacuation and relief and rehabilitation. There are standard protocols for mass casualty management, inventory of essential medicines and medical supplies, and training of the army personnel.
• Hospitals have always been an important link in the chain of disaster response and are assuming greater importance as advanced pre-hospital care capabilities lead to improved survival-to-hospital rate.( 9 ) Role of hospitals in disaster preparedness, especially in mass casualty management, is important. Army Hospital, Leh emergency preparedness played a major role in casualty management and saving human lives while the civil district hospital had become dysfunctional due to damage caused by floods. The hospital was fully equipped with essential medicines and supplies, rescue and evacuation equipments, and command and communication systems.
• Standard protocols and disaster preparedness plans need to be prepared for the civil administration and the health systems with focus on Quick Response Teams inclusive of healthcare professionals, rescue personnel, fire-fighting squads, police detachments, ambulances, emergency care drugs, and equipments.( 10 ) These teams should be trained in a manner so that they can be activated and deployed within an hour following the disaster. “TRIAGE” has to be the basic working principle for such teams.
• Effective communication system is of paramount importance in coordination of rescue and relief operations. In the present case study, although the main network with the widest connectivity was extensively damaged and severely disrupted, the army's communication system along with the other private mobile network tided over the crisis. It took over 10 days for reactivation of the main mobile network through satellite communication system. Thus, it is crucial to establish the alternative communication system to handle such emergencies efficiently and effectively.( 2 , 11 )
• Disaster management is a multidisciplinary activity involving a number of departments/agencies spanning across all sectors of development.( 2 ) The National Disaster Management Authority of India, set up under National Disaster Management Act 2005,( 1 ) has developed disaster preparedness and emergency protocols. It would be imperative for the civil administration at the state and district levels in India to develop their disaster management plans using these protocols and guidelines.
• Health system's readiness plays important role in prompt and effective mass casualty management.( 2 ) Being a mountainous region, the Ladakh district has difficult access to healthcare, with only nine Primary Health Centers and 31 Health Sub-Centers.( 12 ) There is a need for strengthening health systems with focus on health services and health facility network and capacity building. More than that, primary healthcare needs to be augmented to provide emergency healthcare so that more and more lives can be saved.( 7 )
• Training is an integral part of capacity building, as trained personnel respond much better to different disasters and appreciate the need for preventive measures. Training of healthcare professionals in disaster management holds the key in successful activation and implementation of any disaster management plan. The Army has always had standard drills in all its establishments at regular intervals, which are periodically revised and updated. The civil administration and public health systems should regularly organize and conduct training of civil authorities and health professionals in order to be ready for action.( 1 – 4 )
• Building confidence of the public to avoid panic situation is critical. Community involvement and awareness generation, particularly that of the vulnerable segments of population and women, needs to be emphasized as necessary for sustainable disaster risk reduction. Increased public awareness is necessary to ensure an organized and calm approach to disaster management. Periodic mock drills and exercise in disaster management protocols in the general population can be very useful.( 1 , 3 , 4 )

Source of Support: Nil

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Ladakh Earthquake Report

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Recent ladakh earthquake news.

These are the latest articles published related to earthquakes occurring near Ladakh. Check our Earthquake News section for a complete overview of articles written on earthquakes near Ladakh and elsewhere.

Ladakh Earthquake Statistics

A total of 242 earthquakes with a magnitude of four or above have struck within 300 km (186 mi) of Ladakh, India in the past 10 years. This comes down to a yearly average of 24 earthquakes per year, or 2 per month. On average an earthquake will hit near Ladakh roughly every 15 days.

A relatively large number of earthquakes occurred near Ladakh in 2022. A total of 47 earthquakes (mag 4+) were detected within 300 km of Ladakh that year. The strongest had a 5.1 magnitude.

Magnitude Distribution

The table below visualizes the distribution of all earthquakes that occurred within 300km of Ladakh in the past 10 years. No earthquakes with a magnitude of 6 or above have occurred near Ladakh during this time. Usually, higher magnitudes are less common than lower magnitudes. Small earthquakes with a magnitude below 4 on the Richter scale have been omitted from this overview.

Strongest earthquakes near Ladakh

The strongest recent earthquake of the past 10 years near Ladakh occurred on Sep 25, 2020 16:27 local time (Asia/Kolkata timezone). It had a magnitude of 5.3 and struck 58 kilometers (36 mi) east of Leh , at a depth of 10 km. Discover more strong earthquakes near Ladakh in the list below.

A longer time ago, a MAG-7.9 earthquake struck on Apr 4, 1905 06:11, 185 kilometers (115 mi) east of Leh. It is the strongest earthquake near Ladakh in the past 124 years (Our data goes back to January 1st, 1900).

In the table below you will find the strongest earthquakes that occurred near Ladakh, India in the past 10 years. You can use the tabs to find the heaviest historic earthquakes since the year 1900 or within a specific year or distance from Ladakh.

Map of Strongest Earthquakes near Ladakh

Earthquakes by city in ladakh.

Click the links below for earthquake reports for major places in Ladakh, India.

Use this regional Ladakh earthquake report for earthquakes that were felt in smaller towns and cities in the region, including Padam.

Frequently Asked Questions

These questions are commonly asked in relation to earthquakes occurring near Ladakh.

When was the last earthquake in Ladakh, India?

A 3.2 magnitude earthquake hit near Ladakh on the evening of April 26, 2024 at 23:06 local time (Asia/Kolkata). The center of this earthquake was located 122km southwest of Leh at a depth of 10km under land. Check the list on our website for any earthquakes occurring near Ladakh, India in the past hours.

What was the strongest earthquake near Ladakh, India?

A 7.9 magnitude earthquake hit near Ladakh on the morning of April 4, 1905 at 06:11 local time (Asia/Kolkata). The center of this earthquake was located 185km south-southwest of Leh at a depth of 20km under land. This is the strongest earthquake that occurred near Ladakh since the year 1900.

How often do earthquakes occur near Ladakh, India?

In the past 10 years, 242 earthquakes with a magnitude of four or higher occurred within a 300 kilometer range from Ladakh. This averages to 24 earthquakes yearly, or one earthquake every 15 days.

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Seismic Hazard Assessment and Landslide Vulnerability Mapping for Ladakh, and Jammu & Kashmir Using GIS Technique

• Original Article
• Published: 09 March 2023
• Volume 99 , pages 377–382, ( 2023 )

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• U. Bhagyaraj 1 &
• Sreevalsa Kolathayar 1  

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In the present study, earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility mapping of the two newly formed union territories of India namely Ladakh, and Jammu & Kashmir has been done based on Newmark’s methodology using GIS techniques. The vulnerability of the study area against induced seismic acceleration was estimated in terms of static safety factor (FSc). Terrain slope and Peak Horizontal acceleration (PHA) were taken as the major input for the study. Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) was carried out by considering linear seismic source model to obtain PHA at the bedrock level using a MATLAB code developed by authors. The PHA was amplified to the ground surface using appropriate site correction factors considering the B-type site class. GIS technique was employed to get slope value from Digital Elevation Models (DEM). The two union territories were divided into 30m×30m grids and the static factor of safety values required to prevent the landslide for each grid were estimated. It is observed that both Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir are at risk of landslides caused by earthquakes, as many spots demand a critical safety factor (FSc) of greater than 1.0. It is apparent that the upper western sections of Jammu & Kashmir, which include Muzaffarabad district and parts of Punch district, are severely prone to landslides since they require FSc greater than 2.0. In comparison to other regions, the lower western region of Ladakh, near India’s political border, is demanding a high value of FSc. The map thus developed is an excellent guide to researchers for detailed study and to policymakers for taking remedial actions.

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Bhagyaraj, U., Kolathayar, S. Seismic Hazard Assessment and Landslide Vulnerability Mapping for Ladakh, and Jammu & Kashmir Using GIS Technique. J Geol Soc India 99 , 377–382 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-023-2320-2

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Received : 08 October 2021

Accepted : 26 October 2022

Published : 09 March 2023

Issue Date : March 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-023-2320-2

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, a multiple natural hazard analysis, secmol college region, near leh, ladakh, north india, with applications for community-based drr.

Disaster Prevention and Management

ISSN : 0965-3562

Article publication date: 27 November 2019

Issue publication date: 16 April 2020

This paper places a college at the centreof a multi-hazard assessment (earthquake, flood and landslide). The college is within a less studied, rural area of Ladakh, North India. Research focusses on a case study (Students Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh (SECMOL) College), close to Leh, Ladakh, and extends to incorporate/apply thinking from/to the wider Ladakh region. The approach adopted, centring on the hazard assessment of a single entity/local area, allows a rapid uptake of hazard recommendations within a college environment planning to continue its existence for decades ahead. A sister paper (Petterson et al. , 2019) documents the active involvement of college staff and students in the principles of geohazard assessment and the development of student-centric hazard assessments of the college and their home village. SECMOL is a self-sufficient, alternative, college, organised along strong environmentally sustainable principles. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

This work has adopted different strategies for different hazards. Fieldwork involved the collection of quantitative and qualitative data (e.g. shape and size of valleys/river channels/valley sides, estimation of vegetation density, measurement of sediment clasts, angle of slopes, assessment of sediment character, stratigraphy of floodplains and identification of vulnerable elements). These data were combined with satellite image analysis to: define river catchment character and flood vulnerability (e.g. using the methodology of Collier and Fox, 2003), examine catchment connectivity, and examine landslip scars and generic terrain analysis. Literature studies and seismic database interrogation allowed the calculation of potential catchment floodwater volumes, and the collation of epicentre, magnitude, depth and date of seismic events, together with recent thinking on the return period of large Himalayan earthquakes. These data were used to develop geological-seismic and river catchment maps, the identification of vulnerable elements, and disaster scenario analyses.

This research concludes that SECMOL, and much of the Ladakh region, is exposed to significant seismic, flood and landslide hazard risk. High magnitude earthquakes have return periods of 100s to c. 1,000 years in the Himalayas and can produce intense levels of damage. It is prudent to maximise earthquake engineering wherever possible. The 2010 Leh floods demonstrated high levels of devastation: these floods could severely damage the SECMOL campus if storms were centred close by. This study reveals the connectivity of catchments at varying altitudes and the potential interactions of adjacent catchments. Evacuation plans need to be developed for the college. Northern ridges at SECMOL could bury parts of the campus if mobilised by earthquakes/rainfall. Slope angles can be lowered and large boulders moved to reduce risk. This work reinforces recommendations that relate to building quality and urban/rural planning, e.g. using spatial planning to keep people away from high-risk zones.

Practical implications

The frequency of hazards is low, but potential impacts high to very high. Hazard mitigation actions include engineering options for hazardous slopes, buildings to be earthquake-proofed, and evacuation management for large floods.

Originality/value

Methodologies undertaken in this research are well-tested. Linkages between disciplines are ambitious and somewhat original. The application of this work to a specific college centre site with the capacity to rapidly take up recommendations is novel. The identification of catchment inter-connectivity in this part of Ladakh is novel. This work complements a sister paper (Petterson et al. , 2019) for community aspects of this study, adding to the novelty value.

• Earthquake hazards
• Flooding hazard
• Hazard mapping
• Ladakh Himalaya
• Multiple hazards
• North India

Acknowledgements

This paper was supported by PBRF Funding AUT University. The students and staff of SECMOL College are greatly thanked for their participation in this study. The paper has benefited from the Professional Editorial Stewardship of J.C. Gaillard and two anonymous referees. AUT are thanked for the provision of a small internal grant to support this study.

Petterson, M. , Wangchuk, S. and Konchok, N. (2020), "A multiple natural hazard analysis, SECMOL College region, near Leh, Ladakh, North India, with applications for community-based DRR", Disaster Prevention and Management , Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 287-312. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-02-2019-0064

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited

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Earthquake of 5.4 magnitude rocks ladakh's leh.

An earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter Scale hit Leh region of Ladakh in the wee hours of Tuesday. The tremor occurred at 5:13 am at a depth of 10 kilometres, reported the National Centre for Seismology (NCS).

Earthquake of Magnitude:4.4, Occurred on 06-10-2020, 11:43:45 IST, Lat: 34.03 & Long: 78.89, Depth: 10 Km ,Location… https://t.co/K1PrI7qrgX — National Centre for Seismology (@NCS_Earthquake) 1601966488000

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Earthquake of 5.4 magnitude strikes Ladakh

No reports of damages, injuries and fatalities have surfaced so far.

An earthquake of magnitude 5.4 struck Ladakh on Friday, the National Centre for Seismology said.

The epicentre of the quake, which occurred at 4.27 pm, was detected at a depth of 10 km and 60km east-northeast of Leh at 34.96 N latitude and 78.59 E longitude.

Earthquake of Magnitude:5.4, Occurred on 25-09-2020, 16:27:06 IST, Lat: 34.96 & Long: 78.59, Depth: 10 Km ,Location:, Ladakh for more information https://t.co/ybccVTwZOJ @ndmaindia pic.twitter.com/FbVkvb8VvX — National Centre for Seismology (@NCS_Earthquake) September 25, 2020

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Earthquake of magnitude 3.6 hits Leh in Ladakh

An earthquake of magnitude 3.6 on the Richter scale hit Leh, Ladakh at 4:57 am on Wednesday, according to the National Centre for Seismology.

Listen to Story

As per the National Center for Seismology, Leh in Ladakh was the epicentre of the earthquake.

Earthquake of Magnitude:3.6, Occurred on 21-07-2021, 04:57:46 IST, Lat: 34.20 & Long: 77.78, Depth: 200 Km ,Location: 19km ENE of Leh, Laddakh, India for more information download the BhooKamp App https://t.co/kuG6xMoVNG @Indiametdept @ndmaindia pic.twitter.com/akwYf4L31j — National Center for Seismology (@NCS_Earthquake) July 20, 2021

ALSO READ: Everything was under water in minutes: Germany reels under 'flood of death’

ALSO READ: 3.9 magnitude earthquake hits Gujarat's Kutch Published By: Tarini Mehta Published On: Jul 21, 2021 --- ENDS ---

Why are people in India’s Ladakh protesting against central government?

Residents in Leh and Kargil join forces to demand more power as they fear loss of their tribal identity.

More than four years ago, when India’s Hindu nationalist government carved out Ladakh from Indian-administered Kashmir, the regional capital, Leh, erupted in joy. A majority of its voters even cast ballots for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s party for fulfilling a long-term demand. They had accused the Kashmir-based leadership of discriminating against the Buddhist-majority Himalayan region, known for its snowcapped peaks and lush grasslands.

But the jubilation in Leh did not last long.

Keep reading

Why india’s ladakh is witnessing growing discontent, ladakhi nomads along tense india-china border struggle to survive, photos: ladakh herders struggle on the frontier of climate crisis, why india’s ladakh region is now fighting for full statehood.

The government’s decision to run the territory directly from New Delhi has raised concerns about the region’s democratic marginalisation, lack of say in developmental projects and militarisation of the ecologically sensitive Himalayan region, located at an altitude of 5,730 metres (18,800ft).

On March 6, hundreds of people assembled in Leh after the latest round of talks with the interior ministry yielded no results.  Ladakh activist Sonam Wangchuk launched a 21-day fast unto death to demand a devolution of power and constitutional protections to fight against what he said is an onslaught of outside influence that threatens the loss of their tribal identity.

“I want to follow the peaceful methods …so that our government and policymakers take notice of our pain and act,” Wangchuk said.

Who is behind the latest protest? What are its demands?

In August 2019, Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government scrapped the special status granted to Kashmir and bifurcated it into two federally administered regions – Jammu and Kashmir as well as Ladakh.

But Ladakh’s leaders said they have lost political representation in the current bureaucratic setup and have little say in the development projects announced by the New Delhi-run administration. New laws passed by the federal administration that allows outsiders to settle and start businesses in the region has also alarmed locals.

Two autonomous bodies formed in the mid-1990s and early 2000s for self-governance in Leh and Kargil have now been stripped of much of their powers. The local bodies known as the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Councils had a key role in decisions related to healthcare, land and other local issues in the Leh and Kargil districts.

People have been taking to the streets to protest. Activist Wangchuk held a five-day fast in January last year by camping in subzero temperatures, highlighting the threat posed to the pristine environment by planned mining and industrial projects.

On February 3, thousands of residents gathered in Leh, the main city in Ladakh, under the leadership of the Leh Apex Body and Kargil Democratic Alliance, which represent the aspirations of Buddhist-majority Leh and Muslim-majority Kargil.

They are demanding statehood for Ladakh, a tribal status under the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, which allows the formation of autonomous administrative divisions with some legislative, judicial and administrative autonomy within a state. They make laws on important things like land, forests, water and mining – crucial for a region in which 97 percent of the population is tribal.

“It’s very crucial for us being tribal and sparsely populated to stand for our rights,” Lhador Rapper, a student based in Leh who sings protest rap songs, told Al Jazeera.

“We celebrated in 2019, thinking we had long waited for this moment, but it was of no use.”

A Hindi-language song posted by Rapper on YouTube has been watched 69,000 times. It is called Sixth Schedule for Ladakh, and here is a translation of some of its lyrics:

Listen to the voice of Ladakh, my countrymen. How’s this government when one cannot even speak? We aren’t just blabbering. Our home is at risk.

Representatives of the two districts have held multiple protests and meetings with New Delhi to demand rights for the Indigenous people on land and jobs.

Nine rounds of talks between New Delhi and leaders from Ladakh have ended in deadlock. The last meeting held on March 4 yielded no concrete results.

“We want the restoration of democracy in the region,” Wangchuk, an educator and a prominent voice in the current protests, told Al Jazeera.

For a long time, the majority Buddhist population in Leh had resented the centre of power in the region being based in Srinagar, the Kashmiri capital 420km (260 miles) away. When India revoked Kashmir’s semi-autonomy and divided the region, Wangchuk said he expected a legislature for Ladakh to have a hand in decision-making. But that did not happen. Its government is led by a lieutenant governor, who is appointed by India’s president. Under the current arrangement, Ladakh’s people feel more underrepresented than ever.

Before the removal of Kashmir’s semi-autonomy, outsiders were prevented from buying land and settling in the region. But now there is growing apprehension in Ladakh about a potential demographic shift and damage to the fragile ecosystem. Kashmiris have also expressed similar concerns.

The extension of the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution to Ladakh, its residents said, would safeguard them from demographic changes and resource exploitation by outsiders.

Even local BJP leaders are backing the demands.

“We stand with the people, and we are also demanding safeguards under the constitution,” Nawang Samstan, a BJP leader from Leh, told Al Jazeera.

What are the environmental concerns facing Ladakh?

Ladakh is known for its glaciers and glacial lakes, which are a major source of water for the region. The Himalayan glaciers along with the river basins they feed are called the “water tower of Asia”. They are among the few frozen freshwater resources in the world.

However, the climate change-induced retreat of glaciers and changing weather patterns have made the region water-stressed, which residents said threatens their future. They said increasing numbers of tourists have also put pressure on its limited resources.

In the peak season in summer, tourists outnumber the 274,000 locals. In 2022, 450,000 tourists visited Ladakh in the first eight months of the year. The government’s plans to boost tourism and exploit the region’s natural resources have alarmed residents.

According to reports , seven hydropower projects have been proposed, and several industrial groups have shown interest in exploring the region rich in minerals such as borax, gold, granite, limestone and marble.

Bids have also been solicited for solar projects while the Ladakh government has sought permission to clear 157 hectares (388 acres) of forest land for building electricity transmission lines.

“The developmental projects will bring some convenience to people, but no one is interested in this kind of development,” Wangchuk said.

“What is the use of development without democracy?” he asked, adding that Ladakh would become a playground for industrialists who are interested only in profits.

“They are not interested in the future or local people.”

In the past three years, India has built military infrastructure . such as roads and bridges and acquired land for military purposes amid tensions with China caused by a territorial dispute. Locals who have lost land said they feel vulnerable.

“We cannot say it openly, but we would want the military to be as sustainable as possible,” said a Leh-based activist who spoke to Al Jazeera on the condition of anonymity.

The 35-year-old said the concerns of locals are being ignored.

Why have people from Kargil joined the protests?

Kargil, about 200km (125 mile) west of Leh, wanted to be part of Muslim-majority Kashmir when the region was divided and has accused the government in Leh of political and financial discrimination.

However, over the past three years, the political landscape of the region has undergone a tectonic shift. Leh and Kargil have joined forces in a move many Ladakhi analysts consider unprecedented.

Overcoming religious and political divides, leaders from both districts are now uniting for “a greater cause”, which Wangchuk described as “a fight for Ladakhi identity”.

Sajad Kargili, a member of the Kargil Democratic Alliance , told Al Jazeera that people from Leh and Kargil are on one page now.

“Our fear related to our identity, our jobs, our demography is real, and everyone in the region realised it,” he told Al Jazeera.

“There is not only demographic change but the bigger fear that our ecologically will be ruined.”

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5 earthquakes, 2 back-to-back, jolt J&K, Ladakh within 24 hours

Within 15 minutes of the quake near the India-China border, the Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir was hit by a 4.4-magnitude earthquake at 9.55pm.

The region of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh was hit by five mild-intensity earthquakes within 24 hours, with 4.5 being the highest magnitude of all. The first tremor was felt after an earthquake of magnitude 3.0 hit Jammu and Kashmir at 2.03pm on Saturday.

An official of the meteorological department said the epicentre of the 3.0 magnitude tremor, which occurred at 2.03 pm, was hilly Ramban district along the Jammu-Srinagar national highway.

He said the depth of the earthquake was five kilometres below the surface at a latitude of 33.31 degrees north and a longitude of 75.19 degrees east.

The second jolt struck 271km northeast of Leh, Laddakh with a magnitude of 4.5 at around 9.44pm.

This was the seventh earthquake in the Doda district over the past five days.

The National Center for Seismology tweeted: “Earthquake of Magnitude:4.4, Occurred on 17-06-2023, 21:55:39 IST, Lat: 33.04 & Long: 75.70, Depth: 18 Km, Location: Doda, Jammu and Kashmir.”

In the wee hours of Sunday, an earthquake of magnitude 4.1 again jolted the region with its epicentre near the India-China border, 295km northeast of Leh district in Ladakh.

The fifth and last seismic activity was observed near Katra in Jammu and Kashmir. An earthquake of magnitude 4.1 struck 80km east of Katra at 3.50am at a depth of 11 km.

The NCS tweeted: “Earthquake of Magnitude:4.1, Occurred on 18-06-2023, 03:50:29 IST, Lat: 32.96 & Long: 75.79, Depth: 11 Km, Location: 80km E of Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, India.”

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A CASE STUDY ON THE FLASH FLOOD IN LEH, LADAKH, J/K: CRISIS AND REHABILITATION

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