literature review on okra pdf

Okra ( Abelmoschus Esculentus ) as a Potential Dietary Medicine with Nutraceutical Importance for Sustainable Health Applications

Affiliations.

• 1 Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia.
• 2 Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia.
• 3 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia.
• 4 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia.
• 5 Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
• PMID: 33525745
• PMCID: PMC7865958
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030696

Recently, there has been a paradigm shift from conventional therapies to relatively safer phytotherapies. This divergence is crucial for the management of various chronic diseases. Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a popular vegetable crop with good nutritional significance, along with certain therapeutic values, which makes it a potential candidate in the use of a variety of nutraceuticals. Different parts of the okra fruit (mucilage, seed, and pods) contain certain important bioactive components, which confer its medicinal properties. The phytochemicals of okra have been studied for their potential therapeutic activities on various chronic diseases, such as type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular, and digestive diseases, as well as the antifatigue effect, liver detoxification, antibacterial, and chemo-preventive activities. Moreover, okra mucilage has been widely used in medicinal applications such as a plasma replacement or blood volume expanders. Overall, okra is considered to be an easily available, low-cost vegetable crop with various nutritional values and potential health benefits. Despite several reports about its therapeutic benefits and potential nutraceutical significance, there is a dearth of research on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of okra, which has hampered its widespread use in the nutraceutical industry. This review summarizes the available literature on the bioactive composition of okra and its potential nutraceutical significance. It will also provide a platform for further research on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of okra for its possible commercial production as a therapeutic agent against various chronic diseases.

Keywords: antidiabetic; cardioprotective; functional foods; nutraceuticals; okra; phytotherapy.

Publication types

• Abelmoschus / chemistry*
• Chronic Disease / drug therapy
• Diet / methods
• Dietary Supplements
• Fruit / chemistry
• Phytochemicals / pharmacology*
• Phytotherapy / methods
• Plant Extracts / chemistry
• Plant Extracts / pharmacology*
• Phytochemicals
• Plant Extracts

Grants and funding

• RG-191333/University of Hail

• Open access
• Published: 20 May 2021

Review on the “Biological Applications of Okra Polysaccharides and Prospective Research”

• Ali A. A. Al-Shawi   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0690-4612 1 ,
• Mustafa F. Hameed 2 ,
• Kawkab A. Hussein   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9796-0929 1 &
• Haneen K. Thawini   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8709-4198 1 , 3  

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences volume  7 , Article number:  102 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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Vegetables with edible parts like flowers, fruits, stems, leaves, fibers, roots, and seeds are rich sources of essential vitamins, minerals, and trace elements with various medical functions. Many diseases such as osteoporosis, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, heart diseases, and stroke are caused by poor, healthy lifestyle or nutrition. Therefore, generation of new biological functions from vegetables will increase the interests of scientific research and applications.

Okra is an edible vegetable which contains vitamins, fiber, carbohydrates, protein, and minerals. The bioactive compounds of okra possess various biological activities such as anti-inflammation, antibacterial, anticancer, and antifungal. Polysaccharides from vegetables or medicinal plants are important large molecules with various biological applications. In this review, we will focus on the biological properties and nanoparticle uses of polysaccharides isolated from okra and the extraction methods of polysaccharides.

This review will enhance the scientific research findings of okra polysaccharides and recommend future prospective of polysaccharides for biological uses.

Edible plants are one of the important sources of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and lipids that enhance the immune system, bones, muscles, and other parts of the human body to fight diseases [ 1 , 2 ]. Edible vegetables have common benefits for the human body and animals due to the chemical components of primary metabolism, which depends on the type of soil, used water, and environment changes [ 3 , 4 ].

Okra is one of the delicious edible vegetable in North America, West Africa, South Asia, and Arab countries; it has few common names like lady fingers (English-speaking countries), Bamya (common name in Iraq), and father of musk (some Arabic countries) [ 5 ]. Okra belongs to the Malvaceae family, genus Abelmoschus, species Esculentus and contains edible green seeds, pods, and fibers (Fig. 1 ) [ 6 ].

Okra vegetable

Fresh okra contains energy, 90% water, 7% carbohydrates, 2% protein, fibers (contains alpha-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, fat, and wax matter), some important soluble vitamins in water and fat, and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc [ 7 , 8 ]. Therefore, okra is an important edible vegetable for human health. Okra mucilage is used in industrial as turbidity from wastewater [ 9 , 10 ], and also under investigations as biodegradable food packaging [ 11 , 12 ]. The biological studies of okra bioactive compounds were investigated as antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemia, and anti-fatigue activities [ 13 ]. Okra polysaccharides have not yet pharmacology extensively been investigated. In this review, we will present the extraction methods, chemical structure, nanoparticles, and the biological activities of polysaccharides extracted from okra vegetable, which presents a wide understanding of okra polysaccharides’ importance and further uses.

Okra polysaccharide (OP)

Isolation and purification of polysaccharides from plants depend on the extraction methods and purification solutions, which may keep or break down the structure of polysaccharides and may reduce the biological properties. Okra polysaccharides have been isolated and identified. Liu et al. used hot water method for extraction and isolation of okra polysaccharides; it consisted of the main four monosaccharides (arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid). The isolated polysaccharides showed good hyperglycemia activity (Fig. 2 ) [ 14 ].

An example of the chemical structure of polysaccharides isolated from okra vegetable via hot water extraction method

Chandra et al. extracted polysaccharides from the okra head waste which contains a high ratio of mucilage and found it to lower thermal degradation properties [ 15 ]. Kunli et al. used ultrasound-assisted extraction method to extract polysaccharides from okra vegetable which contains monosaccharides (glucose, mannose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, fructose, and rhamnose). It exhibited high antioxidant activity versus superoxide radicals and DPPH, and weak antioxidant activity versus hydroxyl radicals was revealed [ 16 ]. Xi et al. used hot water method to isolate polysaccharides from various five cultivated okra in China. The polysaccharide structure consists of similar monosaccharides (rhamnose, galacturonic acid, galactose, and arabinose); they suggested that the identified polysaccharides could be used as functional food ingredients for industrial application prospects [ 17 ]. Huricha et al. used macerated method and identified three fractions from okra polysaccharides with different molecular weight (600, 990, and 1300 kDa) and two groups of monosaccharide composition (group 1 galactose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid; and group 2, galactose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, and glucose). They found that those okra polysaccharides may potentially serve as novel immunomodulators supported by future studies [ 18 ]. Qin et al. used three extraction methods to evaluate the efficiency of okra polysaccharide extract; the three extraction methods were hot water extraction (HWE), pressurized water extraction (PWE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). They found that the method PWE was a good extraction technique for okra polysaccharide with high biological activity for industrial applications [ 19 ]. Xi et al. used an ultrasonic method to extract okra polysaccharides (obtained pectic polysaccharides, composed of rhamnose, galacturonic acid, and galactose) which promised to be a potential functional food and pharmaceutical industries [ 20 ].

Table 1 showed the type of extraction method and structure analysis of okra polysaccharides. Ultrasound extraction method of okra polysaccharides showed only two similar monosaccharides (galactose and rhamnose). These differences in monosaccharide types cause variations in the biological activities, therefore, needed extensive applications to compare and target the function of structure on the efficiency of okra polysaccharides.

Antioxidant and biological activities of OP

Natural antioxidant plays a role in our life because it can keep and protect the human health rather than an industrial antioxidant. Several studies showed the antioxidant activity of okra chemical components and related to the phenolic and flavonoid contents in okra seeds, flowers, and fruits [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Gemede et al. found that okra pod mucilage is a good source as a natural antioxidant [ 25 ]. Okra polysaccharides have been investigated for its antioxidant activity; Kunli et al. found that okra polysaccharides extracted by the ultrasound method exhibited significant in vitro antioxidant activity [ 16 ]. Weijie et al. extracted polysaccharides from okra flowers using the hot water extraction method. The composition of isolated polysaccharides was [2)-α-D-Rhap-(1 → 4)-α-D-GalpA-(1 → 2,4)-α-D-Rhap-(1 → 4)-α-D-GalpA-(1] with a branch of terminal T-α-D-Galp pointed at C4 of 1,2,4-α-D-Rhap), and it was found that it exhibited a significant antioxidant activity and could be used in nutritional food and material application [ 26 ].

There are several biological applications of okra polysaccharides. Wang et al. found that those okra polysaccharides extracted by the cold water extraction method exhibited antioxidant, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in vitro [ 27 ]. Li et al. found that the neutral saccharide side chains of the OP could induce different secondary conformation change of gelatin during complex coacervation [ 28 ]. Gao et al. used fractions of okra polysaccharides, as anti-fatigue and observed it may be the main anti-fatigue remedy among A. esculentus substances [ 29 ]. Wahyuningsih et al. found that crude okra polysaccharides could play a role in enhancing the immune response, including phagocytic activity, spleen index, splenocytes proliferation, and control immune responses through cytokine production [ 30 ]. Liu et al. found that polysaccharides isolated from okra named (rhamnogalacturonan) possess hypoglycemic activity and are responsible for the hypoglycemia function in OP [ 31 ]. Fan et al. those okra polysaccharides possess therapeutic functions on metabolic diseases by the inhibition of LXR and PPAR signaling [ 32 ]. Deters et al. found that pectin-like polysaccharides reduced the proliferation significantly, but improved the cell viability [ 33 ]. Table 2 summarized the historical research of OP.

Anticancer properties of OP

Anticancer properties of okra extracts have been little investigated [ 35 , 36 ]. Thus, the anticancer activity of polysaccharides isolated from okra has not yet been reported, and this point will enhance to explore the anticancer properties of okra polysaccharides using different extraction methods.

Nanoparticles of OP

Gold nanoparticles of aqueous extract of okra have been synthesized and exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus cereus , E. coli , Micrococcus luteus , and P. aeruginosa and act as an effective antifungal agent [ 37 , 38 ] . Silver nanoparticles of the okra aqueous extract have been synthesized by Jassim et al. and showed different antibacterial and enzyme activities [ 39 ]. Hamid et al. synthesized ZnO nanostructure film that contains okra mucilage that showed high antibacterial activity against S. aureus than E. coli [ 34 ]. Agi et al. used cost-effective and easier method to synthesize cellulose nanoparticles from okra mucilage using an ultrasonic method [ 40 ]. Bhavani et al. used okra extract to synthesize ZnAl 2 O 4 nano-catalysts and found that microwave method is better than conventional heating in conversion of alcohol to carbonyl group [ 41 ]. Thus, further investigation of gold or silver or other metal nanoparticles of okra polysaccharides is of importance in discovering new biological functions and mechanism of actions.

Okra is an important vegetable for human health because of its functional bioactive compounds as antioxidant. A polysaccharide of okra had some biological functions such as anti-fatigue, hypoglycemia, and phagocytic activities. Therefore, needed extensive studies of the biological research to identify the anticancer and antimicrobial properties of okra polysaccharide and nanoparticles forms to target the main purposes of polysaccharide uses, and develop its functions in the medical applications.

Availability of data and materials

Data and material are available upon request.

Abbreviations

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

Protein kinase B

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

Liver X receptor

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

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Acknowledgements

This review is supported by the Chemistry Department, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.

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Ali A. A. Al-Shawi, Kawkab A. Hussein & Haneen K. Thawini

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AA is the main contributor in designing and writing the review article. MH searched for nanoparticles of OP researches. KH searched for the related researches of OP. HT selected the subject of review article. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

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Al-Shawi, A.A.A., Hameed, M.F., Hussein, K.A. et al. Review on the “Biological Applications of Okra Polysaccharides and Prospective Research”. Futur J Pharm Sci 7 , 102 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00244-0

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00244-0

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The Panchagavya is a combination of five products obtained from the cow which is used in traditional medicine and it has been experimented by various organic farmers.It has a significant role in providing Resistance to pests and disease and increasing the overall yield.The present research work was carried out to study the effect of panchagavya spray on growth,yield and Biochemical changes of Sesamum indicum. A field Experiment was conducted to find the variation in growth, Biochemical and yield parameters of Sesamum indicum Under different concentrations are control,1,3,5,7.5 and10% of panchagavya,and also at two stages of plant,where two stages are seedling and yielding stage and all the biochemical parameters were increased in 3% concentration Since there was an increasein growth and Yield at low concentration of panchagavya.It is proposed that,The panchagavya can be used for Sesamum indicum after diluted properly.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

We living being are mostly dependent on plant and animals as well. We don't have much food that can even sustain for even some years for we are not the only consumers on this earth. 29% of the land where the whole living ecosystem exists is not apt. to feed such a huge population. Had we no plants eaters' bacteria's or locust, then we might have enough resource that would last for year. My project that is IMAGE BASED PLANT DISEASE DETECTION BY USING DEEP LEARNING is all about that. This system will enable us to recognize the type of disease the plants are suffering from and how to diagnose and treat them as well. This system depicts us an appropriate outcome. It will enable us to five a fill depiction of the kind of disease the plant are suffering from. We can even recognize the kind of medication that will be effective in totally eradication of the disease. Plant diseases are one of the foremost important reasons that destroy plants and trees. Detecting those disease at early stages enable us to beat and treat them appropriately. It is quite more important to find the kind of disease first the to treat then unknowingly. The outcomes were 92% accurate and thus we can work on the plant right way to help our plants live even longer. After multiple test, we have come forward with such and initiative that will be a boon for the humankind. Farmers are the backbone of any nation. We cannot survive until they do not get the right price for their yields and our system will play a significant role in that.

Pachiyappan Raji

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Manas Kumar Bag

The wild species in general is considered to be the reservoir of genes especially for biotic and abiotic stresses. In okra, the predominant biotic stresses are yellow vein mosaic disease (YVMD), shoot and fruit borer and leaf hopper.

Frontiers in Plant Science

Gyan P Mishra

Kojo Ahiakpa

Genetic diversity study in crop species is an effective tool for agrobiodiversity exploitation. The world has far too long been over-dependent on a paltry number of homogeneous varieties of a few major crops (e.g. maize, rice, wheat and potato), with their related potential vulnerabilities to biotic and abiotic stresses (pest, disease, and global climate change) particularly in parts of Asia and Africa. Sustainable conservation and utilisation of Neglected and Underutilised species (NUS) in Africa and elsewhere around the world is gaining prominence in recent times. Crop species need to be diversified and adapted to specific environments for maximum returns with resilience under variable agro-ecological climates. The teeming global population can only live and survive when there is commensurate food supply. Vegetables are major staples for most populace the world over. Okra (Abelmoschus spp L.) is an invaluable species in Agrarian economies of most countries in Asia, Africa and the Americas. The genetic worth, bioactive constituents and biochemical potential in Okra were studied and well documented for both domestic and industrial utilisation.

Countless microbes live in the bodies of animals and plants. Plant growth is aided by the interaction between microbes and plants. They can be used as bio-fertilizers because of their nutrient intake and nitrogen-fixing capacity. These bacteria produce important metabolites and secondary metabolites that can be used to treat cancer and other chronic human diseases. They play a key role in the decomposition of heavy metals in the soil. In other words, they have a positive impact on agriculture, medicine, biotechnology, and food science. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are commonly used to improve the growth of a wide range of crops, such as seed germination, plant weight, and harvest yields. Plant development is triggered by PGPR colonization because bacteria produce plant hormones such as indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinin, and gibberellins, as well as enhanced mineral and nitrogen availability in the soil. They are also known to defend their host plants from harmful bacteria in some cases. The role of PGPR in connection to medicinal plants and their impact on the development of botanicals is an area where there is still a lot of research to be done. This review highlights the potential PGPR-medicinal plant interactions that could boost the medicinal plant's effectiveness, particularly in farmed plants. The significance of medicinal plant endophytic microbes for bioactive potentials.

Agriculture sector is that the foremost promising sector and difficult sector as a result of it' depends on climate or weather, condition of the soil, irrigation water quality and amount and their application rate. The COVID-19 pandemic has noncontinuous some activities in agriculture and its offer chains in India. Agriculture has competed a crucial role among the event of human civilization. because of the exaggerated demand of food, further efforts and special techniques are being developed to multiply food production. Farming stays a focal mainstay of the Indian economy.

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