phd in us vs europe

Doing a PhD in Europe vs. the US

Are you thinking of doing a PhD abroad? There are some considerable differences between European and American PhD programs that you should know about before applying. Read on to determine which program is right for you.

Qualifications

It is often not possible to do a PhD in Europe without first earning a Master’s degree. In the US, many PhD programs accept applicants who only have a Bachelor's degree. Students usually earn a Master’s as part of the PhD program after they have completed a few years of coursework and passed certain exams. This doesn't mean that all doctoral candidates in American PhD programs have entered the program straight from undergrad. Several still choose to do a Master’s first before applying for a PhD. In some programs students who already have a Master's might not be required to take as many courses as students with just a Bachelor’s, but this isn't always the case. 

Time to Degree

European PhD programs are shorter than those in the US. For example, it takes three years to complete a PhD in France, Norway, the UK, and Germany. Across Europe, a three to four year PhD in common. In comparison, six years is the average time to degree in the US with many PhDs in the humanities taking seven or eight years to earn their degree.

Thesis Topic

PhD candidates in Europe must choose their thesis topic and supervisor during the application process. Students apply for specific vacant doctoral projects that are usually tied to a professor’s research. As part of their application, they must create a research proposal for this project. It is also possible (in the UK for example) to apply to a department rather than a specific position, but applicants must still include a research proposal and are advised to contact potential supervisors before applying. In the US, candidates apply to a department’s PhD program, rather than a specific PhD project. While they have to discuss their research interests and identify potential supervisors in their applications, students do not decide on their thesis topic until their second or third year. In fact, many science and engineering programs have students rotate between different labs in their first year before deciding on their supervisor and dissertation project.

Teaching Requirement

PhD candidates occasionally have the opportunity to teach in Europe, although teaching is not a requirement in many countries. In the US, PhD candidates are often required to teach undergraduates, often as teaching assistants for a large lecture class. A teaching assistant leads smaller tutorials for 20-30 students and grades their exams and papers. Most PhD students will TA one class each semester for two to three years. Several American PhD programs also have mandatory pedagogy courses for graduate students.

Many European PhD programs require students to do little to no coursework. Candidates start working on their dissertation projects right away. American PhD programs, regardless of the field, require students to take two to three years of courses and seminars about topics across the discipline before they being working on their dissertation.

Funding and Salary

In several European countries, PhD students are seen as employees and have work contracts. As employees, PhD students pay into health insurance, pension, and unemployment insurance. In countries where PhD students are not employees (such as the UK and Italy) students apply for university scholarships, external fellowships, or research grants for funding. Tuition fees are drastically lower in many European countries compared to the United States. Funding at American universities varies widely, as do tuition fees. Private universities have higher tuition than public state schools (though international students usually higher tuition at state schools). The top schools offer five-year funding packages which cover tuition and fees and provide a monthly stipend. They also often include health insurance and conference travel. At other schools, students must compete for fellowships at the university, state, or national level to fund their PhDs. In some departmnets students will be paid and receive partial tuition credit for take teaching assistantship or research assistantship positions.

Comprehensive Exams

Most European PhD programs do not require students to pass qualifying exams to progress through their PhDs. There are some notable exceptions, like Sweden, where PhD candidates do an oral and written exam at the halfway point of their PhD. In the US, students usually have to pass a series of comprehensive exams before they can start working on their dissertation. The exams test the student’s knowledge of the major fields within their discipline. While every university will have a slightly different exam structure, there is usually an oral and a written component. Sometimes students also have to orally defend their dissertation proposal. After the candidate has completed their coursework and passed all the required exams they are considered ABD (all but dissertation).

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11 Secrets of a PhD in Europe vs USA that Matter

A PHD in Europe or USA?

They’re VERY different!

If you are trying to decide between pursuing a PhD in the USA vs a PhD in the UK, you should think more about which fits you best. There are 11 major differences between the two systems and you need to choose the one that fits you best:

Masters Degree

Typically, in Europe, you would join a PhD program after completing your Master’s degree. In the US, you would spend a few years taking courses (alongside research) to get your Master’s degree.

If you already have a Master’s degree, you may get a course waiver, which could reduce the time needed to complete your PhD.

Most of the US universities ask for GRE and TOEFL in your application for PhD program. But this not mandatory for PhD in europe, including UK and German universities. Though TOEFL, preferably above 90, is highly recommended for international students.

Choose your project before starting your PhD

For PhD in the UK (and Europe) , you need to choose a project before starting your PhD program.

This is different from the US , where you typically apply to a department for your PhD first and your thesis and research evolves in a year or two.

There are no class requirements for a PhD in the UK . You begin your research right away. The assumption is PhD students know their research areas. After all, you start by applying to a professor / lecturer with a research area in mind.

Now, that might be true for some students. Others may want to get exposed to new ideas and potential research topics. In addition, they may also want to have a wider peer group that gets formed in classes.

PhD in US vs Europe: Time to completion

PhD programs in the UK (and rest of Europe) take around 3 to 4 years to complete .

After a PhD in the UK, students generally go on to their postdoctoral research.

In the US , a PhD may take up to 5 or 6 years.

After a PhD in the US , students tend to go directly from graduation to academia or research jobs without a postdoc.

In many UK (and European) universities, there are firm guidelines on just how long a PhD takes and those are more important than individual decisions by a student’s advisers. In comparison, in the US, some students can fly through their PhD in 3 years with tremendous amounts of research, while others can take as long as 8 to 10 years to complete their PhD.

There are different systems within Europe.

In Sweden and other Scandinavian countries, a PhD takes 4 to 5 years and includes additional teaching duties. Students in these schools are considered as employees. They receive monthly salaries which are comparable to the salaries earned by graduate students working in various industries and are taxable as well. A PhD student is allowed to either present or attend at least one conference anywhere in the world, expenses for which are taken care of by the research group.

In Germany, a 4-year PhD is considered too long and funding might not be available after the first three years of the PhD program.

Work-life balance

This point is less about the PhD in question, and more about the cultural difference between the UK (and Europe) and the US, but this could be a factor in your decision making if you are particular about the type of culture around you and the kind of lifestyle you wish to have.

The PhD lifestyle is much more relaxed in the UK (and in Europe). You will have more time for yourself as well as your friends and family in the UK, while pursuing your PhD.

In the US, PhD students are often overworked with more teaching and grading responsibilities. They also have a lot of class work.

PhD in UK vs US: Hierarchical Structure

In the US, PhD students report to and directly interact with their professors, but some of the PhD programs in the UK are headed by the Professor but there is also a Reader and a Lecturer. Students sometimes feel this hampers their flexibility to work, while restricting their exposure to the lab as well as the head of the lab.

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Future opportunities.

Some students feel that the US offers more opportunities to PhD students in academia as well as jobs. This can be true as the US has many universities offering teaching positions as well as companies offering jobs to PhD students.

However, irrespective of whether you earn your PhD from Europe or the US, some experts say you may have to hustle to find a great job after your PhD.

Different Stipend (salary)

For most PhD in the UK (and Europe), stipend (or salary) comes centrally from the universities or from Government research organizations. These stipends (or salaries) may be limited to only 3 years.

In the US , stipend (or salary) comes directly from your supervisor without any limitation on the duration of the PhD. Unlike in big US universities, there are fewer TA responsibilities for PhD students in UK universities.

In many cases, you don’t need to pay tax on your income as a graduate student in the UK (and Europe).

In Germany , international PhD students are funded for 3 years by the German government.

Less Publications

In the UK , you have less chances of getting published . Your time is more focused on your thesis document.

Less Chance of Faculty Position Afterwards

In the US , students opt for faculty positions after receiving their PhD .

This isn’t necessarily the case with PhD students in the UK , who opt for postdoc positions to remain in academia.

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More Similarity Than Differences

The UK (and European) universities are being influenced by the US system. Many UK universities’ Computer Science schools have Doctoral Training Programs which are essentially 4-year PhD programs, with the first year focused on teaching. These programs offer more flexibility about what you end up doing and who you end up working with. Also, these programs often are sponsored by industries, which means these have higher stipends and you may get an adviser in industry.

So, which one to choose – UK (or Europe) PhD vs US PhD?

Apart from the factors mentioned above, you should focus on the quality of the research group and reputation of the professor. You should look at the top conferences about your topic of interest and note where the papers come from. That’s your best clue as to which university / school you should choose.

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8 big differences between the US and UK PhD experience

And one important similarity. 

Helen Robertson

Credit: Malte Mueller/Getty

And one important similarity.

11 March 2020

Malte Mueller/Getty

In 2019, I took a risk by moving halfway around the world as a postdoctoral researcher in molecular evolution.

Since then, I’ve been struck by how different the grad school experience is here at the University of Chicago in the US, compared with my time at the University College London in the UK, where I completed my PhD in 2017.

Here’s what I’ve noticed:

1. UK grad school interviews are shorter and more lab-specific

In the UK, you’re likely to apply directly to a lab for an advertised project or one that you develop with your supervisor.

In the US, the application process is more centralized. You usually apply to a school instead of a lab. Some programs even require you to take a standardized Graduate Entry Program test, though this seems to be on the decline .

Grad school interviews in the US tend to be longer. They can involve a series of interviews, tours, and faculty events over a number of days.

2. In the US, a work-life balance is harder to achieve

I’ve been surprised by how all-encompassing a US doctorate can be. Even after the first year of teaching, the number of seminars, journal clubs, and university-related activities make the US PhD experience very grad school-centric.

I was fortunate during my UK-based PhD to approach it more like a full-time job than a continuation of my masters year. There were intense periods that required late nights in the lab, but I had time to pursue other interests , which provided some balance and made me more productive at work.

Of course, it’s difficult to generalize about working patterns. Demanding schedules are not wholly dictated by the country you’re studying in. A recent study found that 76% of surveyed grad students spent more than 41 hours a week on their project.

3. It takes longer to complete a PhD in the US

Probably the best-known difference is the time it takes to complete a PhD.

UK PhD programs tend towards three years in length, although it’s increasingly getting closer to four years – a trend that might soon be reflected in funding arrangements .

It’s a different story in the US, where, according to the Survey of Earned Doctorates , students take an average of 5.7 years to graduate.

4. UK PhD fees tend to be lower

Fees err on the more expensive side in the US, as they do for undergraduate degrees – although this isn’t always true for international students.

US PhD fees, coupled with the longer study time, means that the costs associated with grad school are generally higher than in the UK, even before living costs are considered.

If you have a funding body attached to your project, it will likely pay your tuition fees as part of its finance package. But this flags a major difference between the two countries: funding and scholarships.

5. Many US students need to apply for their own funding

From my understanding, most advertised science-based PhD projects in the UK are attached to funding, which covers tuition fees, bench costs, and living expenses. The tax-free PhD stipend set by all UK Research Councils is £15,285 (approximately US$20,000), although other funding bodies pay more.

In the US, there is no national funding level – your level of financial support will be dictated by your school or lab. This means there is generally much more encouragement for US PhD students to apply for their own funding than there is in the UK.

This is good experience for a future scientific career, but if you have to work additional hours to supplement scholarships, you’ll ultimately end up with less time for your project.

6. US PhD programs are more structured

This is particularly true in the first year for US PhDs, which includes lectures, exams, and lab rotations. Only at the end of the first year, after passing your qualifying exam, do you have the opportunity to pick the lab you’re going to pursue your PhD research in.

In the UK, I started in the lab that I spent the duration of my studies in. This meant no structured classes or rotations in my first year, and I began my own research right away.

PhDs that are run through a Doctoral Training Centre (DTC) – centres that manage the Research Council-funded PhD degrees – are increasingly popular in the UK, and include classes and rotations during the first year, but often without the frequent exams and coursework that characterize grad school in the US.

7. There is more focus on defending your thesis in the UK

Writing my thesis was the final hurdle of my UK PhD experience. It gave me the opportunity to document my ideas, successes (and failures), and the context of my project. I defended my thesis in a closed session with two examiners: one internal to my institution, and one external.

From what I’ve seen, finishing a doctorate in the US is less focused on a thesis. Instead, your committee determines that you have completed sufficient work and skill attainment to warrant your defense. Only then can you write your thesis, and defend it in a public session.

In the UK, it’s unlikely you’ll know your examiners well, but a US PhD defense is assessed by the same thesis committee that have known you for the duration of your studies.

8. Teaching is an added bonus in the UK

My UK PhD funding set no teaching requirements: instead, I was free to teach labs and mark coursework at the discretion of my supervisor. And I was paid for any teaching hours I did.

Teaching requirements in the US vary from school to school. For some students, working as a teaching assistant is necessary to pay fees and living expenses – particularly if you don’t have comprehensive funding.

There might also be minimum teaching requirements for the duration of your PhD in the US. In this respect, the time commitment and financial compensation of teaching is very institution-specific.

One important similarity: The lab you join will determine your experience

Despite the differences in structure and requirements between UK and US PhDs, one thing that is common to them all is that, ultimately, your PhD is going to be shaped by the lab you decide to join.

If have a positive working environment and appropriate guidance and support from your supervisor, and you’re interested in and motivated by your thesis topic, then your grad school experience will likely be rewarding.

And that’s true regardless of the country you’re studying in.

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Student Experiences

5 key differences between american- and european-style phd programs.

Read a summary or generate practice questions using the INOMICS AI tool

A PhD is a life choice. One of the crucial factors that a potential graduate student should account for is that doing a PhD in the US can be a completely different experience from doing a PhD in Italy, Germany, or elsewhere in Europe.

This piece primarily focuses on the differences and similarities between economics PhD programs on the two sides of the Atlantic. I later discuss how an economics PhD is organized in other parts of the world, as many other countries have modeled their PhD programs on one of these two styles.

Program duration

The most striking difference between an American and European economics PhD is the expected duration of the program.

In the US, universities traditionally offer a five-year degree where the first two years are devoted to training, and the final three years are expected to be spent on independent research. At the end of Year 1, graduate students take core examinations to progress to the second year. These are traditionally in Microeconomics , Macroeconomics and Econometrics . In the second year of an American PhD, students can choose courses that are closer to their research interests, which allows them to specialize in a particular field.

In Europe, graduate programs vary significantly in terms of both structure and expected study duration. A standard Economics PhD lasts three to four years. In the first year, graduate students typically follow PhD-level courses offered by their department and develop a research proposal. The next two to three years are spent on independent research.

Recently, many top European economics schools have started offering a 5-year PhD program following the American tradition. It is composed of two years of intensive classes delivered ‘in-house’ by the respective department, after which students are typically awarded a degree of a Research Master’s (or MPhil) and progress onto the research stage.

Some universities offer a three-year ‘research only’ program for more advanced students, although this is still uncommon. These programs are usually for students that completed a Research Master (or an MPhil) somewhere else or gained extensive research experience prior to their PhD.

Master’s degree requirements

The second difference between an American and a European PhD is whether one can apply with an undergraduate or a Master’s degree.

Most economics departments in the US have a preference for candidates with a completed Master’s degree. However, this is not usually a formal requirement: many successful applicants get in with an undergraduate degree and no or limited prior research experience. To strengthen their portfolio, especially when applying to top schools, some applicants spend a year or two as a predoctoral fellow ( “predoc” ) at a reputable department.

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Research flexibility.

American and European doctoral programs also differ in the degree of flexibility that the students get when choosing their research topic.

In the US, a doctoral dissertation is a composition of several (typically, 3-4) research papers that might or might not be interconnected. They can even come from different fields in economics and demonstrate a diversified portfolio for a future PhD holder. A job market paper, which is chosen from the research portfolio and is usually the most promising and advanced piece of research, plays a far greater role for someone who wishes to pursue an academic career. This is because those pursuing an academic career will be required to submit a single paper for presentation at an annual American economics job market event, where recent PhD graduates are matched with academic institutions. The process is highly centralized in the US by the American Economic Association (AEA).

European PhD students typically develop an elaborated research proposal prior to commencing an active research stage. The projects (typically 3-4) are expected to be interlinked and within one research field.

In striking contrast to the US, many departments in Europe and the UK offer project-based PhD positions. That is, a professor (or a research group) submits a grant proposal on a specific topic to the national or European research council. If the application is successful, the allocated funds are used to cover the compensation of everyone involved: from research assistants and PhDs to postdoctoral researchers and principal investigators. Typically, several PhD students are recruited for one project. As the research topic is predetermined by the project, students have little flexibility to work on something else. This form of doctorate studies is rare in America.

Funding opportunities

Funding sources and opportunities for PhDs are another striking difference.

In America, PhD funding is typically a complex composite. The funds come from various sources: the graduate school, the department, or a dedicated charity or national fund. The form of funding varies, too: from teaching and research assistantships to merit-based scholarships. The final amount might vary from year to year and depends on the student’s individual circumstances.

In Europe, a PhD scholarship is usually a fixed amount offered for the duration of the program. Additional funds may come from teaching and exam invigilation activities (the latter being particularly common in the UK). The funds are allocated by the university or the department. For those pursuing a project-based PhD (see the previous section), the funds come from the sponsoring body and are administered by the department.

Moreover, in Europe, it is common to do an externally funded PhD: a company or an organization (such as a ministry, a national central bank, or a think tank) sponsors the doctoral degree for their (future) employee to research a very particular topic that is relevant for them. This is usually done in collaboration with a university, but the expenses are covered by the respective stakeholder.

Teaching expectations

Both American and European PhD programs offer significant exposure to teaching.

In America, teaching duties are not only an essential part of economics PhD training but also a source of funding in most cases. Teaching at both undergraduate and Master’s levels is considered a crucial element of a successful academic job market preparation for graduate students.

In Europe, the amount of teaching workload depends on the program and institution. In a standard 4-year PhD track, students spend on average 15% of their time on teaching. Project-based and externally funded PhD students are typically not expected to teach any classes, but the department usually provides the opportunity to do so at the student’s will. In the UK, for instance, PhD students can choose how many hours to teach: this work is paid on top of the base PhD scholarship.

How it works in other parts of the world

Universities in Australia, New Zealand and Canada typically follow the American PhD structure: two years of classes plus three years of independent research. A PhD experience there is comparable to the one in the US. Similar programs (in terms of organization) are offered by top Asian schools in Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea.

In other parts of the world, where economics research capacities are less developed, doctoral studies take various forms, such as employment at the national academy of sciences.

My experience of choosing a PhD

I applied for 7 PhD programs in both the US and Europe and got offers from 4. I personally opted for a Dutch 3-year program. From day one, I have focused on the research project that I started during my Research Master’s degree. The university also offered me the chance to take on teaching and supervision responsibilities from the first year.

My choice involved a trade-off, too: as I am not part of an established project and came with my own idea that had been partially carried out elsewhere, I had to accommodate more risks related to my research output. For example, I had to prove that my research idea fit the department’s agenda or that, as a newcomer to the faculty, I would be able to finish the chapters on time. But those concerns were swiftly managed thanks to the collaborative relationship that I built with my supervisors.

If you’re in the position that I was, and you already have a Master’s degree, a developed research idea, or some prior research experience, a 3-year or 4-year program in the European style can be an appealing option. But, for those students who don’t yet feel confident in their academic background but are committed to the PhD path, an American-style 5-year program can offer a great starting point.

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Comparison of European And US-based PhD Education

What is the difference between getting a PhD Education in the US versus a European? What are the pros and cons of each? This blog article will help you answer these questions by providing helpful insights.

The Differences between US and European PhD Education.

The continents and countries that offer the best value may depend on several factors as well as your personal preferences. Which is one is best is a difficult question to answer, as each country has different tuition fees, research opportunities, and job prospects.  I highlight the differences using the following key areas. You decide as you read through.

• Application process
• Tuition and funding
• Structure of education
• Course work requirements
• Teaching requirement
• Comprehensive exam
• Publication requirements
• Time to complete

The application process for US-based vs. Europe PhD education  

Master’s Requirement:

In the US, depending on the area of focus (i.e., engineering, business), there may not be a requirement for a master’s degree before applying for a Ph.D. program. For example, Engineering Ph.D. programs do not require a master’s degree. However, some universities may bundle the Master’s degree requirements into the Ph.D. program. Most business schools in the US require a master’s degree before applying for a Ph.D. program. In Europe, there is a requirement for a Master’s degree.

Research Proposal:

In Europe, as part of the application process, prospective students must submit a research proposal with their application. This means that students are required to already know what they want to research for the Ph.D .

In the US, however, there isn’t a requirement to submit a research proposal.  Phew. This requirement would have disqualified me because I sure did not have a clear idea of what I wanted to study before I applied. I just knew the general area and wanted to learn all there was to know about that area. However, I could not have been able to articulate it in a research proposal at the time. I didn’t even know what a research proposal looked like.

Funding and tuition for US-based vs. Europe Ph.D. education 

Many European universities offer financial assistance for PhD education of students. Many have detailed information on how they fund, where the funding comes from, and the cost-of-living expenses. For example, on the University of Manchester’s website , you will not have to spend too much time searching to find information about their funding and commitment to funding.

In the US, the equivalent is also the case. However, it is more difficult to find information about their funding. When I was looking for a PhD Education program, I thought I was going to fund myself because this information was not clear to me. Some universities do better at marketing and explaining their funding opportunities than others. I think they should do more to make this information readily available and clear to prospective students.

By and large, I find that schools in the UK are more upfront about informing prospective students of their funding opportunities than schools in the US.

The average cost of obtaining a Ph.D. in the US is $120,000 (for four years), while in Europe, it is £38,600. This means that the US university system is more expensive than in Europe. But remember that most of this cost is funded by the university.

Structure of education for US-based vs. Europe Ph.D. education 

In the US, the 2-year period reserved for coursework does three main things. (1) It gives the student plenty of time to understand how the program works. (2) It also allows students to build relationships with potential advisors and understand their strengths and weaknesses, (3) It gives the student time to figure out a topic of interest to research. At the end of the 2 years is when students are supposed to write their Research Proposal.

In most European-based schools, the Research Proposal is required up front as an application requirement. Also, if an advisor with similar interests and capacity is available, the student is attached to an advisor. The advisor starts to work with the student to fine-tune the student’s research proposal and build upon it. This usually means that a student is only admitted to the program if there is an advisor available to supervise the student.

Course work requirement for US-based vs. Europe Ph.D. education 

US-based PhD Education programs have a 2-year coursework requirement. This means that when you start your program, you take classroom-based courses for 2 years so you learn how to do research and more especially how to quantitatively analyze data. In most European schools, coursework is not a requirement. They often do not have formal classroom-based coursework that makes it into a transcript.

This could potentially be a problem for European-trained PhDs seeking to move to the US. This is especially the case for early-career Ph.Ds., who do not yet have a history of publications. You see, these publications are evidence showing that one knows how to do research. Without the publication evidence or the transcripts that show that one took coursework, how are prospective schools assured that you can do good research?  

Publication requirement for US-based vs. Europe PhD education 

In the US, most universities expect doctoral candidates to publish at least one article in a peer-reviewed journal during their tenure as graduate students. This requirement can be a challenge for those unwilling to spend countless hours working on projects. However, it also allows students to develop strong research skills. European PhDs tend to have fewer research and publication expectations, and many programs do not require students to publish papers during their time as graduate students.

Time to complete a Ph.D. in a US-based vs. Europe PhD Education program 

The duration for completing a PhD education is similar in both locations. In the US, the average is 4 years for a full-time program. In the UK, it is also an average of 4 years for full-time programs. Students can do it in longer or shorter times. I completed mine in 4 years, and I know a few colleagues who did theirs in 3-years. Doing it in 3 years requires not just a lot more dedication; it also requires the full support of one’s advisor. If the advisor is not in support or not capable of pushing one through, it becomes a lot more improbable. 

Your current location

If your current location is in the US or Europe, then sometimes, where you pursue your PhD education boils down to your current location. The question of choice between the US and Europe could be something that only international students make.

I am based in Texas, US, and my choices were limited to the universities in a 50 – 100 mile radius. That’s it. I had family obligations that made it so, and I am happy that were constraints. Otherwise, the limitless choices would have even complicated my decision to pursue it in the first place.

By and large, figure out what’s important to you and stay within that framework.   

Regarding doctoral education, there are a few key differences between European and US-based programs. I hope this article provides an overview of the two systems, highlighting some of their differences. It is important to remember that no two places are alike, so if you’re looking for a specific type of doctoral program or environment, you’ll likely succeed more by identifying what’s important to you as you compare.

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PhD in Europe vs the US: What You Need to Know

All that you need to know before you decide on a university for PhD abroad.

If you’re considering pursuing a PhD, one of the most important decisions you’ll make is where to do it. Two popular destinations for doctoral study are Europe and the United States. In this blog post, we’ll discuss the differences between doing a PhD in Europe and the US, focusing on key factors such as qualification requirements, time to degree, teaching requirements, coursework, and comprehensive exams.

Qualification Requirements: In Europe, a Master’s degree is typically required to enrol in a PhD program, while in the US, a Bachelor’s degree is sufficient. Additionally, European PhD programs often have stricter admission requirements and a more competitive selection process.

Time to Degree: In Europe, PhD programs typically take three to four years to complete, while in the US, they can take longer. This is partly due to differences in program structure, as European programs typically have more focus on research, while US programs include more coursework.

Teaching Requirements: In the US, PhD students are often required to serve as teaching or research assistants to gain practical experience in their field. This is less common in Europe, where the focus is more on research.

Coursework: In the US, PhD programs typically require more coursework than in Europe, with students taking classes in their field of study as well as in related areas. In Europe, the focus is more on research, and students may take fewer courses. To know more about research and coursework needed for PhD abroad  click here.

Comprehensive Exams: In the US, PhD students are typically required to pass comprehensive exams , which test their knowledge in their field of study. These exams are less common in Europe, where the focus is more on the research project itself.

In conclusion, there are significant differences between doing a PhD in Europe and the US, with differences in admission requirements, time to degree, teaching requirements, coursework,  funding, salary,  and comprehensive exams. When deciding where to pursue your PhD, it’s important to consider your personal preferences and goals and to research programs carefully to ensure the best fit for you.

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PhD in Europe vs US – Key Differences

A PhD is the last level of education you can achieve in a particular field. To earn a PhD, a student must show academic and research mastery in their subject. If you are considering pursuing a PhD program, you should explore all your options. Renowned institutions are offering prestigious PhD programs all over the world. Generally, you have hundreds of options to pick from, but choosing a single program within so many can be overwhelming. This article compares PhD programs in Europe vs the US. Both locations offer competitive programs. However, the doctorate programs in such different locations vary significantly in terms of length, structure, minimum requirements, etc. The section below expands on the key differences:

Comparison: PhD Europe vs US

Program structure and minimum requirements.

In the US, a student with just a bachelor’s degree can get accepted into a PhD program. The PhD program consists of a combined master’s plus PhD degree. First, the students complete coursework for 2 to 3 years. Then, they must pass qualifying exams to prove knowledge in their field and readiness to conduct research. Once they have passed the qualifying exams, they can continue to the last part of the program: their own research. If a student fails a qualifying exam twice, the university won’t let them proceed and earn a PhD. Yet, they can still graduate with a master’s.

It is possible to shorten the length of a PhD program in the US if the student has a master’s degree in their field of study. Then, some courses can be credited to as completed to shorten the coursework portion of their program. However, this is not a general rule. Each university has its own procedures regarding this matter. A factor to keep in mind is that universities are more likely to credit courses if the degree was awarded recently.

In Europe, the structure of PhDs is different. The vast majority of programs require a master’s degree. And the master’s degree must align with the field of study the student wishes to pursue during their program. PhD candidates are already familiar with research and start working on their thesis from the very beginning. In most cases, there is no need to complete any coursework or take qualifying examinations.

Length: Time to Degree

According to the  2018 Doctorate Recipients from US Universities Report [1], the average PhD candidate takes 8.6 years to complete their degree. Doctorate programs in Physical Sciences such as biology or physics, are the shortest with an average completion time of 6.9 years. Similarly, Engineering PhDs took an average of 7.3 years. On the other hand, PhDs in Education took the longest to complete with an average time to degree of 14.7 years. In the US, the research advisor decides when the student has made enough research contributions to graduate.

In Europe, PhDs tend to be a lot shorter. The average time to degree is four years[2]. Many programs have predefined set lengths. The students must put enough effort into their thesis to obtain meaningful results within the timeframe. Four years might seem short compared to the 8.6 years in the US, but incoming students already have a master’s degree in their field of interest.

Thesis and Thesis Advisor

PhD applicants in Europe have a clear idea of their research interest. They chose their research advisor and thesis topic during their application. During admissions, they are asked to pitch their research topic not only to sell their idea but also to prove their expertise in research methods.

Since, in the US, many students start their PhD right after their bachelor’s, they might not have much experience in research yet. They are not expected to choose an advisor or thesis topic right from the start. Most admitted students are still learning about their interests. Because the program includes at least two years of coursework, they have a few years to explore different subfields and figure out which one to pursue.

Top US institutions offer fully-funded PhD programs with a stipend for living expenses. Others offer fully-funded programs to only a limited number of fields of study. However, the vast majority of students in the US must search for funding through other channels such as grants, scholarships, and their research advisor. Also, some students fund their studies through Graduate Assistantship (GA) and Research Assistantship (RA) positions at the university. This positions include several duties, such as grading homework and tests, assisting during classes, and performing research.

The government supports many PhD programs in Europe. Yet, this funding might be limited to only tuition costs or might have a maximum term limit depending in the country. Students in Europe must also search for other funding opportunities to secure their financial situation. Again, students can apply for grants and scholarships, and perform work for the university.

The main drawback of taking a TA or RA position is the additional work students must perform. PhD programs are very demanding and take many years to complete regardless of the location. When students are loaded with extra responsibilities, they are more likely to get delayed on their research and even quit the program.

Other Considerations

Studying abroad can allow you to explore a different part of the world and widen your options for PhD programs. However, moving to another country is a challenge. For example, you need to research about student visas, funding, and language barriers. PhDs in the US are entirely in English. In Europe, many universities offer English based doctorate programs, and others offer programs based on their local language. In regards to visas, visas are required when studying abroad. US applicants will need to apply for a student Schengen visa . And European applicants will need to apply for a student F-1 visa .

Final Comparison: PhD Europe vs US

• Minimum requirements: Bachelor’s degree in the US vs. Master’s degree in Europe
• Thesis topic: Students in Europe must know their research topic from the start
• Funding: Funding options vary across institutions and countries
• Language: PhD programs in the US are in English. European universities offer programs in different languages.
• Visa: Required in most cases

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The first step towards earning a PhD is finding the right PhD program. Read more .

Find the Right Ph.D. Program: Main Considerations (including funding)

[1]  https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf20301/report

[2] https://www.phdstudies.com/PhD/Europe/

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A PhD in USA takes approximately 5 – 6 years of full-time study and can cost between $12,000 – $45,000 per academic year. PhD programs in USA differ from that in the UK and Europe in that students must first take taught classes, coursework and exams before starting their research project.

Why Do a PhD in USA?

The United States has long had some of the most distinguished universities and advanced PhD programmes in the world. Combined with curriculum flexibility, rigorous teaching methods, vast funding opportunities, breathtaking campuses and significant career prospects, it’s no wonder that it is one of the most sought-after study destinations for research students.

In addition to comprehensive training standards, here are a few other reasons why a student may choose to undertake their PhD in the United States:

• Longer learning timeframes – A PhD in the US lasts longer than a PhD in the UK or Europe. This allows students to more confidently transition from undergraduate to postgraduate studies; more commonly referred to as ‘graduate studies’ in the US. This gives you the opportunity to learn more about your subject, research methods and academic writing in general before starting your research project.
• World-class universities – It’s no secret that some of the most well-known higher education institutions that continue to dominate global rankings are based in the United States. Although many factors go into determining whether a position is right for you, a PhD at a high-ranking American university will undeniably have many benefits, from excellent learning standards to access to innovative equipment and deep expertise.
• International network – The US has long been a popular choice among PhD students around the world. As such, the US hosts a diverse and multicultural learning environment in which many research students will quickly feel at home.
• Opportunities – With over 4,000 universities in the US, we can safely say you will have plenty of opportunities to find the ideal combination of project, supervisor and university that works for you.

Universities in USA

Universities in the United States can be divided into two types: public universities and private universities.

Public universities are financed by the state in which they are based. Because of this, public universities charge less for students from within the state and more for students from outside the state, including international students.

Private universities are not financed by their state, but by private donors, research funds and tuition fees. For this reason, private universities generally charge higher tuition fees than public universities and require all students to pay the same amount, regardless of whether they come from out-of-state or abroad.

According to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2021 , eight of the top ten universities in the world are located in the United States. These are:

Method of Study

The main difference between a PhD in the US and a PhD in Europe lies in the program structure. Whereas a European PhD essentially consists of a single phase lasting three to four years , an American PhD consists of three different phases, each with its own time frame.

• Phase One – The first phase lasts approximately two years and focuses on building a basic foundation for the doctoral student. This phase consists largely of taught components such as lectures, tutorials and laboratory sessions, in which the student learns more about theoretical concepts and research methods within their discipline.
• Phase Two – The second phase can be considered an assessment phase, which runs both periodically alongside and at the end of the first phase. Here, students complete coursework and take exams on the basis of the material they have covered of which they must pass in order to proceed to the third phase.
• Phase Three – The third phase lasts approximately three years and resembles the European PhD structure. During this period, the student undertakes an independent research project, including forming a research design, conducting experiments, writing a thesis (more commonly referred to in the USA as a dissertation) and sitting a viva exam.

Teaching Requirements

Besides structure, a key difference between a PhD program in the US and in Europe is the focus on teaching requirements. In the US, doctoral students are expected to lecture, lead tutorials, host laboratory sessions, mark coursework and provide office hours for undergraduate students. Although students studying in European will likely contribute to these at some point during their study, this would normally be on a voluntary basis and involve less time commitment.

Research Flexibility

Another difference is project flexibility. In Europe, students typically apply to a PhD project predetermined by a supervisor, and although there may be some scope to adapt the project, depending on the funding provider , it will usually be limited to how the project is carried out rather than what it is about. In the US, however, a student applies to become a doctoral candidate within a department rather than applying for a particular research project. This is because students are expected to decide on their thesis topic (also commonly referred to as a dissertation research topic) near the end of their first phase after they have developed a better understanding of their subject and know where their interests lie. Therefore, research students in the US generally have more flexibility and influence in the direction of their research than students in the United Kingdom or Europe.

PhD Admission Requirements in USA

PhD admission into US universities can be highly competitive, both because of the limited number of positions and the large number of annual applicants.

The eligibility requirements for a doctoral program in the USA can generally be divided into four sections:

• Grade Point Average (GPA) – in the US, a scoring system known as Grade Point Average is used to measure academic ability. A student’s GPA is calculated as a weighted score of the subjects they study during their undergraduate degree; an equivalent score is calculated by universities for international applicants. Although universities rarely set minimum GPA requirements for doctoral study, it’s worth being aware that a GPA of 3.0 is equivalent to a UK second class honours (2:1); the typical entry requirement for UK universities.
• Graduate Records Exam (GRE) – most universities will require you to take a series of examinations known as Graduate Records Exams, which are used to determine your suitability for graduate study. GREs will assess your analytical, reasoning and critical thinking skills as well as your depth of your subject.
• Student aptitude – in addition to academic ability, US universities also look for characteristics of a strong researcher. These include traits such as engaging in the subject in your own time, e.g. by attending talks and conferences, demonstrating a high degree of independence and enthusiasm, and a general passion for your subject.
• English Language Proficiency – international students whose first language is not English must sit language exams such as IELTS or TOELF to demonstrate their English language proficiency.

International students will also require a F1 student visa in order to study in the US, however, you would typically apply for this after you have secured a place into a doctorate program.

How to Apply for PhD in USA

When applying for a PhD position at a graduate school, the application process will differ between universities, however, they will all typically ask for the following:

• Academic CV – a short document summarising your educational background and current level of experience .
• Personal statement – a document which outlines why you believe you are suitable for PhD study and your passion for the subject.
• Academic transcripts – a complete breakdown of the modules and their respective marks you have taken as part of your previous/current degree.
• GRE scores – a transcript of your Graduate Records Exam results.
• Research statement – a condensed version of a research proposal outlining your general research interests, if required.
• Recommendation letters – references from several academic referees who endorse your qualities as a person, your abilities as a student and your potential as a doctoral researcher.

Application Deadlines and Fees

Since PhD programs in the United States have taught components, they commence at the same time as all other taught degrees, and therefore share the same application deadlines and start dates. This corresponds to an application period that typically begins in August and ends in February. Admission decisions are typically made in April, with successful students starting in August/September.

When you apply to a graduate school, you will be expected to pay a fee for each doctorate application to cover the school’s administrative costs for processing your application. The fee varies from university to university, but typically ranges from $50 to $100 .

Funding your PhD in USA

It’s very common for a PhD student to receive financial aid in the form of a PhD scholarship; in fact, this will be the case for the vast majority of students in the US.

PhD funding can be ‘fully funded’ covering the student’s graduate program tuition fees, accommodation and living costs, or ‘partially funded’ covering the student’s tuition fee only in part or full.

Besides funding, a graduate student can take on an assistantship, such as a graduate teaching assistant or research assistant, in which they take on a part-time salaried position at the university alongside their studies.

Due to the international and collaborate nature of American universities, there are also a number of international scholarships available, such as the Fulbright Scholarship and the AAUW International Fellowship .

PhD Duration in USA

In the US, a PhD takes approximately 5 – 6 years to complete if studying full-time, and 8 – 10 years if studying part-time.

If you already have a Master’s degree, your first phase can be shortened by one year at the discretion of the university.

Cost of a PhD in USA

The cost of a PhD program in the US can vary considerably depending on the type of university, i.e. whether it’s a public or private university, the doctoral course, i.e. whether it’s in a STEM subject such as computer science, engineering or a non-STEM subject, and whether you are a home or international student.

In general, however, the typical annual tuition fee for a PhD in the US is between $12,000 and $45,000 per academic year.

As with any doctoral degree, additional costs may include travel for collaborations, bench fees, accommodation and living expenses.

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PhD programmes Comparison: the US Vs Europe (Part 2)

Many PhD programmes in Europe don’t or only minimally require coursework. Candidates immediately get to work on their dissertation assignments. Regardless of the field, American PhD schools require students to complete two to three years of courses and seminars on subjects related to the entire discipline before beginning work on their dissertation.

Salary and funding

PhD candidates are treated like employees in a number of European nations and are required to sign employment contracts. As employees, PhD candidates contribute to pension, unemployment, and health plans.Students seek university scholarships, outside fellowships, or research grants for funding in nations (such as the UK and Italy) where PhD students are not employees. In comparison to the United States, tuition costs are significantly lower in many European nations. Tuition costs and university funding in America are both highly variable. In comparison to public state institutions, private universities charge more in tuition (though international students usually pay higher tuition at state schools).

The best universities provide five-year funding packages that include a monthly stipend, with tuition and fees covered. They often include conference travel and health insurance. In certain institutions, PhD candidates must compete for fellowships at the university, state, or federal levels. Students who accept teaching or research assistantship positions are paid and receive a portion of their tuition credits.

Comprehensive Exams

The majority of PhD programmes in Europe don’t demand that students complete prerequisite tests to advance in their degrees. There are noteworthy exceptions, such as Sweden, where PhD applicants must complete an oral and written test halfway through their degree. US students typically have to complete a series of extensive tests before beginning their dissertations. Exams measure a student’s proficiency in the key areas of their discipline. There is typically a written and an oral component to exams, though the format will vary slightly depending on the university. Students occasionally have to present an oral defence of their dissertation proposal. The candidate is considered ABD  (all but dissertation) if they have finished all of their coursework and passed all of the necessary tests.

Upcoming opportunities

Some students believe that the US provides PhD students with better employment and academic opportunities. This may be the case given the abundance of colleges and businesses in the US that hire PhD students. Regardless of where you receive your PhD, some experts claim you may need to work hard to secure a fantastic career after receiving your PhD.

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Ideas & Ramblings about International Relations

A north american perspective on doing a phd in europe.

So, what is it like to leave the hegemonic academic culture to study in Europe? We asked ourselves a few questions about it, and the following is our take on doing a PhD across the pond…

Why did you decide to go?

Zoe: I always assumed at some point I would live abroad and when I applied for PhD programs, I didn’t seriously think about staying in at home. Academically, studying in Europe was more appealing than the US (not least because I didn’t have to add GRE-prep to the application process) but, as a native English speaker, it seemed pointless to do academic work in a second language. So, I looked for programs with interesting faculty and a general approach to the discipline I thought would be appropriate for the type of research I wanted to do. I applied to UK programs and the BTS . BTS has much better funding than the UK programs I was accepted to (also: Berlin > Coventry). The fact that my co-author was already living in France was an added bonus.

Etienne: I came out of six years of philosophy at the University of Ottawa with Canadian funding that I could take to any university I chose. Through my advisor in Ottawa, I had the opportunity to go study with a respected scholar working at la Sorbonne whose work I was interested in. It was an offer I couldn’t refuse, especially given that I didn’t feel like doing (nor do I agree with) the GRE. The US was a no go, and the idea of living four years in Paris with full funding sounded pretty good.

What are the biggest differences (academically and socially)?

Zoe: I am in the odd position of studying in a German program that is (to an extent) modeled after the programs at home. So it doesn’t feel that different, socially or structurally. One of the small things that has struck me is the extent to which having a PhD is valued here. While Canada may not have quite as pronounced of an anti-intellectual streak as the US, getting a PhD is not something that will necessarily be greeted with a lot of enthusiasm or understanding. Also, the job market in North America isn’t that great (or really really terrible , depending on who’s talking). My European colleagues don’t seem to have quite this level of fear of unemployment and I think a PhD is considered intrinsically more valuable here than at home.

Etienne: Being from Quebec and sharing a language and to some extent culture with the French, I expected to feel pretty similar to them. I am not. I would be inclined to say that there is much more distance in everyday social relationships in France than in North America. I feel more North American than I ever did before, a bit like a pickup truck parked in front of the Fontaine Saint-Michel. Of course, the academic environment is a reflection of the wider social customs.

What are pros of studying in Europe?

Zoe: Of course, the general benefits of living in another country, learning a new language etc. apply to doing a PhD abroad. Academically speaking, it will also expose you to different ways of doing your discipline, which can be really interesting and challenging. If you manage to maintain contacts back home, you will also greatly expand your professional network, which can’t hurt, in light of the aforementioned employment issue.

Etienne: The scariest part of doing a PhD in France may also be the best. Being here, you understand quickly that it is up to you to work on a daily basis, and to get feedback on your ideas. If you don’t pressure yourself to do this, nobody else will. It might be overly optimistic, but I think this makes the unstructured PhD training very efficient. Think of it as a cruel but useful test. If you do manage to write a good book-length dissertation without constant feedback, I have no doubt that you can be an academic. You might not get a job, but if you do get one, you are going to be good at it. But, to be honest, the best part of the experience is more on the personal level, I get the chance to spend my mid-twenties between Paris and Berlin while being paid to study Kant and Aristotle.

And the cons?

Zoe: Of course as an outsider, you will to some extent be at a disadvantage compared to home students; another difference I have noticed in Europe is the prevalence of research teams, something I think isn’t as common at home, and as an international student you may not have a lot of faculty connections (aside from your supervisor) at the outset and have a harder time getting involved in other projects.

Of course there is also the question of whether a European degree is valued in the States. The general consensus on various message boards I’ve seen is, unfortunately, no unless you are in a highly specialized field.

Etienne: The experience of doing a French PhD can vary completely from one individual to another. If you are lucky, your supervisor will be interested in you, you will be integrated to a research team and you will find people who can give you feedback on your work. If not, you will be really isolated in an academic culture you don’t necessarily understand. It might also be more difficult to re-establish contacts in your home country. Luckily, I am fairly well-integrated in a research team. If not, I think I would find the process twice as hard.

What advice would you give someone considering a European PhD?

Zoe: I feel bad now that my cons section is so much longer than my pros, given that I’m actually enjoying the experience. I think the most important thing is to decide on what your goals are, academically and professionally, before you make your decision. If you want to be the next Anne-Marie Slaughter, and you already live in North America, it might not make sense to study in Europe. If you are more interested in experiencing another academic culture, living abroad short term, and possibly working here as well, then I would suggest at least considering it.

Etienne: Before doing it, ask yourself the following questions: Do you want to do it because you think it will really help you to get a job afterwards (wrong answer) or because you think it has intrinsic value (right answer)? How hard do you want to compete against the Ivy Leaguers, many of who will have been taught to devalue your European PhD?

If you do decide to do it, then I would suggest the following: 1) Find a few friends or professors who can give you feedback (harsh feedback when necessary). 2) Find yourself a workplace away from home. One of the hardest things in France is actually to find a place where you can work seriously, as the majority of students do not get office space. 3) Think of Europe as a network, and try to find opportunities to present your work in different countries. 4) Focus on your PhD, and not too much about the professional challenges that might come after. If you need to adapt, you will (especially if you need food). 5) If you have sporadic (and rather intense) breakdowns, then remember that’s just a normal part of being a PhD student, wherever you are.

13 thoughts on “ A North American Perspective on doing a PhD in Europe ”

American here completing a PhD in Europe.

PhD training in Europe varies considerably depending on the country. “Overall” a PhD done in the Nordic countries better qualifies someone for independent research than a PhD carried out in the major countries of the European mainland (France or Germany). The exception here being that Dutch PhDs tend to be closer to their Nordic counterparts in terms of expected quality. Typically the average Swedish or Finnish science PhD must have 4-5 first authored publications in international journals before they are allowed to defend a compilation dissertation/thesis. These requirements weaken the further south one goes. The level of English (the international academic language) is also much more widely used and considerably more fluent in the Nordic region than in mainland Europe. There is also more mobility because these Nordic students have less of a language barrier to surmount.

The value of a European PhD on the American market depends on the specific European research group, and whether that group has strong links with institutions in the US and vice versa. My view is that quality PhD graduates will have made their contributions in such a way that it truly does not matter where one obtains their PhD – after all you are judged on the quality (and quantity) of your research productivity during and after your PhD completion.

The unstructured nature of European PhDs is in contrast to the hand-holding and often redundant coursework that accompanies most North American PhDs. Ultimately the major difference that I’ve found concerns the treatment of PhD students/candidates on both sides of the Atlantic. In the US you are considered and treated like a student whereas in Europe you are considered a colleague in training. I am employed, paid a livable wage (I can save even after food and housing), have a job title, have health insurance, five weeks of paid vacation, have access to free childcare, an office and I pay into the national pension system. Find me an equivalent PhD opportunity in the US and I’ll sell you the Montmartre. Brains migrate and academia in the US is collapsing under its own mismanagement and greed. Science is now done by Asian PhD students at American universities who are willing to work for peanuts just for a chance to realize the elusive “American dream”. Much of it is good marketing. Among those that do migrate back to their home countries an American PhD=prestige. Even with a stipend there is a huge opportunity cost to doing a 5-6 year PhD in the US.

Derrick, these are some great points. Of course, Europe consists not only of France and Germany and so it makes a lot of sense to me to look at the Northern European countries as well (or Southern or Eastern Europe for that matter). So thanks for complementing Zoe’s and Etienne’s experience.

Yet, I do not agree completely with this assessement:

“Overall” a PhD done in the Nordic countries better qualifies someone for independent research than a PhD carried out in the major countries of the European mainland (France or Germany).

What is your claim based upon? How to do you assess ‘overall quality’? To me, there is just too much variation regarding the institution, the field of study, or even the supervisor. And the higher education system has changed so much over the last few years now and it is still changing (Bologna reform). Some would even say that the the national education systems are converging. Hence, I would not make the claim that Northern European countries are better / worse / whatever compared to other countries. But I’m curious to know why you think that Norther ‘better qualifies someone for independent research’.

And, again, out of curiosity, you are based at a Northern European institution, aren’t you?

Great comments. Thank for the insight. Can you share which college you chose in Europe? I’m researching how to fund such an endeavour.

I just finished my PhD in the Netherlands. My opinion covers the Netherlands, Germany, and the German-speaking center of Switzerland, Zürich, as I seriously considered doing my PhD work in these three countries. I decided on this because of my respect for their academic rectitude without the kind of arrogance I see in the Ivy jungle. (I did my MA at one of “those.”) The PhD work here is “to demonstrate that you are capable of conducting an independent research work that is demonstrable, opposable, and defendable.” In fact, in the three countries this is more or less the legal definition of a PhD degree. And some jobs, not just in academia, require that you are a PhD. I think this is a major difference, compared to the US system. Also another difference is that in most of the EU, universities are funded by the national government, with no or little tuition, and most of the time with a salary. So the money issue is out of the way. Most PhD candidates I know of here in NL are more mature, well into their thirties. Those in their forties are not uncommon. In order to be admitted into the process, you need to submit a proposal that will survive a peer review process. In NL the process usually involves one year of work and another review. If you are judged not as productive (depending on what this may mean, depending on the discipline), then you will be asked to stop and leave. Under the condition that you pass the one-year review, the pattern appears that the younger ones (in their twenties) take a lot longer to finish the thesis, while the mature ones seem to have a better time, finishing in four years or less. I guess when it comes to independent research, maturity matters… You are asked to assemble a review (not advisory) committee from the beginning. Here’s the chance for you to convince other scholars you respect to join your work. They will sit through the process until the day you present and defend your thesis. I am skeptical if the US dissertations are any more innovative or groundbreaking, and the EU ones less so. I feel that the PhD in the three countries I mention tends to be more pragmatic and perhaps realistic than their US counterparts. The PhD process here is officially called “the promotion,” and your advisor is called “the promoter.” I think this says a lot about the process.

Trying to decide which system is better I think is purely personal. If you know what you want to do, want to jump straight into it without wasting time, and know that you are ready to do it on your own, then do it in one of the three countries I mention. If you still need a milk nanny, then do it in the US. I am sorry that this might sound very nasty, but I have seen as many idiots in the Ivy jungle as anywhere else. So it’s a matter of finding the right environment that will “support” your work.

There you have my 10 cents.

Hi flyingdutchman,

Would you mind saying what area your PhD was in and in what university?

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Hi Zoe and Etienne, Do you know anything or anyone who is doing a PhD in history in Europe? Also, does your stipend cover a visit home or do you need anything way to pay for this? Thanks so much.

I discovered this website after googling “why do I think Europe is better than North America in research” – so there was my disclosure :) I agree with everything flyingdutchman said. I did my PhD in Life Sciences in the Netherlands and am now a 4th year postdoc in Canada (the highest rank Canadian University there is, if you’re curious). I’m now “senior” enough to help my boss mentoring 2 Canadian grad students and, oh boy, outside the lab, they are financially miserable. Grad students here are paid CAD 20,000 and postdocs are paid CAD 40,000 before tax. No pensions and limited benefits. Even worse, grad students also pay really expensive tuition fee (not sure how much exactly). I was fortunate to be able to obtain European funding and have been paid with European salary scale so far. As a comparison, my 1st year postdoc salary was EUR 54,500 (~ CAD 76,500). In the “Canadian salary scale”, you need to be a Research Associate with 8+ postdoc experience. There are so many smart grad students and postdocs with decent publication record who left academia in my institute because of the sh***y appreciation they get from the government and/or the institution. People left academia everywhere, but here is so much more than what I’ve seen in Europe (UK, Netherlands, Sweden at least). My EU funding agency has a policy that encourages me to come back to Europe after postdoc. I will do so, gladly. Academic life is miserable in Canada. Quality of life science research in Europe is comparable to Canada. I do care about my students and would like to encourage them as much as I can, science-wise. Personal-wise, I wish I can quickly get a PI position in Europe and “adopt” these students in my lab so that they don’t have to be miserable here. PhD period was probably the best period in my life, really productive and happy, and it’s supposed to be like that for everyone. And with that I’d like to finish my rant :)

That is an interesting assessment, and I am glad to hear someone got something for their studies! I completed my Master’s degree in Philosophy at the University of Lethbridge and am moving on to study my PhD; my choice is between Halifax and Helsinki. Neither institution comes with any funding worth a damn — the only reason I can afford to consider my Helsinki study right, is because of the lack of tuition charges; I’d be financing through good old Canadian student loans (what little I have left). In fact, one of the big issues I have to overcome if I take Helsinki is how to go about changing my status with the Finnish authorities so they do not try to tax a student who is not earning a red (or any other colour) bean!

Halifax is no better — despite winning a scholarship, I am only left with about $4000CAD after I have paid my tuition. I can only afford to go there if Dal. agree to let me teach a *bunch* of classes — one a semester. It looks likely that this will not be the case. Nevertheless, this is $4000 more than Helsinki — the downside is the length of the degree: 6 years apposed to 3-4 (my student loans will only fund 3 years of study — after that, I am on my own!)

Of course, I am keen to work with people at Helsinki — that is the point of my application there — however, due to the recent cuts and the lack of philosophical discourse at the institution itself, I am not certain whether it would be the right move (given that discourse of a philosophical nature often leads to greater thought development than being sat in a room reading to yourself). I don’t yet have any experience studying in Europe, but I am keen to do so because the people at Helsinki and a fresh perspective on my research area; I am keen to go to Halifax because of the opportunity to teach and the knowledge that, though I am fed up with coursework, it will probably increase my AOCs.

My biggest concern is not whether or not my European degree will afford me better chances at North American Markets, but whether I can get hired anywhere at all! I have recently discovered that teaching and researching positions in Europe are less popular and less available — but my interest is not solely in research, but in teaching as well. To be frank, after 6 years of schooling, I would quite like to have some financial security, but out of the 7 institutions who offered me a position for my PhD, the most cost effective are ‘no money at al’l, or ‘money only if you teach (providing we have course for you to teach). My calculus is a function of limiting debt and maximising potential — it’s just more breadline than many others’. I fully expect my PhD to be the worst experience of my student career.

Hi. I’m currently busy doing my masters in nutrition in South Africa. I’m thinking of doing a PhD abroad, from what I’ve read it seems Europe is a much better option. Can anyone point me in the right direction as to country and university? Would one be able to conduct the PhD in my home country or would I have to move abroad?

Hello, Are Ph.D Programs typically shorter in the amount of time to complete them in Europe than in North America ?

I’m considering a PhD in philosophy at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. Any thoughts?

Hi, I am 40 Year old and a practicing Doctor. Since my Medical School, I always dreamed to become a researcher involved in basic science – labs, Maths, Computers but could not do so because everyone was so surprised why I want to leave lucrative career for uncertain academic world. Now I have option still to join PhD in varied subjects related to Medical Sciences in EU – in Denmark, NL, Germany etc. What are your opinion about such a career change at this age?

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Getting a PhD in the USA: A Complete Guide for International and Domestic Students

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If you’re looking for the right university to obtain your PhD at, then you’re probably already an expert in your area of interest and want to back that up with the right credentials. You may also be tempted by access to the world’s top universities’ research capabilities, which could allow you to conduct empirical studies of whatever it is that you’re interested in.

Regardless of whether you’re a math-oriented person looking to get a doctor’s degree in one of the STEM fields, or you’re more inclined towards social sciences, there is no better place for you to look for a satisfactory PhD program than the United States of America!

It’s home to some of the most prestigious universities in the world. With flexible curriculums, beautiful campus grounds, and some top-notch job opportunities, you’re sure to find what you’re looking for in the States.

There is a significant difference in the approach to PhD studies in the USA and the rest of the world. The PhD programs are much more structured and provide comprehensive, thorough training to complement your independent research.

One of the most challenging and troublesome parts of obtaining a PhD in the USA is the application process itself. There are plenty of things to take care of, and if you’re not stringent about it, you might find yourself failing to secure funding or worse yet, getting denied on your visa application.

Consider this page to be your go-to guide to the US PhD programs and opportunities. Here, you’ll find all the information you could possibly need regarding the PhD application process, the best schools to satisfy your research interests, as well as information regarding funding and tuition fees.

Enjoy these page jumps to navigate easier!

PhD in the USA vs. Anywhere Else

Public vs. private, graduate schools, the ivy league and other groups, online phd programs, usa university rankings 2021, new york city, san francisco, finding the right program and university: a checklist, structure of a phd program in the usa, application materials, admission requirements, finances and aid, the visa process, the bottom line.

The most fundamental difference between partaking in a PhD program in the United States and Europe is the structure of your studies. While the British and European universities tend to focus on the individual pursuit of your area of interest, schools in the States are more inclined towards helping you hone your skills and expertise. If you consider yourself more independent and don’t like too much oversight when conducting research, you may want to think twice before deciding to study in the USA.

American universities will allow you to apply for a PhD right after completing your undergraduate degree, whereas in European and British universities, a master’s degree is a requirement. So if the only accreditation you’ve got is a bachelor’s degree, but you still want to pursue a PhD, you’re left with no choice but to study in the USA.

In terms of workload, you’ll have much more to do at an American university. The entire duration of your program will be much longer than in the case of other schools, with about five to six years on average to complete the studies. In Europe, most PhD degrees can be obtained within three or four years.

On top of that, schools in the USA will actively encourage you to pursue research assistantships and other side activities that will not only contribute to your workload but could also serve as a means to generate additional income. While the positions of a research or teaching assistant are also available at European and British universities, these opportunities are not nearly as plentiful as in the case of American institutions.

Finally, there is one major difference in the application process. While students hoping to get into a university in the UK or Europe have to present their research project prior to getting into the school, it is a vital part of the decision process. On the other hand, in the US, you can apply to a particular department and submit your research proposal later on, after you’ve been accepted into the student body.

PhD in America 2021: Overview of Universities

The concentration of universities and other higher education establishments in the United States can give many prospective students quite a headache in the beginning. The US Department of Education lists 4,298 degree-granting educational institutions as of 2020. Not all of them can grant PhDs, but even after subtracting those out, you’ll still end up with a wide range of universities to pick from. To make it easier for you, we’ve categorized them so that you can narrow down your choice to the school profile that suits you best.

While the day-to-day campus life does not differ much, whether you’re in a public or a private school, the most important discrepancy is that regarding tuition fees. Public universities receive funding from governmental institutions, while private schools rely mostly on donations and other sources. This means that private institutions will charge higher tuition fees (on average) than public state universities.

If you’re from the USA, you should keep in mind that state (public) universities impose much lower fees on students originally from the same state as the school. If you’re not hellbent on moving out of your home state and exploring the country, you might want to consider looking at the local public options first, as you won’t have to chase after as much funding.

A graduate school is a specialized entity with the purpose of running its mother university’s graduate programs. There are various kinds of graduate schools — some of the largest and wealthiest universities in the USA might have a few of these, each one specializing in a particular subject.

It’s important to know what they are, since more likely than not, you’ll end up sending your PhD application over to a graduate school belonging to a certain university rather than the main institution itself. Keep this distinction in mind when applying — you don’t want to be enrolled in a bachelor’s degree program all over again!

When considering getting a PhD in the USA, you’ll come across one of the Ivy League schools sooner or later. The Ivy League is a group composed of the most prestigious higher education establishments in all of the United States. It includes schools like Harvard, Princeton, or Columbia University. The competition to get into one of these is fierce, and you might have to prove remarkable skill and aptitude in order to secure funding. As the elite of American universities, these institutions charge some of the world’s highest tuition fees.

Thankfully, your choice isn’t limited to the Ivy League. There are other university groups, such as the Public Ivy (comparable to Ivy League schools in terms of teaching quality with much lower fees) or the Association of American Universities (AAU).  Members of either of these groups offer quality education and research facilities at a fraction of the price of an Ivy League tuition.

Not everybody looking to obtain a PhD in the USA has the time and resources they can devote to the full-time pursuit of a degree. Whether it’s work or other responsibilities that are preventing you from enrolling in person, you should not give up on your ambitions. There are plenty of online PhD options in the USA for both domestic and international students. They usually come at a fraction of the cost of a regular, in-person degree, with funding options available as well.

You can find all sorts of PhD programs to pursue online, from computer science through management all the way to business administration. It’s also possible to study some of the more specialized subjects, such as behavioral analysis, which is quite convenient if you already have a masters degree in a more general area and would like to get a PhD in a certain niche.

There are plenty of official university rankings that pit all of the schools against each other with the aim of helping students find the most suitable program. Rankings such as the Times Higher Education Ranking or the TopUniversities Ranking are immensely helpful when it comes to comparing various schools and PhD curricula. Still, it’s important to avoid getting caught up in the comparison game too much.

There are thousands upon thousands of schools in the world, and the most prestigious, elite schools always take up the first 50 spots on these lists. This can lead some students to disregard some of the lower-ranked schools as not worthy of their time and money. Do not make that mistake. Aside from comparing universities using some of the rankings mentioned above, you should also check student satisfaction ratings and browse through lists of faculty members working at the department you’d like to apply to. These factors are equally as important as general rankings, and they might have a significant impact on your final decision.

Most Popular Student Cities

The USA is a huge country, and, like every large nation, its various regions are fundamentally different from each other. There are quite a few “student hotspots” across the fifty states. Here are four of the most popular ones. Each one is located in a completely different area of the country in order to give you the most complete overview of the US as a whole.

The Big Apple is probably the most popular student and tourist destination in the whole of the United States. It attracts dozens of thousands of prospective domestic and international students. It’s home to such prestigious institutions as the NYU, Columbia University, or the Juilliard School. NYC is a vibrant, multicultural metropolis — a great place to pursue higher education in performing arts or social sciences.

If you want to get a more gritty, day-to-day American reality, free of the distractions of the fairytale-like life in New York, you might want to give Chicago a shot. It isn’t as glamorous as NYC or San Francisco, which also means that the cost of living is a bit lower in this city. You’ll have a pick of some great schools, such as the University of Chicago or the Northeastern University of Illinois, just to name a few.

San Francisco has traditionally been at the forefront of social justice in the USA. As such, it is one of the most inclusive and friendly cities for students from all kinds of different backgrounds. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said about the cost of living in San Francisco or all of California, for that matter. Since the city’s close proximity to Silicon Valley, it makes for a great place for students pursuing a PhD in the STEM fields. You’ll have the opportunity to land an internship or a full-time position at one of the tech giants located there. The competition is fierce, though, so you’ll have to be at your very best to stand a chance!

You might be slightly baffled by seeing a Texas city on a list of the most student-friendly places, but there was simply no way for us to exclude Houston from this list, especially if you’re looking for a place to get a PhD in USA. Houston is home to Rice University, a school with a strong focus on comprehensive research. There is also the University of Houston or the Texas Southern University, both of which are strong, household names with rich histories.

The Sunbelt Capital is the perfect place to meet some great, like-minded people and focus on your research, far away from the hustle and bustle of New York or San Francisco, not to mention the complete lack of annoying travelers and tourist-trap restaurants!

Choosing the right school to obtain a PhD is a tough task. Once you’ve narrowed down your options a little by taking a look at the rankings and finding a city to spend the next six years of your life in, you need to take a more detailed look at the universities and the programs they have on offer. If you’re having trouble evaluating all of the information, help yourself by using the checklist below!

• Research facilities . Do they suit your needs? Are you going to be able to conduct all of the empirical and theoretical research you need to complete your PhD dissertation?
• Faculty members . Take a good, long look at all of the professors who work at each school. Try and identify those whose work interests you the most — those people will be immensely helpful throughout your PhD program.
• Funding opportunities . Look into all of the scholarships, grants, research, and teaching assistantships available at each school to see where you’re most likely to secure funding.
• Job placement rates . In the end, the likelihood of you getting a job is entirely up to you and your own skills and experience, but the university you’ve graduated from can influence these characteristics in more than one way. Checking up on how many former students of the department you’re interested in have achieved professional success can be a good way of evaluating the actual quality of education you’ll get at each particular institution.
• Extra-curriculars . Whether it is on-campus activities, groups, or teams, or activities outside of the school grounds, you should make sure that there is something you can do in your free time in the vicinity of your chosen university. Four to six years is a very long time, and you’re not going to spend all of it studying.

The initial stages of a PhD in USA are very similar to taught masters degree programs. You might even end up in some courses with masters students in the beginning! The taught classes and modules are divided into two groups: core classes and elective courses . The completion of core subjects is obligatory if you want to pass the year, while elective courses are optional, but bear in mind that you will need to pass some of them in order to satisfy the program requirements.

Once you’re done with all of your classes, you’ll have to pass a dissertation qualifying exam , which is a comprehensive examination that will test your knowledge and evaluate whether or not you’re qualified to carry out your own research.

After the exam, you’ll have to go through the lengthy and difficult process of conducting research and writing your dissertation. This stage of a PhD study consists of choosing your research topic and submitting a dissertation prospectus (research proposal). This is an essay outlining the entire project, your methodology, and the intended outcomes. Afterward, you’ll be assigned a group of advisors (a.k.a. “committee of supervisors”) who will provide you with assistance and evaluate your work as you go along.

As for the grading and assessment of your work during the US PhD program, you will be assessed based on the following:

• Coursework – essays and examinations from all of your core and elective courses,
• Examinations – a comprehensive exam that meant to assess whether you’re ready to begin conducting research or not,
• Dissertation prospectus – the outline of your intended research and its oral defense,
• Dissertation defense   –  the culmination of your PhD pursuit — the presentation and oral defense of your dissertation.

Applying for a PhD in the USA: What to Expect?

Once you start applying to your chosen schools, it is important to keep calm and have an alternative course of action in mind in case things don’t go the way you planned. Admissions to American schools are amongst some of the most competitive globally, so there is a high likelihood of failure at every stage of the process.

Even students with impeccable accreditation and outstanding letters of recommendation get rejected, which is why it is so important to be mentally prepared for every outcome.

As for the practical side of things, everything you’ll need to submit is listed below.

It’s quite likely that some universities will expect you to submit some extra materials with your PhD application, but you’re expected to have the following at the ready regardless of where you’re applying:

• academic transcripts,
• personal statement,
• entry test scores,
• CV (resume),
• letters of recommendation,
• research statement,
• writing samples.

You already know that a master’s degree isn’t a requirement to pursue a PhD in USA. There are, however, other criteria that schools will use to evaluate whether or not you’re a suitable candidate. This includes a Grade Point Average (GPA) based on the academic transcripts you’ve provided, your Graduate Records Exam (GRE) results, as well as widely recognized English proficiency test (ex. IELTS or TOEFL) if you come from a non-English speaking country. 

After you’ve successfully satisfied the admission requirements presented above, some schools might invite you for a format interview, after which they will come to a final decision. Keep in mind that not all schools hold interviews, and many of them will accept or deny your application based only upon the submitted materials.

Tuition payments for a PhD study in the United States are incredibly high, with dozens of thousands of dollars per year being the standard nationwide. According to the American National Center for Education Statistics, the average yearly fee at private universities was as high as $44,000. Public (state) universities charge much less than that, although it is still a hefty fee at around $13,000 per year for in-state students.

Those coming from another state or abroad should expect a much higher payment, albeit still lower than what they’d need to pay at one of the private establishments.

You should plan your finances ahead of your PhD application so that you don’t end up with crippling debt at the end of your studies (unless you’re absolutely certain that you’re able to pay it off). Whether it’s through various assistantships at the school, funding programs, or scholarships, you should not have to go into your PhD studies worrying about how you’re going to pay for them.

Information for International Students

Incoming international students need to face additional screening and evaluation in order to get admitted to their chosen university. This is mostly due to the lengthy visa process , but you should also have some time set aside to figure out your living arrangements and travel itinerary.

Once you’re accepted for a PhD at a university approved by the Student Exchange and Visitor Programme, the visa process will be fairly straightforward, albeit lengthy, and quite unpleasant. Here are the main steps that students wishing to enroll in a PhD program at an American university need to go through:

• Paying the $200 SEVIS registration fee . The Student Exchange Visitor Information System charges a pretty hefty fee for registering you within their ranks. Unfortunately, without this payment, your university won’t be able to provide you with the right visa application form (the I-20).
• Filling out the online application . This will require you to fill out another form, as well as upload a current picture of yourself. You’ll also have to pay a $160 application fee.
• Schedule and attend a visa interview . The interview will take place in the US Embassy in your home country, and it’s not as scary as it sounds. Just make sure to bring all of the required documents, and you’ll be good to go!

If you want to avoid going through all that trouble just to be able to get a PhD in the USA, remember that you can also complete an online program with a school located in the States. These degrees are just as valid as those obtained in the traditional manner, with the added benefit of students completing all the coursework at their own pace, should their schedule not allow them to enroll in a full-time PhD program.

Getting a PhD in USA is a major aspiration of many students all over the world. Such a degree opens up many career paths, not to mention the ability to teach at universities! A PhD is particularly helpful if you want to land a well-paying job in the USA as a foreigner. It is much easier to get a work visa with such accreditation, especially if you’ve received your PhD at an American university.

Not only does a PhD provide you with many opportunities that would otherwise have been unavailable to you, but it also immensely contributes to your personal growth. Becoming a true expert in your area of interest is incredibly fulfilling, arguably more so than the career prospects that come with a PhD degree.

• PhD Europe VS USA

Embarking on a PhD journey is a significant milestone in one's academic career. Choosing the right destination for pursuing a doctorate is crucial and often leads to a dilemma for many aspiring researchers. Europe and the United States are popular choices for doctoral studies, offering world-class education and research opportunities. In this article, we will compare the experience of pursuing a PhD in Europe with that in the USA , shedding light on the various aspects that may influence your decision.

Comparing PhD from Europe and PhD from the USA

Pursuing a doctoral degree requires considerable dedication and commitment. The choice of location can greatly impact your academic experience and prospects. Let's delve into the key factors when comparing a PhD from Europe and a PhD from the USA.

Academic Reputation and Funding Opportunities

Europe: a cradle of knowledge and diversity.

Europe boasts a rich academic heritage, with numerous renowned universities and research institutions. Institutions such as the University of Oxford, ETH Zurich, and Sorbonne University have long-standing traditions of excellence. The European research landscape is known for its diversity, enabling interdisciplinary collaborations and exposure to various perspectives.

USA: The Land of Cutting-Edge Research and Innovation

The United States is globally recognised as a scientific research and innovation leader. Top-tier universities like the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Stanford University, and Harvard University consistently rank among the best in the world. The US offers abundant funding opportunities, thanks to federal grants and scholarships, making it an attractive destination for aspiring researchers.

2. Program Duration and Structure

Europe: structured programs with focus.

European PhD programs generally follow a structured format lasting three to four years. These programs emphasise specialisation in a specific research area, offering a well-defined curriculum and coursework. The structured approach ensures a focused research approach, often resulting in the timely completion of the degree.

USA: Flexible Programs Encouraging Exploration

PhD programs in the USA often have a more flexible structure, allowing students to explore different research areas and collaborate with multiple advisors. While the average duration of a US PhD program is around five to six years, the flexibility allows students to tailor their research according to their interests and evolve their thesis topic over time.

Research Funding and Financial Support

Europe: generous scholarships and grants.

In Europe, various funding opportunities are available for doctoral students. The European Research Council (ERC) and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) provide prestigious grants for research projects. Additionally, many European countries offer scholarships and stipends to support living expenses, making pursuing a PhD in Europe relatively affordable.

USA: Well-Funded Research and Teaching Assistantships

PhD students in the USA often receive financial support through research assistantships (RA) or teaching assistantships (TA). These positions offer a stipend, cover tuition fees, and provide valuable research or teaching experience. The competitive nature of funding in the US ensures that students receive substantial support throughout their doctoral journey.

Language of Instruction and Communication

Europe: multilingual environment.

Europe is linguistically diverse, with several countries offering PhD programs in different languages. While English is widely used in many institutions, non-English-speaking countries like Germany, France, and Spain may require proficiency in the local language. This multicultural environment can be enriching, offering opportunities to learn new languages and immerse oneself in different cultures.

USA: English as the Primary Language

English is the primary language of instruction and communication in most academic settings in the United States. International students are typically required to demonstrate proficiency in English through standardised tests such as TOEFL or IELTS . The advantage of studying in an English-speaking country is the ease of communication and access to a vast pool of resources in the language.

Research Culture and Collaboration

Europe: interdisciplinary collaborations.

European universities and research institutions foster a culture of collaboration and interdisciplinary research. Many institutions encourage students to collaborate with researchers from different disciplines, fostering innovation and creativity. This collaborative environment allows for a broader perspective and the opportunity to work on diverse projects.

USA: Extensive Research Networks

The United States has a well-established research ecosystem, with extensive networks and collaborations between universities, research centres, and industries. Students pursuing a PhD in the US can engage in cutting-edge research and benefit from the expertise of renowned scholars and industry professionals. These connections can lead to valuable networking opportunities and future career prospects.

Cost of Living and Scholarly Lifestyle

Europe: affordable living expenses.

The cost of living in Europe can vary significantly depending on the country and city. However, European cities generally offer a more affordable lifestyle than many American cities. This can be advantageous for students on a limited budget, as it allows them to focus more on their research without the burden of high living expenses.

USA: Higher Cost of Living

Living expenses in the United States, particularly in major cities like New York, Los Angeles, or San Francisco, can be considerably higher compared to many European cities. It is important for students to carefully consider the cost of living when planning their budget for a PhD in the US. However, the availability of financial support and scholarships in the US can mitigate these costs.

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

1. is a phd from europe recognised in the usa.

Yes, a PhD from Europe is generally recognised in the USA. However, it is essential to have your degree evaluated by a credential evaluation service to determine its equivalency and ensure its recognition by potential employers or academic institutions in the US.

2. Are there any language requirements for a PhD in Europe?

The language requirements for a PhD in Europe vary depending on the country and institution. While many universities offer programs in English, some countries may require proficiency in the local language. You should check the specific language requirements of the universities you are interested in.

3. Can I switch from a European PhD program to a US program?

Switching from a European PhD program to a US one is possible but may involve additional requirements and evaluations. It is advisable to consult with the respective universities and understand their transfer policies and procedures.

4. Which option offers better research opportunities?

Both Europe and the USA offer excellent research opportunities. The choice ultimately depends on your research interests, the specific programs and institutions you are considering, and the available funding and resources in your chosen field of study.

5. Are there any differences in the application process for a PhD in Europe and the USA?

The application process for a PhD in Europe and the USA can vary. You may need to submit a detailed research proposal and your European application. At the same time, in the US, the focus is often on your academic background, recommendation letters, and statement of purpose. It is important to familiarise yourself with the specific requirements of each program and country.

6. Can I pursue a PhD in Europe or the USA as an international student?

Yes, both Europe and the USA welcome international students for PhD programs. However, it is important to research the specific visa requirements and any additional documentation or language proficiency tests that may be necessary for international students.

Choosing between pursuing a PhD in Europe or the USA is a significant decision that requires careful consideration of various factors. Both destinations offer world-class education, research opportunities, and diverse academic environments. Europe boasts a rich academic heritage, structured programs, and generous funding opportunities. On the other hand, the USA is renowned for its cutting-edge research, flexible programs, and extensive research networks.

When deciding, you must consider factors such as academic reputation, program duration and structure, research funding, language requirements, research culture, cost of living, and the overall academic and cultural experience you seek. Additionally, understanding the specific requirements and potential career prospects in your field of study is essential.

Ultimately, choosing between a PhD in Europe and a PhD in the USA depends on your preferences, research interests, and long-term goals. It is advisable to thoroughly research and reach out to universities, faculty members, and current students to gather more information and insights to help you make an informed decision.

Pursuing a PhD is a challenging yet rewarding journey that will shape your academic and professional future. By carefully considering the similarities and differences between a PhD in Europe and a PhD in the USA, you can embark on a path that aligns with your aspirations and maximises your potential.

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We travel a lot, and our son attends local classrooms along the way. We noticed primary schools in Europe let kids be kids.

• My husband and I homeschool our son, which allows us to travel. 
• In addition to his homeschooling curriculum, he has attended schools in different countries. 
• We've noticed differences — and similarities — between the schools he attended in Europe and the US.

My son has been homeschooled, essentially, his whole academic life. Because of this, we're able to travel multiple times each month without worrying about him missing school. I am a writer and my husband is a film and TV composer as well as an investor, which also makes this possible.

Not only can we take my son's work with us, but he has also been able to experience schooling in various countries by joining classrooms and homeschool groups throughout our travels. His curriculum is based in the United States, but integrating local schools helps him learn different languages, culture, and of course, make friends.

Because we have spent extended periods of time in Portugal, the Netherlands, and Italy, we have been able to experience how a few schools in these places approach education more intimately. While we've experienced some similarities across the schools he's attended, like classroom size and curriculum structure, we also noticed distinct differences in approach.

School was low-stress in the Netherlands

Where we lived in the Netherlands, children as young as four years old often happily walked themselves to school. The school my son attended in the Netherlands was run like a well-oiled machine, yet they still maintained a playful and innocent atmosphere.

The school administrators were strict about timeliness — I often witnessed that if students arrived even one minute late, they were considered late, with no exceptions. However, discipline for kids was simply a stern talking-to from teachers. Teachers told us that if children had issues with each other, they were expected to sort it amongst themselves, while the adults observed from a distance.

Friends who had kids at other schools in the Netherlands confirmed that this focus on independent conflict resolution with minimal adult intervention was common. Play was the central focus of the day for children until they were about seven years old. The primary focus during those early years was on children learning to coexist with one another rather than academics.

Learning to swim was also a significant focus in the early years in the Netherlands and considered more critical than learning to read by many locals we spoke with. Once compulsory, now only some schools integrate swim classes into the curriculum. Given the numerous canals everywhere, this emphasis is understandable.

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Children at my son's school spent a large portion of their day outdoors, regardless of the weather, which parents said was typical. The Dutch often say, "There is no such thing as bad weather, only bad clothing." At school, my son assisted in preparing daily vegan meals, and occasionally brought home crafts to do.

Friends who had older kids in the Netherlands told me that the homework increased once they hit middle school, where there was more of an emphasis on academics. I truly appreciated this low-stress setting we encountered during our son's primary school years.

We saw more emphasis on collaboration than individual performance in Portugal

In Portugal, there was an emphasis on projects that children completed together to enhance their collaboration skills, and praise was often based on the collaboration itself rather than individual performance.

We noticed that children rarely had packed schedules filled with extracurricular activities like in the US, and often stayed up very late at night with their families, based on our own observations and talking to Portuguese parents.

While I adored the genuinely "crunchy" vibe of the schools my son attended and the kindness of the teachers, I believed our son would benefit from more structure and consistency in his routine . So, for a time, we supplemented even more than our usual load of schoolwork at home to provide more academic consistency during his short stint at a Portuguese school and eventually transitioned to only homeschooling again and met with a homeschool group for field trips.

We noticed less encouragement of competition in Italy than in the US

At the school my son goes to in Italy , it was immediately evident that food and dining is treated as an important part of the school day. Students are given a proper dining experience with formal table settings. The primary schools get a full two-hour break in the middle of the day including lunch and free time, known as riposo , lending to a much longer school day overall.

Football (soccer) is also taken seriously, so most schools we visited have specialized schedules specifically for children who play and perhaps want to pursue it as a career. Participation in the arts, football, and music is encouraged, but football is by far the most popular activity at our school and in our region.

As for the emphasis on the curriculum, so far, it seems far less rigid than in the US. Cognitive and social skills appear to be the primary objectives, rather than a heavy focus on testing. There is almost no encouragement of competition that we witnessed, as collaboration seems to be the focus until middle school.

My son is not yet in middle school, but from what I've heard both in preliminary conversations with schools, open days, and from Facebook groups with other expat parents , it sounds like middle school takes a more rigorous academic approach across Europe. For example, some countries, like Italy, expect children to know their primary focus of study by the time they enter high school, and then are placed in a specialized school program geared towards that interest area. Middle school seems to help form this decision by focusing on more specific subjects like robotics, engineering and anatomy, as they are already expected to know how to work together.

The unifying theme we observed throughout the schools in Europe that our son has attended, regardless of the country, was to allow children to be children and let the serious learning come later. At almost all the schools my son attended or toured, more importance was placed on children's ability to coexist together, work on projects and tasks collaboratively, than on core subjects like math, science, and history in those early years.

Each country had something we cherished and something we had to learn to adjust to. Overall, compared to our group homeschooling experience in the US, I would say that the primary schools in the European cities we joined were far less stressful. The academics seemed to get prioritized more as the kids got older. This makes me really appreciate how the lower grades focused on collaboration and coexistence.

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