research on tourism experiencescapes the journey from art to science

Research on tourism experiencescapes: the journey from art to science

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Cited by 37 publication s

References 61 publication s, evolving research perspectives on food and gastronomic experiences in tourism.

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the development of research on gastronomic tourism experiences and chart its relationship to foundational management and marketing literature as well as the tourism and hospitality field. Design/methodology/approach The author develops a literature review of papers in specialist journals and the SCOPUS database to identify major research themes and the evolution of experience and gastronomic experience research. Findings Gastronomy is an increasingly important element of tourism experiences. Gastronomic experience research in tourism mirrors the evolution in management and marketing theory from rational information processing approaches to emotional and hedonistic approaches and analysis of relationality and co-creation. The paper sketches a development from Experience 1.0 (producer-orientated) to Experience 2.0 (co-creation) to Experience 3.0 (foodscapes) in gastronomic experiences in tourism research. Research limitations/implications Increasing complexity of gastronomic experiences requires a more holistic analytic approach, including more attention for relational and co-creational processes. Linking together different experience elements and experience phases requires more holistic and contextual research approaches. Practical implications Hospitality organizations should recognize the differentiated and complex nature of gastronomic experiences, the different touchpoints within the customer journey and their relationship to experience outcomes. The development of hybrid gastronomic experiences offers both opportunities and challenges for the future. Originality/value This quantitative and qualitative literature analysis underlines the need for a more holistic approach to gastronomic experiences, covering different experiential phases and contexts of production and consumption.

Impact of multisensory extended reality on tourism experience journey

Purpose The use of extended reality (XR) to create memorable experiences has attracted considerable attention, especially in tourism. Multisensory XR offers a new way of virtually previewing a destination before physical holidays. This study aims to explore how multisensory XR can be used at each stage of the tourism experience journey. This study established a model for how destination-image formation is affected by multisensory XR in each phase of tourism experience. Design/methodology/approach The authors followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines to review studies published between 2013 and 2020, gathered from four research databases. The authors identified the predominant XR technology and sensory stimuli based on the characteristics of various tourism domains. The authors synthesized the previous studies to explain destination-image formation by using multisensory XR. Findings This study summarized the XR study distribution among the three stages of the tourism experience journey. The authors identified the predominant sensory stimuli and dominant XR application and developed a destination-image formation model by using multisensory XR. Originality/value This study highlights the holistic approach of multisensory XR in the tourism experience journey in relation to various tourism domains. It also contributes to destination-image formation in the virtual environment by providing multisensory experiences of predominant sensory stimuli at each stage.

Affordances for tourism service design

This paper argues that the concept of affordance, which captures the relations between one's abilities and the properties of one's environment, can help in aligning the elements of a tourism service with intended service experiences. We start with a general review of its conceptual basis in ecological psychology and design research, and then elaborate on the concept's potential applications in the context of tourism service design. The application of an affordance-centred framework is illustrated through a case study which examined a group of tourists with and without visual impairment on a holiday to an international destination. Finally, we offer four propositions to guide the use of the affordance concept in tourism service design.

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Research on tourism experiencescapes: the journey from art to science

2019, Current Issues in Tourism

Researchers have made increasing use of the suffix ‘-scape’ to express the multiple contexts and perspectives that characterize the tourism field. Examples include the terms soundscapes, destinationscapes, landscapes and technoscapes. The present paper explores the application of one such expression – experiencescape – as a potential medium for analyzing various tourism-related experience contexts. The researchers address the persistent adoption of singular investigative perspectives, despite the availability of experimental tracking data that enables more scientific approaches to understanding how experiences are produced, packaged, consumed and staged within environments. To date, there has been no comprehensive review of studies on the evolution and applications of experiencescapes, despite their critical role in forming tourism experiences. This study addresses the gap by discussing the emergence, nature, development and potential of experiencescapes and presents implications for future research. It is found that the experiencescape concept can function both analytically and operationally. It helps to understand, investigate and interpret diverse tourism experiences and provides a basis for developing new or improved experiences.

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Lusine Margaryan

This study analyses variations in the operational setting in the context of nature-based tourism (NBT) and draws much needed attention to the supply side of this sector by segmenting the NBT service providers based on their setting preferences. This paper focuses on the setting of NBT as an important alternative avenue for understanding the operational context of NBT supply. This approach is subsequently empirically explored through a national survey among the NBT service providers in Sweden. The data analysis demonstrates that the companies can be rather clearly clustered based on the variations in the perceived importance and impact of NBT setting components. This study therefore helps in understanding the role of a commercial setting in explaining NBT supply, which has a potential to not only contribute to developing the research of this sector further but also help in avoiding possible conflicts with other natural resource users and improve its overall management.

Ana Cláudia Campos , Julio Mendes , Noel Scott

This paper reviews the literature concerning co-creation of tourism experiences. It analyses the theoretical underpinnings of co-creation and discusses key dimensions of the concept from the tourist’s perspective, highlighting the importance of active participation and interaction. The aim is to propose a psychology-focused definition of on-site co-creation tourism experience on which to base a conceptual framework relating important constructs. Opportunities for future empirical research in this area are suggested.

Julio Mendes

Marketing has been increasing its focus on the role of the five human senses in consumer behaviour, since research under the experiential paradigm has pointed to multisensory stimuli as intensifiers of consumers’ experiences, such as tourist experiences. Whereas previous studies in tourism touted vision, current research claims a holistic approach to sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch in order to

This dissertation contributes to developing knowledge on the commercialization of natural resources through tourism. This is achieved by means of understanding the main avenues through which natural resources are commercialized, and analyzing the operational setting of tourism firms. The focal area is nature-based tourism– a type of tourism, taking place in comparatively unmodified natural areas, which has emerged as a powerful gravitational force, integrating an increasing variety of natural resources into the commercial domain. The point of departure is the assumption that for nature-based tourism firms, nature is simultaneously the main object of commercialization and the operational setting, where this commercialization happens. The attention here is, therefore, on the supply side, i.e. on the small and micro firms, acting as the agents of commercialization. The empirical data come primarily from a nation-wide survey among the nature-based tourism firms in Sweden, generating the most comprehensive information about this sector to date. Additional data come from in-depth interviews and observations among the nature-based tourism firms in Sweden, as well as secondary sources (official statistics on natural resources and a survey in Norway). This is a compilation thesis, i.e. it consists of a cover essay and five individual papers. The cover essay offers a bird’s eye view on all the papers, frames them theoretically and synthesizes all the findings into a coherent contribution. Papers I and II create the foundation, necessary for understanding the processes of nature commercialization and the operational setting of naturebased tourism firms, while Papers III, IV and V provide supplementary insights into these areas of inquiry. Paper I starts by building on existing knowledge in outdoor recreation to approach nature-based tourism. Paper II focuses on the operational setting, conceptualizes and explores its dimensions. Building on this, Paper III looks at how the presence of various amenities in the operational setting can explain the localization patterns of the firms on various geographical levels. Paper IV focuses on the operational setting dimensions omitted in the previous papers, i.e. the continuous efforts of the firms to negotiate the inherent uncertainty within the setting. Finally, Paper V looks at various characteristics of nature-based tourism firms to understand the specifics of sustainability strategies.

Journal of Destination Marketing and Management

Peter Lugosi

This paper reviews and synthesises multi-disciplinary research on destination experiences and outlines some of the future challenges facing researchers and practitioners. The paper is split into four main parts: the first reviews social scientific conceptualisations of consumption and consumer experiences; the second considers marketing and management perspectives; and the third focuses specifically on consumption experiences in destination settings. The final part examines the challenges for future research and identifies three critical sets of issues: the first concerns matters of scale and focus when conceptualising and examining destination experiences; the second deals with the various and seemingly incompatible conceptual and methodological approaches required to explore destination experiences; and the third concerns the increasing necessity to recognise complexity in terms of understanding the various stakeholders, processes and practices and their interactions, which shape destination experiences.

Richard Ek , Johan Hultman

Dora Agapito

This paper aims to contribute to the conceptualization of the sensory dimension of tourist experiences by discussing its theoretical underpinnings. A multidisciplinary approach to the human senses shows their importance to the individual’s experience and perception of the surrounding world, recommending the appropriateness of a holistic analysis of sensescapes in tourism. A review of empirical studies conducted under the experiential paradigm of tourism on the five human senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch) evidences the use of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, which depends on research purposes, but also the practical implications of findings and data analysis to destination marketing and management. The paper discusses the role of the senses in designing tourist experiences, and identifies important topics regarding the study of the sensory dimension of tourist experiences, considering future research opportunities.

… Journal of Hospitality …

Richard Ek , Jonas Larsen

International Journal of Hospitality Management

Fevzi Okumus

This paper discusses the theoretical underpinnings of consumer experience by examining the definitions of experience and the contextual nature of consumer experiences. It offers a framework to better understand this construct in a hospitality and tourism context. The proposed framework demonstrates the multidimensional facets of the consumer experience. An extensive review of the literature identified three stream of empirical research. The paper suggests that the perception of consumer experience has numerous foundational origins that have complicated its growth as a viable and valued concept. This study proposes a number of emerging themes that give credence and direction to the concept of consumer experiences.

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Smithsonian Voices

From the Smithsonian Museums

SMITHSONIAN EDUCATION

Finding Our Place in Space Through the Lenses of Art, Culture, History and Science

A new Smithsonian guide features tips for exploring objects in the sky, examines technology that helps us better understand the universe, and explores ways culture and the arts have used the cosmos to stimulate our imaginations

Carol Wilson & Erika Wright

Some of humanity’s greatest unresolved questions are about the nature of the universe. These questions have been pondered for generations, as people seek to understand how the galaxies, stars, and planets originated. At the Smithsonian, planetary scientists and astrophysicists continue to lead the quest to unlock the fundamental secrets of the cosmos, bringing us closer to answers than ever before. They explore Earth’s place in our own solar system, as well as other earth-like worlds orbiting around distant stars; they investigate the history of the Universe from Earth's geological past and present to the formation and evolution of planets, stars, and galaxies; and they showcase the results of their explorations and connect them to humankind's artistic and cultural endeavors.

Not an astrophysicist? No problem! Everyone, no matter their age or background can make a personal connection to the sky. To get started, think about these connections you may have to the cosmos: seeing a “shooting star,” tracing patterns in constellations, taking family trips outdoors, enjoying favorite sci-fi movies or books, witnessing historical astronomical events like an eclipse, attending sun or moon-centered festivals, or even experiencing seasonal observations.

Finding Our Place in Space

A new Smithsonian guide, “ Wonder & Awe ," features stories and activities that connect us to our “place in space” through the lenses of art, culture, history, and science.  The sky belongs to everyone – from the women who mapped the universe over a century ago, to the astronomers who captured the first picture of a black hole, to the artists who inspire us with celestial connections.

Arts and Culture in the Universe

Artist Alma Thomas (1891–1978) was curious about the wonders of the universe. A singular figure in the story of twentieth-century American art, Thomas developed her unique style of abstract painting after retiring from a long career as an art teacher in Washington D.C. Her colorful, rhythmic paintings were influenced by elements of nature, music, and space. The Smithsonian American Art Museum  holds the largest public collection of works by Alma Thomas in the world. Many of Thomas’s space paintings - - from her shimmering red canvas inspired by the supergiant star Antares, to her rainbow-hued round composition referencing the Apollo 8 lunar module nicknamed “Snoopy” - - reflect the vibrant optimism of the space age. Her painting The Eclipse was inspired by a total solar eclipse in 1970 and reflects the moment when the Moon fleetingly blocked the view of the Sun from the Earth, morphing into a dark sphere surrounded by an explosion of light and color on canvas.

The unique vision of artists and cultural storytellers has helped translate the wonders of the universe for centuries. Oral traditions of the Tlingit in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest explain the origins of some celestial bodies and inspired artist Preston Singletary to create Raven Steals the Sun , a sculpture inspired by the story of the trickster Raven who captures the Sun, Moon and Stars and releases them to bring light into our world. Artist Margaret Nazon, a member of the Gwich’in First Nation in Tsiigehtchic, Northwest Territories, Canada, created fabric and beaded artworks based on images from the Hubble Space Telescope, combining traditional beading techniques she learned as a child with contemporary scientific imagery. Her fabric artwork Night Sky depicts galaxies of stars, comets, and constellations including Ursa Major, Cassiopeia, and Orion, the Hunter, objects that help people orient themselves in relation to the stars.

Unlocking the Mysteries of the Universe

Unraveling the mysteries of the Universe is a complicated process, with each discovery building on the last. At the Smithsonian, we have a long history of peering into the cosmos in search of these answers. Samuel Pierpont Langley, the third secretary of the Smithsonian, founded the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in 1890, primarily for studies of the Sun. Today, SAO’s efforts to understand the physical processes on the Sun and the many ways it influences Earth, like all of our astrophysics research, takes teams of experts from varied backgrounds to pursue. In fact, it’s this collaborative effort that makes modern astrophysics research so successful. From engineers, to imaging scientists, astrophysicists to artificial intelligence experts, data scientists to educators, broad and diverse teams are needed to answer our unresolved questions about the nature of the universe.

As Mary Dussault, Science Education Program Manager at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory puts it: “There are thousands of things you can do in science education. First, you get to learn more about the universe. Then, you can do whatever you're great at to help other people learn. If you're an artist, you can create great info-graphics; if you're a writer, you can write fascinating articles; if you're a hands-on maker, you can create museum exhibits; if you're a you-tuber, you can create videos that teach science; if you like teamwork, you can coach other educators.”

Expanding Astronomical Horizons

NASA’s Great Observatories have given, and continue to give, us some of the most awe inspiring peeks into our universe. Their ability to capture information beyond that which our eyes can see provides us with new and exciting opportunities to understand the world around us every day. The Chandra X-ray Observatory, one of these great observatories – currently celebrating its 25th anniversary, recently joined forces with the James Webb Space Telescope to discover the most distant black hole ever detected in X-rays. This new discovery is considered the best evidence to date that some early black holes formed from massive clouds of gas. But you don’t have to have access to NASA telescopes to be a part of this great community of night sky investigators! You simply have to be curious.

Here’s some great ideas to get you started:

• Pay attention to the Moon and Sun. Everyone, no matter where they live, can join in observing our two most celebrated celestial objects. 
• Start Looking Up : Find a dark place like a highschool ball field, a park, or in a city this might be a rooftop you have safe access to. Bring a blanket, and let your eyes adjust. Searching for constellations is a great way to start. 
• Telescopes and binoculars can really enhance your observing experience. Did you know many libraries have telescopes you can borrow!
• Take your own images using the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s MicroObservatory Robotic Telescopes . All you need is an email address to get started.
• Explore the Universe with your other senses, and listen to A Universe of Sound , a project from the Chandra X-ray Observatory to translate data into sound.  

We hope you’re inspired by the work of scientists, artists, designers, and historians featured in this guide. Tomorrow’s eclipse is a reminder that the sky belongs to everyone. Take this opportunity to expand your horizons, and examine your personal, cultural, and scientific connections to the sky. Just like the Universe, our connections to the world around us are ever evolving. What stories do you want to tell about your place in space? Join the Smithsonian in expressing them through poetry, painting, song, and more. Then share them– with your friends, your family, and with us! 

Editor's Note: The "Wonder & Awe" guide is now available online for viewing and download , featuring connections to the story of the Smithsonian's sunburst logo and the graphic designer Crimilda Pontes who created it; how artists including Alma Thomas , Margaret Nazon (Gwich’in Tsiigehtchic, Northwest Territories), and Preston Singletary (Tlingit), have been inspired by celestial objects; ongoing research and data collection from the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and its partners; tips for observing the night sky ; and pathways for students to learn more about astronomy through programming and research opportunities.

Carol Wilson | READ MORE

Carol Wilson is the Lunder Education Chair at the Smithsonian American Art Museum where she leads museum learning and engagement at SAAM and The Renwick Gallery. She oversees a department responsible for K-12 learning, audience research, visitor-centered interpretive experiences, accessibility programs, and an international distance learning program that fosters critical thinking skills and global competence. Wilson serves on SAAM’s senior leadership team and collaborates across the Smithsonian to develop and implement institutional strategies and learning initiatives. She developed a love for museums growing up in Boston and began her Smithsonian career at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, landing at SAAM in 2004 after a two-year detour in Brussels, Belgium.

Erika Wright | READ MORE

Erika Wright is an Education Specialist in the Science Education Department at SAO, specializing in supporting the inclusive participation of girls, youth from groups underrepresented in STEM, and scientists together in science learning experiences beyond the classroom. Erika has worked in a variety of museum and informal learning settings. She earned her Masters from the George Washington University Museum Education Program. Before coming to SAO, Erika developed youth programs at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History.