unless you finish your homework

Conditionals in English

Common errors and tips.

Click Here for Step-by-Step Rules, Stories and Exercises to Practice All English Tenses

Click Here for Step-by-Step Rules, Stories and Exercises to Practice All Tenses

You will be allowed to watch television only if you finish your homework by 9:00.
I will be at your wedding tomorrow unless my son is still sick.
When the sun sets, the kids will return home.
If you want to be paid for a full day, you have to arrive at work on time.
Even if we leave right now, we will still be late to the wedding.
Take your cell phone with you in case you need to call me.

First conditional (real)

Incorrect: Sam won't go to the dance unless you will ask him .
Correct: Sam won't go to the dance unless you ask him .
Incorrect: In case you will need my help , I will be in my classroom until 4:00.
Correct: In case you need my help , I will be in my classroom until 4:00.
Incorrect: Sammy will be allowed to play only if he will share his toys.
Correct: Sammy will be allowed to play only if he shares his toys .
Incorrect: If you will eat your vegetables , you will be allowed to watch television.
Correct: If you eat your vegetables , you will be allowed to watch television.

Second conditional (unreal)

Incorrect: If I would win the big prize , I would take you to dinner at a fancy restaurant.
Correct: If I won the big prize , I would take you to dinner at a fancy restaurant.
Incorrect: She would go to Spain only if her parents would buy her a plane ticket .
Correct: She would go to Spain only if her parents bought her a plane ticket.
Incorrect: Tom wouldn't like broccoli even if you would cover it in cheese .
Correct: Tom wouldn't like broccoli even if you covered it in cheese.
Incorrect: I would be the happiest boy alive if I would have a monkey for a pet .
Correct: I would be the happiest boy alive if I had a monkey for a pet .

Third conditional (past)

Incorrect: If you would have remembered your list , you would have known what to buy at the store.
Correct: If you had remembered your list , you would have known what to buy at the store.
Incorrect: Richard would have shoveled the sidewalk only if he would have known you were arriving .
Correct: Richard would have shoveled the sidewalk only if he had known you were arriving .
Incorrect: The students wouldn't have finished their work even if the teacher would have been there .
Correct: The students wouldn't have finished their work even if the teacher had been there .
Incorrect: If she had would have filled the car up with gas , she would not have been late.

Zero conditional (always true)

Caution the most common mistake is to use will in the main clause ..

Incorrect: When you leave the milk out, it will become sour.
Correct: When you leave the milk out, it becomes sour .
Incorrect: If it is cold inside, the heater will turn on .
Correct: If it is cold inside, the heater turns on .
Incorrect: Nick will need medicine if he coughs.
Correct: Nick needs medicine if he coughs.

Conditionals in English tips for commas

1. when the condition comes first, a comma is usually used after the conditional..

If Tommy eats his vegetables, he will be allowed to eat dessert.
Even if Mom picks me up by 4:30, I won't have time to come to your house before practice.
If Sally is sick, she must stay home.
Unless you finish your degree in education, you cannot be hired as a certified teacher.
When you leave the dog in the house, he tears up the furniture.

2. When the condition comes second, no comma is needed.

You will be allowed to listen to music during class if you promise to complete your work.
Turn off the computer when you are finished.
Jill will go to the dance with him only if he asks her.
You won't pass this class unless you study.
The rain will turn into snow unless the temperature rises soon.

Resources on English Conditionals:

English Conditionals (First Conditional | Second Conditional | Third Conditional | Zero Conditional)

English Conditionals: A Step-by-Step Workbook

Conditionals in English: Common Errors and Tips

Mixed Conditionals: Explanations and Examples

Mixed Conditionals Short Review

Indicative Mood, Imperative Mood and Subjunctive Mood

"Meredith's Day": A Short Story to Practice English Conditionals

"Weekend Plans": A Short Story to Practice English Conditionals

Reading Text with Conditional Sentences

Real Conditionals Lesson Plan

Unreal Conditionals Lesson Plan

Real Conditionals Worksheet

Unreal Conditionals Worksheet

English Conditionals: A Common Mistake

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Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions are conjunctions that are used at the beginning of subordinate clauses. Some examples of these conjunctions are; although, after, before, because, how, if, once, since, so that, until, unless, when etc.

Here are examples of their use;

Although—means "in spite of the fact that": Although it was raining, I ran home. He came to work, although he felt sick. Although my mum told me to come home early, I stayed out late.

After—shows "subsequently to the time when": Call me after you arrive at the station. We couldn't see the film after the electricity went out.0 I always tell my daughter that she can have dessert after she eats her dinner.

Before—shows "earlier than the time that": He had written a living will before he died. Before he contacted me, I was going to call him. I need to finish the report before the manager arrives from Paris.

Because—means "for the reason that": He became rich because he was smart and worked hard. They stopped building the house because it was raining hard. I love kittens because they are so cute.

How—means "the way in which": Tell me how you persuaded Danny to see that film. He explained how he completed it in a few days. Can you show me how to use the computer?

If—means "in the event that": If it is sunny tomorrow, we can go to the park. If I receive a promotion, you will be the first to know. You can watch TV if you finish your homework.

Once—indicates "at the moment when": Once you see him, you will recognize him. Once the light came on, we all shouted with joy. Call me once you start working.

Since—means "from the time when": I've been a dancer since I was young. Since he graduated, he has been doing nothing. This shop has been refurbished three times since I lived here.

So that—means "in order to": So that she could keep her job, she didn't complain at all. He finished his work as fast as possible so that he could leave early. He worked harder for a promotion so he could buy a new car.

Until—means "up to the time that": Don't do anything until I come back. She didn't know she was a talented singer until she sang in the school concert. They won't allow us to start until everyone arrives.

Unless—means "except, on the condition": You will not pass the exam unless you work harder. I will not tell you anything unless you tell me what you know first. Unless you ask her, you will never know.

When—means "at that time": When I came in the room, everyone looked at me. I woke up when my baby was crying. I started looking for a place to stay when I decided I wanted to live here.

Lesson by Tristan, teacher at EC Malta English school

Now complete the following with the correct conjunction:

1) Could you contact me _ you receive the information. before unless when
2) I want to go to the concert early _ we can get a good place. because so that if
3) We need to start early _ we want to arrive at the hotel in time for lunch. because when if
4) I have no idea _ to operate the new printer. how if so
5) _ he was tired, Danny still managed to help me with my work. after if although
6) Peter started yoga _ he wanted to learn how to relax. if because so that
7) Tess planned her holiday a whole year _. before after although

Lesson Index

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Subordinating Conjunction: Definitions, Rules & Examples

If you’ve ever written a complex sentence, chances are you’ve used a subordinating conjunction. Subordinating conjunctions are an essential component of the English language, used to connect two clauses in a sentence. These conjunctions help us to express a relationship between the two clauses and indicate which of the two clauses is subordinate to the other.

In this article, we will explore subordinating conjunctions in detail, including their definitions, rules, and examples. We will also look at some common mistakes made while using these conjunctions and how to avoid them. So, let’s dive in and explore the world of subordinating conjunctions.

Table of Contents

Understanding Subordinating Conjunctions:

Subordinating conjunctions are words that are used to connect two clauses in a sentence. These conjunctions introduce a subordinate clause that depends on the main clause for its meaning. The subordinate clause cannot stand alone and needs the main clause to complete its meaning.

Subordinating conjunctions are used to show the relationship between the two clauses. Some common subordinating conjunctions include “ although ,” “ because ,” “ if ,” “ since ,” “ unless ,” and “ while .”

Rules for Using Subordinating Conjunctions:

There are a few important rules to keep in mind when using subordinating conjunctions. These rules include:

The subordinate clause must come after the main clause.
The two clauses must be related in meaning.
A comma is usually needed when the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.
The subordinating conjunction should be followed by a subject and a verb.

Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions:

Let’s take a look at some examples of subordinating conjunctions in action:

Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk.
Because I have an early meeting, I need to go to bed early tonight.
If you need any help, just let me know.
Since she moved to the city, she has been happier.
Unless you finish your homework, you can’t go out tonight.
While I was studying, my roommate was watching TV.

Common Mistakes with Subordinating Conjunctions:

Using subordinating conjunctions can be tricky, and many people make common mistakes when using them. Some common mistakes include:

Using the wrong conjunction: It’s essential to choose the right conjunction to express the relationship between the two clauses correctly.
Placing the subordinating conjunction in the wrong place: The conjunction should always come before the subordinate clause.
Not using a comma when needed: A comma is usually needed when the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.
Using the wrong word order: The subject and verb should follow the subordinating conjunction.

FAQs about Subordinating Conjunctions:

Q: What is the difference between a subordinating conjunction and a coordinating conjunction? A: A subordinating conjunction connects a dependent clause to an independent clause, while a coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses.
Q: Can subordinating conjunctions be used to begin a sentence? A: Yes, but when the subordinate clause comes first, a comma is usually needed.
Q: How many subordinating conjunctions are there in English? A: There are many subordinating conjunctions in English, including “although,” “because,” “if,” “since,” “unless,” “when,” and “while,” among others.
Q: Can subordinating conjunctions be used in the middle of a sentence? A: Yes, subordinating conjunctions can be used in the middle of a sentence, as long as they connect a subordinate clause to an independent clause.
Q: Are there any exceptions to the rule that the subordinate clause must come after the main clause? A: Yes, there are some exceptions to this rule. For example, in sentences starting with “before,” “after,” “until,” and “since,” the subordinate clause may come before the main clause.

Conclusion:

Subordinating conjunctions are an essential component of the English language, helping us to connect two clauses and express the relationship between them. By understanding the rules for using subordinating conjunctions and avoiding common mistakes, you can create clear and effective sentences that convey your intended meaning.

Remember to always choose the right conjunction, place it in the correct position, use a comma when needed, and ensure the subject and verb follow the subordinating conjunction. With these tips in mind, you’ll be able to use subordinating conjunctions with confidence and precision.

So, whether you’re writing an essay, a report, or simply sending an email, make sure you’re using subordinating conjunctions correctly to convey your message clearly and effectively.

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200+ Sentences with Unless

Sentences with unless.

The word “unless” is a subordinating conjunction that is used to introduce a clause that expresses a condition that must be met in order for the main clause to be true. It is similar to the subordinating conjunction “if,” but it is used to express a negative condition.

Here are some examples of how to use “unless” in a sentence:

I won’t go to the party unless you go with me.
You can’t pass the test unless you study hard.
You’ll get wet unless you take an umbrella.
The car won’t start unless you put in the key.
The door won’t open unless you enter the password.

“Unless” can also be used to introduce a clause that expresses a consequence of failing to meet a condition.

Here are 200+ sentences that include the word “unless”:

I won’t go to the party unless you come with me.
Unless it stops raining, we won’t be able to play outside.
Unless you study hard, you won’t pass the exam.
We won’t leave for the trip unless everyone is ready.
Unless you apologize, I won’t forgive you.
Unless there’s traffic, we should arrive on time.
Unless you finish your chores, you can’t go out.
Unless the store has a sale, I won’t buy that dress.
Unless she calls me back, I can’t make plans.
I won’t eat vegetables unless they are cooked.
Unless the price is right, I won’t buy the car.
Unless he explains himself, I won’t understand.
We won’t start the game unless everyone is here.
Unless you wear a coat, you’ll catch a cold.
I won’t go to the concert unless I get a ticket.
Unless you pay your dues, you can’t be a member.
We won’t watch the movie unless it’s good.
Unless I get some rest, I’ll be tired tomorrow.
I won’t open the door unless I know who it is.
Unless you ask for help, I won’t assist you.
We won’t go on vacation unless we save money.
Unless you clean your room, you can’t have friends over.
I won’t eat seafood unless it’s fresh.
Unless she apologizes, we won’t reconcile.
Unless you return the book, I can’t lend you another.
We won’t take a break unless we finish the project.
Unless you follow the instructions, you’ll fail.
I won’t go to the doctor unless I’m really sick.
Unless the weather improves, the picnic is canceled.
Unless you admit your mistake, we can’t move on.
We won’t adopt a pet unless we have time to care for it.
Unless you pay attention, you’ll miss the important details.
I won’t try that dish unless it’s recommended.
Unless you pass the test, you can’t graduate.
Unless there’s a sale, I won’t buy new shoes.
We won’t leave the park unless the kids are tired.
Unless you ask for directions, you’ll get lost.
I won’t sign the contract unless I agree to the terms.
Unless you clean up after yourself, the mess will remain.
We won’t attend the event unless we receive an invitation.
Unless you take care of your health, you’ll regret it later.
I won’t wear a jacket unless it’s cold outside.
Unless you try, you won’t know if you can do it.
We won’t change our plans unless there’s a good reason.
Unless you believe in yourself, you won’t succeed.
I won’t eat dessert unless I finish my dinner.
Unless you practice, you won’t improve your skills.
We won’t leave the house unless we lock the doors.
Unless you trust me, our relationship won’t work.
I won’t invest in the stock market unless it’s stable.
Unless you exercise regularly, you won’t stay fit.
We won’t take a shortcut unless it’s safe.
Unless you update the software, it won’t work properly.
I won’t wear a costume unless it’s a costume party.
Unless you save money, you won’t have any for emergencies.
We won’t go swimming unless the pool is clean.
Unless you believe in magic, you won’t see its wonders.
I won’t eat spicy food unless I have water nearby.
Unless you read the book, you won’t understand the movie.
We won’t take the risk unless there’s a reward.
Unless you respect others, you won’t earn their respect.
I won’t watch horror movies unless I’m in the mood.
Unless you write it down, you might forget.
We won’t go to the beach unless it’s sunny.
Unless you recharge the battery, the device won’t work.
I won’t try new food unless it’s recommended by a friend.
Unless you take action, nothing will change.
We won’t go camping unless we have the gear.
Unless you finish your homework, you can’t play games.
I won’t eat fast food unless I’m really hungry.
Unless you check the weather forecast, you might get wet.
We won’t go hiking unless we have the right shoes.
Unless you understand the rules, you can’t play the game.
I won’t wear my glasses unless I’m reading.
Unless you stay focused, you won’t meet your goals.
We won’t go to the concert unless the tickets are affordable.
Unless you admit your feelings, they won’t know.
I won’t eat raw fish unless it’s sushi.
Unless you practice regularly, you won’t become skilled.
We won’t leave the party unless it’s over.
Unless you clean the filter, the air won’t be fresh.
I won’t wear a tie unless it’s a formal event.
Unless you pay the bill, we can’t leave the restaurant.
We won’t start the project unless we have a plan.
Unless you submit the application, you won’t be considered.
I won’t eat spicy food unless I have a glass of milk.
Unless you speak up, no one will know your opinion.
We won’t go on vacation unless we have time off.
Unless you admit your mistake, you won’t learn.
I won’t take a nap unless I’m tired.
Unless you study the material, you won’t pass the test.
We won’t take a break unless we finish the chapter.
Unless you invest wisely, you won’t secure your future.
I won’t eat sweets unless it’s a special occasion.
Unless you exercise regularly, you won’t stay healthy.
We won’t leave the park unless it’s getting dark.
Unless you believe in yourself, you won’t achieve your dreams.
I won’t eat fast food unless I’m in a hurry.
Unless you save money, you won’t have financial security.
We won’t go to the amusement park unless it’s open.
Unless you follow the recipe, the dish won’t taste right.
I won’t wear a helmet unless I’m biking.
Unless you apologize, the tension won’t ease.
We won’t start the race unless the weather improves.
Unless you wake up early, you’ll miss the sunrise.
I won’t buy a car unless it’s affordable.
We won’t have a barbecue unless it stops raining.
Unless you understand the culture, you won’t fit in.
I won’t buy clothes unless they’re on sale.
Unless you focus on your goals, you won’t achieve them.
We won’t go on a road trip unless the car is ready.
Unless you fix the leak, the water won’t stop.
I won’t eat ice cream unless it’s hot outside.
Unless you ask for help, you’ll struggle.
We won’t go hiking unless we have hiking boots.
Unless you read the manual, you won’t know how to use it.
I won’t wear sunglasses unless it’s sunny.
Unless you meet the requirements, you won’t be eligible.
We won’t go to the game unless we have tickets.
Unless you accept the challenge, you won’t grow.
I won’t eat pizza unless it’s freshly baked.
Unless you take a risk, you won’t achieve great things.
We won’t go to the concert unless it’s a famous band.
Unless you save the file, your work will be lost.
I won’t eat salad unless it’s dressed with vinaigrette.
Unless you admit your feelings, you won’t find love.
We won’t go on a trip unless we have a destination.
Unless you exercise regularly, you won’t build muscle.
I won’t eat leftovers unless they’re freshly reheated.
Unless you make a choice, you’ll remain indecisive.
We won’t go to the party unless we’re invited.
Unless you send the email, they won’t receive it.
I won’t eat cake unless it’s my birthday.
Unless you take responsibility, you won’t learn.
Unless you trust your instincts, you won’t succeed.
I won’t eat spicy food unless it’s mild.
Unless you set goals, you won’t have direction.
We won’t go on a road trip unless we have a map.
Unless you write it down, you’ll forget.
I won’t eat chocolate unless it’s dark.
Unless you invest wisely, you won’t grow your wealth.
Unless you practice regularly, you won’t improve.
I won’t eat sushi unless it’s fresh.
We won’t go to the concert unless the tickets are available.
Unless you take a chance, you won’t achieve success.
I won’t eat dessert unless it’s homemade.
Unless you pay attention, you’ll miss important details.
I won’t go swimming unless the pool is clean.

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English Grammar

Verbs in time clauses and 'if' clauses

Level: beginner

Verbs in time clauses and conditionals usually follow the same patterns as in other clauses but there are some differences when we:

talk about the future
make hypotheses.

Talking about the future

In time clauses with words like when , after and until , we often use present tense forms to talk about the future:

I'll come home when I finish work. You must wait here until your father comes . They are coming after they have had dinner.

In conditional clauses with words like if , unless , even if , we often use present tense forms to talk about the future:

We won't be able to go out if it is raining . I will come tomorrow unless I have to look after the children. Even if Barcelona lose tomorrow, they will still be champions.

We do not normally use will in time clauses and conditional clauses:

I'll come home when I finish work . (NOT will finish work ) We won't be able to go out if it rains . (NOT will rain ) It will be nice to see Peter when he gets home . (NOT will get home ) You must wait here until your father comes . (NOT will come )

but we can use will if it means want to or be willing to :

I will be very happy if you will come to my party. We should finish the job early if George will help us.

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Level: intermediate

Making hypotheses

Some conditional clauses are like hypotheses , so we use past tense forms .

We use past tense forms to talk about something that does not happen or is not happening in the present:

He could get a new job if he really tried . (= He cannot get a job because he has not tried.) If Jack was playing , they would probably win. (= Jack is not playing so they will probably not win.) If I had his address, I could write to him. (= I do not have his address so I cannot write to him.)

We use past tense forms to talk about something that we believe or know will not happen in the future :

We would go by train if it wasn't so expensive. (= We will not go by train because it is too expensive.) I would look after the children for you at the weekend if I was at home. (= I cannot look after the children because I will not be at home.)

We use past tense forms to make suggestions about what might happen in the future :

If he came tomorrow, we could borrow his car. If we invited John, Mary would bring Angela.

After I/he/she/it , we can use were instead of was :

If Jack was/were playing , they would probably win. We would go by train if it wasn't/weren’t so expensive. I would look after the children for you at the weekend if I was/were at home.

We use the past perfect to talk about something which did not happen in the past :

If you had seen him, you could have spoken to him. (= You did not see him so you could not speak to him.) You could have stayed with us if you had come to London. (= You could not stay with us because you did not come to London.) If we hadn't spent all our money, we could take a holiday. (= We have spent all our money so we cannot take a holiday.) If I had got the job, we would be living in Paris. (= I did not get the job, so we are not living in Paris.)

If the main clause of a hypothetical conditional is about the present or future , we use a modal :

If I had got the job, we might be living in Paris now. (= I did not get the job so we are not living in Paris now.) If you had done your homework, you would know the answer. (= You did not do your homework so you do not know the answer.)

If the main clause is about the past , we use a modal with have :

If I had seen him, I would have spoken to him. (= I did not see him so I did not speak to him.) You could have stayed with us if you had come to London. (= You could not stay with us because you did not come to London.) If you had invited me, I might have come . (= You did not invite me so I did not come.)

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Q. Mrs. Kanwal is ............ principal of this school.

(1) no article

Some people say that there should be "no article" before the noun "principal". They say the reason is that the noun "principal" has a fixed position in this sentence "this school", so there should be no article.

However, ChatGPT-4 and some books state that the article "the" is right, and most English teachers also give "the" as the right answer.

So please give an answer with reasons as it will be very important for many students.

Please give a strong valid proof for "the" also can be taken as a right answer. For this question I failed a government exam . It will be very helpful if anyone give me a proof. Thank you sir!

Hi Safikamal Sk,

I would say that 1 and 4 are the best answers, and 2 is possible too.

No article - Professional positions are often used with no article (e.g. She is captain of the national team / He is professor of history at City University ).
"The principal" - normally there is one principal in a school. "The" is used to show that there is only one of this thing (e.g. the moon / the king / the sky ).
"A principal" - if a school does have more than one principal, then this is fine.

Sorry to hear about your exam result. I should point out that my explanation above is about general English usage, but usage naturally varies in different contexts (e.g. within different groups of people and institutions, and when communicating for different purposes) and specific contexts may have their own norms or standards. We have no idea about the specifics of your exam, so we cannot really comment on why your exam answer was considered incorrect.

Also, if you have more questions about this, please post them on a relevant page (e.g. Our page on The definite article would be a great place for this question). Thank you!

LearnEnglish team

Hello! Could you please help me to clarify the following? Which option is correct: - If she knew we can hear/ could hear her, she wouldn't be singing in the next room - If he understood what we are talking / were talking about, he wouldn't be laughing - I wish you were serious when you are talking/ were talking about children

What is the rule of the tense sequence in subordinate clauses in conditionals if these clauses represent real situations in the present (e.g. we really can hear her, but she doesn't know it; we are talking about something which he doesn't understand; the person is talking about children, but isn't serious)?

And what is the rule for past situations? Is it correct to say: - If I had known you were going to arrive sooner, I would have waited for you (the real part is "you were going to arrive sooner")

Hello Oksa2024,

The key here is to understand that it is the first verb in each example which expresses unreality. The other verbs are governed by the rules of reported/indirect speech.

For example, in the first sentence the unreal element is expressed by knew ; the form of the other verb is determined by whether or not the action is still true, not whether it is real or unreal:

If she knew we can hear her, she wouldn't be singing in the next room > we can still hear her now

If she knew we could hear her, she wouldn't be singing in the next room > it's not clear if we can still hear her now or only then

You can compare it to these examples of indirect speech:

If she knew I love her, she'd wouldn't have left.... > I loved her then and I still love her now

If she knew I loved her, she'd never have left.... > I loved her then; it's not clear if I love her now

The second example is similar:

If he understood what we are talking about, he wouldn't be laughing > we were talking about it then and the conversation is ongoing

If he understood what we were talking about, he wouldn't be laughing > we were talking about it then; it's not clear if the conversation is over

Your third example is a little bit different. Here the choice depends on whether 'talking about children' refers to one conversation or means something more akin to 'expressing your views on children' in an ongoing sense:

I wish you were serious when you are talking about children > 'talking about' is not a conversation but something like 'giving your opinion on'

I wish you were serious when you were talking about children > here 'talking about' could refer to a particular conversation or to a person's ongoing views/opinion.

I hope that clarifies it for you.

The LearnEnglish Team

Hello Peter, Thank you so much for the explanation!

Could you, also, comment on the tense usage in past situations, please? For example,

- If I had known you weren't in the room, I wouldn't have waited for you (I waited, but I didn't know you weren't there) - If I had known you wouldn't like this idea (future from the past), I wouldn't have even suggested - If I had known you had already bought the present, I wouldn't have spent the whole day looking for one (you (had) bought the present before, but I didn't know it)

Hello again Oksa2024,

Your explanations are good here - I'm not sure what I can add.

- If I had known you weren't in the room, I wouldn't have waited for you (I waited, but I didn't know you weren't there) That's correct. This is an unreal past situation (in reality you didn't know) with an unreal past result (in reality you waited).

- If I had known you wouldn't like this idea (future from the past), I wouldn't have even suggested As above, an unreal past situation (in reality you didn't know) with an unreal past result (in reality you suggested).

- If I had known you had already bought the present, I wouldn't have spent the whole day looking for one (you (had) bought the present before, but I didn't know it) And again, an unreal past situation (in reality you didn't know) with an unreal past result (in reality you spent the looking).

Hello Peter,

Thank you so much for your comments and explanations! May I ask just a few more things, to make sure I understand everything correctly?

1. “If he hadn’t asked me whether I will report/ whether I would report tomorrow, I wouldn’t have had to check my notes” (in this situation, the moment of speaking is still today, but “I will report tomorrow” refers to the future action from the point of view of the moment of speaking, so, can we use “will” here or we need to use “would” as in the indicative mood (for example, in the indicative mood we’d say “He asked whether I would report tomorrow” to make the sequence of tenses correct)?.

And is the following correct? In conditional sentences the usage of tenses in past situations doesn’t follow the rules of the sequence of tenses in the Indicative mood: in conditionals the tenses in clauses depend on whether the situation is still ongoing (or referring to the present) or is finished.

2. Is it possible to say “You will wish you hadn’t followed this advice” (meaning: ‘you will regret following it’)? 3. What is the difference in meaning: “He behaves as if he is a clown/ as if he were a clown” (Indicative vs. Subjunctive)?

Thank you so much for all your help!

Hi Oksa2024,

1. Yes, that's right. Using "will" is fine and it makes it clear that "tomorrow" refers to the day after saying this sentence. It seems to emphasise the urgency of the report more than when using "would".

2. Yes, right.

3. Firstly, we should say that there is little practical difference. Both sentences compare this person's behaviour with that of a clown. The second sentence communicates the unreality of the idea more clearly than the first one, since it uses "as if" and also the subjunctive form "were" (whereas the first sentence only uses "as if"). Both sentences are acceptable, but the subjunctive one may be judged as ideal or more correct because of the harmony of idea between "as if" and the subjunctive verb.

I hope that helps! It seems like you have gained a good understanding of these structures.

Hello Jonathan,

Thank you so much for your help!

In these sentences, which one is correct please, and why? There should be enough cars so a taxi won't/wouldn't be necessary. If Johnson wins the next election he will/would scrap the taxes.

Hi Gezza,

In both sentences, the first clause shows something that the speaker/writer considers as a realistic possibility or a likelihood (because of "There should" and "wins", present simple), rather than using a past form to show something unrealistic or imaginary (e.g. "If there were enough cars ..." / "If Johnson won ..."). So, "won't" and "will" are the best options because they also show a realistic or likely future action.

In everyday conversation, it's somewhat acceptable to use "would" too. However, using "would" makes it unclear whether the speaker/writer considers this to be realistic or just imaginary. If this was in a language test, "would" may not be accepted as an answer.

You can find more examples using "will/won't" and "would" on our Conditionals page (linked) . I hope it helps.

Hello Pundits,

My question is about the use of Future and Present Simple after 'when' in different clauses, as in:

- When you start cooking, I will come in from the garden. In this example 'when you start cooking' is an adverbial clause of time, it indicates the time (not defining any part of the sentence), the structure is similar to a conditional sentence. It answers the question: 'when?' We can only use Present Simple here, correct?

- I look forward to the day when this application is available. Here 'the day' is a direct object, and we explain or define it using the adjective clause 'when this application is available', it answers the question: 'what day?' As far as I know, we can use Present Simple or Future Simple here. What is the difference between the two? When should I use one or the other? - I look forward to when we get to work together again. 'When we get to work together again' is a noun clause, it answers the question: 'what?' We can rebuild the sentence into: - I look forward to our future cooperation. Having done my research on COCA, I can conclude that, in general, people prefer Present Simple in such clause, but there were some examples with Future Simple as well. What is the difference between Future Simple and Present Simple here?

Thank you very much.

Hello Tony_M,

- When you start cooking, I will come in from the garden. In this example 'when you start cooking' is an adverbial clause of time, it indicates the time (not defining any part of the sentence), the structure is similar to a conditional sentence. It answers the question: 'when?' We can only use Present Simple here, correct?

It's possible to use other forms after when here, such as present perfect to emphasise completion ( When you have written the report.... ) or present continuous to show an event in progress ( When you are peeling the potatoes... ). In the second clause, the present simple is possible if you are describing typical behaviour rather than a particular instance.

- I look forward to the day when this application is available. Here 'the day' is a direct object, and we explain or define it using the adjective clause 'when this application is available', it answers the question: 'what day?' As far as I know, we can use Present Simple or Future Simple here. What is the difference between the two? When should I use one or the other?

The present simple is more common here but both can be used, as you say. I think modal 'will' (it's not, strictly speaking, a tense at all) suggests less certainty regarding the matter. In other words, to my ear the present simple suggests that the application will definitely be available, while 'will' here is said without that certainty. You can perhaps see it more clearly in these examples:

I look forward to the day when we finally meet. [I'm confident we're going to meet] I look forward to the day when we will finally meet. [I don't know if it will actually happen] - I look forward to when we get to work together again. 'When we get to work together again' is a noun clause, it answers the question: 'what?' We can rebuild the sentence into: - I look forward to our future cooperation. Having done my research on COCA, I can conclude that, in general, people prefer Present Simple in such clause, but there were some examples with Future Simple as well. What is the difference between Future Simple and Present Simple here?

As above, I think the use of 'will' suggests hope rather than certainty. Note that these are very subtle distinctions rather than any kind of rule.

Sometimes there is a clear difference in meaning. Take a look at these two sentences:

I'll finish it tomorrow when I have less work. I'll finish it tomorrow when I will have less work.

The first sentence can be understood to mean 'At some point tomorrow I will have less work and I will use this time to finish it'.

The second sentence can be understood to mean 'Tomorrow I have less work, so I will finish it then'.

Thank you very much. You've cleared everything up.

Hi The LearnEnglish Team, thank you for your summary, which is very helpful. My question is what is the difference between if sentence to talk about future (if +present simple+(then)will do) and if+past tense to give suggestions about what might happen in the future (hypotheses)? I used to think in the latter case it means what is indicated in the main clause is not likely to happen, but in daily use I've heard people discussing a very possible future event using if+past tense. Can you shed light on this? Thank you very much!

Hello Ivy Z,

The past tense in if-clauses is generally used, as you say, for conditions we consider unlikely, impossible or hypothetical. When giving suggestions or advice we often use formulations which contain or imply a hypothetical:

If I were you > I'd.... (If I were) In your place > I'd... (If I were) In that situation > I'd... If that happened to me > I'd...

Perhaps what you noticed is something like this, but I can only speculate without knowing the particular example.

Hi Peter. Thank you for your response and explanation. The past tense in if-clauses I referred to was used by our lawyers to indicate the possible outcomes under each action plan. So an example would be:

If the company chose / decided to hold off from making a claim against B, the company would likely to benefit ...

What confused me was that 'making a claim against B' was exactly what was suggested and was also the plan favoured by the company and the lawyers knew it, so to me, using past tense in this case seemed to imply that the likelihood for it - namely holding off fire against B - to happen was small but in fact it was most likely to happen. Thus I was wondering if, in this situation, the past tense in if-clauses only mutually indicates a possible result.

Hello again Ivy Z-1,

The past tense in the if-clause makes the action more distant. This usually means more distant in terms of likelihood – i.e. less certain or probable. However, other forms of distancing exist, such as social distancing in terms of formality or politeness. This is why forms such as 'Could I...' and 'Would you...' are more polite/formal than 'Can I...' and 'Will you...'

In the context you describe I think the distancing is more social or professional. While it's perfectly fine to say 'If the company chooses... they will likely benefit...', the past + would form is more neutral in terms of leaving the decision up to the company. In other words, the speaker (the lawyer) may use this form to maintain a certain distance and make it clear that the decision is up to the company. These are very subtle nuances, of course.

One point to note: the 'to' is incorrect in the second clause of your example. It should be '...would likely benefit'.

Thank you very much Peter. This is very clear and helpful!

Hello, Since I am hungry to learn, I would ask more about the Future and 'if' clauses. As it is written above, "in time clauses and conditional clauses, with words like if, when...we often use present tense forms"... but we can use "will" if it means want to or be willing to. This means that: I will be very happy if you will come to my party. I will be very happy if you come to my party. Are both sentences correct? I am a bit confused because with the if clauses, I normally use the present tense forms to talk about the future. Is that an exception to the general rule? Thank you!

Hi User_1,

Yes, that's right. Both are correct and they mean basically the same thing, although "if you will come" may give the idea of "if you want to come" or "if you are willing to come". In comparison, "if you come" is simply the action of coming.

Here is an example where "will" cannot be used in the "if" clause, because the idea of being willing is not relevant to the action.

Even if Barcelona will lose tomorrow, they will still be champions. (incorrect)
Even if Barcelona lose tomorrow, they will still be champions. (correct)

If you have doubts, it's always fine to just use present tense forms, as you normally do!

Hi Jonathan, Thanks for your help! Since the present is the correct form, I keep on using that to avoid grammar mistakes.

I know that in time clauses with words like before, when, after, and until, we often use present tense forms to talk about the future, but could you explain why or if it's something idiomatic?

Hello CarolinaRuiz,

I'm not sure I can say why this is the case. Language doesn't really work like that - it evolves rather than being planned with identifiable purposes.

What I can say is that, unlike many languages, English does not have a future tense. Instead, we have many ways of talking about the future. These include present tenses, modal verbs (like will or might) and even past tenses (for unlikely or hypothetical futures). Using present tenses for future meaning is nothing unusual - it's part of the normal language system of English.

Hello. I'd like to ask there is written "I'll come home when I finish work." As i know /finish/ is a gerund so why there is /work/ not /working/ ( it seems like infinitive without to) or i remember not correctly¿ I have an exam and I am trying to learn in all situations. (I think i have to improve my writing also) I'm really grateful for your help.

Hello alice.wu,

I think you mean that 'finish' is followed by a gerund and that is correct: I finished working late last night.

However, 'finish' can also be followed by a noun: I finished the project yesterday.

In your example, 'work' is a noun and it is the object of 'finish'.

The LearnEnglish

Why is it not "Barcelona loses" in your example? Why is the verb plural?

Hello m6769,

The names of institutions and organisations can often be either singular or plural, so you can say 'Barcelona loses' or 'Barcelona lose'.

Some other examples of this include the army, the police, the government, the European Union, the judiciary, the media and the BBC .

If a "would have V3" sentence is used alone, should we take it as a sentence about an unreal past situation?

For example ... "the landscape would have been open" ... does this sentence mean that ... in fact landscape was not open in the past?

Thanks a lot.

Hello Ilter,

It certainly could be talking about an unreal past situation, and I'd even go so far as to say it probably is talking about an unreal past situation, but what exactly it means really depends on the context. The context and the verb forms make meaning together.

If you can give us the context, then we can tell you more.

All the best, Kirk The LearnEnglish Team

Hello Kirk,

The complete paragraph is ...

"Walking back through the menhirs, Agogué explained while the Alignments are reasonably well preserved, both nature and humans have altered the appearance of the site over time. When the Alignments were constructed, the landscape would have been open, without the trees that now divide and flank the sections, and the sea would have been further away. And in the past 6,000 years, some of the menhirs have toppled over – including one last year."

In this context, I think that it does not talk about an unreal past ... would "might have been" be more correct here? What the meaning here "would" adding to the context?

Thanks a lot, Best wishes

Thanks for giving the full context -- that's much clearer now.

This is the use described on our 'will have' and 'would have' page in sentences such as:

It was half past five. Dad would have finished work.

In a case like this, the speaker has good reasons for their belief (for example, she knows her father always finishes at 5:00), but not direct evidence (she hasn't seen him leave work). The speaker is imagining a situation that they haven't witnessed but which seems likely due to some evidence. It could be their knowledge of that person's typical behaviour, or it could be some other evidence.

In the passage you ask about, the writer supposes that the landscape was open in the past -- they probably have some archaeological or historical evidence to support this idea and are fairly certain about it -- but obviously they didn't witness it themselves.

Does that make sense?

Yes got it ... thank you so much Kirk ... best wishes

Hey, I hope it's still okay to comment, I have two examples about which I'd like to know more please! first example: *boy comes to a girl's house to ask her dad* "Hey, is she here? I promised her I'd see her before I left" second example: *they don't want him to go outside while there's danger* "Nobody would want him to leave the safety of the house until the criminal was caught"

Please explain these two to me! Maybe with a sort of model/format/structure and also the name of this? And I couldn't find anything on the web with this example, especially with before/until, and would + verb so if you could talk about this too if there's anything to it.

Thank you in advance!

Hi aa223,

Sure, no problem. You can think of example 1 as reported speech (i.e. indirect speech). The boy may have said to the girl, "I promise I'll see you before I leave". Some time later, the boy tells the girl's dad what he promised her earlier, so it all shifts back into the past (promise --> promised; I'll see --> I would see; leave --> left). You can read more about this on our Reported Speech 1 page (linked) .

In example 2, "would" and the use of the simple past "was caught" frame the situation as an imagined or hypothetical one, rather than one that is realistic or bound to happen. It suggests that the speaker is not confident or certain that the criminal will actually be caught. Saying "Nobody would want him ..." (rather than "Nobody wants him ...") suggests that the speaker has not actually gone around and asked everybody what they want, but is supposing or assuming what they want.

I hope that helps to make sense of it.

Hi dear team. I was wondering if you could help me identify what kind of sentence the following one I saw in a movie. I mean, I know that the zero conditional is used with present simple in both clauses but I don't know if we can use zero conditional with both clauses in simple past. And also I know that the second conditional is used for hypothetical situations and has a Modal verb like would and will. My question is what kind of sentence is this one? : "If somebody said it was a happy little tale, if somebody told you I was just an average ordinary guy, not a care in the world, somebody lied". Thank you so much.

Hello David,

When we're not speaking about an imaginary or unreal situation (as in a second or third conditional), the verb tenses we use in sentences with 'if' have their 'normal' meanings -- in other words, the present refers to the present and the past to the past.

That's the case for the sentence 'If somebody said it was a happy little tale, if somebody told you I was just an average ordinary guy, not a care in the world, somebody lied'. Without knowing more about the situation, it's hard to work exactly what is meant by this, but basically the speaker is saying that whatever another person said about them isn't or wasn't true.

Thank you so much dear Kirk for your help. So is it possible to classify the if clause in simple past and the main clause in simple past in a specific category? I mean do you think that sentences like: 'if someone called me, I didn't notice it' or 'if I came late, it wasn't my fault' are a kind of zero conditional with both clauses in simple past or do they belong to a different category? Thank you so much. And regarding the sentence from the previous comment do you think it is a kind of indirect question? I mean: (' did somebody say it was a happy little tale? Well, somebody lied = 'If somebody said it was a happy little tale, somebody lied'). Thank you so much for your help.

Hello David Araque,

The so-called 'zero', 'first', 'second' and 'third' conditional labels were created by teachers as a way to help students make sense of some common patterns. But the truth is, 'if' sentences can be used with any verb tense that makes sense. Of course, what makes sense isn't always easy for students to discern, and so that's why we have these labels. But, as you've discovered, other combinations are possible.

If you think about it, the tenses in zero and first conditionals are 'normal' uses of the verb tenses. The same is true of second and third conditionals, too, because the use of the past to talk about unreal situations is a use of the past tense that also occurs in other structures (e.g. 'I wish it were raining now'); we just don't typically think of these uses. So really all the tenses we use in 'if' sentences are normal uses of the verb tenses that exist in other situations too.

I wouldn't call the sentence in a question a zero conditional, personally. It's two past simple verbs used to talk about a condition in the past. But if coming up with some name for this structure helps you remember it, then by all means, go ahead -- just know it will be your own creation.

Yes, 'Did somebody say (that) it was a happy little tale?' has the structure of an indirect question. But if you combine it with 'somebody' lied, the indirect question is embedded within the larger 'if' sentence.

Hope that helps.

Thank you so much dear Kirk for your explanation. It really helped me a lot.

Can you please shed light on the proper structure of this sentence.

"He promised to come when he was/is done at work"

Please which is correct to use between "was" or "is"?

Hello Aryin,

It depends. If the speaker thinks the man is still working when the speaker says this, then 'is' is the correct form. But if the speaker thinks the man already finished his work at the time of speaking, then 'was' is the correct form.

Sir, In your above-mentioned example

‘We would go by train if it wasn't so expensive. (= We will not go by train because it is too expensive.) I would look after the children for you at the weekend if I was at home. (= I cannot look after the children because I will not be at home.)

- I used to write e.g. ‘We would go by train if it weren’t (!) so expensive.’ ‘I would look after the children for you at the weekend if I were (!) at home.’

Could you, please, explain it to me why you used another grammatical form?

Thank you in advance.

Hello Helena-Victoria,

In 'if' clauses talking about an unreal situation, both 'was' and 'were' are correct forms of the verb 'be' for both first-person singular subjects ('I') and third-person singular subjects ('he', 'she' or 'it').

Many years ago, the only correct form for such situations was 'were', but now in all but very formal situations, 'was' is also accepted. If it's easier for you to remember 'were', then by all means use it -- it is perfectly correct!

It could refer to the present or the future :)

Present: If you want (right now) to lose weight, ...
Future: If you want (at some point in the future) to lose weight, ...

We would need to know the context in which this is said to know which timeframe is intended.

Hello Nevi,

Yes, it looks as if you understand this correctly. Good work!

All the best,

Hello Nevı,

In your example when is a conjunction.

You can see similar examples in dictionary entries such as this:

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/when

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Subordinating Conjunctions in English: A Comprehensive Guide with Examples

When it comes to understanding English grammar, one of the most important concepts to master is the use of subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions are a type of conjunction that connect a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main (independent) clause. In other words, they help to join two related ideas in a sentence, with one idea being subordinate to the other.

In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the different types of subordinating conjunctions in English, their uses, and provide examples and bullet points to help you better understand this important grammatical concept.

What are Subordinating Conjunctions?

Subordinating conjunctions are words that are used to connect a subordinate clause to a main clause in a sentence. These conjunctions create a relationship of dependence between the subordinate clause and the main clause, indicating that the idea expressed in the subordinate clause is less important than the idea expressed in the main clause.

Common Subordinating Conjunctions

There are many different subordinating conjunctions in English, but some of the most common ones include:

Even though

Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions

Here are some examples of how subordinating conjunctions can be used in sentences:

Although it was raining, we went for a walk.
Because I woke up late, I missed the train.
Before you go to bed, brush your teeth.
Even though I studied hard, I failed the exam.
If it rains, we will stay inside.
Since I started exercising, I have lost weight.
That is the book that I was looking for.
Unless you finish your homework, you can’t watch TV.
Until we finish the project, we can’t take a break.
When I saw the movie, I cried.
Whenever I hear that song, I feel happy.
Where you go, I will follow.
Whereas I prefer coffee, my brother likes tea.
While I was cooking, the phone rang.

Uses of Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions can be used to indicate a variety of relationships between two ideas in a sentence. Here are some of the most common uses of subordinating conjunctions:

Time: Subordinating conjunctions can be used to indicate when something happened or will happen, such as “before”, “after”, “when”, “while”, and “since”.
Cause and effect: Subordinating conjunctions can be used to indicate the reason for something or the result of something, such as “because”, “since”, “so that”, and “that”.
Condition: Subordinating conjunctions can be used to indicate a condition that must be met for something else to happen, such as “if”, “unless”, and “provided that”.
Contrast: Subordinating conjunctions can be used to indicate a contrast between two ideas, such as “although”, “even though”, and “whereas”.
Purpose: Subordinating conjunctions can be used to indicate the purpose or goal of something, such as “so that” and “in order that”.
Place: Subordinating conjunctions can be used to indicate the place where something happened or will happen, such as “where” and “wherever”.

Subordinating Conjunctions of Time

Subordinating Conjunctions of Time are used to connect clauses that express time relationships. These conjunctions are used to show when an action takes place in relation to another action or event. Here are some common subordinating conjunctions of time:

After: This conjunction is used to connect two events that happen in sequence. For example: “After I finish my homework, I will watch TV.”
Before: This conjunction is used to connect two events where one happens before the other. For example: “I will finish my homework before I watch TV.”
When: This conjunction is used to connect two events that happen at the same time. For example: “I like to listen to music when I’m working.”
While: This conjunction is used to connect two events that happen at the same time, but one may continue after the other has ended. For example: “I was watching TV while my sister was studying.”
Since: This conjunction is used to connect two events where one started before the other and is still happening. For example: “I have been studying English since I was in high school.”

By using these subordinating conjunctions of time, you can clearly express the time relationships between different actions or events in your sentences.

Subordinating Conjunctions of Place

Subordinating conjunctions of place are used to connect clauses that express a relationship in terms of location or place. These conjunctions are used to show where an action takes place or where something is located. Here are some common subordinating conjunctions of place:

Where: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses that describe a specific location. For example: “I found the book where I left it.”
Anywhere: This conjunction is used to connect clauses that describe a general location. For example: “You can find good food anywhere you go in this city.”
Everywhere: This conjunction is used to connect clauses that describe a wide or general area. For example: “I looked everywhere for my keys.”
Wherever: This conjunction is used to connect clauses that describe any location that satisfies a condition. For example: “I will meet you wherever you want.”
Here: This conjunction is used to connect clauses that describe a specific location that is close to the speaker. For example: “I will wait for you here.”

By using these subordinating conjunctions of place, you can clearly express the location or place relationships between different actions or events in your sentences.

Subordinating Conjunctions of Reason

Subordinating conjunctions of reason, also known as subordinating conjunctions of cause and effect, are used to connect clauses that express a cause and effect relationship. These conjunctions are used to show why something happened or what happened as a result of something else. Here are some common subordinating conjunctions of reason:

Because: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses that express a cause and effect relationship. For example: “I didn’t go to the party because I was feeling sick.”
Since: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses where the second clause explains the reason for the first clause. For example: “Since it’s raining, I’ll stay at home.”
As: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses that express a cause-and-effect relationship, where the second clause explains the reason for the first clause. For example: “I couldn’t hear the phone as the music was too loud.”
So that: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses where the second clause explains the purpose of the first clause. For example: “I study hard so that I can get good grades.”
Therefore: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses where the second clause expresses the result of the first clause. For example: “I woke up late, therefore I missed the bus.”

By using these subordinating conjunctions of reason, you can clearly express the cause-and-effect relationship between different actions or events in your sentences.

Subordinating Conjunctions of Condition

Subordinating conjunctions of condition are used to connect clauses that express a condition that must be met in order for something to happen or for an action to occur. These conjunctions are used to show the relationship between a hypothetical situation and its outcome. Here are some common subordinating conjunctions of condition:

If: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses where the second clause describes what will happen if the condition in the first clause is met. For example: “If I have time, I will go to the gym.”
Unless: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses where the second clause describes what will happen if the condition in the first clause is not met. For example: “I won’t go to the party unless my friends go too.”
Whether: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses where the second clause expresses the possible outcomes of a hypothetical situation described in the first clause. For example: “I don’t know whether he will come to the meeting or not.”
Provided that: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses where the second clause describes what will happen if the condition in the first clause is met. For example: “I will lend you the money provided that you pay me back next month.”
In case: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses where the second clause describes what should be done in case the situation in the first clause occurs. For example: “Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.”

By using these subordinating conjunctions of condition, you can clearly express the relationship between a hypothetical situation and its possible outcomes in your sentences.

Subordinating Conjunctions of Concession

Subordinating conjunctions of concession are used to connect clauses that express an unexpected or surprising contrast to the previous clause. These conjunctions are used to show a concession or exception to the main idea expressed in the sentence. Here are some common subordinating conjunctions of concession:

Although: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses that express a surprising contrast to each other. For example: “Although I studied hard, I failed the test.”
Even though: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses that express a surprising contrast to each other, where the second clause emphasizes the first. For example: “Even though I studied hard, I still failed the test.”
While: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses that express a surprising contrast to each other, where the second clause provides an alternative view. For example: “I like summer, while my sister prefers winter.”
Though: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses that express a surprising contrast to each other, where the second clause expresses a concession or exception. For example: “I will still buy the car, though it is expensive.”
Despite: This conjunction is used to connect two clauses that express a surprising contrast to each other, where the second clause expresses a concession or exception to the first. For example: “Despite the rain, I went for a walk.”

By using these subordinating conjunctions of concession, you can clearly express an unexpected or surprising contrast to the main idea expressed in your sentences, and show that there are exceptions to what might be expected.

Subordinating Conjunctions of Manner

Subordinating conjunctions of manner are used to connect clauses that express the manner or way in which an action is done. These conjunctions help to explain how the action is performed. Here are some common subordinating conjunctions of manner:

As: This conjunction is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses the manner in which an action is done. For example: “He runs as if he is being chased.”
Like: This conjunction is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses a comparison or similarity in manner. For example: “She sings like an angel.”
As if / as though: This conjunction is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses a comparison or similarity in manner. For example: “She talks as if she knows everything.”
The way: This conjunction is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses the manner in which an action is done. For example: “He dances the way his grandfather did.”

By using these subordinating conjunctions of manner, you can add more detail and clarity to your sentences by showing how actions are performed. They can help to create a more vivid picture in the reader’s mind of what is happening in the sentence.

Subordinating conjunctions of comparison

Subordinating conjunctions of comparison are used to connect clauses that express a comparison between two things or ideas. These conjunctions help to show the relationship between the two things being compared. Here are some common subordinating conjunctions of comparison:

Than: This conjunction is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses a comparison between two things or ideas. For example: “He is taller than his brother.”
As…as: This conjunction is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses an equality in comparison. For example: “He is as tall as his father.”
The same…as: This conjunction is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses an equality in comparison. For example: “The book is the same price as last year.”
Like: This conjunction is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses a comparison between two things or ideas. For example: “She looks like her mother.”

By using these subordinating conjunctions of comparison, you can clearly express the relationship between two things being compared. They can help to create a more clear and concise comparison in your writing, and avoid confusion or ambiguity in your sentences.

Subordinating Conjunctions Require the use of Commas!

Subordinating conjunctions often require the use of commas in a sentence. Here are some rules to keep in mind when using subordinating conjunctions and commas:

Use a comma when the subordinating conjunction comes at the beginning of a sentence. For example: “Because he was tired, he went to bed early.”
Do not use a comma when the subordinating conjunction comes in the middle of a sentence. For example: “He went to bed early because he was tired.”
Use a comma to separate the subordinate clause from the main clause when the subordinate clause comes before the main clause. For example: “Although he was tired, he stayed up late to finish his work.”
Do not use a comma to separate the subordinate clause from the main clause when the subordinate clause comes after the main clause. For example: “He stayed up late to finish his work although he was tired.”

By following these rules, you can use subordinating conjunctions and commas effectively in your writing to create clear and concise sentences. Proper use of commas can help to avoid confusion or ambiguity in your sentences, and ensure that your meaning is clear to your readers.

Subordinating conjunctions and Relative Pronouns

Subordinating conjunctions and relative pronouns are both used to create subordinate clauses in sentences, but they serve different functions.

Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect independent and dependent clauses. They introduce a subordinate clause that depends on the main clause for its meaning. Some examples of subordinating conjunctions include “because,” “since,” “although,” “while,” and “if.”

Relative pronouns, on the other hand, are used to connect a subordinate clause to a noun or pronoun in the main clause. They introduce a relative clause that describes the noun or pronoun. Some examples of relative pronouns include “who,” “whom,” “whose,” “which,” and “that.”

Here’s an example to show the difference:

Subordinating conjunction: I went to bed early because I was tired.
Relative pronoun: The book that I read last night was really good.

In the first example, “because” is a subordinating conjunction that introduces a clause that depends on the main clause for its meaning. In the second example, “that” is a relative pronoun that introduces a clause that describes the noun “book.”

While both subordinating conjunctions and relative pronouns create subordinate clauses, they serve different purposes and have different structures. It’s important to use them correctly to ensure that your writing is clear and concise.

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Subordinate Conjunctions

One type of connectives in English grammar is subordinate conjunctions . It expresses a variety of relationships between the two clauses. For example, “after” shows a temporal relationship, while “because” indicates a cause-and-effect relationship. This grammar component is essential for expressing complex ideas in English. They allow us to combine several thoughts into one sentence, which makes our writing more concise and coherent.

In this blog, we will discuss the different subordinate conjunctions and how they are used in English, learn the common mistakes and how to avoid them, and test your understanding of the topic.

What is a Subordinate Conjunction?

Subordinate conjunctions are words that join two clauses together to form a complex sentence . They introduce subordinate or dependent clauses, which provide additional information to the independent clause. Examples of subordinate conjunctions include: after, although, as, because, before, if, since, so that, though, unless, until, and when.

Here are a few examples of sentences using subordinate conjunctions:

1. After I finished my homework, I went to the mall.

2. We decided to go for a walk although it was raining,

3. As soon as he arrived, he started cooking dinner.

4. She decided to take a nap because she was tired,

5. She locked all the windows and doors before leaving the house.

What is a complex sentence?

There are four types of sentences according to structures: simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and compound-complex sentence. Complex sentences contain one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause (or dependent clause) to form a complete sentence. Subordinate conjunctions are essential in the structure of complex sentences as it signals the start of a dependent clause.

The table below explains the two parts of a complex sentence:

Subordinate Conjunctions Rules

Subordinate conjunctions connect two related ideas or clauses that would otherwise not make sense without them. One pitfall when using them is being unfamiliar with their meaning and function. It leads to mistaking one subordinate conjunction with the other and changing the intended message of your statement or committing a grammatical mistake.

The table below explains the function of the different groups of subordinating conjunction:

Comma Usage of Subordinate Conjunctions

Subordinate conjunctions are words that introduce a subordinate clause and are often used to join two independent clauses together. When using subordinate conjunctions, it is important to remember to use commas correctly in order to avoid run-on sentences or confusion between the two parts of the sentence.

Here are the correct comma placement rules for subordinate conjunctions:

If a sentence starts with a subordinate clause, separate it from the independent clause using a comma.
Once you finish your project, we will go watch a movie.
While Jenna is crocheting, Ashley is watching TV.
In contrast to glasses of wine, beer is cheaper.

An exception to this rule is the condition conjunction ‘only if.’

Only if Chary apologizes that I will forgive him.
Only if the day is sunny will we go to the beach.
Only if the management approves the plan will it be implemented.
If a sentence starts with an independent clause and is followed by a subordinate clause, no comma is needed.
The project launch will commence once the chairman arrives.
Our situation would remain the same unless we take action.
We had to create a new strategy because the old one was not working.

An exception to this rule is the concession conjunction ‘although.’

It ended up being sunny, although the forecast predicted snow.
The painters were able to finish the project, although it was difficult.
We went to the beach, although it was a bit chilly.

Examples of Subordinate Conjunctions

Here are ten examples of sentences using subordinate conjunctions:

The drunk driver was arrested after he crashed into the store.
We can’t leave until everyone is ready.
Rather than going to the movies, we decided to visit my grandmother.
She was excited when she heard the news about the scholarship.
I will help you unless you don’t want me to.
Wherever you go, I will be here waiting for you.
I will buy the tickets provided that I have enough money.
Although he offered to help, I decided to do it myself.
Once you finish your assignment, you can play video games.
We can’t start the construction until we get approval from the government.

Subordinate Conjunctions Exercises with Answers

Choose which conjunction best completes the sentences below.

(Before, After, By the time, While) graduating, he immediately applied for a job.
We threw the food away (once, so, because, even if) it was spoiled.
Jules flew to see her friend, (provided, before, now when, although) it was expensive.
I have already prepared the vegetables and meat for the meal (so that, unless, in case, now that) we can cook quickly later.
(When, If, Since, Although) the start of the school year, Hector has been studying hard.
After graduating, he immediately applied for a job.
We threw the food away because it was spoiled.
Jules flew to see her friend, although it was expensive.
I have already prepared the vegetables and meat for the meal so that we can cook quickly later.
Since the start of the school year, Hector has been studying hard.

Subordinate Conjunctions List

Advice for esl students & english language learners.

English grammar, like any language, is a complex subject to study. Understanding and applying grammar rules can be challenging, especially for English language learners. However, your success in learning the language is dependent on your learning plan.

First, know that there are different levels of language proficiency. Knowing your status allows you to align it with your study materials and learning strategy. To keep your motivation, select beginner-friendly materials instead of university textbooks when starting. In doing so, you will feel less intimidated by the topics you should learn.

Second, focus on the basics: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Learn how to use them correctly in sentences and understand their meaning. It will help you build a strong foundation for your English language learning journey. Divide those topics into subtopics and learn each concept and rule one by one.

Third, find a reliable source of learning materials. Online resources such as websites, blogs, and YouTube videos are mostly free. LillyPad’s blog, for example, is a great resource for English language learning materials. Additionally, you can find books and other printed materials in your local library or bookstore.

Fourth, practice speaking the language with native speakers or other English learners. It will help you understand how to use the language correctly in conversations and improve your pronunciation.

Finally, be patient with yourself and don’t give up. Learning a language takes time and effort, so set realistic goals and celebrate your achievements along the way.

Additionally, it is important for learners to properly understand correlative conjunctions and coordinate conjunctions .

Common Mistakes Made by English Learners

Learning a new language can be difficult, and English is no exception. Even experienced English learners make mistakes when speaking or writing in the language. Here are some of the most common mistakes made by English learners:

Learning Strategies and Best Practices for Subordinate Conjunctions

A holistic approach to learning a language makes it easier to understand and remember. The five macro skills, reading, listening, viewing, speaking, and writing, should be developed and used in the learning process for better language acquisition. The table below lists activities you can do when learning linking verbs:

Subordinate Conjunctions Frequently Asked Questions

Subordinating conjunctions link two clauses— an independent and a dependent clause, with the latter being unable to stand on its own as it lacks a complete meaning. Hence, avoid creating sentence fragments and using them without an independent clause. For example, “Allie was late because she missed the bus.” In this sentence, “because” is the subordinating conjunction that connects the two clauses.

A subordinate clause is constructed by combining a subordinating conjunction with an independent clause. The subordinating conjunction signals a dependent and shows the relationship with the independent clause. For example, “Although Allie was late, she still managed to catch up.” In this sentence, “although” is the subordinating conjunction that introduces the subordinate clause and shows concession.

The coordinating conjunctions link two independent clauses or two grammatical structures of equal weight together. They indicate that the two clauses have equal importance and can stand alone as a sentence. Subordinating conjunctions, on the other hand, combines a subordinate clause that cannot stand on its own with an independent clause. The subordinate clause is dependent on the main clause and cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Here are five sentences with subordinate conjunction:

1. Victoria decided to move out because she wanted more independence. 2. Many guests keep on coming back, although the hotel is quite old. 3. Since it was raining, we decided to stay at home. 4. The gutter will remain blocked unless you clean it. 5. Whenever I’m feeling down, I listen to my favorite music.

The 10 most common subordinate conjunction in English are: after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, that, and when.

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First Conditional: Examples, Sentences, Exercises

Download free lesson PDF

When do we use the first conditional?

We use the first conditional to talk about results of possible future conditions. Here are some example sentences:

If it’s sunny tomorrow, I’ll go to the beach.
If it rains tomorrow, I’ll stay home.
If she studies hard, she will pass the exam.
If you finish your chores, you can watch TV.
If we don’t get to the airport on time, we’ll miss our flight.
If he doesn’t call me soon, I’ll send him a text message.
If you save money, you’ll be able to afford that new phone.
If the restaurant isn’t too crowded, we’ll have dinner there tonight.

First Conditional: Examples, Sentences, Exercises Espresso English

Download this lesson

Parts of a first conditional sentence

There are two parts to a first conditional sentence:

the condition (sometimes called the “if clause”)
the result (sometimes called the “main clause”)

It is possible to reverse the condition and the result, with no change in meaning:

If you don’t study, you’ll fail.
= You’ll fail if you don’t study.
If I wake up early enough tomorrow, I’m going to make a big breakfast.
= I’m going to make a big breakfast if I wake up early enough tomorrow.

Note that when the “if clause” (condition) comes first in the sentence, we use a comma after it. However, when the result comes first in the sentence, then we don’t use a comma between the two clauses.

How to form the first conditional

Pay close attention to the correct verb forms in the condition and result:

CONDITION: if + subject + present simple

If we go to the party tomorrow,
If you don’t leave work soon,
If she gets promoted,
If he doesn’t read the textbook,

RESULT: subject + simple future (will / won’t, going to / not going to)

we’ll have a good time.
you’ll get stuck in rush hour traffic.
she’s going to earn more money.
he won’t understand the class.

Even though BOTH events are in the future, we always use the simple present in the condition (“if-clause”).

Avoid the common error of using the simple future in the condition:

If we will go to the party tomorrow, we’ll have a good time.
If we go to the party tomorrow, we’ll have a good time.
If it won’t rain tonight, I’ll go for a walk.
If it doesn’t rain tonight, I’ll go for a walk.

Both the condition and the result can be positive or negative (with “not”):

If you take the train, you ‘ll get there faster. (positive condition – positive result)
If you don’t take the train, you ‘ll have to drive. (negative condition – positive result)
If you take the train, you won’t get stuck in traffic. (positive condition – negative result)
If you don’t take the train, you won’t need to buy a train ticket. (negative condition – negative result)

First Conditional Quiz

Variations in first conditional sentences, alternative words to “if” in the condition.

It is possible to use other words instead of if in the “condition” part of first conditional sentences:

Let’s study each case separately.

WHEN: When the “condition” will definitely happen in the future.

Look at the difference between these two sentences:

If I see Sam, I’ll give him your message. (I’m not sure if I will see him or not)
When I see Sam, I’ll give him your message. (I will definitely see Sam)

AS SOON AS: To emphasize immediacy.

My feet hurt! As soon as I get home, I’m going to take off these high heels.
As soon as we have enough money saved, we’ll take a vacation to Costa Rica. We can’t wait!
I’ll respond to your e-mail as soon as I can.

UNLESS: Substitute for “if not.”

You won’t lose any weight unless you start eating healthier food. = You won’t lose any weight if you don’t start eating healthier food.
I’m not going to dance unless somebody invites me. = I’m not going to dance if somebody doesn’t invite me.
Unless there’s an emergency at work, I’ll be home on time. = If there’s not an emergency at work, I’ll be home on time.

Alternative words to will / going to in the result

Instead of will / going to, we can use modal verbs like can, might, could, or should . Compare these two sentences:

If you go out in the rain, you will get wet. (100% certain)
If you apply for that university, you might/could be accepted. (not 100% certain)

Use can in the result of first conditional sentences to give permission / prohibition:

If you finish your homework, you can watch TV for an hour.
If you don’t have a ticket, you can’t get into the theater.

Use might/ could to express a possibility that is not a certainty:

If he gets home from work early, we could go for a walk before dinner.
If you try to lift that heavy weight, you might hurt yourself.

Use should to give advice if the condition happens:

If your toothache doesn’t get better soon, you should see a dentist.
If they go to New York next week, they should visit the Statue of Liberty.

First Conditional vs. Other Conditionals

First conditional vs. zero conditional.

The zero conditional describes GENERAL truths and facts. Both the condition and result are in the simple present:

When it rains, the ground gets wet. (it is a general fact/truth)
If I’m late to school, the teacher always yells at me. (this ALWAYS happens)

The first conditional describes a specific event that will/might happen in the future IF a future condition happens. The condition is in the simple present tense, and the result is in the simple future tense:

If it rains tomorrow, I’m going to stay home.
If I’m late to school today, I’ll miss an important test.

First Conditional vs. Second Conditional and Third Conditional

Both the second conditional and third conditional describe IMAGINARY situations.

In the second conditional , we are imagining the result if the present were different:

If I were a millionaire, I would buy a sports car. (but the reality is that I AM NOT a millionaire, so I’m not buying that car)

In the third conditional, we are imagining the result if the past had been different:

If I had taken the earlier train, I would have gotten to work on time. (but the reality is that I DID NOT take the earlier train, so I did not get to work on time)

The first conditional describes REAL future results/possibilities that will happen if the condition happens. Compare these conditional sentences:

First conditional: If I have some free time this weekend, I will read a book. (it’s a real possibility that I’ll have some free time and read a book)
Second conditional: If I had more free time, I would take dance classes. (this is just imaginary – the reality is that I don’t have much free time, so I’m not taking dance classes)
Third conditional: If I ‘d had more free time yesterday, I would have cleaned the house. (imaginary – the reality is that I didn’t have free time yesterday, so I didn’t clean the house)

Learn more about the first conditional with this tutorial

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... unless you finish your homework

Thread starter Nawee
Start date May 27, 2016

Senior Member

May 27, 2016

Hello, Is "unless" used correctly in the following sentence? "You are not going to the concert tonight unless you (finish/have finished) your homework." Thank you. N.

Member Emeritus

... unless you finish ...

English (US)
Simplified Chinese (China)

Please show me example sentences with unless, afterwards . Tell me as many daily expressions as possible. See a translation

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Portuguese (Brazil)

you won't go to the park unless you finish your homework

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How do you say this in French (France)? 他很奇怪

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COMMENTS

Until vs Unless: Identifying the Right Term for Your Context
Unless you finish your homework, you cannot watch TV. The above sentence emphasizes the negative condition of not being able to watch TV. Using until in this sentence might not convey the same emphasis. 3. Time-sensitive Situations. In some time-sensitive situations, using until might not be appropriate. For instance:
unless/ until/ if you don't > finish
You can't go out unless/until/if you don't you finish your homework. * unless you finish your homework * until you finish your homework * if you don't finish your homework Do all of these constructions work here and have the same meaning?
10 Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions Sentences
Example 5 - Unless. Unless you finish your homework, you can't go out. Example 6 - When. When he finishes work, he will go for a swim. Example 7 - While. While I was reading, my dog slept on my lap. Example 8 - As. As she walked to work, she listened to music. Example 9 - Before. Before he leaves, he needs to finish his project ...
Unless vs Less: Common Misconceptions and Accurate Usage
Unless you finish your homework, you cannot watch TV. As you can see from these examples, "unless" is used to indicate that something will only happen if a certain condition is met. It is important to note that "unless" is not interchangeable with "if not." "Unless" specifically indicates a negative condition, while "if not ...
Conditionals in English
unless; even if; only if; in case; Examples: You will be allowed to watch television only if you finish your homework by 9:00. I will be at your wedding tomorrow unless my son is still sick. When the sun sets, the kids will return home. If you want to be paid for a full day, you have to arrive at work on time.
Subordinating Conjunctions
If I receive a promotion, you will be the first to know. You can watch TV if you finish your homework. Once. Once—indicates "at the moment when": Once you see him, you will recognize him. Once the light came on, we all shouted with joy. Call me once you start working. Since. Since—means "from the time when": I've been a dancer since I was ...
Otherwise vs Unless: When To Use Each One? What To Consider
You won't be able to watch TV unless you finish your chores. We won't be able to go on vacation unless we save enough money. He won't be able to play video games unless he finishes his homework. You won't be able to attend the concert unless you buy a ticket. I won't be able to eat unless I go to the grocery store.
Subordinating Conjunction: Definitions, Rules & Examples
If you need any help, just let me know. Since she moved to the city, she has been happier. Unless you finish your homework, you can't go out tonight. While I was studying, my roommate was watching TV. Common Mistakes with Subordinating Conjunctions: Using subordinating conjunctions can be tricky, and many people make common mistakes when ...
When vs If vs Unless Exercise
9. You can't travel abroad you don't have a passport. 10. You can't watch TV you finish your homework. 11. they lower the price, I won't buy that computer. B. Complete the exercise with If or When. 1. I am late this evening, don't wait for me. 2. I don't see you tomorrow, I will phone you. 3. Do you mind I close the window? 4.
If vs Unless vs When Answers
You can't travel abroad if you don't have a passport. 10. You can't watch TV unless you finish your homework. 11. Unless they lower the price, I won't buy that computer. B. Complete the exercise with If or When. 1. If I am late this evening, don't wait for me.
200+ Sentences with Unless
Unless you finish your chores, you can't go out. Unless the store has a sale, I won't buy that dress. Unless she calls me back, I can't make plans. I won't eat vegetables unless they are cooked. Unless the price is right, I won't buy the car. Unless he explains himself, I won't understand. We won't start the game unless everyone ...
Verbs in time clauses and 'if' clauses
In time clauses with words like when, after and until, we often use present tense forms to talk about the future: I'll come home when I finish work. You must wait here until your father comes. They are coming after they have had dinner. In conditional clauses with words like if, unless, even if, we often use present tense forms to talk about ...
Subordinating Conjunctions In English: A Comprehensive Guide With
Before you go to bed, brush your teeth. Even though I studied hard, I failed the exam. If it rains, we will stay inside. Since I started exercising, I have lost weight. That is the book that I was looking for. Unless you finish your homework, you can't watch TV. Until we finish the project, we can't take a break. When I saw the movie, I cried.
First Conditional IF Exercise
14. Mixed Conditional Exercise. Supply the suitable forms of the verbs in brackets. 1. If you (finish) your homework, you can go out. 2. If David (get) a good grade from his English presentation, I will take him to the movie theater. 3. If there (be) traffic, we will use the subway.
Using if and unless
September 7, 2012 -. Read the following sentences. You must finish the job in time. Otherwise you will be sacked. These two sentences can be joined using if or unless. Note that unless means if not and hence it would be wrong to use another not in clauses with unless. If you do not finish the job in time, you will be sacked.
Subordinate Conjunctions
Examples of subordinate conjunctions include: after, although, as, because, before, if, since, so that, though, unless, until, and when. Here are a few examples of sentences using subordinate conjunctions: 1. After I finished my homework, I went to the mall. 2. We decided to go for a walk although it was raining, 3.
First Conditional: Examples, Sentences, Exercises
Compare these two sentences: If you go out in the rain, you will get wet. (100% certain) If you apply for that university, you might/could be accepted. (not 100% certain) Use can in the result of first conditional sentences to give permission / prohibition: If you finish your homework, you can watch TV for an hour.
unless you finish your homework
May 27, 2016. #1. Hello, Is "unless" used correctly in the following sentence? "You are not going to the concert tonight unless you (finish/have finished) your homework." Thank you.
When is 'unless' used?
[Unless you help me], I will not finish my work in time. The underlying meaning of both examples is similar: in order to finish my work on time, I will need your help. But the grammar is different. In 1. the bracketed element is a reason adjunct. It gives the reason that you will not finish your work in time. In 2.
BBC Learning English
If you can't finish your homework tonight, you can't go out tomorrow. When you can smell the cake, you'll know that it's cooked. ... Unless we leave now, we'll be late.
Unless, Providing, Provided That, And As Long As Exercise
8. I can help you as long as you tell me what is wrong. 9. He wouldn't eat anything unless he cooked it himself. 10. You can take this seat, providing / provided that / as long as no one has reserved it. 11. My parents don't care who I marry as long as I am happy. 12. You can go out now providing / provided that / as long as you finish your ...
Please show me example sentences with "unless, afterwards"
you won't go to the park unless you finish your homework . See a translation 1 like Hikari_Yin. 31 May 2017. English (US) But if you finish your homework, you can go to the park afterwards. But if you finish your homework, you can go to the park afterwards. See a translation 1 like nokubot777. 31 May 2017.
"When you ......... your homework, you can go out"
At that time, you will have finished your homework. You will then be allowed to go out. Starting the sentence with "When you finished" or "When you had finished" would describe a situation in the past -- not in the present nor in the future. "You could go out" or "you could have gone out" would be appropriate for describing a situation in the past.