america presentation

United States

The United States of America is the world's third largest country in size and nearly the third largest in terms of population.

The United States of America is the world's third largest country in size and nearly the third largest in terms of population. Located in North America, the country is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Along the northern border is Canada and the southern border is Mexico . There are 50 states and the District of Columbia .

More than twice the size of the European Union, the United States has high mountains in the West and a vast central plain. The lowest point in the country is in Death Valley which is at -282 feet (-86 meters) and the highest peak is Denali (Mt. McKinley) at 20,320 feet (6,198 meters).

Map created by National Geographic Maps

PEOPLE & CULTURE

Throughout its history, the United States has been a nation of immigrants. The population is diverse with people from all over the world seeking refuge and a better way of life.

The country is divided into six regions: New England, the mid-Atlantic, the South, the Midwest, the Southwest, and the West. European settlers came to New England in search of religious freedom. These states are Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont .

The mid-Atlantic region includes Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , and the city of Washington, D.C. These industrial areas attracted millions of European immigrants and gave rise to some of the East Coast's largest cities: New York, Baltimore, and Philadelphia.

The South includes Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , and West Virginia , all of which struggled after the Civil War, which lasted from 1860-1865.

The Midwest is home to the country's agricultural base and is called the "nation's breadbasket." The region comprises the states of Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , Ohio , South Dakota , and Wisconsin .

The Southwest is a beautiful stark landscape of prairie and desert. The states of Arizona , New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas are considered the Southwest and are home to some of the world's great natural marvels, including the Grand Canyon and Carlsbad Caverns.

The American West, home of rolling plains and the cowboy, is a symbol of the pioneering spirit of the United States. The West is diverse, ranging from endless wilderness to barren desert, coral reefs to Arctic tundra, Hollywood to Yellowstone . The states of the West include Alaska , Colorado , California , Hawaii , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , Oregon , Utah , Washington , and Wyoming .

The landscape varies across the large country from tropical beaches in Florida to peaks in the Rocky Mountains, from rolling prairie lands and barren deserts in the West to dense wilderness areas in the Northeast and Northwest. Interspersed throughout are the Great Lakes, the Grand Canyon, the majestic Yosemite Valley, and the mighty Mississippi River.

The wildlife is as diverse as the landscape. Mammals such as bison once roamed freely across the plains, but now live only in preserves. Black bears , grizzlies , and polar bears are the largest carnivores. There are over 20,000 flower species and most came from Europe. There are more than 400 areas which are protected and maintained by the National Park Service, and many other parks in each state.

The bald eagle is the national bird and symbol of the United States and is a protected species.

GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY

Citizens over the age of 18 years old vote to elect the President and Vice President of United States every four years. The president lives in the White House in the capital city of Washington, D.C.

There are two houses of Congress: the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 100 senators, two from each of the 50 states and each serves a six-year term. There are 435 representatives who must be elected every two years.

The Supreme Court is made up of nine justices who are picked by the president and must be approved by Congress.

For the first time in the nation's history an African American, Barack Obama , was elected President of the United States in 2008. He was reelected for a second term in 2012.

Advances in the past hundred years have established America as a world leader economically, militarily, and technologically. America has the largest coal reserves in the world.

For centuries  native peoples lived across the vast expanse that would become the United States. Starting in the 16th century, settlers moved from Europe to the New World, established colonies, and displaced these native peoples.

Explorers arrived from  Spain in 1565 at St. Augustine,  Florida , and the British landed in 1587 to establish a colony in Roanoke, in present-day  Virginia . In 1606 another British colony was established in what would become Jamestown, Virginia. From there, the  French founded Quebec in 1608, then the  Dutch started a colony in 1609 in present-day  New York . Europeans continued to settle in the New World in ever-increasing numbers throughout the next couple of centuries.

Conflict with the Native Americans

While Native Americans resisted European efforts to gain land and power, they were often outnumbered and didn’t have as powerful of weapons. The settlers also brought diseases that the native peoples had not faced before, and these illnesses sometimes had horrible effects. A 1616 epidemic killed an estimated 75 percent of the Native Americans in the New England region of North America.

During this time, fights between the settlers and Native Americans erupted often, particularly as more people claimed land where the Native Americans lived. The U.S. government signed nearly 400 peace treaties between the mid-18th century and the mid-19th century to try to show they wanted peace with the Indigenous tribes. But the government did not honor most of these treaties, and even sent military units to forcibly remove Native Americans from their lands.

For example, in 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which granted land west of the  Mississippi River to Native American tribes who agreed to give up their lands. But this broke with other treaties he had signed with  Native American tribes in the Southeast . The removal was supposed to be voluntary, but Jackson used legal and military action to remove several tribes from their homelands and ended nearly 70 treaties during his presidency.

By the mid-19th century, most Native American tribes had been wiped out or moved to live on much smaller portions of land in the Midwest.

Declaring Independence

In 1776, colonists living in the New England area of the New World drafted the Declaration of Independence, a document that stated that the American colonies were tired of being ruled by Great Britain (now called the  United Kingdom ).  The settlers fought for—and won—their independence and formed a union of states based on a new  constitution . But despite stating that “all men are created equal” in the Declaration of Independence, the new country was home to millions of enslaved people.

Slavery in the United States

Enslaved Africans were brought to North America by boat as early as 1619. The trans-Atlantic slave trade saw more than 12.5 million people kidnapped from Africa and sold at ports throughout the Americas over the next couple of centuries.

By 1860, nearly four million enslaved people lived in the country. Most worked in the South, where their free labor allowed the sugar, cotton, and tobacco industries to flourish. Enslaved people even built the White House and the U.S. Capitol.

When  Abraham Lincoln became president in 1861, the nation had been arguing for more than a hundred years about enslaving people and each  state’s right to allow it. Lincoln wanted to end slavery. Many people in the northern states agreed with him; some people in the southern states, however, relied on enslaved people to farm their crops and did not want slavery to end. Eventually, 11 southern states formed the Confederate States of America to oppose the 23 northern states that remained in the Union. The Civil War began on April 12, 1861.

The Civil War was fought between abolitionists, or people who wanted to end slavery, and the pro-slavery Confederacy. Enslaved people weren’t freed until Lincoln delivered his famous Emancipation Proclamation speech in 1863, midway through the war. Two years later, the Civil War ended with a Union victory.

That same year, the passage of the 13th Amendment officially abolished the practice of slavery and ended nearly 250 years of slavery in the country. But it did not end racism. Former enslaved people—as well as their descendants— struggled with discrimination , and African American heroes today are still fighting for equality.

Progress (and Wars) in the 20th Century

After the Civil War, the United States  continued to expand westward until 1890, when the U.S. government declared the West fully explored. During this time of expansion, the population grew from about five million people in 1800 to nearly 80 million people in 1900.

The early 1900s were a time of progress in the United States. This in part was because of the number of immigrants coming to the country looking for opportunity. Between 1900 and 1915, 15 million immigrants arrived in the United States from countries such as Italy, Russia, and Poland. The new citizens worked in places such as gold mines and garment factories, and helped construct railroads and canals. These immigrants brought new ideas and culture to the young country.

The 20th century was also a time of industrial advancement. The development of the automobile and the  airplane lead to an increase in factory jobs and marked a shift in more people moving to live and work in big cities instead of farming in small towns.

But there were tough times, too. The United States fought alongside Great Britain, France,  Russia ,  Italy , Romania, and  Japan against  Germany , Austria- Hungary , Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (now the country of  Turkey ) in World War I, before the country suffered through what became known as the Great Depression, a time of economic crisis during the 1930s.

In the 1940s, then-president  Franklin Delano Roosevelt steered the country out of the Depression before  leading the country during the Second World War , alongside allies France, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union (now Russia), against Germany, Italy, and Japan.

The United States’ reputation as a progressive country took hold after the two World Wars and the Great Depression. The ’50s, ’60s, and ’70s were a time of innovation in the nation. In 1958, NASA—the National Aeronautics and Space Administration—started exploring the possibility of space flight. By 1969, the agency landed the first human on the moon .

Throughout these three decades, the fight for civil rights in the country continued with Americans of all backgrounds fighting for equal rights for their fellow citizens. Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr .’s “I Have a Dream” speech is perhaps the most famous speech associated with the civil rights movement. Historic firsts for people of color during these decades include Dalip Singh Saund becoming the first Asian American elected to the Congress in 1957; Thurgood Marshall becomingthe first African American justice to serve on the Supreme Court in 1967; and Shirley Chisholm becoming the first African American female elected to Congress in 1968.

The late 1900s saw the U.S. government get involved in several wars on different fronts, including the Vietnam War, a war between what was then the two separate countries of North and South Vietnam, in which the United States sided with South Vietnam; the Cold War, a long period of non-violent tensions between the United States and the former Soviet Union, now Russia; and the Gulf War, a war waged by 30-plus nations lead by the United States against the country of Iraq .

An Attack on America

Although the country was still a relatively young nation at the beginning of the 21st century, the United States had established itself as a global power. Some people saw this power as a threat.

On September 11, 2001 , 19 terrorists who disagreed with the United States’ involvement in world affairs hijacked four planes. Two of the planes were flown into the two 110-story skyscrapers that made up New York City’s World Trade Center. Another crashed into the Pentagon outside of Washington, D.C. The fourth plane went down in a Pennsylvania field. Nearly 3,000 people died that day.

Then-president George W. Bush sent troops to  Afghanistan after the events of 9/11. He hoped to capture those responsible for the attacks, including al Qaeda terrorist leader Osama bin Laden. Bush also sent troops to Iraq in 2003, after rumors started that the country was hiding dangerous weapons that the president wanted to find and destroy.

While bin Laden was eventually located and killed in 2011, the United States is still fighting what’s called “the war on terrorism” today.

Historic Firsts—Plus, a Pandemic

The 21st century marked more progress for the United States, particularly at its highest levels of government. In 2008,  Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected president of the United States. In 2020, Kamala Harris became the first Black and Indian American person and the first woman elected vice president.

The early 2000s also saw the elections of  Donald Trump , the first U.S. president to be impeached twice, in 2016; and  Joe Biden , the oldest person to be elected president, in 2020. The United States—along with the rest of the world—also endured the  coronavirus pandemic that began in 2020.

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The United States of America (The USA)

Oct 25, 2014

9.61k likes | 22.02k Views

The United States of America (The USA). General information. The USA is a federation of fifty states. Forty eight are on the mainland and there is Alaska on the north west of Canada and the Hawaiian islands in the Pacific Ocean. The capital city is Washington DC. Geography of the USA.

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The United States of America(The USA)

General information The USA is a federation of fifty states. Forty eight are on the mainland and there is Alaska on the north west of Canada and the Hawaiian islands in the Pacific Ocean. The capital city is Washington DC.

Geography of the USA The United States of America, in central North America, is the fourth largest country in the world. It is 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west. Because the country is so big, every state has different laws and traditions and there are four different time zones.

The USA borders Canada in the north and Mexico in the south and it is a country of great scenic and climatic contrast. There is an artic climate in Alaska and a subtropical climate in Florida.

The stars and stripes The flag of the United States of America is called The Stars and Stripes. The thirteen stripes represent the thirteen original colonies and the fifty stars the actual states. The colours of the flag are blue for justice, red for courage and white for innocence.

American English is the first language and the second language is Spanish. The American currency is the American Dollar.

The national anthem The national anthem of the United States of America is the Star-splangged banner. The lyrics come from "Defence of Fort McHenry",a poem written in 1814 by the 35-year-old amateur poet Francis Scott key.

The Government of the United States of America

The federalgovernmentof the UnitedStatesof America (USA) ismade up ofthreeparts. ThePresident, the Congress and the Supreme court.

The President is the executive branch. The President: cannot be younger than 35; must be a native born American; must be a resident of the USA for 14 years. The President of the USA is Barack Obama. He was elected in 2009 and in 2013.

The Congress is the legislative branch. • One person cannot have too much power, so Congress must approve the President’s decisions. • Congress makes laws and there are two parts to Congress: • The House of Representatives where there are 435 members elected for two years; • The Senate with 100 members, two from each state, elected for 6 years. • There are two main political parties: The Repubblican Party and the Democratic Party.

The Supreme court is the judical branch. It consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices, who are nominated by the President. The Court meets in Washington D.C. in the United States Supreme Court Building.

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America Presentation Templates

Let's talk about the home of many natural wonders of the world. yes, we are talking about the usa. get ready to make presentations about this third most populous country in the world with slide egg's free america powerpoint templates and google slides themes with maps and flags..

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Is it called the usa or america.

The "United Colonies" were given a new name on 9th September 1776 by the Second Continental Congress. Since then, the term United States of America has endured as a representation of liberty and independence.

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America , Pin , United States of America , USA

Free map of the USA for PowerPoint. Map of America with states and colored location pins. Fully editable graphics with text placeholder.

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258 Best America-Themed Templates for PowerPoint & Google Slides

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CHARLOTTE, NC – Bank of America President of International Bernard Mensah will participate in the Barclays Americas Select Franchise Conference on Wednesday, May 8, at 1:30 p.m. British Summer Time in London (8:30 a.m. Eastern Time). A live webcast of this event will be accessible through the Bank of America Investor Relations website at https://investor.bankofamerica.com . A replay will also be available.

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Bank of America is one of the world’s leading financial institutions, serving individual consumers, small and middle-market businesses and large corporations with a full range of banking, investing, asset management and other financial and risk management products and services. The company provides unmatched convenience in the United States, serving approximately 69 million consumer and small business clients with approximately 3,800 retail financial centers, approximately 15,000 ATMs (automated teller machines) and award-winning digital banking with approximately 57 million verified digital users. Bank of America is a global leader in wealth management, corporate and investment banking and trading across a broad range of asset classes, serving corporations, governments, institutions and individuals around the world. Bank of America offers industry-leading support to approximately 4 million small business households through a suite of innovative, easy-to-use online products and services. The company serves clients through operations across the United States, its territories and more than 35 countries. Bank of America Corporation stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: BAC).

Investors May Contact:

Lee McEntire, Bank of America Phone:  1.980.388.6780 [email protected]

Jonathan G. Blum, Bank of America (Fixed Income) Phone: 1.212.449.3112 [email protected]

Reporters May Contact:

Bill Halldin, Bank of America Phone: 1.916.724.0093 [email protected]

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FreightCar America Shares Investor Presentation Online

Freightcar America ( RAIL ) has provided an announcement.

FreightCar America has made an investor presentation available on their website, which they will use in discussions with investors and analysts. While the presentation is part of a recent report, it’s specified that the information is not considered officially “filed” for regulatory purposes, nor is it included in formal financial filings.

For detailed information about RAIL stock, go to TipRanks’ Stock Analysis page .

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As Biden warns he won't send Israel weapons, politicians divided on the message it sends

by MATTHEW GALKA | The National Desk

WASHINGTON (TND) — President Joe Biden’s threat to withhold some weapons from Israel if they fully invade the southern Gaza city of Rafah has sent political shockwaves throughout the world. The warning could be one of the toughest tests in the 76-year relationship between America and Israel.

“We're going to continue to make sure Israel is secure in terms of Iron Dome and their ability to respond to attacks like came out of the Middle East recently. But it's just wrong. We're not going to supply the weapons and the artillery shells used," President Joe Biden told CNN this week.

The administration has long been worried about the humanitarian toll a full-on assault of Rafah could take on the one million Palestinians sheltering there. The U.S. delayed sending 3,500 bombs that the President acknowledged played a part in killing Gaza civilians. The administration continues to push for a ceasefire deal and not an all-out invasion of the city.

Republicans immediately slammed the warning.

“What the President is doing here is capitulating because of electoral politics because he’s concerned about the vote in Michigan and Minnesota," said Rep. Mike Lawler, R-N.Y.

Sen. Josh Hawley, R-Mo., said the threat was playing into Hamas' hands.

“It’s totally pro-Hamas he may as well say we’re going to abandon Israel as our ally," he said.

The warning is dividing progressive and pro-Israel Democrats.

I think it’s a good step forward, but we’ve got to do more," said Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vermont.

Rep. Jared Moskowitz, D-Fla., said he's concerned about how the warning plays into the negotiations for a ceasefire.

“When they see America pulling back, even in the slightest, that is a message to Hamas that we don't have to agree to a ceasefire," he said.

Israeli forces began military operations outside the city earlier this week. Some of the country's officials appeared angry over the threat on social media, with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reposting a video where he said in part "If Israel is forced to stand alone, we will stand alone."

Former President Donald Trump called the warning a disgrace on his way into court.

If any Jewish person voted for Joe Biden, they should be ashamed of themselves. He's totally abandoned Israel," he told reporters.

New York Democratic Rep. Ritchie Torres posted on X that Biden’s warning was mixed messaging and made a mockery of our credibility as an ally. The divisions within the party highlight how politically complicated the issue is for the President's base.

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The Student Intersectional Leadership Council at Texas Tech is a student-led organization that "highlights women who have inspired or impacted the Tech community". Biology professors Lisa Limeri, Natasja Van Gestel, and Breanna Harris as well as Arts & Sciences' Dean Tosha Dupras were awarded the Phenomenal Women of Texas Tech University Award for 2024.

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Amanda Ramirez and Hunter Covey, graduate students in Dr. Corey Brelsfoard lab, won awards (1st and 3rd place in the poster competition, respectively) for their presentations at the Southwestern Branch of  Entomological Society of America annual meeting on April 21st in Round Rock, Texas. 

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Biden administration plans to reclassify marijuana, easing restrictions nationwide

WASHINGTON — The Biden administration will take a historic step toward easing federal restrictions on cannabis, with plans to announce an interim rule soon reclassifying the drug for the first time since the Controlled Substances Act was enacted more than 50 years ago, four sources with knowledge of the decision said.

The Drug Enforcement Administration is expected to approve an opinion by the Department of Health and Human Services that marijuana should be reclassified from the strictest Schedule I to the less stringent Schedule III. It would be the first time that the U.S. government has acknowledged its potential medical benefits and begun studying them in earnest.

Attorney General Merrick Garland submitted the rescheduling proposal to the White House Office of Management and Budget on Tuesday afternoon, a source familiar with the situation confirmed.

Any reclassification is still months from going into effect. After the proposal is published in the Federal Register, there will be a 60-day public comment period. The proposal will then be reviewed by an administrative law judge, who could decide to hold a hearing before the rule is approved.

What rescheduling means

Since 1971, marijuana has been in the same category as heroin, methamphetamines and LSD. Each substance under the Schedule I classification is defined as a drug with no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Schedule III substances include Tylenol with codeine, steroids and testosterone.

By rescheduling cannabis, the drug would be studied and researched to identify concrete medical benefits, opening the door for pharmaceutical companies to get involved with the sale and distribution of medical marijuana in states where it is legal.

For the $34 billion cannabis industry, the move would also eliminate significant tax burdens for businesses in states where the drug is legal, notably getting rid of the IRS' code Section 280E, which prohibits legal cannabis companies from deducting what would otherwise be ordinary business expenses.

The Justice Department’s rescheduling decision could also help shrink the black market, which has thrived despite legalization in states like New York and California and has undercut legal markets, which are fiercely regulated and highly taxed.

Years in the making

President Joe Biden directed the Department of Health and Human Services in October 2022 to review marijuana’s classification. Federal scientists concluded that there is credible evidence that cannabis provides medical benefits and that it poses lower health risks than other controlled substances.

Biden even made history in his State of the Union address this year, for the first time referring to marijuana from the dais in the House chamber and making note of the federal review process. “No one should be jailed for using or possessing marijuana,” he said.

When Biden was vice president in the Obama administration, the White House opposed any legalization of marijuana, saying it would “pose significant health and safety risks to all Americans.”

Jim Cole, who was deputy attorney general in the Obama administration, wrote the famous Cole Memo in 2013 , paving the way for the modern marijuana market. The memo scaled back federal intervention in states that had legalized marijuana as long as they implemented “strong and effective regulatory and enforcement systems to control the cultivation, distribution, sale and possession of marijuana.”

Cole, who is now a member of the National Cannabis Roundtable, said in an interview this week that reclassifying marijuana to Schedule III would “open up the ability to actually test it and put it in a laboratory without all of the restrictive measures” of a Schedule I drug.

Kevin Sabet, president and CEO of Smart Approaches to Marijuana and a former Obama administration adviser, said the decision to reclassify marijuana is "the result of a politicized process," arguing that it "will be devastating for America’s kids, who will be bombarded with attractive advertising and promotion of kid-friendly pot products."

"The only winner here is the marijuana industry, who will receive a new tax break and thus widen their profit margins," Sabet said. “Reclassifying marijuana as a Schedule III drug sends the message that marijuana is less addictive and dangerous now than ever before. In reality, today’s highly potent, super strength marijuana is more addictive and linked with psychosis and other mental illnesses, IQ loss and other problems.”

Researchers have raised concerns about high-potency marijuana and cannabis-induced psychiatric disorders, particularly among young men.

Some challenges ahead

Once the DEA formally makes its announcement, the marijuana industry would see an immediate benefit. But with the DEA’s proposed rule change comes a public review period that could lead to a challenge, and perhaps even a change, to the rescheduling proposal.

Once the public comment period has concluded and the Office of Management and Budget reviews the decision, Congress would also be able to overturn the rule under the Congressional Review Act, which gives it the power to weigh in on rules issued by federal agencies. Democrats control the Senate with a 51-seat majority, and for an overturn under the CRA to succeed, two-thirds of the House and the Senate would be needed to support it, meaning the marijuana rescheduling would most likely survive.

Though cannabis remains a divisive topic on Capitol Hill, there has been growing support on a bipartisan basis for marijuana reforms, largely driven by the electorate. Nearly 6 in 10 Americans say marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational purposes, according to a Pew Research poll last month. Cannabis is legal in 24 states for recreational use.

Congress is considering its own bills

Congress is considering its own measures that would make it easier for legal marijuana businesses to thrive and allow for more small and minority-owned shops to flood the marketplace.

The SAFER Banking Act , for example, which would grant legal marijuana businesses access to traditional banking and financial services, could pass both chambers by the end of the year.

Lawmakers are also considering the HOPE Act , another bipartisan bill that would provide states and local governments with resources to automatically expunge criminal records for petty, nonviolent cannabis offenses.

There is also a Democratic-only effort to remove cannabis entirely from the Controlled Substances Act, empowering states to create their own cannabis laws and prioritize restorative and economic justice for those affected by the “war on drugs.”

Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., praised the administration for its move, saying it amounts to "finally recognizing that restrictive and draconian cannabis laws need to change to catch up to what science and the majority of Americans have said loud and clear."

At the same time, he said he is "strongly committed" to moving forward with both the SAFER Banking Act and the Democratic bill to remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act entirely. “Congress must do everything we can to end the federal prohibition on cannabis and address longstanding harms caused by the War on Drugs," he said in a statement.

Sen. Cory Booker, D-N.J., also praised the administration’s move but cautioned that “we still have a long way to go.”

Booker called on Congress in a statement to "follow the lead of states around the country and legalize cannabis for adult-use and create a comprehensive taxation and regulatory scheme."

“Thousands of people remain in prisons around the country for marijuana-related crimes. Thousands of people continue to bear the devastating collateral consequences that come with a criminal record,” he said. “Legal marijuana businesses, especially those in communities hardest hit by the War on Drugs, still have to navigate a convoluted patchwork of state laws and regulatory schemes. I hope that my colleagues on both sides of the aisle, especially those who represent constituents benefitting from medical or adult-use programs, join me to pass federal legislation to fix these problems.”

But there is weariness among lawmakers who remember the last time Congress made law surrounding the drug.

The Republican-led Senate legalized hemp production in the 2018 farm bill, a decision that led to synthetic and exotic cannabinoids’ being sold over the counter, often without regulation, particularly in states where marijuana isn’t legal.

It’s a gray area that has drawn pushback from both sides of the aisle, most recently with the rise of Delta-8 , a synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol product that uses chemicals — some of them harmful — to convert hemp-derived CBD into Delta-8 THC.

Julie Tsirkin is a correspondent covering Capitol Hill.

Monica Alba is a White House correspondent for NBC News.

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Continental Congress, families faced hardship during, after Revolutionary War stay in York

(Editor’s note: This is another in a series of occasional stories about York County in the American Revolution. The Continental Congress’ productive visit to York in 1777 to 1778 prompted residents to primarily view York as a Revolutionary War town for centuries. This series is part of the buildup to major anniversaries ahead from 2024 to 2028: 275th of York County’s founding and 250th of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and Treaties with France. This story is adapted from James McClure’s 2001 book, “Nine Months in York Town.”)

When Philip Livingston was preparing to leave his family in New York state to join the Continental Congress in 1778, he had a bad feeling about the long trip to York in south-central Pennsylvania.

That bad feeling came, in part, from his bad health.

"He was not in good shape," Melvin Philip Livingston, a descendant, said in 2005. "… He said his farewells to his family because he didn't think he'd make it back."

Indeed, the American Revolution cost many of America’s Founders their fortunes, their families and their lives.

Yet there’s a discourse in America that belittles their contributions. Some in this camp are taken in by presentism, the practice of unduly interpreting past events through the lens of modern values. This low view of the statesmen and their families who persevered in America’s darkest days is also held locally by some. For a moment some years ago, I was part of a York County group working on an American Revolution project that tended to lapse into condescension of the Founders’ accomplishments and sacrifice.

Whatever their weaknesses and flaws — and they had many — the 64 members of the Continental Congress staying in York were elected, appointed or drafted by their respective legislatures in the 13 states to serve. And they did so gamely, away from their families and livelihoods and with a death sentence for treason on their heads. In 1777 to 1778, they preferred home rather than frontier York County and any legacy they would gain from staying. In fact, only three served for the entire 271 days that Congress met in York.

Yet the Continental Congress in York, a group that included 26 signers of the Declaration of Independence, persevered to craft and adopt the Articles of Confederation, America’s first constitution, and ratified treaties that brought France on as an ally.

Terrible road for founders

So it makes sense to reflect on this sampling of those among the delegates visiting York and their families, who suffered deprivation and even death.

• When Massachusetts delegate James Lovell mailed a map to Abigail Adams, the sealed envelope in Lovell’s handwriting, distressed the wife of John Adams. She feared it contained news that her husband was dead. “It seems almost imposible that the Humane mind could take in, in so small space of time, so many Ideas rushd upon mind in the space of a moment, I cannot describe to you what I felt,” Abigail Adams wrote. After seeing the map was part of the letter, she realized her fear was unfounded. “…(B)ut I pray Heaven,” she said, “I may never realize another moment of distress.”
• James Duane’s wife, Mary, suffered a nervous breakdown during the New York delegate’s long tenure in Congress in 1777 and early 1778. Duane did not immediately return to Congress so he could care for her.
• William Henry Drayton of South Carolina died a painful death from typus, an infectious disease often transmitted by the bite of fleas or lice, while serving in the Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1779.
• The British captured Henry Laurens in route to Holland on a diplomatic mission and confined the former Continental Congress president to the Tower of London for 15 months. The British killed his beloved son, Col. John Laurens, in an inconsequential skirmish days before the war’s end. And Henry Lauren’s time in prison broke his health.
• Thomas Heyward Jr., Richard Hutson and Arthur Middleton, South Carolina delegates, suffered in a St. Augustine, Florida, prison for a year after the British captured them in Charleston in 1780. Heyward narrowly escaped death on his way back from captivity. One account states that he fell over the side of a ship but held on to its rudder until help arrived. His story indicates the troubling inconsistency of some Founders who fought for America’s freedom while enslaving people. During imprisonment, Heyward’s plantation was ravaged and enslaved people carried away, possibly to sugar plantations in Jamaica.
• James Forbes, representing Maryland in Congress, died in Philadelphia in 1780. Members of Congress attended the funeral, conducted by the Rev. William White, with crepes around their left arms and continued in mourning for one month.
• Nathaniel Scudder of New Jersey, a soldier as well as a delegate, died in a skirmish near Shrewsbury, New Jersey, in 1781. The fight occurred three days before the British surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia.
• Torries kidnapped North Carolina Gov. Thomas Burke in 1781. The former delegate escaped and resumed his duties as governor.
• The British captured Cornelius Harnett of North Carolina in January 1781. He died later that year while on parole from prison.
• The British arrested Elizabeth Lewis, wife of delegate Francis Lewis, and destroyed their home. Imprisonment hastened the New York woman’s death.
• British soldiers, occupying Newport, Rhode Island, burned delegate William Ellery’s property as revenge for his patriotic activities.
• George Walton of Georgia also served as colonel in his state’s militia. Fighting around Savannah, Georgia, a British musket ball broke his leg, knocking him from his horse. The British captured him, and he was exchanged for a British officer that same year.
• James Witherspoon, eldest son of John Witherspoon of New Jersey, was killed in the Battle of Germantown in October 1777.

State funeral for Livingston

The 62-year-old Philip Livingston survived the trip to York, but the Declaration of Independence signer was soon confined to bed.

Continental Army Officer Henry Philip Livingston traveled from Valley Forge to York and found his father in great pain, suffering from a stomach and bowel disorder.

New York’s Gouverneur Morris also visited Livingston and described the symptoms to statesman John Jay back home: "This I gather from a quick Pulse, Languor, continued sickness, some Pain and much uneasiness about the Part I suppose to be affected (stomach), a Decline of strength & Flesh, Hectic appearance."

Livingston died about a month later, and his colleagues immediately planned a state funeral at York’s German Reformed Church, resolving that "Congress will, in a body, attend the funeral of Mr. Livingston this evening, at six o'clock, with a crape round the arm, and will continue in mourning for the space for one month."

When patriot Robert Morris heard the news in Valley Forge, he wrote to Gouverneur Morris: “Poor Phil Livingston. I am sorry for the loss of so Honest a Man & hope deserving respect has been shewn to his Memory."

Livingston family members visited their ancestor’s burial site at Prospect Hill Cemetery for many years. One of the descendants present on a rainy day in 2005, Edward Finch, summed up his distinguished family’s legacy: "The tradition of the Livingston family is to serve," Finch said about a family who counts Eleanor Roosevelt and the Bush presidents in its numbers. "The Livingstons stand for service to the nation."

What would Philip Livingston think about all his relatives who stood in a thunderstorm under umbrellas for a ceremony at his grave? a York Daily Record reporter asked Melvin Livingston.

 "I got the impression that he was a stubborn guy," Livingston said. "He would have approved of that, sticking it out."

In the main, that summed up on characteristic of many Founders. They stuck it out.

Sources: YDR files, James McClure’s “Nine Months in York Town.”

Public presentations

Jim McClure will present about: "1960s in York County: How This Tumultuous Decade Shaped Our Communities Today" at 11 a.m. May 13 at OLLI at Penn State; “Fascinating Things about York Haven” at 11 a.m. May 18 at the NeyChip History Center, 5 N. Front St., York Haven; and “History Publishing from Generating the Idea to Marketing Your Work” with Scott Mingus and Jamie Noerpel at 7 p.m. June 6 for the York County Writers Roundtable at the York County History Center, 250 E. Market St., York.

Jim McClure is a retired editor of the York Daily Record and has authored or co-authored nine books on York County history. Reach him at [email protected] .