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The Argumentative Essay

AP Language & Composition Exam

What does the argumentative essay require of you?

• Basically, you must do three things:
• understand the nature of the position taken in the prompt;
• take a specific stand—argue, qualify, or disagree—with the assertion in the prompt; and
• clearly and logically support your claim.

Agree, Disagree, Qualify

• Do I think about this subject in the same way as the writer/speaker? (Agree)
• Do I think the writer/speaker is totally wrong? (Disagree)
• Do I think some of what is said is correct and some incorrect and do I feel lucky? (Qualify)

Plan before you write!

• Brainstorm a list of ideas, construct a chart, or create an outline…whatever it is, give yourself time to THINK about your position!
• The kinds of support you need:
• Facts/statistics - Details - Dialogue
• Quotations - Definitions - Anecdotes
• Contrast and comparison - Cause and Effect
• Appeal to authority - Examples

Does it matter what tone is taken in your argumentative essay?

• You can choose to be informal and personal, formal and objective, or even humorous and irreverent—just be certain your choice is appropriate for your purpose.

Will I be penalized for taking an unpopular, unexpected, irreverent, or bizarre position on the given issue?

• As long as you are addressing the PROMPT and appropriately supporting your position, there is no danger of losing points on your essay.
• Your essay is graded for process and mastery and manipulation of language, not for how close you come to the viewpoint of your reader.

Suggested time distribution for the argumentative essay:

• 1-3 minutes reading and working the PROMPT
• 3 minutes deciding on a position
• 10-12 minutes planning the support of your position
• 20 minutes writing the essay
• 3 minutes proofreading!

The argumentative essay prompt

In his famous “Vast Wasteland” address to the National Association of Broadcaster in May of 1961, Newton Minow, the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, spoke about the power of television to influence the taste, knowledge, and opinions of its viewers around the world. Carefully read the following, paying close attention to how timely it is today, especially in light of the worldwide Internet.

Minow ended his speech warning that “The power of instantaneous sight and sound is without precedent in mankind’s history. This is an awesome power. It has limitless capabilities for good—and for evil. And it carries with it awesome responsibilities—responsibilities which you and [the government] cannot escape…”

Using your own knowledge and your own experiences or reading, write a carefully constructed essay that defends, challenges, or qualifies Minow’s ideas.

Mark your copy of the prompt…take about 3 minutes.

In his famous “Vast Wasteland” address to the National Association of Broadcasters in May of 1961 , Newton Minow , the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission , spoke about the power of television to influence the taste, knowledge, and opinions of its viewers around the world . Carefully read the following, paying close attention to how timely it is today, especially in light of the worldwide Internet.

Minow ended his speech warning that “The power of instantaneous sight and sound is without precedent in mankind’s history . This is an awesome power . It has limitless capabilities for good—and for evil . And it carries with it awesome responsibilities —responsibilities which you and [the government] cannot escape …”

Using your own knowledge and your own experiences or reading , write a carefully constructed essay that defends, challenges, or qualifies Minow’s ideas.

Developing the opening paragraph

• Refer specifically to the prompt
• Clearly state your position on the given issue

Newton Minow’s assertion to the national Association of Broadcasters that “The power of instantaneous sight and sound is . . . An awesome power . . . With capabilities for good—and for evil” is valid and true. However, placing the responsibility for this power squarely in the hands of the broadcasters and the government is in error.

Qualifies the assertion

The writer agrees with the potential of the power, but disagrees about who should take responsibility.

Imagine being gifted the limitless capability for good and evil—the ability to control the world with one’s super powers. And, what are these powers? X-ray vision? Morphability? Immortality? NO, it is the most awesome power ever devised—the instantaneous influence over the taste, knowledge and opinions of mankind around the world. Even Superman would get a headache from this kind of power! This is not a great gift, it is an “awesome responsibility” according to the Newton Minow’s 1961 warning to the National Association of Broadcasters.

Agrees with the assertion

The writer agrees with Minow’s position but treats the assertion in a lighthearted fashion. The reader can expect a humorous and possibly irreverent tone in the essay.

Nowhere is the awesome power for good and evil of modern technology more clearly seen than in the Internet’s pervasiveness and influence. Newton Minow was right on target in 1961 when he warned the National Association of Broadcasters that the power of TV has “limitless capabilities for good—and for evil.”

The writer agrees with Minow’s position, BUT has LIMITED the area of the argument to that of the Internet.

Developing the body of the essay

• After carefully reading and deconstructing the prompt, choose a way to organize your argument
• One way (for this prompt) would be to use Minow’s own three-part warning and brainstorm ideas based on those categories

Planning the essay (focus on Internet)

• Warning of dangers
• Recognition of heroes
• Involvement in humankind’s achievements
• Instant communications with family & friends
• Medical care
• Links to the world
• Entertainment
• Promote hate
• Distort reality
• Help terrorists
• Invasion of privacy
• Threats to nat’l security
• Create mass hysteria
• Exploit children
• Subvert elections
• Brainwashing
• Responsibility
• Self-censorship
• Prior restraint
• 1 st Amendment
• Financial gain
• Parental control
• Personal checks and balances

Choose those specific items you will best be able to support and develop

A sample body paragraph based on the first list:

One of the most rewarding applications of the Internet is its ability to provide instant communication between friends and family. A grandmother-to-be in New York is able to share in the moment by moment experience of her daughter’s pregnancy and her granddaughter’s birth in California through e-mail, scanned photos and quick videos . Likewise, the ability to instantly communicate with others may have saved the life of a doctor stranded at the South Pole. Her contact with medical resources and experts via the Internet enabled her to undergo surgery and treatment for breast cancer. Research and innovations in medical treatment are now available to those around the world via the “net.” Similarly, the ability for instance communication enables millions to enjoy concerts, sports events, theatrical presentations and other cultural activities without every having to leave home. These wonderful benefits are all because of the fabulous and awesome technological creation—the Internet.

Remember IDEAL ?

Analysis (explain)

One of the most rewarding applications of the Internet is its ability to provide instant communication between friends and family. A grandmother-to-be in New York is able to share in the moment by moment experience of her daughter’s pregnancy and her granddaughter’s birth in California through e-mail, scanned photos and quick videos. Likewise, the ability to instantly communicate with others may have saved the life of a doctor stranded at the South Pole. Her contact with medical resources and experts via the Internet enabled her to undergo surgery and treatment for breast cancer . Research and innovations in medical treatment are now available to those around the world via the “net.” Similarly, the ability for instance communication enables millions to enjoy concerts, sports events, theatrical presentations and other cultural activities without every having to leave home. These wonderful benefits are all because of the fabulous and awesome technological creation—the Internet.

A sample body paragraph based on the second list:

The other side of the mass communication coin has the face of evil on it. The Internet offers hate mongers unlimited access to anyone with a connection to the World Wide Web. Groups like the Neo-Nazis can spread their hate messages to susceptible minds via bright, entertaining and engaging websites. What looks like a simple, fun game can easily reinforce the group’s hate-filled philosophy to unsuspecting browsers. With the potential for millions of “hits” each week, it does not take a rocket scientist to perceive the danger here. This danger is also present with the minds and bodies of curious and vulnerable

young people. Because of its easy access and easy production, “kiddie porn” is both possible and available via the Internet and the films any number of porn sites offer for downloading with the mere click of a keyboard key. Through contacts made through e-mail and/or chat rooms on the Net, children can be easily fooled and led to contact those who would abuse their bodies and minds for a quick profit or cheap thrill. With instantaneous messaging, whether real or imagined, positive or negative, a single person or group can set into motion mass hysteria just by warning of an impending disaster, such as a flood, fire, bomb, poison, and son on. There are obviously many more possibilities floating out there in the ethernet. These are just three of the evil ones.

A sample body paragraph based on the THIRD list:

Just as there is the potential for both good and evil with regard to mass communication, so too is there the potential for both beneficial and destructive strategies related to reponsibilities. The most powerful regulator of our responsibility as individuals is our finger and its power to press a button or double click on a key and to “just say no.” With this slight pressure, we are able to exert monumental pressure on those who produce programs, websites, photos, documents, etc., which we find unacceptable. Who better to tell us what to watch, what to do, and what to think? All too

Often many people prefer to abdicate their personal responsibility and give that power to either the government or the communication industry. We must never forget that dictators target the control and censorship of mass media as the first step in the total control of the minds and hearts of the populace. The laws, which we as citizens of a democracy look to, must never impinge upon our First and Fourth Amendment rights. Each of us has the right of free speech, and each of us has the right to privacy. None of us has the right to harm others or to limit the rights of others; why, then, would we give that right to the communication industry or to the government?

The concluding paragraph

• Spend your time in planning and writing the body of your essay
• In a brief essay, you can be certain your reader can remember what you’ve already said, so there is no need to summarize your major points or to repeat the prompt.
• If you feel you MUST have a concluding statement/remark, make certain it is a FINAL remark that is of interest and is appropriate to your purpose
• You may use the last sentence of your last body paragraph as your concluding comment.

Yes, this concluding sentence IS a little on the giddy side…

Argumentative Practice Essay

• Refer to your notes
• Don’t take shortcuts
• I’ll put times up on the board
• You’ll get the whole 40 minutes to go through the entire process

• My presentations

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Writing an Argumentative Essay

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Argumentative Writing

Persuasive Essay Writing The art of persuading someone to think like you!

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Whether you're a student looking to ace your essays or a teacher trying to enhance his or her students' communication skills, this template is your ultimate guide to crafting persuasive messages that captivate and convince, or teaching about it! Red is the color of passion, and that's what we've put into the making of this template and it sslides, which are 100% editable. Don't forget to add some activities (we've included some samples if you need some inspiration) and try to mention the 4 U's rule: unique, useful, urgent and ultra-specific.

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Can You Convince Me? Developing Persuasive Writing

• Resources & Preparation
• Instructional Plan
• Related Resources

Persuasive writing is an important skill that can seem intimidating to elementary students. This lesson encourages students to use skills and knowledge they may not realize they already have. A classroom game introduces students to the basic concepts of lobbying for something that is important to them (or that they want) and making persuasive arguments. Students then choose their own persuasive piece to analyze and learn some of the definitions associated with persuasive writing. Once students become aware of the techniques used in oral arguments, they then apply them to independent persuasive writing activities and analyze the work of others to see if it contains effective persuasive techniques.

Featured Resources

From theory to practice.

• Students can discover for themselves how much they already know about constructing persuasive arguments by participating in an exercise that is not intimidating.  
• Progressing from spoken to written arguments will help students become better readers of persuasive texts.

Common Core Standards

This resource has been aligned to the Common Core State Standards for states in which they have been adopted. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, CCSS alignments are forthcoming.

State Standards

This lesson has been aligned to standards in the following states. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, standard alignments are not currently available for that state.

NCTE/IRA National Standards for the English Language Arts

• 4. Students adjust their use of spoken, written, and visual language (e.g., conventions, style, vocabulary) to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes.
• 5. Students employ a wide range of strategies as they write and use different writing process elements appropriately to communicate with different audiences for a variety of purposes.

Materials and Technology

• Computers with Internet access  
• PowerPoint  
• LCD projector (optional)  
• Chart paper or chalkboard  
• Sticky notes  
• Persuasive Strategy Presentation
• Persuasion Is All Around You  
• Persuasive Strategy Definitions  
• Check the Strategies  
• Check the Strategy  
• Observations and Notes  
• Persuasive Writing Assessment

Preparation

Student objectives.

Students will

• Work in cooperative groups to brainstorm ideas and organize them into a cohesive argument to be presented to the class  
• Gain knowledge of the different strategies that are used in effective persuasive writing  
• Use a graphic organizer to help them begin organizing their ideas into written form  
• Apply what they have learned to write a persuasive piece that expresses their stance and reasoning in a clear, logical sequence  
• Develop oral presentation skills by presenting their persuasive writing pieces to the class  
• Analyze the work of others to see if it contains effective persuasive techniques

Session 1: The Game of Persuasion

Home/School Connection: Distribute Persuasion Is All Around You . Students are to find an example of a persuasive piece from the newspaper, television, radio, magazine, or billboards around town and be ready to report back to class during Session 2. Provide a selection of magazines or newspapers with advertisements for students who may not have materials at home. For English-language learners (ELLs), it may be helpful to show examples of advertisements and articles in newspapers and magazines.

Session 2: Analysis of an Argument

Home/School Connection: Ask students to revisit their persuasive piece from Persuasion Is All Around You . This time they will use Check the Strategies to look for the persuasive strategies that the creator of the piece incorporated. Check for understanding with your ELLs and any special needs students. It may be helpful for them to talk through their persuasive piece with you or a peer before taking it home for homework. Arrange a time for any student who may not have the opportunity to complete assignments outside of school to work with you, a volunteer, or another adult at school on the assignment.

Session 3: Persuasive Writing

Session 4: presenting the persuasive writing.

• Endangered Species: Persuasive Writing offers a way to integrate science with persuasive writing. Have students pretend that they are reporters and have to convince people to think the way they do. Have them pick issues related to endangered species, use the Persuasion Map as a prewriting exercise, and write essays trying to convince others of their points of view. In addition, the lesson “Persuasive Essay: Environmental Issues” can be adapted for your students as part of this exercise.  
• Have students write persuasive arguments for a special class event, such as an educational field trip or an in-class educational movie. Reward the class by arranging for the class event suggested in one of the essays.

Student Assessment / Reflections

• Compare your Observations and Notes from Session 4 and Session 1 to see if students understand the persuasive strategies, use any new persuasive strategies, seem to be overusing a strategy, or need more practice refining the use of a strategy. Offer them guidance and practice as needed.  
• Collect both homework assignments and the Check the Strategy sheets and assess how well students understand the different elements of persuasive writing and how they are applied.  
• Collect students’ Persuasion Maps and use them and your discussions during conferences to see how well students understand how to use the persuasive strategies and are able to plan their essays. You want to look also at how well they are able to make changes from the map to their finished essays.  
• Use the Persuasive Writing Assessment to evaluate the essays students wrote during Session 3.
• Calendar Activities
• Strategy Guides
• Lesson Plans
• Student Interactives

The Persuasion Map is an interactive graphic organizer that enables students to map out their arguments for a persuasive essay or debate.

This interactive tool allows students to create Venn diagrams that contain two or three overlapping circles, enabling them to organize their information logically.

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Effective Persuasion Presentation

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This presentation is designed to introduce your students to a variety of factors that contribute to strong, effective, and ethical persuasion in their writing. The slides presented here are designed to aid the facilitator in an interactive presentation of the elements of persuasive writing and include examples and questions for those viewing the material. This presentation is ideal for any course in which students will be required to write a persuasive document and also helps students think in depth about audience.

ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

Mar 31, 2019

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ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY. ARGUMENTATION. The aim of writing argumentative essays is to convince or persuade the reader. O ne attempts to change the reader’s mind and convince the reader to agree with the point of view or claim of the writer.

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Presentation Transcript

ARGUMENTATION • The aim of writing argumentative essays is to convince or persuade the reader. • One attempts to change the reader’s mind and convince the reader to agree with the point of view or claim of the writer. • So an argumentative essay needs to be highly persuasive and logical.

Argumentation _____ Refutation _____ Proponent _____ Opponent _____ Counter Argument (CON) ____ Pro Argument (PRO) _____ Key Terms to Learn (p. 112) 1. a person who disagrees with something and speaks against it 2. the act or process of forming reasons, drawing conclusions, and applying them to acase in discussion 3. point or statement that supports one’s ideas and/or thesis 4. point or statement in opposition to the argument being made in a written documentor speech 5. the process of discrediting the arguments thatoppose your thesis statement 6. someone who argues in favor of something; advocate 2 5 6 1 4 3

WHAT ARE THE GOALS OF ARGUMENTATION? • present an opinion on a controversial topic to the reader; • explain, clarify and illustrate that opinion; • persuade the reader that the opinion supported in the essay is valid by: a. moving the reader to action, b. convincing the reader that the opinion is correct, or c. persuading the reader that the opinion is at least worth considering; • support the opinion by means of giving evidence: facts, examples, physical description, support of authority, and statistics; • present counterarguments to the thesis and refute them respectfully and critically.

ADVERTISING MANIPULATES VIEWERS In the simplest form, advertising can be defined as a kind of message or message transmission that is designed to promote a product, service, or an idea. Today this basic marketing strategy has become a natural part of our daily life. Considering that the 20 billion dollars spent on advertisements in 1979 had drastically risen to 120 billion dollars in 1999 and that in the course of a lifetime, one will see about three years worth of advertisements on television and approximately 3,000 ads per day, a person may easily acknowledge the impact of advertising(DiChiara, 2008, para. 3). Nonetheless, as Giselle Touzard (2008) explains, advertising, which originally intended to be a source of information for people on the availability of products, “has developed into an industry that shapes people’s identity” (para. 2). Coming in various forms – in print, audio, or visual form – advertisements not only bombard audience with their messages, but they also sell the ideas of who we are and what we should do or be. Thus, advertisements are harmful for the society owing to their disruptive influence. Sample Essay - Introduction definition facts authority’sopinion Thesis statement

Some may argue that advertisements are beneficial.It is the opinion of these supporters that advertisements are essential in keeping the market alive and rivalry hot. They believe that it is thanks to advertisements that companies working on the same line can display their products on the market equally and fairly. However, this idea cannot go further than being an immature claim because this rivalry is unfair. It is only the companies who can “afford” broadcasting strong claims of their product that can actually survive in this competitive environment. In that sense, small companies are destined to be wiped out from the market. Followers of advertisements may also assert that consumers become more “aware” and “conscious”. This position goes on to say that advertisements help the undecided customers come to a decision seeing all the available products on the media.This point has advantages on the surface and could be acceptable to an point. It is true that advertisements inform the consumers on the availability and variety of goods. Yet, serious doubts can be raised against this view when one considers the shortcomings of the messages the viewers are exposed to.The target audience, that is the consumers, are forced to believe in illusions about the product rather than realities. When an advertiser focuses merely on the advantages of a product, it creates a false impression. Or when a commodity is equated with positive feelings such as happiness and self-confidence, this image builds up a false hope that once you buy it, you will be happy and self-confident. Eventually, when these illusions are not realized – as they have been lies of the advertiser all along -, the consumer is disappointed. The advertiser achieves the ultimate end and turns a gear in the consumer society, but it is a deception that is ethically unacceptable. The advertiser not only pushes the public deeper into consumption, but also disillusions it with false messages. The conclusion one needs to draw from these is that advertisements are detrimental. Sample Essay – Con Refute Paragraph An idea that is contrary/opposedto the thesis statement Showing the weaknesses of this opposite argument Another opposing claim Showing the weaknesses of this opposite argument

It is clear that advertisements manipulate viewers; first of all, they destroy public balance as they draw on gender stereotypes.Frequently advertisements make use of models and myths for the sake of making the message striking and memorable. Thus, it is a common practice to represent women as pretty objects at home who are obedient to men.Studies have identified that in advertising women are less often used in work representations compared with men (as cited in Jacobson & Mazur, 2007, p. 217). In the advertisements of house appliances, especially, women are typically equated with housewives and mothers. Even when women are portrayed in professional environments, they are often in lower positions, receiving instructions. Hence, professional women are reduced to order-takers. Men, on the other hand, are commonly associated with power, leadership, and efficiency. It is especially in car advertisements that these features are paired with masculinity. Also, professional men are shown in powerful and influential positions, giving orders. It is mostly men who solve the problems, lead a company or pursue professional goals. This double standard in the illustration of genders not only reveals the mainstream view but also affirms it because when consumers buy the advertised products, one indirectly approves of the advertisements, and therefore contributes to keeping and reproducing certain representations.Hence, advertisements destroy the possibility of a society where both genders are equal. Sample Essay – Pro Paragraph Back to the thesis statement and original argument Supporting techniques (example, explanation, authority’s opinion)

Secondly, advertisements present impossible body images both for men and women, and thus create an insecure society. Everywhere advertisements tell the audience what it means to be a desirable man or woman, just as directly as the advertisement that claims, “Image is everything”. For a man, the message is: You need to be athletic. It seems that whether a man is 20or 40, whether he has brown or silver hair, an athletic body is crucial for a strong, powerful, and confident man. The opposite is an exaggeration, just like the poor man, the anti-Mr. Muscle in the detergent advertisement. For a woman, too, the message is similar: You need to be beautiful and skinny. Women are constantly exposed to gorgeous looking women who have the perfect hair or skin, and a body like that of a model. Although all these images are simple illusions, women unfortunately ignore this. Due to this lack of self-satisfaction, today 25 percent of women are dieting and another 50 percent have recently started or quitted a diet (Jacobson & Mazur, 2007, p. 214). Some women take even more dangerous steps to be like the women they see in advertisements. They develop an eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia. It is quite striking that today approximately one in five women have an eating disorder (p. 214). Hence, advertisements perpetuate disappointment as well as dissatisfaction in both genders. Sample Essay – Pro Paragraph 2 Another argument which is parallel to the thesis statement Examples, explanations, authority’s opinions, statistics to clarify the topic sentence

All in all, attempts trying to justify the gentleness of advertisements are destined to being weak because advertisements cause apparent harms on public. These written, audio or visual messages reinstate stereotypes and consequently crush gender equality. They also portray impossible body images for men and women, which eventually manipulates the public and shakes self-esteem. Finally, advertisements abuse the future generations for their own end and cause irreversible weakening on their health and psychology. As Sarah Bernhardt (n.d, para. 3) remarks, “The monster of advertisement... is a sort of octopus with innumerable tentacles. It throws out to right and left, in front and behind its clammy arms, and gathers in, through its thousand little suckers, all the gossip and slander and praise afloat, to spit out again at the public.”Therefore, we need to save ourselves from the evil tentacles of this monster and learn to make our own free choices, before it is too late. Sample Essay - Conclusion Linker signalling the conclusion + summary of the main points Authority’s opinion warning

HOW TO WRITE ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS • STAGE 1: CHOOSING A TOPIC AND WRITING THE THESIS STATEMENT • Decide on a controversial topic(debatable and interesting) • Write an argumentative thesis statement. • Generate ideas (free writing or brainstorming)

The Argumentative Thesis Statement • The thesis statement should define the scope of the argument and make a statement that is open to debate.

Sample Argumentative Thesis Statements • Something should be done on media bias. This is not an effective argumentative thesis statement because it does not clearly state the writer’s idea. The answers of questions like “what is that ‘something’ that should be done?” or “who should do it?” are not clear.

Sample Argumentative Thesis Statements • CNN is the best TV channel. This is not an effective thesis statement. This sentence is not debatable as it involves personal choice or preference.

Sample Argumentative Thesis Statements • There are three ways of media censorship. This is not an argumentative thesis statement as the writer aims at listing the types of media censorship. Therefore, the writer’s purpose of writing this essay is not to persuade the reader but to give information. Also, the ways of media censorship are not open to debate, thus, not suitable for argumentation.

Sample Argumentative Thesis Statements • Newspapers should not identify people by color, race, or religious faith in any way. This is an effective argumentative thesis statement. Firstly, the topic is open to discussion. There may be people who would oppose this argument claiming that this kind of restriction would damage the objectivity of the news. Therefore, the writer holds a clear stance. Above all, it is obvious that the writer’s aim is not simply to inform the readers but to convince them to take his or her side in the debate.

THE EXPOSITORY THESIS STATEMENT VS. THE ARGUMENTATIVE THESIS STATEMENT • Both expository and argumentative thesis statements express a certain opinion about a topic. • However, an expository thesis statement does not include a sharp opinion; rather, it discusses advantages, disadvantages, types, reasons, results, problems, solutions, processes, or categories of an issue often in the form of listing, enumeration, classification, or sequencing. • An argumentative thesis statement, on the other hand, has a clear stance on a debatable topic, fiercely argues that the writer’s opinion is correct and reflects this prejudiceboth in its style and tone.

More Examples to Show the Difference • There are three main reasons why the media manipulate the news. This thesis statement is not argumentative. Although the writer has the assumption that the media manipulate the news, the aim of this essay is not to convince the reader on this issue, but to simply list the three reasons for media manipulation. The reader, too, expects to learn the three reasons.

More Examples to Show the Difference • The media should not manipulate the news in any way. This thesis statement is acceptable as an argumentative thesis statement because the writer clearly takes a stand in the debate about whether the media should manipulate the news or not. Here, the writer intends to influence the mind of readers rather than to merely inform them.

On the Whole • On the whole, while writing argumentative thesis statements, be sure to have a debatable topic, state your claim and stance as strongly as possible and make the reader understand that your aim is to persuade rather than only to inform.

Time to Practice! Choose two of the topics, and write an argumentative thesis statement for each. 1. war journalism 2. advertisements / commercials 3. reality programs 4. radio programs 5. the government 6. newspapers

STAGE 2: GENERATING IDEAS • After formulating your argumentative thesis statement, you need to brainstorm a variety ofsupporting ideas, counter arguments and ways to refute these opposing views.

One important concern in writing an argumentative essay is tostrengthen your argument. Todo this, you need to base your argument on sound evidence. In supporting your argument,the evidence that you include can be facts, examples, support from authority (testimony), andstatistics. Facts: data that have been objectively proven and are generally accepted (suchas historical facts, scientific data, statistics etc.) Examples: should be sufficient number of examples toprove the case. Support from authority:Opinionsof experts Statistics: Averages, percentages, numbers etc. When Supporting your Argument

TASK 6 1. It is clear that TV triggers violence. According to a study by the American PsychologicalAssociation (2005), the average child living in a developed country will view 8000 murdersand 100.000 other acts of violence before finishing elementary school. The average 27 hours aweek kids spend watching TV - much of it violent - makes them more prone to aggressive andviolent behavior as adolescents and adults (p. 10). TV executives have known this for a longtime. One of the most comprehensive studies of the impact of violent TV was commissionedby CBS back in 1978. It found that teenage boys who watched more hours of violent TV thanaverage before adolescence were committing such violent crimes as rape and assault at a rate49 percent higher than boys who watched fewer than average hours of violent TV (as cited inAPA, 2005, p. 3). Supporting technique used: ____________________________________________________ Statistics / Research Findings

Task 6 2. Not letting their children watch television as a punishment is a futile effort of parents sincealmost every effect of punishment is negative. Dr. Bruno Bettleheim (2003, p. 8), famouspsychologist and professor at the University of Chicago, writes, “Punishment is a traumaticexperience not only in itself but also because it disappoints the child’s wish to believe in thebenevolence of the parent, on which his sense of security rests.”… Supporting technique used: ________________ Authority’s opinion / testimony

Counter Arguments One way to strengthen your argument is to show that you have a deep understanding of the issueand also to show that you can anticipate and address the counterarguments or objections thatyour audience may have. In this way, you show that you have thought the issue in detail.

Generating Counter Arguments • How strong is the opposition? • What arguments might be used against my thesis statement? • How can I refute these arguments? • Will I have to agree with some of these points? • Which of my arguments might the opposition try to discredit? • How closely does my audience identify with the opposition? • Can I see any weak links in the opposition’s thinking?

Pro-Con Chart • After finding pro and counter ideas for your topic, it may be a good idea to put these on a pro-conchart.

Pro-Con Chart

Counter Arguments Sometimes it may be difficult to anticipate the counterarguments. Here are some strategies thatyou can make use of if you are having difficulty at this stage: • Do some research. It may seem to you that no one could possibly disagree withyour position, but you will be astonished to find that someone most probably alreadyhas. • Talk with a friend or your instructor. Someone else may point out certaincounterarguments that may never have occurred to you. • Consider the thesis and your supporting arguments and think of how people mayobject to each of them.

Refuting the Counter Arguments Refuting Counter Arguments by Claiming that they are: 1. Incorrect:demonstrating that your opponent’s reasoning is wrong because it isbased on incorrect or misleading information 2. Irrelevant:showing that your opponent’s viewpoint is inappropriate and unrelatedbecause it is not relevant to the key point 3. Insufficient:showing that your opponent’s reasoning is weak because it is based oninsufficient information or ignores significant information. Partially agree with theopponent’s point of view but on the whole prove that it is weak

Important Reminder! • When writing an argumentative essay, arguments which have been suggested by opponentsand proponents should be made clear. Otherwise, the reader may be confused.

STAGE 3: ORGANIZING IDEAS INTO AN OUTLINE

Important Reminder! • As you have seen above, the writers of argumentative essays need to generate many supportingand opposing ideas to construct their argument and this much of information might cause someorganizational problems. Here are the most common mistakes:

Common Errors The refutation does not refute the counter argument. In other words, the refutation is irrelevant to the counter argument. • Thesis Statement: The medium of university education should be Turkish. • CON: Supporters of English as the medium of university education believe that English as is the language in which most academic studies are published. Therefore, they maintain, our education shoulf be in Englsih so as to be able to better understand and respond to these studies. • REF: However, learning English is very difficult and not everyone can master it.

Common Errors 2. In the counter argument refutation paragraph, one of the pro arguments, which is dealt with in another paragraph as well, is repeated as the refutation of the counter argument. In other words, the ideas are repetitious. Thesis statement: The medium of university education should be Turkish. I. PRO: It will make Turkish more prestigious if we use it in the academic and scientific context. II. The students will be more successful. III. CON: Supporters of English medium universities believe that English is the language of the academic publication, so having education in English will contribute to the students’ future accomplishments. REF: By doing so we miss the opportunity to make Turkish accepted in the academic circles; Turkish needs to be used in academic and scientific context so as to gain more prestige and be a world language.

Common Errors 3. The counter argument presented is not contradictory to the thesis statement. In other words, the counter argument does not present a direct opposition to the stance of the thesis statement. Thesis statement: The medium of university education should be Turkish. I. CON: Opponents of this idea believe that English is a world language and everybody should learn it.

Final Tips for Writing an Argumentative Essay • Find a debatable topic. • Word your thesis carefully to provoke thought or action. • Do research. • Make a pro-con chart. • Outline your arguments so that they are focused and organized. • Anticipate objections and differing viewpoints and show why your argument is strongereven if the others have some merit. • Support all your claims with convincing evidence and reasoned analysis. • Avoid logical fallacies; they weaken any argument.

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Argumentative Writing Unit | Argument Essay Graphic Organizers | PowerPoint

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Description.

Introduce argumentative writing to all levels of learners with this comprehensive unit! Everything you need to differentiate and scaffold instruction is included with this printable and digital argument writing lesson! Use this bundle of step-by-step materials to guide students through every paragraph and element of argument writing. Make it easy for all students to plan, draft, and revise their essays. A PowerPoint and Google Slides presentation is also included! 

Included With Your Purchase:

• Powerpoint & Google Slides Presentation: “How to Write an Argument Essay”
• Introductory Activity
• Transition Words
• Introduction
• Body Paragraphs 1 & 2
• Body Paragraph 3
• Citing Sources
• Essay Template
• Editing Checklist
• Essay Topics
• Student Example

Great for 5th, 6th, 7th, or 8th grade!

CHECK OUT THE PREVIEW TO SEE A LOT MORE!

Teacher Tip:

• Use the worksheets to create your own argument writing workshops. Each workshop can focus on a different paragraph or element of argumentative writing. This will make the writing process easy to differentiate and/or scaffold for all levels of learners. 

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How to Write an Argumentative Essay - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

How to Write an Argumentative Essay

What is an argumentative essay how to outline your argumentative essay introduction and thesis statement how to frame a perfect thesis for an argumentative essay what are the different arguments claims used to write argumentative essays body paragraph  conclusion  visit us to get the best essay writing help australia – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• As the name suggests that argumentative essay includes the arguments over the issues and their solution with relevant evidence.
• So what are the claims that you need to base your arguments on?
• Here we will tell you different claims that are used for framing a perfect argumentative essay.
• First comes the fact you need to place the fact that whether the statement is false or true.
• Facts about the evidence, claim or question and your views on the topic can be used as an argument claim.

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