essay on science and future

Science and Technology Will Change Our Future Essay

Introduction, papers are replaced by computer interface, credit card type media, changes in travel, lowering the cost of living, works cited.

Science and technology have continued to play a central role in providing means through which people improve their well-being and health, alleviate poverty, and define themselves as a nation and people. Many societies are built on a firm foundation of science and technology and irrevocably dependent on them. As such, science and technology will continue to play a major role in shaping our lives and nation. It will change how people communicate and interact with each other, how people work, travel and how students learn. Technological innovation in the next 50 years will rival innovation that took place in the past 400 years.

According to Reuters, businesses and schools will go paperless as papers are replaced by computer interfaces built into furniture and walls. Advances in communication, energy distribution, and storage in consumer products and businesses will support a technology known as “room ware” that will support this breakthrough. Offices Tables, walls, and cafeteria tables will double as terminals that will allow a person to write down the idea and send it to a personal desk or computer located somewhere else. School and office Walls and windows will have the capability to display maps and direction commands to help locate particular offices, staff, classrooms, etc ( Reuters, 2009). As offices/schools go paperless, the environment will benefit from reduced dependent on the tree for paper production.

After a long period of stability as the main choice of storage DVD and CD, media will be replaced by credit card type media by 2015. As the internet becomes more flexible coupled with the availability of cheap massive storage space, high data transfer rate, people will no longer need physical storage media to store data. File storage and access will be done remotely due to the convenience brought by the internet. Movies will only be available for download from the internet and that the user will need to access code to get movies and data. (B, 2009)

Innovation in Science and Technology will also change travel. People will be traveling on sky car that will be cruising comfortably at a speed of 300Miles per hour using regular fuel. The sky car will be equipped with onboard computers and will be fully automated. This means that one will not need a license to fly the sky car. The sky car will be equipped with redundant engines for safety purposes just in case the main engine fails (FutureCars.com, 2010). The cost of a new sky car will be equal to that of a luxury car once mass production begins. Sky car will be cost less to main and will launch and land at a pad the size of the dining room. Using sky car, people will be able to avoid traffic, spending tickets and save travel time.

Other speculations about the future include the availability of cheap, advanced personal equipment for self-diagnosis for illnesses that currently require a costly medical diagnosis. This will reduce the cost of health care and health insurance, hence lowering the cost of living. It will also lead to better health. Robots will also become part of mainstream life, in form of interactive toys, household items like carpets and pets will require no maintenance (Mooneyham, 2005).

The future will be shaped greatly by continued innovation in science and technology. Offices will go paperless and papers will be replaced by a computer interface inbuilt on office furniture and walls. DVD and CD media will be replaced by credit card types of media as people turn to online data storage and access. Technology innovation will also have a great impact on travel with the introduction of sky cars, which will result in reduced travel time and traffic congestion. New health equipment will help people to diagnose themselves for diseases, hence reducing the cost of health care, leading to better health.

Reuters. (2009). 2018 milestone: “Paperless Offices”. Web.

B, D. (2009). The Future of – Online/Remote Data Storage. Web.

Future Diagnostics Group. (2009). Nuclear Medicin. Web.

FutureCars.com. (2010). Moller Skycar – Long Time Coming. Web.

Mooneyham, J. (2005). Substantial regeneration treatments for various organs. Web.

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Essay on Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

Students are often asked to write an essay on Science and Technology for Sustainable Future in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

Introduction.

Science and technology play a crucial role in shaping our sustainable future. It’s through scientific discoveries and technological advancements that we can solve pressing environmental issues.

Renewable Energy

One key area is renewable energy. Technologies like solar panels and wind turbines generate clean, sustainable power, reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and helping combat climate change.

Resource Management

Science also helps in resource management. Techniques like water purification and recycling ensure we use our resources efficiently, contributing to sustainability.

In conclusion, science and technology are vital tools in creating a sustainable future. They help us use resources wisely and combat environmental challenges.

250 Words Essay on Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

Science and technology are two crucial elements shaping our modern world. They have the potential to create a sustainable future by providing solutions to pressing global issues, such as climate change, resource scarcity, and environmental degradation.

Role of Science in Sustainability

Science plays a pivotal role in understanding our planet and its complex systems. It helps us identify the challenges we face and provides the necessary tools to address them. For instance, climate science has been instrumental in identifying the causes and effects of global warming, leading to the development of mitigation strategies.

Contribution of Technology

Technology, on the other hand, provides practical solutions for implementing scientific knowledge. Green technologies, such as renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, and energy-efficient appliances, are prime examples. These technologies reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, thereby mitigating climate change and promoting sustainability.

Interplay of Science and Technology

The interplay between science and technology is crucial for a sustainable future. Scientific research informs the development of new technologies, which in turn can be used to gather more data and refine our scientific understanding. This symbiotic relationship fosters innovation and progress towards sustainability.

In conclusion, science and technology are fundamental to creating a sustainable future. By harnessing their potential, we can address the pressing environmental issues of our time and pave the way for a future where humans live in harmony with nature. The task is challenging, but with the right approach, it is certainly achievable.

500 Words Essay on Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

Science and technology have been the driving forces behind human civilization’s progress. Their role in shaping our sustainable future is undeniable. As we face global challenges such as climate change, resource depletion, and social inequality, the application of scientific knowledge and technological innovation becomes more crucial than ever.

Science for Sustainability

Science provides us with the knowledge and understanding necessary to address sustainability issues. It helps us comprehend the natural world, the impact of human activities, and the interdependencies within ecosystems. Advanced scientific research in fields such as climatology, ecology, and environmental science enables us to predict future scenarios and develop strategies for mitigation and adaptation.

For instance, climate models help us understand potential future climate change impacts, guiding policy-making and planning. Genetic research can lead to the development of drought-resistant crops, contributing to food security in a changing climate.

Technology as a Tool for Sustainability

Technology is the practical application of scientific knowledge. It is a powerful tool that can either exacerbate or alleviate sustainability challenges, depending on how it is used. Technological innovations in renewable energy, waste management, water conservation, and agriculture are critical for a sustainable future.

Renewable energy technologies, such as solar and wind power, are instrumental in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Advanced waste management technologies can convert waste into resources, promoting a circular economy. Precision agriculture technologies can enhance crop yields while minimizing environmental impacts.

The Intersection of Science and Technology

The intersection of science and technology provides a fertile ground for sustainable solutions. The development and application of technologies are often based on scientific principles, and scientific research is frequently facilitated by technological tools. This symbiotic relationship can drive sustainable development in various ways.

For example, scientific research on carbon capture and storage can lead to the development of technologies that reduce CO2 emissions. Conversely, advancements in satellite technology can enhance our scientific understanding of global environmental changes.

Challenges and Opportunities

While science and technology hold great promise for a sustainable future, they also present challenges. Technological advancements can lead to job displacement, and the benefits of technology are not equally distributed. Furthermore, scientific research can be misused or misunderstood, leading to misguided policies.

However, these challenges also represent opportunities. For instance, education and training can equip people with the skills needed in a technology-driven economy. Transparent and inclusive decision-making can ensure that the benefits of technology are shared more equitably. And improved science communication can enhance public understanding and support for science-based policies.

In conclusion, science and technology are essential for a sustainable future. They provide us with the knowledge and tools necessary to address global sustainability challenges. However, to realize their full potential, we need to address the challenges they present and seize the opportunities they offer. By doing so, we can leverage science and technology to create a more sustainable and equitable world.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Essay on Science and Technology
Essay on Road Safety Awareness
Essay on Importance of Road Safety

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

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Essay on Science: Sample for Students in 100,200 Words

Updated on
Oct 28, 2023

Science, the relentless pursuit of knowledge and understanding, has ignited the flames of human progress for centuries. It’s a beacon guiding us through the uncharted realms of the universe, unlocking secrets that shape our world. In this blog, we embark on an exhilarating journey through the wonders of science. We’ll explore the essence of science and its profound impact on our lives. With this we will also provide you with sample essay on science in 100 and 200 words.

Must Read: Essay On Internet

What Is Science?

Science is a systematic pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through observation, experimentation, and analysis. It aims to understand the underlying principles governing the universe, from the smallest particles to the vast cosmos. Science plays a crucial role in advancing technology, improving our understanding of life and the environment, and driving innovation for a better future.

Branches Of Science

The major branches of science can be categorized into the following:

Physical Science: This includes physics and chemistry, which study the fundamental properties of matter and energy.
Biological Science : Also known as life sciences, it encompasses biology, genetics, and ecology, focusing on living organisms and their interactions.
Earth Science: Geology, meteorology, and oceanography fall under this category, investigating the Earth’s processes, climate, and natural resources.
Astronomy : The study of celestial objects, space, and the universe, including astrophysics and cosmology.
Environmental Science : Concentrating on environmental issues, it combines aspects of biology, chemistry, and Earth science to address concerns like climate change and conservation.
Social Sciences : This diverse field covers anthropology, psychology, sociology, and economics, examining human behavior, society, and culture.
Computer Science : Focused on algorithms, data structures, and computing technology, it drives advancements in information technology.
Mathematics : A foundational discipline, it underpins all sciences, providing the language and tools for scientific analysis and modeling.

Wonders Of Science

Science has numerous applications that profoundly impact our lives and society: Major applications of science are stated below:

Medicine: Scientific research leads to the development of vaccines, medicines, and medical technologies, improving healthcare and saving lives.
Technology: Science drives technological innovations, from smartphones to space exploration.
Energy: Advances in physics and chemistry enable the development of renewable energy sources, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
Agriculture: Biology and genetics improve crop yields, while chemistry produces fertilizers and pesticides.
Environmental Conservation : Scientific understanding informs efforts to protect ecosystems and combat climate change.
Transportation : Physics and engineering create efficient and sustainable transportation systems.
Communication : Physics and computer science underpin global communication networks.
Space Exploration : Astronomy and physics facilitate space missions, expanding our understanding of the cosmos.

Must Read: Essay On Scientific Discoveries

Sample Essay On Science in 100 words

Science, the bedrock of human progress, unveils the mysteries of our universe through empirical investigation and reason. Its profound impact permeates every facet of modern life. In medicine, it saves countless lives with breakthroughs in treatments and vaccines. Technology, a child of science, empowers communication and innovation. Agriculture evolves with scientific methods, ensuring food security. Environmental science guides conservation efforts, preserving our planet. Space exploration fuels dreams of interstellar travel.

Yet, science requires responsibility, as unchecked advancement can harm nature and society. Ethical dilemmas arise, necessitating careful consideration. Science, a double-edged sword, holds the potential for both salvation and destruction, making it imperative to harness its power wisely for the betterment of humanity.

Sample Essay On Science in 250 words

Science, often regarded as humanity’s greatest intellectual endeavor, plays an indispensable role in shaping our world and advancing our civilization.

At its core, science is a methodical pursuit of knowledge about the natural world. Through systematic observation, experimentation, and analysis, it seeks to uncover the underlying principles that govern our universe. This process has yielded profound insights into the workings of the cosmos, from the subatomic realm to the vastness of space.

One of the most remarkable contributions of science is to the field of medicine. Through relentless research and experimentation, scientists have discovered vaccines, antibiotics, and groundbreaking treatments for diseases that once claimed countless lives.

Furthermore, science has driven technological advancements that have reshaped society. The rapid progress in computing, for instance, has revolutionized communication, industry, and research. From the ubiquitous smartphones in our pockets to the complex algorithms that power our digital lives, science, and technology are inseparable partners in progress.

Environmental conservation is another critical arena where science is a guiding light. Climate change, a global challenge, is addressed through rigorous scientific study and the development of sustainable practices. Science empowers us to understand the impact of human activities on our planet and to make informed decisions to protect it.

In conclusion, science is not just a field of study; it is a driving force behind human progress. As we continue to explore the frontiers of knowledge, science will remain the beacon guiding us toward a brighter future.

Science is a boon due to innovations, medical advancements, and a deeper understanding of nature, improving human lives exponentially.

Galileo Galilei is known as the Father of Science.

Science can’t address questions about personal beliefs, emotions, ethics, or matters of subjective experience beyond empirical observation and measurement.

We hope this blog gave you an idea about how to write and present an essay on science that puts forth your opinions. The skill of writing an essay comes in handy when appearing for standardized language tests. Thinking of taking one soon? Leverage Edu provides the best online test prep for the same via Leverage Live . Register today to know more!

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Science Essay

Essay About Science And Technology

Essay About Science and Technology| Tips & Examples

What is a Science and Technology Essay?

Before you learn about writing an essay about science and technology, you should understand what these terms mean.

Here are simple definitions of science and technology:

Science is a systematic study that helps us understand the natural world. Meanwhile, technology is the practical application of science that helps make our life easy.

Moreover, science and technology play an important role in people’s lives and human development. That is why you have to write an essay about it.

So, what is a science and technology essay?

It is a science essay that explores scientific and technological advancements and their effects on various aspects of life.

It can cover topics such as advancements in medicine, communication, IT, transportation, and more.

A science and technology essay aims to inform readers about the developments in technology and to discuss its implications.

Read on to learn how to produce a great science and technology essay step-by-step.

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Science and Technology Essay Examples

Reading sample essays is a good way to get ideas and improve your writing skills.

Here are a few science and technology essay examples that you can use for inspiration.

Essay on Science and Technology for High School Students

Essay on Science and Technology for College Students

Essay on Science and Technology for University Students

Essay About Science and Technology Innovation - Example PDF

Essay About Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

Argumentative Example Essay About Science And Technology

Example Essay About Science And Technology

Essay on Science and Technology in 1000 words

Short Essay on Science and Technology

A short essay, typically consisting of around 300 words, offers a concise yet insightful exploration of a specific topic.

Let’s take a look at one:

How To Write a Science and Technology Essay?

Writing a science and technology essay can be challenging, but it doesn't have to be.

Here are the steps you need to take to write a successful essay:

Choose a Topic

The first step is to choose a relevant and interesting topic for your essay. Any topic or idea that catches your interest is good to go.

You should also make sure that enough information is available on the topic. Moreover, you should be confident that you can present the information efficiently within the scope of your essay.

Continue reading the blog to find a list of essay topics you can choose!

Do Your Research

After you've chosen a topic, it's time to do your research.

Science and technology are constantly growing, with new developments every day. So, read up on the latest developments in your chosen field.

This will help you provide an up-to-date and accurate analysis of your essay. It will also help you make your essay more credible and effective.

Write a Thesis Statement

You should be able to create a thesis statement after you’ve done your research.

A thesis statement defines your main argument and usually comes at the end of the introduction paragraph.

But you have to think of your main argument before you set out to write the essay because it sets the direction of your essay. So make sure it is as clear and specific as possible.

Outline Your Essay

Once you have a clear thesis statement, it's time to make an outline of your essay .

An essay outline should include the main points you want to discuss and the sub-points under each of these main topics.

This will help you organize your thoughts and structure your argument in a logical way.

Making an outline is the final step in the pre-writing preparation stage. Once you’ve done that, it's time to start writing your first draft.

Write the Introduction

The introduction is the first part of your essay. It should catch the readers' interest and lead them to your main argument.

You should start with an attention-grabbing statement or a quote related to your topic. Then, you can provide some context and explain why the topic is important. Finally, end the introduction with your thesis statement.

For a five-paragraph essay, your introduction should be about 150 words to 200 words at maximum.

Write the Main Body

After the introduction, move on to the body paragraphs.

Follow the outline you made and write the body paragraphs. Each paragraph should be focused on a single point determined in the topic sentence.

Make sure to include evidence from reliable sources to support your arguments.

In addition, make sure to connect your paragraphs by adding transitions between them and showing how they relate to the main thesis.

Write The Conclusion

Finally, write a strong conclusion that summarizes your main points and argument. Your conclusion should leave readers with a clear understanding of the topic.

Moreover, it should also reinforce your thesis statement. Your conclusion should leave your readers with a sense of closure.

Want to learn more about how to write a conclusion? Here is a detailed blog that shows how you can write the best essay conclusion .

Edit Your Draft

The last step before submitting your essay is to edit and proofread it carefully.

Check for any spelling or grammar mistakes and inconsistencies in facts or arguments. Also, make sure all the references are correctly cited. You can hire our professional science essay writer to edit your draft if you don’t have enough time.

Let's read some good science and technology essays to see these steps in action!

Science and Technology Essay Topics

Now that you have an idea of how to write a science and technology essay, here are some topics you can use to get started:

The Role of Nuclear Energy in the Modern World: Advantages, Challenges, and Future Prospects.
How Space Technology is Revolutionizing our Day-to-Day Lives.
Science and Technology in Developing Countries: Bridging the Gap for Improved Quality of Life.
The Synergy of Science and Technology: Enhancing the Quality of Life in the Modern World.
Nuclear Energy: A Sustainable Power Source for the Future?
From Lab to Life: Practical Applications of Science for Daily Living.
Space Technology Advancements: Impact on Daily Life and the Future.
Science and Technology: Catalysts for Improving the Quality of Life Globally.
Nuclear Energy and Sustainable Development in Developing Nations.
The Partnership of Science and Technology: Transforming the Modern World for the Better.

If you need more general topics about science, visit our blog about science essay topics . You can find 150+ interesting science topics and get tips on how to choose a topic for your essay.

Science and Technology Essay Writing Tips

When writing your essay, here are some tips to keep in mind:

Provide specific examples

You should provide appropriate evidence and examples to support your points whenever possible. This will make your argument more compelling.

Stay on topic

Don’t veer off-topic, as this will weaken your argument. Make sure that every point and sub-point you make is connected to your main thesis.

Avoid jargon

While technical terms may be useful in some cases, you should avoid using too much jargon, as this can make your essay difficult to follow.

Be critical

Don’t be afraid to challenge existing assumptions or theories in your essay. Your essay will be more impactful if it goes out of the box.

Use reliable sources

Make sure to include evidence from reliable sources such as academic journals, government reports, and recognized experts in the field.

Before submitting your essay, proofread it for any mistakes or typos. This will ensure that your essay is polished and professional.

Here is what you can do for effective proofreading:

Read through your essay several times.
Have someone else proofread your essay for you. They may be able to catch mistakes that you missed.
Use grammar and spelling checker software to check for spelling mistakes.

If you're feeling intimated by the thought of writing an essay on science and technology, don't worry! You can do a good job with the right steps!

By following the steps and using the examples and writing tips provided above, you will be well on your way to creating a powerful essay.

However, if you are unable to write your essay, our science essay writing service can help you out!

Our expert writing service has a team of experienced writers who are experts in the fields of science and technology. Just ask us to write my essay for me and we will create a compelling essay that will impress your professor!

Also, if you need instant help, don't hesitate to try our essay typer tool for free.

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Science and Technology Essay

Essay on Science and Technology

Science and technology is the ultimate need of an hour that changes the overall perspective of the human towards life. Over the centuries, there have been new inventions in the field of science and technology that help in modernizing. Right from connecting with people to using digital products, everything involves science and technology. In other words, it has made life easy and simple. Moreover, humans now have to live a simple life. There is modern equipment explored by tech experts to find something new for the future.

Science and technology have now expanded their wings to medical, education, manufacturing and other areas. Moreover, they are not limited to cities, but also rural areas for educational purposes. Every day new technologies keep coming, making life easier and more comfortable.

Brief about Science

Throughout history, science has come a long way. The evolution of the person is the contribution to science. Science helped humans to find vaccines, potions, medicines and scientific aids. Over the centuries, humans have faced many diseases and illnesses taking many lives. With the help of science, medicines are invented to bring down the effect or element of these illnesses.

Brief of Technology

The mobile, desktop or laptop which you are using for reading this essay, mobile you use for connectivity or communication or the smart technology which we use in our daily life, are a part of technology. From the machinery used in the factory to the robots created all fall under tech invention. In simpler words, technology has made life more comfortable.

Advancement in science and technology has changed the modern culture and the way we live our daily life.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Science and Technology

Science and technology have changed this world. From TV to planes, cars to mobile, the list keeps on going how these two inventions have changed the world we see through. For instance, the virtual talks we do use our mobile, which was not possible earlier. Similarly, there are electrical devices that have made life easier.

Furthermore, the transportation process we use has also seen the contribution of science and technology. We can reach our destination quickly to any part of the world.

Science and technology are not limited to this earth. It has now reached mars. NASA and ISRO have used science and technology to reach mars. Both organizations have witnessed success in sending astronauts and technologies to explore life in the mars.

Other Benefits

Life is much simpler with science and technology

Interaction is more comfortable and faster

Human is more sophisticated

Disadvantages

With the progress in science and technology, we humans have become lazier. This is affecting the human mind and health. Moreover, several semi-automatic rifles are created using the latest technology, which takes maximum life. There is no doubt that the third world war will be fought with missiles created using technology.

Man has misused the tech and used it for destructive purposes.

Man uses them to do illegal stuff.

Technology such as a smartphone, etc. hurts children.

Terrorists use modern technology for damaging work.

Science and Technology in India

India is not behind when it comes to science and technology. Over the centuries, the country has witnessed reliable technology updates giving its people a better life. The Indian economy is widely boosted with science and technology in the field of astronomy, astrophysics, space exploration, nuclear power and more. India is becoming more innovative and progressive to improve the economic condition of the nation.

The implementation of technology in the research work promotes a better life ahead. Similarly, medical science in India is progressing rapidly, making life healthy and careful. Indian scientists are using the latest technology to introduce new medical products for people and offer them at the lowest price.

The Bottom Line

The main aim of writing this essay on science and technology is to showcase how humans have evolved over the years. Since we are advancing, the science and technology industry is also advancing at a faster pace. Although there are challenges, the road ahead is exciting. From interaction to transportation and healthcare in every sector, we will witness profitable growth in science and technology.

FAQs on Science and Technology Essay

1. How technology changed humans?

Technology has certainly changed the way we live our lives. Not a single piece of technology has failed and is continuously progressing. Be it the small industry or large, technology is a boom to your society. Technology can encompass ancient technologies like calculators, calendars, batteries and others. In future, the technology worlds include Blockchain technologies, smart cities, more advanced intelligent devices, quantum computers, quantum encryption, and others. Humans are updated with technology. This is a good sign for the coming generation.

2. What are the top technologies?

In the last few years, there has been a massive update in technology. From individuals to companies, everywhere, the use of technology is required. Some of the top technologies we are witnessing are

Data Science

Internet of Things

Blockchain

Robotic Process Automation (RPA)

Virtual Reality

Edge Computing

Intelligent apps

Artificial Intelligence

Each of these technologies is in the use of daily life and even in making products. However, to use this technology, there is a requirement of skilled professionals and they need proper training to use them.

3. Is the topic Science and Technology an appropriate topic for students?

Yes, Science and Technology are one of the most important topics every student should know in their schooling. The world is growing rapidly at an increasing rate where one should be equipped with minimum knowledge about these concepts. Science and technology have become a part of everyone’s life today. Therefore understanding them is definitely important.

4. Does writing essays improve English?

Yes, of course it does. Writing is absolutely fundamental to language learning. As with anything, however, it is important to learn when and what you write. If you do it all the time, your writing might sound forced. If you only do it when you don't have anything better to do, you might find yourself procrastinating, and not do it at all. It's also a lot more effective to compose essays when you are in that mindset of an essay. So, to answer your question, yes.

Winning Essays

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Congratulations to the winner of the 2019 Yale Scientific Synapse High School Essay Contest!

This year’s essay prompt was:

There is a moment that defines success, that “ah-ha” moment when the barrier of your expectations of what is possible to achieve is shattered. Yet, for every Nobel Prize success story or every innovation that is deemed media frenzy worthy, there are hundreds of breakthroughs that go unnoticed by the general public. Choose an important but under-discussed breakthrough from the past 5 years, and describe why it is so significant.

Entangled in a Quantum Future

1st Place Winner, Yale Scientific Magazine National Essay Competition 2019 Kelvin Kim Bergen Catholic High School, Oradell, NJ

The rate of discovery in science has accelerated dramatically since the 20th century. This should not be surprising since our knowledge base doubles approximately every 13 months. Some scientists even predict that the “internet of things” will lead to even more dramatic accelerations. Many of these advancements have gained widespread recognition while others are relatively unknown to the general public.

For example, Chinese researchers at Shanghai’s University of Science and Technology made advances on data teleportation based on quantum entanglement but remained underrecognized. In 2017, this team, led by Ji-Gang Ren, shattered previous distance records for such teleportation experiments. The previous record, set in 2015, achieved successful transmissions using 104 kilometers of superconducting molybdenum silicide fiber. Firing a high-altitude laser from Tibet to the orbiting Micius satellite, the Chinese team achieved successful transmissions over distances up to 1400 kilometers. Later, they successfully transmitted quantum data from the satellite back to Earth at distances ranging from 1600 to 2400 kilometers. In doing so, they demonstrated the viability of someday being able to create a “quantum internet,” over which information could be exchanged far more securely than is possible today.

The phrase quantum teleportation is somewhat misleading. In the Chinese experiments, no particles were physically teleported from Earth to space like most people might imagine after watching sci-fi programs like Star Trek . “Quantum teleportation” involves information, not matter. To grasp this, we need to understand the basic nature of quantum entanglement.

Quantum entanglement is a way of describing two particles with matching quantum states. The states in question, of which there are four possibilities, have to do with vertical or horizontal polarization. The entangled particles are linked in such a way as to mutually influence one another. Moreover, when one particle is observed, information about the other can be known. These effects hold true even if the entangled particles are separated by great distances.

Dr. Chien-Shiung Wu first experimentally demonstrated quantum entanglement in a laboratory, showing an Einstein-type correlation between two photons that were well separated from one another. Back then, all she could do was show correlations between entangled photons separated by a small distance. The experiment conducted by Dr. Ren’s team in 2017 is fundamentally the same as the experiment that was conducted by Dr. Wu almost seventy years ago. However, the Chinese researchers’ achievement is significant because they strove to do what Dr. Wu did at a far greater scale. Instead of performing the experiment in a laboratory, the Chinese physicists demonstrated entanglement between a photon on Earth and a photon on an orbiting satellite. These particles were separated by distances of at least 500 kilometers—the greatest distances that quantum entanglement have ever been recorded. This accomplishment was all the more impressive as it was achieved using detectors on a satellite that was traveling around Earth at orbital speeds.

Quantum entanglement means that data can seemingly be “teleported” since the information about one of the particles in an entangled pair will always reflect information relevant to the other particle. This is the main concept behind the potential applications being investigated by scientists. While nothing may be physically teleported, the fact that information about an object can be accessed instantaneously from anywhere has significant implications for the future.

One potential application of this concept is the quantum internet. The researchers showed that working with entangled particles while they are separated and moving at fast speeds is possible. This could provide a means of ensuring data security. Since the mere act of observing a particle changes its quantum properties, recipients of information over a quantum network could instantly know, by comparing the state of the paired particle at the point of transmission to that of its partner at the point of reception, not only if a message had been decrypted, but even if it had been merely observed. To this end, the Chinese scientists—in collaboration with European partners at the University of Vienna and the Austrian Academy of Sciences—aim to establish a secure quantum-encrypted channel by next year, and a global network in the following decade.

It is not surprising that the first practical applications of quantum entanglement are expected to appear in the realm of cyber-security. The regular internet is vulnerable to hacking because data still flows through cables in the form of bits, into which the hacker can tap and decrypt. A bit can either represent a zero or a one, but not both at the same time. The quantum internet, on the other hand, doesn’t have this problem because it utilizes qubits, a quantum state a particle is in when it represents both zero and one simultaneously. If a hacker tried to access a stream of qubits, the qubits would seem to have values that are either zero or one, but not both. This means that by trying to access information in the stream of qubits, the hacker would just end up destroying the data he is trying to hack.

Beyond this, the term “quantum internet” doesn’t actually have a clear definition. “Quantum internet is still a vague term,” explains physicist Thomas Jennewein of the University of Waterloo.

In summary, the research being conducted by Dr. Ren, his colleagues, and their European partners on data teleportation via quantum entanglement is significant because it represents the scaling-up of this technology to the point where its practical application is imminent. Before 2017, no previous experiments in this field had been done over comparable distances with such reliable results. The fact that global partners are planning to establish secure quantum channels based on these experiments in the near future ensures not only that such networks will soon be a global reality, but also that scientists will be delving ever deeper into the mystery of quantum entanglement. This research places humanity on the threshold of a new world of quantum applications that we can scarcely imagine today.

Congratulations to the winners of the 2018 Yale Scientific Synapse High School Essay Contest!

A Plantastic Solution to an Aqueous Problem

By John Lin

Water covers about 71 percent of Earth’s surface, but throughout the world, this natural resource appears to be drying up.1 Due to global warming, desertification is rapidly spreading across the world. The world is finding that critical freshwater reserves are disappearing in the face of increasing population growth.2 Just as more water is needed, less water is available. However, cacti have dealt with this problem for millennia and have adapted to arid climates. We can learn from these prickly plants to solve one of the world’s most pressing problems.

Our current stopgap measures are failing. Most modern water storage methods use jerry cans, lidded buckets, and clay pots but require backbreaking labor that is predominantly done by females.3 UNICEF estimates that across the world, women and girls spend 200 million hours collecting water each day, forcing them to abandon their education and employment and enter a cycle of poverty and dependence.4 Additionally, this water is often dirty, resulting in major waterborne disease outbreaks that devastate developing nations, Finally, these buckets require a tradeoff between water supplies, temperature, and sanitation. For example, clay pots lose water to evaporation but are cooler.5 On the other hand, buckets create a warm environment ripe for bacteria growth.

Instead of using costly chemical reactions to synthesize hydrogen and oxygen, scientists can find a cheap solution in biomimicry. Succulent plants are uniquely adapted to absorb and retain water from their arid surroundings. Learning from them will help us efficiently deal with desertification and minimize water conflicts. Cacti are among the most effective succulents, surviving in habitats from the Atacama Desert to the Patagonian steppe.6 Semiarid and arid areas experience varying levels of rainfall, demanding different tissue thicknesses and structural designs. We should study cacti to produce location-specific containers that can absorb and store safe water at optimal temperatures.

Scientists should explore water retrieval methods including cacti’s water absorption. Cacti build shallow roots that can branch out, allowing them to react quickly to rainfall.7 We can utilize capillary action, much like plant roots, to gather water at a cheap energy cost. Researchers at the Chinese Academy of the Sciences are studying artificial root systems that could store rainwater.8 Some cacti also store fog water, thanks to spines that collect water molecules. Scientists from Beihang University are already developing similar structures by electrospinning polyimide and polystyrene.9 Moreover, this could help improve filtration systems. Dr. Norma Alcantar from the University of South Florida found that prickly pear cactus gum effectively removes sediment and bacteria from water.1 0 We could eliminate common diseases, free women to pursue studies, leisure, or careers, and save millions of lives.

Researchers can also improve water storage by focusing on cacti because of their high water retention. Because of their fleshy tissue, many cacti can hold large amounts of water. In fact, Charles Gritzner, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Geography at South Dakota State University, notes that some can store up to 2 tons of water, or 1,800 liters.1 1 We can learn from their thick structures to maximize the quantity of water stored. Cacti also have unique structural designs including protective hair to deflect sunlight, which defends against dangerous heat levels.1 2 Cacti have additionally developed waxy skin to prevent water loss.1 3 We can combine this with biodegradable material to promote environmental sustainability by avoiding plastic. These innovations fix the current temperature-water loss tradeoff and maximize utility.

This large, bulky bucket would be incredibly adaptable. In foggier areas like the Atacama Desert, artificial spines would help collect water, while mechanical roots would work better in drier places. The layer of gum-like lining on the inner walls of the pail would improve sanitation. The water would be protected from heat through intricate designs of folds and hair. The outer waxy coating would help preserve water while maintaining cooler temperatures. Humanitarian organizations could distribute this in developing nations, ensuring that each family has a stable, safe source of water.

The consequences of ignoring water shortages are dire because water is the most precious resource of life. Not only is approximately 60 percent of the adult human body made of water, each American uses around 80-100 gallons of water every day.1 4,15 This has promoted hygiene and eliminated disease outbreaks, with handwashing alone reducing diarrheal disease-related deaths by almost 50%.1 6 With antibiotic-resistant bacteria developing rapidly, hygiene is critical for public health. Water is also heavily used in food production, irrigating 62.4 million acres of American cropland in 2010.1 7 Agriculture accounts for 70% of freshwater withdrawals each year.1 8 As global warming intensifies regional climates, more water is needed. Otherwise, the world would be torn apart by hunger and thirst.

Losing water will also have major geopolitical implications. The World Economic Forum has ranked water crises among the five most impactful global issues for the past four years.1 9 As countries compete for an ever-shrinking supply of water, wars are bound to break out. The Global Policy Forum predicts that more than 50 countries across five continents will likely be forced into water conflicts.2 0 Already, nuclear armed states such as India and Pakistan engage in water fights.2 1 The resulting wars could claim billions of innocent human lives.

Although more advanced technology is being developed, biomimicry provides a cheap, clean, and quick answer to the billions of people surviving on inadequate and unsafe water. Unless we take action, water wars, food shortages, and disease outbreaks will tear the world apart. For the sake of humanity’s survival, we must turn to cacti to guide our water foraging efforts in the developing world.

Congratulations to the winners of the 2017 Yale Scientific Synapse High School Essay Contest!

If Science were to make a huge breakthrough in the next year, what do you think would be the most beneficial one to society? Why?

Breaking Through Ocean Acidification

1st Place Winner, Yale Scientific Magazine National Essay Competition 2017 Clara Benadon Poolesville High School, MD

As a Marylander, one of my favorite things to do is make the trek up to the Chesapeake Bay. Its sparkling waters and abundant wildlife set it apart as a prime jewel of the East Coast. Nothing can compare to the experience of paddling down the Potomac River on a sunny day, the boughs of a sycamore arching overhead.

Apart from being a stunner, the Bay provides major cultural and economic benefits. Its unique way of life is perfectly encapsulated in the small towns of Smith Island, where watermen make a living from the estuary’s riches. On a recent visit, one local said to me, “We truly build our lives around the water.” From the local fisherman to larger commercial operations, the Chesapeake provides $3.39 billion annually in seafood sales alone, part of a total economic value topping $1 trillion. The stability of these waters is endangered by the growing problem of ocean acidification. This occurs when the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed into bodies of water, causing surging acidity levels. Acidification leads to the protective carbonate coverings of shellfish to disintegrate, killing off large amounts of oysters, mussels, and scallops. Oyster reefs filter the Bay; without a thriving population, harmful pollutants run rampant. The low oxygen conditions caused by high acidity also make it hard for fish to breathe. Even with survivable oxygen levels, low pH can be fatal for fish.

The plummeting numbers of these Chesapeake staples make a dent on the economy. According to the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Maryland and Virginia have suffered losses exceeding $4 billion over the last three decades stemming from the decline of oyster health and distribution. High acidity causes oysters’ growth to be stunted, so that shellfish fisheries cannot profit from the smaller, thinner shells.

The losses aren’t economic alone. An estimated 2,700 species call the Bay their home, a remarkable level of biodiversity that is threatened by ocean acidification. The loss of even one species causes a ripple effect through the entire food web, sending it into a state of unbalance. According to a 2004 study in Science, the survival of threatened and nonthreatened species is closely intertwined: when an endangered species goes extinct, dependent ones suffer. Moreover, biodiversity keeps in check the amount of carbon dioxide in any body of water. Zoom out from the Chesapeake to the world ocean. Skyrocketing acidity is present in almost every aquatic biome on our planet. When pH is low, coral reefs cannot absorb the calcium carbonate that makes up their skeleton. Corals, along with snails, clams, and urchins, disintegrate en masse. A particularly disturbing image of ocean acidification is its effect on the neurology of fish. Their decision making skills are significantly delayed to the level where they sometimes swim directly into the jaws of predators.

Economically, the UN estimates that ocean acidification will take a $1 trillion bite out of the world economy by the year 2100. This massive cost has direct human implications, including health, job security, and cultural heritage. In addition, the economies of many countries are wholly dependent upon reef based tourism and other activities built around the water.

We need a solution to our world’s rapidly acidifying oceans. If science were to make a major breakthrough, solving this problem would be beneficial to our economy and ecology on an unprecedented scale. Methods that at first appeared brilliant have either been limited by their feasibility or come to be outweighed by their negative side effects, ultimately prolonging the search for a solution.

The unorthodox method of dumping enormous amounts of iron sulphate into the water is based on the principle that iron fertilizes phytoplankton, microscopic organisms found in every body of water. The energy phytoplankton gain from the iron allows them to bloom, absorbing CO 2 from the atmosphere and the ocean. When the phytoplankton die they sink to the bottom of the ocean, locking the CO 2 there for centuries. In 1988, the late oceanographer John Martin proclaimed, “Give me a half tanker of iron, and I will give you an ice age.” It is theorized that fertilizing 2% of the Southern Ocean could set back global warming by 10 years.

Why not implement this magic fix? First off, iron fertilization has come under fire for its negative side effects. A 2016 study in Nature determined that the planktonic blooms would deplete the waters of necessary nutrients. Additionally, when the large bloom dies, it would create large “dead zones,” areas devoid of oxygen and life. Side effects aside, this technique may be entirely ineffective. Carbon dioxide may simply move up the food chain when the phytoplankton are eaten and be respired back into the water. This was observed when the 2009 Lohafex expedition unloaded six tons of iron off the Southern Atlantic. The desired phytoplankton bloom it caused was promptly gobbled up by miniscule organisms known as copepods.

The alternative solution of planting kelp is less drastic. Revitalizing expansive forests of algae has proven to be effective in sucking up underwater CO 2 . Kelp grows as quickly as 18 inches a day, and once established offers the added benefits of providing a habitat for marine species and removing anthropogenic nutrient pollution. Researchers from the Puget Sound Restoration Fund, who have been monitoring the capability of this process, have found that kelp forests are effective at diminishing acidification on a local scale. While planting carbonsucking species across the ocean would not be a feasible global solution, kelp forests could help solve the acidification crises found in less expansive areas.

To date, there is not one straightforward fix to combat ocean acidification and its corrosive effects. If a scientific breakthrough were to occur, it would perhaps be comprised of a combination of methods. However, as science and technology continuously evolve, the key to deacidifying our oceans may well turn out to be something beyond our wildest dreams.

A Revolutionary Combatant to Global Warming

2nd Place Winner, Yale Scientific Magazine National Essay Competition 2017 Arjun Marwaha Fairmont Schools, Anaheim CA

Accelerated industrialization and incredible innovation by the human species has completely morphed our 4.54 billion year-old planetary home in just a few centuries. Through feats of agriculture and language, humans have profoundly suggested superiority over all domains that dwell on Earth. Just recently, the culmination of human capability appears evident; through scientific means such as CRISPR’s gene splicing technique and Elon Musk’s inconceivable vision to send people around the moon, humanity is on the verge of a new creation: a feasible “dominance” over our galaxy.

Nonetheless, several ramifications have scarred our Earth ever since humans have undertook these robust, industrial actions. As first priority, scientists should direct their focus onto preserving our planet from the cataclysmic effects of the greenhouse effect — the trapped carbon dioxide gas in Earth’s atmosphere which thereby generates additional heat into our planet. This can be achieved by developing a renewable energy-based device to chemically convert carbon dioxide into clean products, which in turn will inherently benefit our environment and most definitely the society with the future generation of useful, renewable products.

One prominent solar example of this was physically engineered at the University of Illinois in Chicago, by mechanical engineer Amin Salehi-Khojin, in July of 2016. In their prototyping phase, the research team was able to construct a device that can absorb carbon dioxide, utilize sunlight to break CO2 into “syngas” (gas similar to hydrogen and carbon monoxide), and then use this synthesized gas directly as diesel or be turned into other liquid fuels. Just from this experiment alone, it is discernible that the potential to create such a device to eliminate the excess carbon dioxide exists within the scientific community; thus one can expect multiple breakthroughs in this field in the coming year alone, from solar to maybe even wind based technology. Furthermore, this prototype exemplifies the truly infinite possibilities that renewable energy sources can harness by converting the harmful gas into beneficial compounds.

Indisputably, this methodology has positive consequences, with little to no risk, hence producing an overall positive for both the Earth’s maintenance, and all animals and humans in regards to air quality. However, one may argue that this “breakthrough” has existed for epochs: plants, as they convert the carbon dioxide from the air into valuable sugars through the cyclical, self-sufficient process known as photosynthesis. But due to recent industrialization leading to deforestation, plants in general are becoming more and more rare in an industrial-based city. So without having the plants absorb the toxins and carbon dioxide in the air, the breeding ground for extreme pollution in cities, like New Delhi, India, exists. This eventually triggers an urgent necessity for renewable methods to get rid of these pollutants and toxins; and if plants cease to exist in harsh climates where toxins exist, then this innovative technique of splitting the carbon dioxide into useful products surely will have the ability to stay in industrial cities like these; and if they have capability to withstand the worst toxins, they surely will have the staying power in the international market.

In addition to its efficiency, the mere utilization of such a technology will sincerely resonate with the scientific community. Since numerous attempts have been made by scientists to find sustainable solutions to the greenhouse effect, the community — and more so the public — are desperate for a panacea. This solution not only thrives off the absorption of carbon dioxide, but it also creates several efficient products including but not limited to gaseous compounds that can provide liquid fuel or diesel, thereby acting as a detriment to further carbon emissions. Now, the world has seen this technology exist in one small laboratory. Through extensive research on maximizing the utility of the materials, the next massive breakthrough will be attempting to scale this technology to the international market, while ensuring that this device can be inexpensive as possible so that the scientific community can make some slot of profit. For this effective cost and efficient design, this device can essentially gain international acclaim after scientists give their approval to showcase a brand of these carbon emission combatants, all of which exist in different shape or form but run on renewable, green energy.

Without a cast of a doubt, the renewably-energized devices will completely revolutionize our approach to global warming. By developing a method that can concurrently reduce the carbon dioxide emissions and generating “split” products that promote green energy, the scientific community would absolutely gain the same recognition of this breakthrough as, for instance, circulating two men around the moon. This ideology, in effect, prompts people to question who they really are. Scientists are curious and explorative. But can they halt this mindset and instead focus on a more impeding dynamic: introspection of our character. Thus, it is only ethically sound that we as humans understand one blatant reality: our curiosity has, in essence, disrupted the nature of our Earth. So, it is only morally correct that we humans disband from our brigades in space, leave the hospital’s dissections and illnesses, and truly save our only home known to man.

Congratulations to the winners of the third Yale Scientific Synapse High School Essay Contest!

This year’s essay prompt was: “How does bias affect the course of scientific research? Discuss how public and personal bias has hindered and facilitated scientific progress.”

The Duality of Bias

By rocel beatriz balmes 1st place winner, yale scientific magazine national essay competition 2014 haines city high school lake alfred, florida.

Traditionally defined as a partiality towards particular people, objects, or beliefs, bias has developed a rather negative connotation—particularly in science—of resulting in unfair advantages and, thus, inaccurate results. Though this has, in effect, rendered it equivalent to a social pariah to the scientific community, throughout the years, it has persisted as a definitive barrier to scientific and social progress.

Take, for example, the emergence of “Social Darwinism” in the late 1800s. Despite the fact that Darwin focused only on biological evidence in animals and seldom mentioned ramifications for humans, public bias took the words of famed eugenicist Francis Galton and perpetuated the idea of a biologically superior race. Observing and dissecting the differences between their own fair features and the large lips and dark skin of their slaves, Americans came to the conclusion that they were the de facto superior race in all aspects of humanity, despite the lack of scientific empiricism. Instead of obtaining impartial evidence for their superiority—of which, they would actually find none—they focused their efforts on finding justification for their enslavement and systematic dehumanization of African Americans for centuries to come. Though this pseudoscience was nothing but a gross perversion of Darwin’s widely supported Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection, the concept of a harsher eugenics outlined by Vacher de Lapouge based on this very theory and the idea of white supremacy became the underpinnings of Nazi Germany’s eugenics agenda. This form of scientific racism, verified only by the bias of a racist, ethnocentric society led to the creation of global selective breeding programs that eliminated—and, in fact, continue to eliminate—millions of innocent people leaving only masses of unrealized potential for scientific and social progress.

Unfortunately, such bias is not unique to eras of the past. From the very dawn of its conception in the mid-to-late 1900s, stem cell research has been influenced by bias. Though the utilization of the cells as transformative tissues has been revolutionary, this was only possible with the extraction of the inner cell mass in a human embryo. Such procedures, when first introduced, shocked the public as a process strikingly similar to the very destruction of human life, regardless of the undeveloped status of said human. Researchers were swayed by some of the strongest proponents of the ban of such procedures. Rather than specific religious denominations or political parties, the conflict attracted masses of people from differing backgrounds to forge a formidable opposition to the progression of health science. Consequently, some research institutions succumbed to the period’s public and private moral bias and halted experimentation. That is not to say, of course, that this bias was in any way intended with malice or aimed to deprive severely ill people of life-saving stem cells. Bias—public bias in particular—is oftentimes muddled with the fear of the unorthodox and the unconventional. In this case, though the bias did prevent scientific progression, it is important to note that it was influenced by a people that was, perhaps, not quite ready for such progression.

Alternatively, bias can provide the push that some societies need in order to develop and revolutionize. Just as most words in the English language, the word bias is double-faceted by nature. Far from the unscrupulous reputation it usually holds in science, it can also be defined as a predilection or a fondness for something—an emotion that all scientists must have in order to undertake the challenges of their satisfying yet simultaneously grating careers. Thus, through the years, bias has had the dual role of barrier and catalyst to major scientific breakthroughs.

Take, for example, the conflict with stem cell research. Stem-cell pioneer James Thomson was a researcher in one of only two laboratories in 1998 to successfully extract stem cells and, at the same time, destroy the human embryo from which they were plucked. In a New York Times Article titled “Man Who Helped Start Stem Cell War May End It”, Thomson says that he knew of the social stigma that surrounded his research and that he himself was, at first, very skeptical of the moral implications and had even worked with ethicists before he unknowingly detonated a moral bomb with his ground-breaking scientific research. When public opinion proved to be a seemingly significant barrier biased against his progress, however, instead of backing down and raising the metaphorical white flag of surrender, Thomson’s determination was only fueled by this bias against him. Working with researchers from Kyoto University, Thomson helped developed a new technique of adding a few genes to ordinary skin cells to make them function like stem cells. The scientific ramifications of this ethically sound method are infinite. Aside from the obvious benefits in research, the medical world is now bombarded with revolutionary new methods and treatments as vital tissue generation without the need to wait for donors becomes a possibility. Though the road ahead may still be paved with challenges in production for Thomson, without the public and his own personal bias of morality pressuring him, his systematic search for and discovery of an ethical method would not have become a reality.

Though one might be tempted to label the above example as the exemption to the rule of bias’ role in science, it is important to note that some of the greatest innovations and fundamental truths of our world were conceived under researchers’ personal bias of belief in their ideas. From Galileo Galilei and Louis Pasteur, to Marie Curie and Jane Goodall, these scientists lived during eras during which they were ridiculed by a public inexorably biased against them for daring to have an alternative model of the world and, in the latter individuals’ cases, a gender unorthodox for a scientist. Yet, personal conviction, determination and, yes, bias led these three scientists to international acclaim. Indeed, bias possesses a dual dynamism that allows it to stand as an obstruction to and creator of scientific progress. Suspended between these two polarities is where revolution, innovation, and true science emerge.

Everything is Awesome

By marina tinone 2nd place winner, yale scientific magazine national essay competition 2014 william h. hall high school west hartford, connecticut.

My brother and I were blessed to have our own Lego collections. Our rooms were lined with shelves and shelves of our own creations, some of them built using the instructions from the Lego sets, most of them made by ourselves. We ditched the boring booklets in the box and just made what we needed.

For my brother, his bricks were used to build complex helicopters and submarines, usually creating machines significantly more complicated than the ones designed by Lego. When I asked him about his submarine, and why all the pieces he used weren’t the same color, he told me that the submarine was supposed to be invisible, so the colors didn’t need to match. Besides, the hinges, the pulleys, the contraptions he made by himself– those were the important parts.

In my world, my Lego creations weren’t invisible. My stuffed animals needed sleds to play in the snow, houses to sleep in, school buses to go to school in the morning and come back in the evening. My machines were not as complex as my brother’s, but they worked, and my colors matched. The stuffed animals needed their yellow school buses, and I thought a sled would look nice in blue.

My brother’s Legos always impressed our parents. He definitely had the eyes of an engineer, a scientist. Now, when Mom and Dad looked into my room and watched their daughter raise a blue sled loaded with stuffed rabbits into the air, well… the kids were different, that’s for sure.

Watching my brother receive praise for his creations from our chemist and engineer parents, I thought that science was restricted to those interests. Science was for the ones who made Legos for the sake of the machine, not for the ones whose stuffed rabbits wore scarves.

I wonder– did the world think the same way I did when Rosalind Picard introduced affective computing in 1997? Upon learning more about the limbic system and its role in shaping perception, Picard realized that it was not enough to simply create new microprocessors and develop energy-efficient chips if they didn’t interact with the user’s emotions and social cues. Technology needed a more human touch to develop. When she created this novel field and opened it to the world, did her peers find such emotion-based studies unworthy? Did they believe that such “science” was an aberration to the disciplines that touted rational, sentiment-free thinking?

As Picard explained to Adam Higginbotham of Wired magazine, “I realized we’re not going to build intelligent machines until we build, if not something we call emotion, then something that functions like our emotion systems.”

Today, there is an international conference and a journal dedicated to affective computing, and labs around the world continue to further the field by finding applications for their “intelligent machines” to shape how we interact with technology every day.

What about those who supported computer science in the 1970s, back when computer science looked like a pile of hole-punched papers? Computer scientists once had to suade others of the viability of a field that would later become one of the most relevant and lucrative areas of study.

What about Gregor Mendel’s investigation with pea plants in 1866? Mendel’s contemporaries criticizing his work surely did not know that he would be credited for fathering the ever-evolving field of genetics.

What about Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine in 1798? No one believed that the ungodly idea of infecting someone to treat someone would save millions of lives.

Did those biased against the potential, the validity of these new fields and scientific pursuits, really understand their purposes and merits? With their closed interpretations of science, did they really understand what science is and can be? Over time, scientists have attempted to define science. Astronomer Carl Sagan asserted that “Science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge.” Physicist Stephen Hawking describes science as “not only a disciple of reason but, also, one of romance and passion.”

Although both eloquently stated their thoughts, I am convinced by the words of chemist Marie Curie –

“I am among those who think that science has great beauty. A scientist in his laboratory is not only a technician; he is also a child placed before natural phenomena which impress him like a fairy tale. We should not allow it to be believed that all scientific progress can be reduced to mechanism, machines, gearings, even though such machinery also has its own beauty.”

I remember comparing my blue sled to my brother’s invisible submarine, and I hold onto my creation a little tighter. Maybe there is something more to science than my brother’s sophisticated machines. When my younger self stood in her room, surrounded by her Lego bricks, she shouldn’t have diminished the progress she had made in her Lego laboratory, just because she didn’t use pulleys or interlocking gears.

I shouldn’t have been so close-minded against my own science, just because the world around me was biased against my ideas. From my studies, I hypothesized, I tested, I built upon my past results. My world needed science, but it didn’t need what had already been done, or was already deemed acceptable. It needed my own input. Call my ideas biased, call them faulted. But without the individuals interpreting and solving their world’s struggles using their own definitions, science would cease to develop.

Scientists continue to stand in their laboratories in child-like wonder, enraptured by the phenomena that enchant them, in all shapes and forms. Science is about discovering what you find beautiful in your world, and working, playing, in order to fulfill your personal curiosity and the needs of your imagination.

Let’s sit down. Let’s open up those boxes filled with possibilities. Throw away the instructions.

Let’s play.

The Good and Bad of Bias and Prejudice in Science

By jonathan chan 3rd place winner, yale scientific magazine national essay competition 2014 milton academy milton, massachusetts.

Scientists take pride in using the scientific method that dictates testing a hypothesis dispassionately with objective experiments, scrutinizing that the results are replicable, presenting all the data for independent peer review, and addressing any dissenting views vigorously. Over the years, scientists have been very successful in creating the public myth that they love second guessing their own hypotheses to safeguard themselves from unintentional bias and prejudice. This rigorous process has enabled science to become exalted as an arbiter of truth by most people. In reality, however, scientists behave very differently and bias in scientific research is in fact quite common; a steadily growing number of published papers have been found to be not replicable, calling into question the validity of many widely accepted hypotheses.

Scientists are humans, with personal beliefs and values. It is human nature to look for evidence to support one’s beliefs. A fundamental flaw of human nature is its love for being proven right and hate for being proven wrong. This flaw causes scientists to unconsciously find data to confirm their preferred hypotheses or preconceptions, and they overlook – even disregard – evidence that is contrary. This phenomenon is known to psychologists as “confirmation bias”. A study of the efficacy of Chinese acupuncture is an interesting example of how cultural beliefs of scientists affect their research. Clinical experiments on acupuncture performed in Asia overwhelmingly support its therapeutic effectiveness, while trials implemented in the West show inconclusive results.

“Confirmation bias” can influence every step of any scientific experiment set up to test a hypothesis, from how the experiment is designed, to how the results are measured, to how the data are interpreted. Scientific research today is highly competitive and involves significant financial resources; a culture of publish or perish is pervasive. There is constant pressure on scientists to generate groundbreaking discoveries in drugs, materials, and technologies. The experimental methods are highly complex, and as a result, “positive results” are extremely difficult to produce, measure, and assess. No wonder many researchers become overly excited over the first piece of positive data, giving it biased prominence over the mundane, negative results and subsequently “shoe- horning” the flawed data that eventuate a faulty conclusion.

In theory, peer review by independent professionals and publications should provide an effective defense against these subtle biases. In practice, however, this process is just as prone to the same kind of confirmation biases which favors positive results over null data and negative hypotheses. A recent study on the selection process of scientific publications concludes that papers are less likely to be published and to be cited if they report “negative” results. A prominent example of this institutional bias involves a high-profile study which linked child MMR vaccination with increased incidences of autism. This study caused widespread panic and resulted in a detrimental decade-long decrease in child immunization. Although numerous studies were conducted at the same time supporting a contrary conclusion, these “negative-result” papers failed to gain the level of attention of the “positive-result” paper the retraction of which took ten years.

History is replete with incidences where biases and prejudices have not only steered scientific research, but also fostered malicious prejudice of the research on an unsuspecting public. The prejudicial practice of eugenics in the early 1900’s caused thousands of innocent people to be labeled as inferior and unjustly persecuted for no scientific reason. Lysenkoism in the 1930’s in the Soviet Union advocated bias and useless “scientific” methods to increase crop yields for political purpose, resulting in the deaths of millions of starving peasants. On the other hand, bias has not always hindered scientific progress. Scientists in the past could not have known whether their brilliant ideas were right or wrong. Many of the problems they were trying to solve were not only difficult but also inductive due to a lack of evidence. These ideas necessarily originated as wild guesses encompassing the scientists’ individual biases and prevailing societal values.

Astrophysicist Mario Livio in his book “Brilliant Blunders” provides a litany of bias- induced scientific blunders which in time transformed into breakthrough scientific discoveries. Linus Pauling was a protein specialist and was likely to be biased in favor of proteins, which fueled his erroneous prediction of the DNA structure. Charles Darwin came out with the flawed theory of inheritance because he was likely influenced by the biases of the plant and animal breeders prevalent during his career. Lord Kelvin’s inordinate devotion to tidy mathematics and his bias against messiness resulted in his inaccurate calculation of earth’s age.

However, as these unconscious personal biases and societal prejudices are “uncovered” and properly understood, this development can actually facilitate the pursuit of true scientific knowledge. Bias and prejudice in science have caused unfortunate setbacks but at the same time have generated clarity for decisive shifts in thinking and accelerated advances. The scientific process is complex, messy, and at times even boring, full of starts and stops. Yet, this system of inquiry encompasses a self-correcting tendency which has withstood the test of time and remains a stunning success in understanding nature and improving lives. As influential German philosopher Hans-Gerog Gadamer writes: a researcher “cannot separate in advance the productive prejudices that enable understanding from the prejudices that hinder it”. Preconceptions can spur as well as blind in scientific research.

Unfortunately, scientific research today may have become overly zealous in guarding itself against biases and prejudices, succumbing to politically correct social forces and avoiding tackling sensitive problems and issues which may offend the prevailing public morality. Scientific research is increasingly constrained by these forces dictating what topics can be studied, how we study them, why we need to study them, and who gets to do the studying. A bigger crisis looms should science lose its relevance and importance due to excessive fear of unavoidable bias and prejudice in scientific research. As the Wright brothers said: “If a man is in too big a hurry to give up an error he is liable to give up some truth with it.”[/vc_column_text][vc_button2 title=”Go back” style=”square” color=”sky” size=”sm” link=”url:http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalescientific.org%2Fsynapse%2Fcontest-winners%2F|title:Contest%20Winners|”][/vc_column][/vc_row]

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Future technology: 22 ideas about to change our world

The future is coming, and sooner than you think. These emerging technologies will change the way we live, how we look after our bodies and help us avert a climate disaster.

Technology moves at a relentlessly fast pace in the modern world. It can sometimes feel like every single day there are new technologies and innovations that will change our futures forever. But in a steady stream of announcements about new massive futuristic technological upgrades and cool gadgets , it is easy to lose track of the amazing ways the world is progressing.

For instance, there are artificial intelligence programs writing poems from scratch and making images from nothing more than a worded prompt. There are 3D-printed eyes, new holograms, lab-grown food and brain-reading robots.

All of this just scratches the surface of what is out there, so we've curated a guide to the most exciting future technologies, listing them all below.

Necrobotics

© Preston Innovation Laboratory/Rice University

Sometimes new future technologies can offer amazing development, with the possibility of changing the future... while also being incredibly creepy.

This is one way to describe the idea of necrobotics which, as the name suggests, involves turning dead things into robots . While this sounds like a plot to a creepy horror film, this is a technology being explored at Rice University.

A team of researchers turned a dead spider into a robot-like gripper, given the ability to pick up other objects. To achieve this, they take a spider and inject it with air. This works because spiders use hydraulics to force their version of blood (haemolymph) into their limbs, making them extend.

Right now this concept is in its infant stages, but it could mean a future where dead animals are used to further science... it all feels very Frankeinstein-like!

Sand batteries

Not every technology bettering our future has to be complicated, some are simple, yet extremely effective.

One of these kind of technologies has come from some Finnish engineers who have found a way to turn sand into a giant battery.

These engineers piled 100 tons of sand into a 4 x 7 metre steel container. All of this sand was then heated up using wind and solar energy.

This heat can then be distributed by a local energy company to provide warmth to buildings in nearby areas. Energy can be stored this way for long periods of time.

All of this occurs through a concept known as resistive heating. This is where a material is heated by the friction of electrical currents.

Sand and any other non-super conductor are warmed by the electricity passing through them generated heat than can be used for energy.

E-skin could help us hug long-distance friends

While modern technology allows us to communicate verbally and visually almost anywhere in the world, there is currently no reliable method of sharing the sense of touch across long distances. Now, a wireless soft e-skin developed by engineers at the City University of Hong Kong could one day make giving and receiving hugs over the internet a reality.

The e-skin is studded with flexible actuators that sense the wearer’s movements and convert them into electrical signals. These signals can then be sent to another e-skin system via Bluetooth, where the actuators convert them into mechanical vibrations that mimic the initial movements. The system could be used to allow friends and family to ‘feel’ each other over long distances, the researchers say.

Researchers at the City University of Hong Kong (CityU) recently invented what they're calling a 'novel, wireless, skin-interfaced olfactory feedback system '. In other words, VR attachments that let you smell stuff.

The smells are generated by the devices heating and melting odorous wax that releases adjustable concentrations of stink. There are two versions of this tech. One is 'mounted' on your upper lip for easy access to your nostrils, and the other is a facemask-like design with hundreds of different odour combinations.

The university said their new tech has a broad range of applications that includes online teaching and 4D movie watching. That's right, in the future, you'll not only be able to watch your favourite movies in VR, you'll also be able to smell them. Now that's immersion!

Catapulting satellites into space

Who would have thought the best way to get satellites into space was with a makeshift catapult! Okay, it is a lot smarter than a catapult but the technology exists in a similar way.

SpinLaunch is a prototype system for getting satellites or other payloads up into space. It does this by using kinetic energy instead of the usual technique of using chemical fuel found in traditional rockets. This technology could be capable of spinning payloads at 8,000km/h and 10,000G, then launching them skyward through a large launch tube.

Of course, small rocket engines will still be required for payloads to reach orbit, but SpinLaunch has claimed this system cuts down on the fuel and infrastructure by an impressive 70 per cent.

The company has signed an agreement with NASA and is now testing the system.

Xenotransplantation

© University of Maryland School of Medicine

Inserting the heart of a pig into a human feels like a bad idea, and yet, this is one of the latest medical procedures that is seeing rapid progress.

Xenotransplantation - the procedure of transplanting, implementing or infusing a human with cells, tissues or organs from an animal source - has the potential to revolutionise surgery.

One of the most common procedures performed so far is the insertion of a pig's heart into a human. This has now successfully happened twice. However, one of the patients was only alive for a few months, and the second is still being observed.

In these surgeries, the heart cannot be instantly put into a human, gene-editing needs to take place first. Certain genes need to be knocked out of the heart and human genes need to be added, mainly around immune acceptance and genes to prevent excessive growth of heart tissue.

Right now, these surgeries are risky and there is no certainty around success. However, in the near future, we could see xenotransplants happening on a regular basis, providing hearts or tissues from animals to humans in need of it.

AI image-generation

As artificial intelligence continues to perform jobs just as well as humans, there is a new industry to add to the list – the world of art. Researchers at the company OpenAI have created a software that is able to create images from just worded prompts.

Type in ‘a dog wearing a cowboy hat singing in the rain’ and you’ll get a host of completely original images that fit that description. You can even choose what style of art your request will come back in. However, the technology isn't perfected and still has issues, like when we gave it poor prompts on designing cartoon characters .

This technology known as Dall-E is now its second iteration and the team behind it plans to continue developing it further. In the future, we could see this technology used to create art exhibitions, for companies to get quick, original illustrations or of course, to revolutionise the way we create memes on the internet.

There is also technology known as Midjourney , a AI image generator that creates gothic masterpieces with a simple text prompt. We are truly living in the future.

Brain reading robots

No longer a science fiction trope, the use of brain reading technology has improved hugely in recent years. One of the most interesting and practical uses we’ve seen tested so far comes from researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL).

Thanks to a machine-learning algorithm, a robot arm and a brain-computer interface, these researchers have managed to create a means for tetraplegic patients (those who can’t move their upper or lower body) to interact with the world .

In tests, the robot arm would perform simple tasks like moving around an obstacle. The algorithm would then interprets signals from the brain using an EEG cap and automatically determine when the arm had made a move that the brain considered incorrect, for example moving too close to the obstacle or going too fast.

Over time the algorithm can then adjust to the individuals preferences and brain signals. In the future this could lead to wheelchairs controlled by the brain or assistance machines for tetraplegic patients.

3D printed bones

3D printing is an industry promising everything from cheap house building through to affordable rugged armour, but one of the most interesting uses of the technology is the building of 3D printed bones.

The company Ossiform specialises in medical 3D printing, creating patient-specific replacements of different bones from tricalcium phosphate – a material with similar properties to human bones.

Using these 3D printed bones is surprisingly easy. A hospital can perform an MRI which is then sent to Ossiform who create a 3D model of the patient-specific implant that is needed. The surgeon accepts the design and then once it is printed, it can be used in surgery.

What is special about these 3D printed bones is that because of the use of tricalcium phosphate, the body will remodel the implants into vascularised bone. That means they will enable the full restoration of function that the bone it is replacing had. To achieve the best integration possible, the implants are of a porous structure and feature large pores and canals for cells to attach to and reform bone.

3D-printed food that takes the cake

What’s for dinner tonight? Soon it could be a piece of 3D-printed, laser-cooked cake. Researchers at Columbia University School of Engineering have created a device that can construct a seven-ingredient cheesecake using food inks and then cook it to perfection using a laser.

Their creation contained banana, jam, peanut butter and Nutella. Tasty. The technology could one day be used to create personalised meals for everyone from professional athletes to patients with dietary conditions, or could be useful for those who are simply short on time.

Natural language Processing

Natural language processing is the big new trend taking over the internet. While you've most likely seen it in use in Google's autocomplete software, or when your smartphone offers a prediction of what you are trying to type, it is capable of much smarter things.

OpenAI is a company that is at the forefront of artificial intelligence, originally taking the internet by storm with its image generator Dall-E 2 . Now it is back, making a chatbot known as ChatGPT , creating poems from scratch, explaining complex theories with ease and having full-length conversations like it is a human.

ChatGPT is powered by a software known as GPT-3, trained on billions of examples of texts, then taught how to form coherent and logical sentences.

ChatGPT is an example of AI and its future. It has proven its ability to make completely new websites from scratch, write entire length books and even make jokes... although, it clearly still hasn't mastered humour yet.

Boom-free supersonic flight

NASA’s X-59 ‘quiet’ supersonic aircraft is set to take to the skies for its first test flight at the Armstrong Flight Research Center later this year. The plane is currently being assembled in a hangar at Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works facility in Palmdale, California.

Its fuselage, wings and tail have been specially designed to control the airflow around the plane as it flies, with the ultimate aim of preventing a loud sonic boom from disturbing people on the ground below when it breaks the sound barrier. If the initial test goes to plan, the space agency aims to carry out further test flights over inhabited areas to gauge the public’s response to aircraft in 2024.

Digital "twins" that track your health

In Star Trek , where many of our ideas of future technology germinated, human beings can walk into the medbay and have their entire body digitally scanned for signs of illness and injury. Doing that in real life would, say the makers of Q Bio, improve health outcomes and alleviate the load on doctors at the same time.

The US company has built a scanner that will measure hundreds of biomarkers in around an hour, from hormone levels to the fat building up in your liver to the markers of inflammation or any number of cancers. It intends to use this data to produce a 3D digital avatar of a patient's body – known as a digital twin – that can be tracked over time and updated with each new scan.

Q Bio CEO Jeff Kaditz hopes it will lead to a new era of preventative, personalised medicine in which the vast amounts of data collected not only help doctors prioritise which patients need to be seen most urgently, but also to develop more sophisticated ways of diagnosing illness. Read an interview with him here.

Direct air capture

Through the process of photosynthesis, trees have remained one of the best ways to reduce the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. However, new technology could perform the same role as trees, absorbing carbon dioxide at greater levels while also taking up less land.

This technology is known as Direct Air Capture (DAC). It involves taking carbon dioxide from the air and either storing the CO 2 in deep geological caves under ground, or using it in combination with hydrogen to produce synthetic fuels.

While this technology has great potential, it has a lot of complications right now. There are now direct air capture facilities up and running, but the current models require a huge amount of energy to run. If the energy levels can be reduced in the future, DAC could prove to be one of the best technological advances for the future of the environment.

Green funerals

Sustainable living is becoming a priority for individuals squaring up to the realities of the climate crisis, but what about eco-friendly dying? Death tends to be a carbon-heavy process, one last stamp of our ecological footprint. The average cremation reportedly releases 400kg of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, for example. So what's a greener way to go?

In Washington State in the US, you could be composted instead. Bodies are laid in chambers with bark, soil, straw and other compounds that promote natural decomposition. Within 30 days, your body is reduced to soil that can be returned to a garden or woodland. Recompose, the company behind the process, claims it uses an eighth of the carbon dioxide of a cremation.

An alternative technology uses fungi. In 2019, the late actor Luke Perry was buried in a bespoke "mushroom suit" designed by a start-up called Coeio. The company claims its suit, made with mushrooms and other microorganisms that aid decomposition and neutralise toxins that are realised when a body usually decays.

Most alternative ways of disposing of our bodies after death are not based on new technology; they're just waiting for societal acceptance to catch up. Another example is alkaline hydrolysis, which involves breaking the body down into its chemical components over a six-hour process in a pressurised chamber. It's legal in a number of US states and uses fewer emissions compared with more traditional methods.

Energy storing bricks

Scientists have found a way to store energy in the red bricks that are used to build houses.

Researchers led by Washington University in St Louis, in Missouri, US, have developed a method that can turn the cheap and widely available building material into “smart bricks” that can store energy like a battery.

Although the research is still in the proof-of-concept stage, the scientists claim that walls made of these bricks “could store a substantial amount of energy” and can “be recharged hundreds of thousands of times within an hour”.

Red brick device developed by chemists at Washington University in St. Louis lights up a green light-emitting diode (D'Arcy laboratory: Washington University in St. Louis)

The researchers developed a method to convert red bricks into a type of energy storage device called a supercapacitor.

This involved putting a conducting coating, known as Pedot, onto brick samples, which then seeped through the fired bricks’ porous structure, converting them into “energy storing electrodes”.

Iron oxide, which is the red pigment in the bricks, helped with the process, the researchers said.

Self-healing 'living concrete'

Bacteria growing and mineralising in the sand-hydrogel structure © Colorado University Boulder/PA

Scientists have developed what they call living concrete by using sand, gel and bacteria.

Researchers said this building material has structural load-bearing function, is capable of self-healing and is more environmentally friendly than concrete – which is the second most-consumed material on Earth after water.

The team from the University of Colorado Boulder believe their work paves the way for future building structures that could “heal their own cracks, suck up dangerous toxins from the air or even glow on command”.

Fuel from thin air

Chemical engineers from Switzerland’s École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne have created a prototype device that can produce hydrogen fuel from the water found in air.

Inspired by leaves, the device is made from semiconducting materials that harvest energy from sunlight and use it to produce hydrogen gas from water molecules found in the atmosphere. The gas could then, potentially, be converted for use as liquid fuels.

Internet for everyone

We can’t seem to live without the internet (how else would you read sciencefocus.com?), but still only around half the world’s population is connected. There are many reasons for this, including economic and social reasons, but for some the internet just isn’t accessible because they have no connection.

Google is slowly trying to solve the problem using helium balloons to beam the internet to inaccessible areas, while Facebook has abandoned plans to do the same using drones, which means companies like Hiber are stealing a march. They have taken a different approach by launching their own network of shoebox-sized microsatellites into low Earth orbit, which wake up a modem plugged into your computer or device when it flies over and delivers your data.

Their satellites orbit the Earth 16 times a day and are already being used by organisations like The British Antarctic Survey to provide internet access to very extreme of our planet.

3D-printed eye tissue

Researchers at the National Eye Institute in the US have produced retinal tissue using stem cells and 3D bioprinting. The new technique may help scientists model the human eye to better understand – and develop treatments for – diseases and conditions that affect people’s vision, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

The researchers created tissue found in the outer blood-retina barrier, which is the area AMD is known to start in, by printing stem cells taken from patients into a gel and allowing them to grow over several weeks. They are currently using the tissue to study the progression of AMD and are experimenting with adding additional cell types to model more of the human eye.

Car batteries that charge in 10 minutes

This picture shows a fast charging battery invented by Chao-Yang Wang Group ©Chao-Yang Wang Group

Fast-charging of electric vehicles is seen as key to their take-up, so motorists can stop at a service station and fully charge their car in the time it takes to get a coffee and use the toilet – taking no longer than a conventional break.

But rapid charging of lithium-ion batteries can degrade the batteries, researchers at Penn State University in the US say.This is because the flow of lithium particles known as ions from oneelectrode to another to charge the unit and hold the energy ready for use does not happen smoothly with rapid charging at lower temperatures.

However, they have now found that if the batteries could heat to 60°C for just 10 minutes and then rapidly cool again to ambient temperatures, lithium spikes would not form and heat damage would be avoided.

The battery design they have come up with is self-heating, using a thin nickel foil which creates an electrical circuit that heats in less than 30 seconds to warm the inside of the battery.The rapid cooling that would be needed after the battery is charged would be done using the cooling system designed into the car.

Their study, published in the journal Joule , showed they could fully charge an electrical vehicle in 10 minutes.

Artificial neurons on silicon chips

artificial neurons in its protective casing on a fingertip

Scientists have found a way to attach artificial neurons onto silicon chips, mimicking the neurons in our nervous system and copying their electrical properties.

“Until now neurons have been like black boxes, but we have managed to open the black box and peer inside,” said Professor Alain Nogaret , from the University of Bath, who led the project.

“Our work is paradigm-changing because it provides a robust method to reproduce the electrical properties of real neurons in minute detail.

“But it’s wider than that, because our neurons only need 140 nanowatts of power. That’s a billionth the power requirement of a microprocessor, which other attempts to make synthetic neurons have used.

Researchers hope their work could be used in medical implants to treat conditions such as heart failure and Alzheimer’s as it requires so little power.

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Science And Technology Essay

The knowledge of science is the knowledge that enlightens the route, directs one to the right path, and frees the individual from the burden of worldly responsibilities. Technology is the creation, alteration, or modification of the natural environment to fulfil reportedly unsatisfied human desires and needs. Here are a few sample essays on the topic ‘science and technology’.

100 Words Essay On Science And Technology

Technology is the practical application of science that improves the quality of life, whereas science is a systematic approach that uses observation and experimentation to gain information and develop abilities. Technology is a product of systematic research, which is what science is. Technology development usually follows scientific progress, and the latter is just a logical consequence of the former, so science and technology go hand in hand.

Today, science and technology are vitally important to a country’s overall development. These two describe the progress in nearly every field, i.e., infrastructure development, communications, defence, industrialisation, etc. Because of advancements in science and technology, the world is changing quickly and at an unprecedented rate.

200 Words Essay On Science And Technology

In order to have a strong national economy, science and technology are essential. Gross domestic product growth helps the economy advance technologically. They encourage the development of high-tech industries, boost productivity, build capital, and promote healthy global competitiveness. There is a real impact of science and technology on the agriculture industry. It goes without saying that their engagement has boosted crop yield. In addition, science and technology are assisting farmers in implementing new methods and equipment to minimise physical labour.

Medical, educational, economic, sporting, employment, tourism, and other fields are examples of science and technology. All of these developments demonstrate how equally important both are to our lives. By directly contrasting the lifestyles of the ancient world and the modern world, we can observe the differences in our way of life. The high level of scientific and technological development in medicine has made it easier to treat numerous ailments than it was before. It aids in the efficient treatment by medical professionals in the treatment of different illnesses through medications and operations and aids in the research of diseases like cancer, AIDS, diabetes, Alzheimer's, paralysis, etc.

Every day, advances in science and technology bring people closer together. In the department of transportation and telecommunication, we observe discernible development. Physical distance is no longer an obstacle thanks to the internet and the metro network. Every aspect of our lives has received a virtual makeover because of them.

500 Words Essay On Science And Technology

Science and Technology play significant roles in our daily lives. We turn out the lights at night and get out of bed when our alarm clocks ring in the morning. Science and technology have enabled us to purchase all of these luxuries. Most importantly, the development of science and technology alone is the reason we can do most things in our lives in such a short period. Without science and technology, our modern way of life is difficult to imagine. Indeed, it is now essential to our continued survival. New technologies are developing daily that make life easier and more comfortable.

We are in a scientific and technological age. Due to science and technology, many civilizations have been established. This establishment grows every day. People benefit from these, which makes life more enjoyable and relaxing.

Benefits Of Science and Technology

Considerable advantages of science and technology come to mind. They range in size from minor to significant. For instance, the morning newspaper we read, which provides us with trustworthy information, is a product of scientific advancement. Additionally, technological growth has led to the development of electrical appliances like refrigerators, conditioners, microwaves, and other items that make living easier.

Furthermore, if we consider the situation involving transportation, we see that science and technology also play a significant part in this case. Thanks to improving technology, we can travel to various parts of the world within hours. Science and technology have made it possible for a man to look beyond the Earth. The exact science and technology have enabled the establishment of satellites in orbit and the finding of new planets.

The domains of medicine and agriculture have similarly been impacted by science and technology. Millions of lives have been saved thanks to science's varied disease remedies. Technology has also improved the yield of various crops, greatly helping farmers.

India And Science And Technology

India has engaged in negotiations worldwide since the end of the British era. Science and technology have aided India's advancement since it attained independence. It is now a crucial source of innovative and fundamental scientific advancements worldwide. In other words, the Indian economy has benefited from all the remarkable scientific and technological advances made in our nation.

In the years that followed, science and technology helped advance in several sectors, including mathematics, astrophysics, space technology, nuclear energy, and more. The railway system, smartphones, the metro system, and many other innovations are excellent examples of these advancements.

Looking at the most recent accomplishment, Chandrayaan 2 was successfully launched by India. India's lunar expedition has received praise from critics all across the world. Once more, science and technology were responsible for making these accomplishments feasible.

We must acknowledge that technology and science have helped human civilization reach the highest living level and will continue to do so. However, we must use everything sparingly and in moderation. Technology and science misuse can have adverse effects and we are dealing with some of those. Therefore, we must keep an eye on usage and exercise caution while using the gift of science and technology.

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Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary.

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

GIS officer work on various GIS software to conduct a study and gather spatial and non-spatial information. GIS experts update the GIS data and maintain it. The databases include aerial or satellite imagery, latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and manually digitized images of maps. In a career as GIS expert, one is responsible for creating online and mobile maps.

Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

Database Architect

If you are intrigued by the programming world and are interested in developing communications networks then a career as database architect may be a good option for you. Data architect roles and responsibilities include building design models for data communication networks. Wide Area Networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), and intranets are included in the database networks. It is expected that database architects will have in-depth knowledge of a company's business to develop a network to fulfil the requirements of the organisation. Stay tuned as we look at the larger picture and give you more information on what is db architecture, why you should pursue database architecture, what to expect from such a degree and what your job opportunities will be after graduation. Here, we will be discussing how to become a data architect. Students can visit NIT Trichy , IIT Kharagpur , JMI New Delhi .

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive.

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Product manager.

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.

Operations Manager

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Stock Analyst

Individuals who opt for a career as a stock analyst examine the company's investments makes decisions and keep track of financial securities. The nature of such investments will differ from one business to the next. Individuals in the stock analyst career use data mining to forecast a company's profits and revenues, advise clients on whether to buy or sell, participate in seminars, and discussing financial matters with executives and evaluate annual reports.

A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.

Safety Manager

A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.

Conservation Architect

A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.

Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Field Surveyor

Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials.

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Veterinary Doctor

Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story.

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication) , B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media) , or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.

Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.

Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack

ITSM Manager

Automation test engineer.

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process.

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Essay on Science and Technology

Science and technology are the driving forces behind the progress and innovations that shape our modern world. From smartphones to space exploration, these two fields have transformed the way we live, work, and interact. In this essay, we will explore the incredible importance of science and technology in our lives, demonstrating how they have improved our society and continue to hold great promise for the future.

Advancements in Healthcare

Science and technology have revolutionized healthcare, improving the quality of our lives. Breakthroughs in medical research and technology have led to the development of life-saving treatments and medications. According to the World Health Organization, advancements in medical science have increased life expectancy worldwide by six years in the last two decades.

Enhancing Communication

The evolution of technology has transformed communication. The invention of the internet, smartphones, and social media platforms has made it easier for people around the globe to connect and share information. For instance, the Pew Research Center reports that over 3.6 billion people use social media, fostering global connections and communication.

Fueling Economic Growth

Science and technology drive economic growth by fostering innovation and creating new industries. According to the National Bureau of Economic Research, the information technology sector alone has accounted for a significant portion of economic growth in recent decades, offering countless job opportunities.

Space Exploration and Scientific Discovery

Space exploration, made possible by advances in technology, continues to expand our understanding of the universe. NASA’s Mars rovers, for example, have sent back valuable data about the red planet, furthering our knowledge of space and potential for future colonization.

Environmental Conservation

Science and technology play a pivotal role in addressing environmental challenges. Solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicles are just a few examples of green technologies that help reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change. The Union of Concerned Scientists notes that these technologies are essential for a sustainable future.

The Power of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is another groundbreaking field driven by science and technology. AI applications like voice assistants and self-driving cars are becoming increasingly integrated into our daily lives. According to Statista, the AI market is projected to reach $190 billion by 2025, revolutionizing various industries.

Advancing Education

Technology has transformed education by providing innovative learning tools. E-learning platforms, interactive educational apps, and online courses have made education accessible to people worldwide. UNESCO reports that technology has expanded learning opportunities, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Fostering Scientific Research

Science and technology enable scientists to conduct experiments and gather data more efficiently. High-tech laboratories and equipment, such as electron microscopes and gene sequencers, accelerate research. The National Institutes of Health emphasizes that these tools are essential for scientific progress.

Conclusion of Essay on Science and Technology

In conclusion, science and technology are the driving engines of progress and innovation in our world. They have improved healthcare, enhanced communication, fueled economic growth, and expanded our understanding of the universe. Moreover, these fields hold the key to solving pressing environmental challenges, revolutionizing education, and fostering scientific discovery. As we look to the future, science and technology will continue to play a vital role in shaping a better and more connected world for all. Embracing and supporting these marvels of human achievement is essential for our collective well-being and the advancement of society.

Also Check: 500+ Words Essay on Should Plastic be Banned

Essay on Science in Everyday Life

500 words essay on science in everyday life.

Science is a big blessing to humanity. Furthermore, science, in spite of some of its negativities, makes lives better for people by removing ignorance, suffering and hardship. Let us take a look at the impact of science in our lives with this essay on science in everyday life.

Essay On Science In Everyday Life

Benefits of Science

Science very efficiently plays the role of being a faithful servant of man. In every walk of life, science is there to serve us. We require the benefits of science whether in our home, in office, in a factory, or outside.

Gone are the days when only wealthy people could afford luxuries. Science has made many luxurious items of the past cheaper in price and has brought them within the reach of everybody.

Computer technology is one huge benefit of science. Nowadays, it would be unimaginable to consider living without computing technology.

A huge number of professions now rely totally on the computer and the internet. Besides, the computer and the internet have become our biggest source of entertainment in our everyday life.

Automobiles, an important scientific invention, has made our lives easy by significantly reducing everyday commuting time. The air conditioner is another scientific invention that has made our lives bearable and comfortable in the face of extreme weather conditions. Also, in the field of medical science, high-quality medicines are available that quickly remove any ailment that can happen in everyday life like headache, sprain, cough, allergy, stomach ache, fatigue etc.

Dark Side of Science

In spite of its tremendous benefits, there is a negative side to science. Science, unfortunately, has also done some disservice to humanity due to some of its inventions.

One of the biggest harms that science has brought to humanity is in the field of armament. Although some hail the invention of gunpowder as a great achievement, humanity must rue the day when this invention happened.

Steadily and relentlessly, the use and perfection of gunpowder have taken place in many new and more destructive weapons. As such, humanity now suffers due to weapons like shells, bombs, artillery, and guns. Such weapons threaten the everyday life of all individuals.

Another disservice of science has been the emission of pollution. A huge amount of radioactive pollution is emitted in various parts of the world where nuclear energy production happens. Such pollution is very dangerous as it can cause cancer, radioactive sickness, and cardiovascular disease.

Of course, who can ignore the massive amount of air pollution caused by automobiles, another scientific invention. Furthermore, automobiles are an everyday part of our lives that emit unimaginable levels of carbon monoxide in the air every year. Consequently, this causes various lung diseases and also contributes to global warming and acid rain.

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Conclusion of the Essay on Science in Everyday Life

There is no doubt that science has brought about one of the greatest benefits to mankind, in spite of some of its negativities. Furthermore, science certainly has made the most impact in adding comfort to our everyday lives. As such, we must always show utmost respect to scientists for their efforts.

FAQs for Essay on Science in Everyday Life

Question 1: What is the most important or main purpose of science?

Answer 1: The most important or main purpose of science is to explain the facts. Furthermore, there is no restriction in science to explain facts at random. Moreover, science systematizes the facts and builds up theories that give an explanation of such facts.

Question 2: Explain what is a scientific fact?

Answer 2: A scientific fact refers to a repeatable careful observation or measurement that takes place by experimentation or other means. Furthermore, a scientific fact is also called empirical evidence. Most noteworthy, scientific facts are key for the building of scientific theories.

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Future Science

Edited by Max Brockman

[ Annotated Table of Contents ]

Kevin P. Hand : "On the Coming Age of Ocean Exploration" What makes ocean worlds like Jupiter's moon Europa compelling places for astrobiology? Despite considerable evidence to the contrary, Earth was not a particularly good place for life to arise. The main ingredients for life as we know it are a lot easier to find farther out in the Solar System.

KEVIN P. HAND, a planetary scientist and astrobiologist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, received a BA in physics from Dartmouth College (1998), a master's in mechanical engineering from Stanford University (2002), and a PhD in geological and environmental sciences from Stanford (2007). His research focuses on the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the solar system and involves both numerical modeling and experiments on the physics and chemistry of icy moons in the outer system, with an emphasis on Jupiter's Europa.

Felix Warneken : "Children's Helping Hands" Several novel empirical findings suggest that human altruism has deeper roots than previously thought.

FELIX WARNEKEN received his PhD from the University of Leipzig while working at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. He is an assistant professor of psychology at Harvard University, where he heads the Social Cognitive Development Group in the university's Laboratory for Developmental Studies. His research focuses on the origins of cooperation in humans and chimpanzees.

William McEwan : "Molecular Cut and Paste" A combination of cheap DNA synthesis, freely accessible databases, and our ever-expanding knowledge of protein science is conspiring to permit a revolution in creating powerful molecular tools.

WILLIAM MCEWAN is a virologist working on intracellular immunity to viruses. His research focuses on specifi c mechanisms in mammalian cells that actively overcome viral infection. He graduated with a BSc in genetics from University College London in 2005 and did a master's degree and PhD at the University of Glasgow, researching immunity to lentiviruses in cats and lions. He is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, U.K., where he continues to probe the biology of antiviral immunity.

CLICK HERE for the Edge first serialization of "Molecular Cut and Paste"

Anthony Aguirre : "Next Step Infinity" Infinity can violate our human intuition, which is based on fi nite systems, and create perplexing philosophical problems.

ANTHONY AGUIRRE holds a BS (1995) in mathematics and physics from Brown University and a PhD (2000) in astronomy from Harvard University. He is an associate professor of physics at the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he studies a variety of topics in theoretical cosmology, including the early universe and infl ation, gravity physics, first stars, the intergalactic medium, galaxy formation, and black holes.

CLICK HERE for the Edge first serialization of "Next Step infinity"

Daniela Kaufer and Darlene Francis : "Nurture, Nature, and the Stress That Is Life" Why is it that when faced with the same challenges, some of us crumble, some of us survive, and some of us even thrive?

DANIELA KAUFER AND DARLENE FRANCIS. Daniela Kaufer is an assistant professor in the Department of Integrative Biology at the University of California, Berkeley. She also holds appointments in the Stem Cell Center and the Neuroscience Institute. Her research focuses on the molecular events that underlie the plasticity of the brain in the face of stress and neurological insults, bridging the gap between physiological effects and the molecular and cellular events that underlie them, and has identified novel mechanisms through which stress affects the brain. Darlene Francis an assistant professor in UC Berkeley's School of Public Health— Division of Community Health and Human Development. She also holds appointments in the Psychology Department and the Neuroscience Institute. Her transdisciplinary research is concerned with exploring how social experiences become biologically embedded to influence health and well-being. The study of stress is at the core of her research program.

Jon Kleinberg : "What Can Huge Data Sets Teach Us About Society and Ourselves?" Vast digital trails of social interaction allow us to begin investigating questions that have been the subject of theoretical inquiry and small-scale analysis for a century or more.

JON KLEINBERG is a professor of computer science at Cornell University. His research focuses on issues at the interface of networks and information, with an emphasis on the social and information networks that underpin the Web and other online media. His work has been supported an NSF Career Award, an ONR Young Investigator Award, a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, a Packard Foundation Fellowship, a Sloan Foundation Fellowship, and grants from Google, Yahoo!, and the NSF. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Coren Apicella : "On the Universality of Attractiveness" My quest to understand the natural origins of attractiveness preferences led me to the African savanna near Lake Eyasi in Tanzania.

COREN APICELLA earned an MS in evolutionary psychology at the University of Liverpool in 2001 and a PhD in biological anthropology at Harvard University in 2009. She is now a postdoctoral research fellow at Harvard Medical School in the Department of Health Care Policy. She has published in the fields of evolutionary psychology, behavioral economics, and behavioral genetics. Her work has been featured in media outlets worldwide, including CNN, Nightline, BBC, and The New York Times.

Laurie R. Santos : "To Err Is Primate" Why do house sellers, professional golfers, experienced investors, and the rest of us succumb to strategies that make us systematically go wrong?

LAURIE R. SANTOS is an associate professor of psychology at Yale University and the director of its Comparative Cognition Laboratory. She received her BA (1997) in psychology and biology and her PhD (2003) in psychology from Harvard University. She has investigated a number of topics in comparative cognition, including the evolutionary origins of irrational decision making and prosocial behavior. She is the recipient of Harvard's Goethals Award for Teaching Excellence, Yale's Greer Memorial Prize for Outstanding Junior Faculty, and the Stanton Prize from the Society for Philosophy and Psychology for outstanding contributions to interdisciplinary research.

CLICK HERE for the Edge first serialization of "To Err Is Primate"

Samuel M. McLure : "Our Brains Know Why We Do What We Do" The goal of the new field of decision neuroscience is a greatly improved understanding of the variability that dominates our moment-to-moment decision-making behavior.

SAMUEL M. MCCLURE received his PhD in neuroscience from Baylor College of Medicine in 2003. After a postdoctoral stint at Princeton University, he joined the psychology faculty at Stanford University as an assistant professor in 2007. McClure's work has combined behavioral, computational, and neuroimaging methods to investigate the neural basis of reward processing and decision making. More recently, he has focused on the neural mechanisms of delay discounting— the processes by which we evaluate goods available in the future.

Jennifer Jacquet : "Is Shame Necessary?" Balancing group and self-interest has never been easy, yet human societies display a high level of cooperation. To attain that level, specialized traits had to evolve, including such emotions as shame

JENNIFER JACQUET graduated with a master's degree in environmental economics from Cornell University in 2004 and earned a PhD in 2009 from the University of British Columbia, where she now holds a postdoctoral fellowship. As part of the Sea Around Us Project, a joint collaboration between the university and the Pew Charitable Trusts, she researches market-based conservation initiatives related to seafood and other natural resources. With colleagues from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology and UBC's Mathematics Department, she is currently conducting a series of games and experiments to study the effects of honor and shame on cooperation.

CLICK HERE for the Edge first serialization of "Is Shame Necessary?"

Kirsten Bomblies : "Plant Immunity in a Changing World" To what degree plant populations can adapt to novel disease pressures in an altered and increasingly unpredictable climate remains largely unknown.

KIRSTEN BOMBLIES, born in Germany and brought up in Colorado, is a molecular biologist and an assistant professor in the Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Department at Harvard University. She has a BA in biochemistry and biology from the University of Pennsylvania and a PhD in genetics from the University of Wisconsin (2004), where she worked with John Doebley. From 2004 to 2009, she was a postdoc in Detlef Weigel's group at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Tübingen, Germany, where she "uncovered my current passions" for plant speciation, immune-system evolution, adaptation, and biogeography. In 2008, she received a MacArthur Fellowship.

Asif A. Ghazanfar : "The Emergence of Human Audiovisual Communication" The basic patterns of neocortical anatomy that produce a set of fixed neural rhythms are conserved throughout the mammalian lineage, and they predate the elaboration of vocal repertoires.

ASIF A. GHAZANFAR is an associate professor in Princeton University's Neuroscience Institute and its Department of Psychology, with a joint appointment in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. He holds a PhD in neurobiology from Duke University (1999). His laboratory studies the neurobiology and behavior of monkeys as a way of understanding the evolution and function of the human brain and human social behavior.

Naomi I. Eisenberger : "Why Rejection Hurts" The experience of social pain, while temporarily distressing and hurtful, is an evolutionary adaptation that promotes social bonding and, ultimately, survival.

NAOMI I. EISENBERGER has a BS in psychobiology and a PhD in social psychology (2005) from the University of California, Los Angeles. She is an assistant professor in UCLA's Social Psychology program, director of the Social and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and codirector of the Social Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory. Her research focuses on using behavioral, physiological, and neuroimaging techniques to understand how the human need for social connection has left its mark on our minds, brains, and bodies.

Joshua Knobe : "Finding the Mind in the Body" People's intuitions about whether a given entity has a mind do not appear to be based entirely on a scientific attempt to explain that entity's behavior.

JOSHUA KNOBE, an assistant professor in the Philosophy Department and the Program in Cognitive Science at Yale University, is one of the founding members of the "experimental philosophy" movement. Much of his work proceeds by using the experimental methods associated with cognitive science to address the questions traditionally associated with philosophy. He received his PhD from Princeton University (2006) and has since published numerous papers in both psychology and philosophy.

Fiery Cushman : "Should the Law Depend on Luck?" How will advances in the science of moral judgment change the way we think about the law?

FIERY CUSHMAN studies moral psychology. His research focuses on the cognitive processes that give rise to moral judgment, their development, and their evolutionary history. Dr. Cushman received a BA in biology from Harvard College in 2003 and a PhD in psychology from Harvard University in 2008. He is currently an assistant professor in the department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences at Brown University.

Liane Young : "How We Read People's Moral Minds" Recent work suggests that our moral judgment of another person depends on specific brain regions for reasoning about that other person's mental state.

LIANE YOUNG received her BA in philosophy (2004) and her PhD in psychology (2008) from Harvard University, after which she did postdoctoral work in MIT's Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department. She is an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology at Boston College, where she studies the cognitive and neural bases of human moral judgment. Her current research focuses on the role of reasoning and emotions in moral judgment and behavior— employing the tools and methods of social psychology and cognitive neuroscience, including fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation), and the study of populations of patients with cognitive and neural deficits.

Daniel Haun : "How Odd I Am!" Cross-culturally, the human mind varies more than we generally assume.

DANIEL HAUN studied experimental psychology in Germany, the United States, and England, completing his PhD in 2007 at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. He was a postdoctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and subsequently accepted a position as lecturer in developmental psychology at the University of Portsmouth. He is currently directing the Research Group for Comparative Cognitive Anthropology, a joint project of the Max Planck Institutes for Psycholinguistics and Evolutionary Anthropology.

Joan Y. Chiao : "Where Does Human Diversity Come From?" Culture-gene coevolutionary theory describes a complementary process by which adaptive mechanisms in the human mind and brain evolved to facilitate social group living through both cultural and genetic selection.

JOAN Y. CHIAO is an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology and the Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program at Northwestern University. She received her BS degree (honors) from Stanford University (2000) and her PhD from Harvard University (2006). Her research centers on investigating how cultural factors infl uence the basic psychological and neural processes underlying social behavior and emotion processing, with an emphasis on integrating psychology and neuroscience research with public policy and population health issues.

Max Brockman : "Preface" T his opacity [endemic in academic journals] was the impetus for the first essay collection in this series, What’s Next?: Dispatches on the Future of Science . Essays seemed to be an ideal and appropriate way for representatives of this group of scientists to communicate their ideas. The title of the new collection is different, but the organization is the same. Future Science features essays from nineteen young scientists from a variety of fi elds, writing about what they’re working on and what excites them the most. To come up with the list of contributors, I fielded recommendations from top scientists on the rising stars in their various disciplines.

MAX BROCKMAN is Vice President of Brockman, Inc. an international literary agency, and editor of What's Next? Dispatches on the Future of Science and Future Science: Essays from the Cutting Edge. He also works with the Edge Foundation, Inc., a nonprofit organization that publishes edge.org .

[MAX BROCKMAN:] Academia, with its somewhat old-fashioned structure and rules, can appear quite a strange place when observed from the outside. Frequently, through my work as a literary agent, I’ve noticed that if you’re an academic who writes about your work for a general audience, you’re thought by some of your colleagues to be wasting your time and, perhaps, endangering your academic career. For younger scientists (i.e., those without tenure), this is almost universally true.

There are some good reasons for this peer pressure, the most obvious being that getting published in academic journals is an essential step on the very difficult road to tenure. However, one unfortunate result is that those of us outside academia are blocked from looking in on the research being done by this next generation of scientists, some of whom will go on to become leading doers and communicators of science.

This opacity [endemic in academic journals] was the impetus for the first essay collection in this series, What’s Next?: Dispatches on the Future of Science. Essays seemed to be an ideal and appropriate way for representatives of this group of scientists to communicate their ideas. The title of the new collection is different, but the organization is the same. Future Science features essays from nineteen young scientists from a variety of fields, writing about what they’re working on and what excites them the most. To come up with the list of contributors, I fielded recommendations from top scientists on the rising stars in their various disciplines.

Among those you will hear from in Future Science are:

• Kevin P. Hand, a planetary scientist and astrobiologist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, on the possibilities for life elsewhere in the solar system (and the universe)

• Felix Warneken, who heads the Social Cognitive Development Group at Harvard’s Laboratory for Developmental Studies, on investigating the evolutionary roots of human altruism in his studies of young children and Ugandan chimpanzees

• William McEwan, a virologist and postdoctoral researcher at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, U.K., who probes the biology of antiviral immunity by designing his own viruses

• Anthony Aguirre, a physicist and cosmologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, who maintains that infinity has been brought into the domain of testable physical science

• Daniela Kaufer and Darlene Francis of the University of California, Berkeley, neurobiologists who have taken a transdisciplinary approach to the study of the effects of stress on mind and body

• Jon Kleinberg, a professor of computer science at Cornell University, who is working on ways to extract significance from the enormous data sets we are building in the Internet age.

Working on Future Science has been an extremely rewarding experience, and I look forward to putting together the next collection in this series. These passionate young scientists, by giving us a glimpse of the work they’re doing today, are, in a sense, providing a window into the world to come.

Max Brockman

New York July 2011

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The Science of Sustainability

Can a unified path for development and conservation lead to a better future?

October 13, 2018

Aerial view of roads cutting through a forest of trees.

A False Choice
Two Paths to 2050
What's Possible
The Way Forward
Engage With Us

The Cerrado may not have the same name recognition as the Amazon , but this vast tropical savannah in Brazil has much in common with that perhaps better-known destination. The Cerrado is also a global biodiversity hotspot, home to thousands of species only found there, and it is also a critical area in the fight against climate change, acting as a large carbon pool.

But Brazil is one of the two largest soy producers in the world—the crop is one of the country’s most important commodities and a staple in global food supplies—and that success is placing the Cerrado in precarious decline. To date, around 46% of the Cerrado has been deforested or converted for agriculture.

Producing more soy doesn’t have to mean converting more native habitat, however. A new spatial data tool is helping identify the best places to expand soy without further encroachment on the native landscapes of the Cerrado. And with traders and bankers working together to offer preferable financing to farmers who expand onto already-converted land, Brazil can continue to produce this important crop, while protecting native habitat and providing more financial stability for farmers.

The Cerrado is just one region of a vast planet, of course, but these recent efforts to protect it are representative of a new way of thinking about the relationship between conservation and our growing human demands. It is part of an emerging model for cross-sector collaboration that aims to create a world prepared for the sustainability challenges ahead.

Is this world possible? Here, we present a new science-based view that says “Yes”—but it will require new forms of collaboration across traditionally disconnected sectors, and on a near unprecedented scale.

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Download a PDF version of this feature. Click to see translated versions of this page.

I. A False Choice

Many assume that economic interests and environmental interests are in conflict. But new research makes the case that this perception of development vs. conservation is not just unnecessary but actively counterproductive to both ends. Achieving a sustainable future will be dependent on our ability to secure both thriving human communities and abundant and healthy natural ecosystems.

The Nature Conservancy partnered with the University of Minnesota and 11 other organizations to ask whether it is possible to achieve a future where the needs of both people and nature are advanced. Can we actually meet people’s needs for food, water and energy while doing more to protect nature?

The perception of development vs. conservation is not just unnecessary, but actively counterproductive to both ends.

To answer this question, we compared what the world will look like in 2050 if economic and human development progress in a “business-as-usual” fashion and what it would look like if instead we join forces to implement a “sustainable” path with a series of fair-minded and technologically viable solutions to the challenges that lie ahead.

In both options, we used leading projections of population growth and gross domestic product to estimate how demand for food, energy and water will evolve between 2010 and 2050. Under business-as-usual, we played out existing expectations and trends in how those changes will impact land use, water use, air quality, climate, protected habitat areas and ocean fisheries. In the more sustainable scenario, we proposed changes to how and where food and energy are produced, asking if these adjustments could result in better outcomes for the same elements of human well-being and nature. Our full findings are described in a peer-reviewed paper— “An Attainable Global Vision for Conservation and Human Well-Being” —published in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment .

These scenarios let us ask, can we do better? Can we design a future that meets people’s needs without further degrading nature in the process?

Our answer is “yes,” but it comes with several big “ifs.” There is a path to get there, but matters are urgent—if we want to accomplish these goals by mid-century, we’ll have to dramatically ramp up our efforts now. The next decade is critical.

Furthermore, changing course in the next ten years will require global collaboration on a scale not seen perhaps since World War II. The widely held impression that economic and environmental goals are mutually exclusive has contributed to a lack of connection among key societal constituencies best equipped to solve interconnected problems—namely, the public health, development, financial and conservation communities. This has to change.

The good news is that protecting nature and providing water, food and energy to a growing world do not have to be either-or propositions. Our view, instead, calls for smart energy, water, air, health and ecosystem initiatives that balance the needs of economic growth and resource conservation equally. Rather than a zero-sum game, these elements are balanced sides of an equation, revealing the path to a future where people and nature thrive together.

View of the English Bay in Vancouver, Canada at sunset.

II. Two Paths to 2050

This vision is not a wholesale departure from what others have offered. A number of prominent scientists and organizations have put forward important and thoughtful views for a sustainable future; but often such plans consider the needs of people and nature in isolation from one another, use analyses confined to limited sectors or geographies, or assume that some hard tradeoffs must be made, such as slowing global population growth, taking a reduction in GDP growth or shifting diets off of meat. Our new research considers global economic development and conservation needs together, more holistically, in order to find a sustainable path forward.

What could a different future look like? We’ve used as our standard the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a set of 17 measures for “a world where all people are fed, healthy, employed, educated, empowered and thriving, but not at the expense of other life on Earth.” Our analysis directly aligns with ten of those goals. Using the SDGs as our guideposts, we imagine a world in 2050 that looks very different than the one today—and drastically different from the one we will face if we continue in business-as-usual fashion.

A sustainable future is possible.

To create our assessment of business-as-usual versus a more sustainable path, we looked at 14 measurements including temperature change, carbon dioxide levels, air pollution, water consumption, food and energy footprints, and protected areas.

Business as usual compared to conservation pathway showing changes in temperature, air quality, fisheries, and protected land.

Over the next 30 years, we know we’ll face rapid population growth and greater pressures on our natural resources. The statistics are sobering—with 9.7 billion people on the planet by 2050, we can expect a 54 percent increase in global food demand and 56 percent increase in energy demand. While meetings these growing demands and achieving sustainability is possible, it is helpful to scrutinize where the status quo will get us.

The World Health Organization, World Economic Forum and other leading global development organizations now say that air pollution and water scarcity—environmental challenges—are among the biggest dangers to human health and prosperity. And our business-as-usual analysis makes clear what many already fear: that human development based on the same practices we use today will not prepare us for a world with nearly 10 billion people.

To put it simply, if we stay on today’s current path, we risk being trapped in an intensifying cycle of scarcity—our growth opportunities severely capped and our natural landscapes severely degraded. Under this business-as-usual scenario, we can expect global temperature to increase 3.2°C; worsened air pollution affecting 4.9 billion more people; overfishing of 84 percent of fish stocks; and greater water stress affecting 2.75 billion people. Habitat loss continues, leaving less than 50 percent of native grasslands and several types of forests intact.

However, if we make changes in where and how we meet food, water and energy demands for the same growing global population and wealth, the picture can look markedly different by mid-century. This “sustainability” path includes global temperature increase limited to 1.6°C—meeting Paris Climate Accord goals—zero overfishing with greater fisheries yields, a 90 percent drop in exposure to dangerous air pollution, and fewer water-stressed people, rivers and agricultural fields. These goals can be met while natural habitats extend both inside and outside protected areas. All signatory countries to the Aichi Targets meet habitat protection goals, and more than 50 percent of all ecoregions’ extents remain unconverted, except temperate grasslands (of which over 50 percent are already converted today).

Behind the Science

Discover how TNC and its partners developed the models for 2050.

Aerial view of wind turbines on agricultural land.

III. What's Possible

Achieving this sustainable future for people and nature is possible with existing and expected technology and consumption, but only with major shifts in production patterns. Making these shifts will require overcoming substantial economic, social and political challenges. In short, it is not likely that the biophysical limits of the planet will determine our future, but rather our willingness to think and act differently by putting economic development and the environment on equal footing as central parts of the same equation.

Climate, Energy and Air Quality

Perhaps the most pressing need for change is in energy use. In order to both meet increased energy demand and keep the climate within safe boundaries, we’ll need to alter the way we produce energy, curtailing emissions of carbon and other harmful chemicals.

Under a business-as-usual scenario, fossil fuels will still claim a 76 percent share of total energy in 2050. A more sustainable approach would reduce that share to 13 percent by 2050. While this is a sharp change, it is necessary to stanch the flow of harmful greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

The reduction in carbon-based energy could be offset by increasing the share of energy from renewable sources to 54 percent and increasing nuclear energy to one third of total energy output—delivering a total of almost 85 percent of the world’s energy demand from non-fossil-fuel sources.

Additionally, we will only achieve the full extent of reduced climate impacts if we draw down existing carbon from the atmosphere. This can be done through greater investment in carbon capture and storage efforts, including natural climate solutions—land management strategies such as avoiding forest loss, reforestation, investments in soil health and coastal ecosystem restoration.

The net benefit of these energy redistribution efforts is twofold. First, they lower the rate at which greenhouse gases are flowing into the air—taking atmospheric carbon projections down to 442 parts per million, compared to business-as-usual estimates that put the level closer to 520 ppm.

Second, these energy source shifts would create a marked decline in particulate air pollution. Our models show that the higher fossil fuel use in the business-as-usual scenario is likely to expose half the people on the planet to poorer air quality by 2050. Under the sustainable scenario, that figure drops to just 7 percent of the world’s inhabitants, thanks to lower particulate emissions from renewable and nuclear energy sources.

Case Studies:

Forests That Fight Climate Change: Brazil’s Serra da Mantiqueira region demonstrates how reforestation can tackle climate change, improve water supplies, and increase incomes in rural communities. Learn More
Can Trees Be a Prescription for Urban Health?: Conservationists, community organizations and public health researchers joined forces to plant trees in Louisville, Kentucky and monitor their impact on air quality and residents’ health. Learn More

Food, Habitat and City Growth

Meeting the sustainable targets we propose requires a second front on land to shift how we use available real estate and where we choose to conduct necessary activities. Overall, the changes we include in our more sustainable view allow the world to meet global food, water and energy demands with no additional conversion of natural habitat for those needs—an outcome that is not possible under business as usual.

While transitioning away from fossil fuels is essential to meet climate goals, new renewable energy infrastructure siting will present land-use challenges. Renewable energy production takes up space, and if not sited well it can cause its own negative impacts on nature and its services to people. In our more sustainable path, we address this challenge by preferencing the use of already converted land for renewables development, lessening the impact of new wind and solar on natural habitat. We also exclude expansion of biofuels, as they are known to require extensive land area to produce, causing conflicts with natural habitat and food security.

Perhaps most encouraging, we show that it is possible to meet future food demands on less agricultural land than is used today. Notably, our scenario keeps the mix of crops in each growing region the same, so as not to disrupt farmers’ cultures, technologies, capacity or existing crop knowledge. Instead, we propose moving which crops are grown where within growing regions, putting more “thirsty” crops in areas with more water, and matching the nutrient needs of various crops to the soils available.

Unlike some projections used by others, for this scenario we left diet expectations alone, matching meat consumption with business-as-usual expectations. If we were able to reduce meat consumption, especially by middle- and high-income countries where nutritional needs are met, reducing future agricultural land, water and pollution footprints would be even easier.

Meanwhile, on the land protection front, our analysis is guided by the Convention on Biological Diversity, the leading global platform most countries have signed. Each signatory country has agreed to protect up to 17 percent of each habitat type within its borders. While many countries will fall short of this goal under business as usual, it can be achieved in our more sustainable option.

Use already degraded land for energy development.

By making changes in food, water and energy use, we can better protect nearly all habitat types.

We acknowledge 17 percent is an imperfect number, and many believe more natural habitat is needed to allow the world’s biodiversity to thrive. Looking beyond protected areas, we see additional differences in the possible futures we face. Our more sustainable option retains 577 million hectares more natural habitat than business as usual, much of it outside of protected areas. Conservation has long focused on representation—it is not only important to conserve large areas, but to represent different kinds of habitat. Under business as usual, we will lose more than half of several major habitat types by mid-century, including temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, Mediterranean forest, and temperate grassland. Flooded and tropical grasslands approach this level of loss as well.

But with the proposed shifts in food, water and energy use, we can do better for nearly all habitats in our more sustainable scenario. The one exception is temperate grasslands, a biome that has already lost more than 50 percent of its global extent today. In all, the more sustainable scenario shows a future that would be largely compatible with emerging views that suggest protecting half of the world’s land system.

Case Study:

Managing Sprawling Soy: A partnership between businesses and nonprofit groups in Brazil will help farmers plant soy in the areas where it is has the smallest impact on natural habitats. Learn More

The gravel bottoms and braided channels of rivers leading into Iliamna Lake in southwest Alaska are ideal for the many king salmon that spawn in the lake's waters.

Drinking Water, River Basins and Fisheries

Water presents a complex set of challenges. Like land, it is both a resource and a habitat. Fresh water resources are dwindling while ocean ecosystems are overburdened by unregulated fishing and pollution. Business-as-usual projections estimate that 2.75 billion people will experience water scarcity by 2050 and 770 water basins will experience water stress. Africa and Central Asia in particular would see fewer water stressed basins in the sustainable scenario.

Changes in energy sources and food production (see above sections) would lead to significant water savings by reducing use of water as a coolant in energy production and by moving crops to areas where they need less irrigation. Thanks to these changes, our more sustainable option for the future would relieve 104 million people and biodiversity in 25 major river basins from likely water stress.

Meanwhile, in the seas, we find an inspiring possibility for fisheries. Continuing business-as-usual fisheries management adds further stress to the oceans and the global food system as more stocks decline, further diminishing the food we rely on from the seas. But more sustainable fisheries management is possible, and our projections using a leading fisheries model shows that adopting sustainable management in all fisheries by mid-century would actually increase yield by over a quarter more than we saw in 2010.

And, while we know that aquaculture is a certain element of the future of fish and food, many questions remain about precisely how this industry will grow, and how it can be shaped to be a low-impact part of the global food system. Given these unknowns, we kept aquaculture growth the same in both our views of the future.

Case Studies:

Cities and Farmers Find Common Ground on Water: Smarter agricultural practices in the Kenya’s Upper Tana River Watershed are resulting in better yields for farmers and more reliable water supplies for the city of Nairobi. Learn More
Technology Offers a Lifeline for Fish: A new mobile application being piloted in Indonesia is helping fill a crucial gap in fisheries management—providing accurate data about what species are being caught where. Learn More

The land meets the sea in Uruma City, Japan

IV. The Way Forward

This analysis does not represent a panacea for the growing need for economic development across the planet or for the environmental challenges that are ahead. But it does provide an optimistic viewpoint and an integrated picture that can serve as a starting point for discussion.

Our goal is to apply new questions—and ultimately new solutions—to our known problems. We present one of many possible paths to a different future, and we welcome like-minded partners and productive critics to share their perspectives with us. We encourage people from across society to join the conversation, to fill gaps where they exist, and to bring other important considerations to our attention. Most of all, we call on the development (e.g. energy, agriculture, infrastructure), health, and financial communities—among others—to work with us to find new ways of taking action together.

Ultimately, by illustrating a viable pathway to sustainability that serves both the needs of economic and environmental interests—goals that many have long assumed were mutually exclusive—we hope to inspire the global community to engage in the difficult but necessary social, economic and political dialogue that can make a sustainable future a reality.

Protecting nature and providing water, food and energy to the world can no longer be either-or propositions. Nature and human development are both central factors in the same equation. We have at our disposal the cross-sector expertise necessary to make informed decisions for the good of life on our planet, so let’s use it wisely. Our science affirms there is a way.

Join us as we chart a new path to 2050 by helping people and nature thrive—together.

Testimonials

Opportunities to Engage

Designing strategies to address global challenges for people and nature requires integration of diverse bodies of evidence that are now largely segregated. As actors across the health, development and environment sectors pivot to act collectively, they face challenges in finding and interpreting evidence on sector interrelationships, and thus in developing effective evidence-based responses.

Learn more about these emerging coalitions that offer opportunities to engage and connect with shared resources.

Bridge Collaborative

The Bridge Collaborative unites people and organizations in health, development and the environment with the evidence and tools to tackle the world’s most pressing challenges. Learn More

Science for Nature and People Partnership

SNAPP envisions a world where protecting and promoting nature works in concert with sustainable development and improving human well-being. Learn More

Wicked Econ Fest

Wicked Econ Fests are workshops between leading economics, finance, conservation and policy experts to tackle specific, decision-driven challenges. Learn More

Global Insights

Check out our latest thinking and real-world solutions to some of the most complex challenges facing people and the planet today. Explore our Insights

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Last updated on: Jan 31, 2024

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Are you struggling to write a science essay that stands out?

Are you tired of feeling overwhelmed by scientific jargon and complicated concepts?

You're not alone.

Science essays can be a challenge for even the most dedicated students. It's no wonder that so many students struggle to produce top-notch papers.

But fear not!

In this blog post, we'll provide you with some science essay examples and tips. We will help you write a top-notch paper that impresses your professor and earns you a high grade.

So buckle up and get ready to tackle science essays like a pro!

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Science Essay Examples for Students

Writing a science essay can be a daunting task for students. However, with the right guidance and examples, it can also be a rewarding and enlightening experience.

Here, we'll provide you with examples so you can elevate your own writing.

Science Essay Example SPM

Scientific Essay Example Pdf (Insert

Science Paper Example

Science Project Essay Example

Science Essay Examples for Different Subjects

Science is a vast field that encompasses many different subjects, from biology to physics to chemistry. As a student, you may find yourself tasked with writing a science essay on a subject that you're not particularly familiar with.

We have provided you with science essay examples for different subjects to help you get started.

Social Science Essay Example

Political Science Essay Example

Environmental Science Essay Example

Health Science Essay Example

Computer Science Essay Example

University Science Essay Examples

Science essays are important part of university-level education. However, different universities may have different requirements and expectations when it comes to writing these essays.

That's why we've compiled some science essay examples for different universities. You can see what works and what doesn't, and tailor your own writing accordingly.

Scientific Essay Example University

Mcmaster Health Science Essay Example

Cornell Arts And Science Essay Example

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Structure of a Science Essay

Science essays are a crucial part of many subjects, and learning to structure them effectively is essential for achieving academic success.

Letâs explore scientific essay structure.

Introduction

The introduction of a science essay should introduce the topic and provide some context for the reader.

You should explain the purpose of the essay and provide a thesis statement that outlines the main argument you will make in the essay. A good introduction should also capture the reader's interest and motivate them to read on.

Check out these how to start a science essay examples for better understanding:

Body Paragraphs

The body paragraphs of a science essay should provide evidence to support the thesis statement. You should use scientific evidence, research, and data to support your argument.

Each paragraph should focus on one key point, and the points should be organized logically to create a coherent argument. It is essential to provide citations for all sources you use in your essay.

Here is an example for you:

The conclusion of a science essay should summarize the main points of the essay and restate the thesis statement in a compelling manner.

You should also provide some final thoughts or recommendations based on the evidence presented in the essay.

The conclusion should be concise and leave a lasting impression on the reader.

Natural Science Essay Topics

There are countless interesting, thought-provoking and problem solving essay topics in science.

Explore some compelling natural science essay topics to inspire your writing.

Science Essay Topics for 5th Graders

The importance of recycling for our environment
The different types of clouds and how they form
How animals hibernate during the winter months
The different types of rocks and how they are formed
The role of bees in pollination and food production
How light travels and how we see objects
The properties of magnets and how they work
The different stages of stem cell research
The human digestive system and how it works
The effects of pollution on our environment and health

Science Essay Topics for 6th Graders

The impact of climate change on the planet
The different types of energy and how they are produced
The importance of water conservation and management
The role of artificial intelligence in human life
The structure and function of the human respiratory system
The properties and uses of acids and bases
The effect of light on plant growth and development
The differences between renewable and non-renewable energy sources
The process of photosynthesis and its importance for life on Earth
The impact of technology on the environment and society

Science Essay Topics for 7th Graders

The structure and function of the human circulatory system
The different types of fossils and how they are formed
The impact of natural disasters on the environment and human life
The pros and cons of bacteria in our bodies and in the environment
The physics of sound and how it travels
The effects of air pollution in United States
The properties and uses of different types of waves (sound, light, etc.)
The process of cell division and its role in growth and repair
The structure and function of the human nervous system
The different types of ecosystems and their unique characteristics

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Tips for Writing a Science Essay

Writing a science essay can be challenging, especially if you don't have much experience in writing academic papers.

However, with the right approach and strategies, you can produce a high-quality science essays.

Here are some tips to help you write a successful science essay:

Understand the assignment requirements: Before you start writing your essay, make sure you understand the assignment requirements. Read the prompt carefully and make note of any specific guidelines or formatting requirements.

Choose a topic that interests you: Writing about a topic that you find interesting and engaging can make the process enjoyable and rewarding. Consider topics that you have studied in class or that you have a personal interest in.

Conduct thorough research: To write a successful science essay, you need to have a deep understanding of the topic you are writing about. Conduct thorough research using reliable sources such as academic journals, textbooks, and reputable websites.

Develop a clear and concise thesis statement: Your thesis statement should clearly state your argument or position on the topic you are writing about. It should be concise and specific, and should be supported by evidence throughout your essay.

Use evidence to support your claims: When writing a science essay, it's important to use evidence to support your claims and arguments. This can include scientific data, research findings, and expert opinions.

Edit and proofread your essay: Before submitting your essay, make sure to edit and proofread it carefully. Check for spelling and grammatical errors. Ensure that your essay is formatted correctly according to the assignment requirements.

In conclusion, this blog has provided a comprehensive guide to writing a successful science essay.

By following the tips, students can produce high-quality essays that showcase their understanding of science.

If you're struggling to write a science essay or need additional assistance, CollegeEssay.org is one of the best online essay services to help you out,

Our expert writers have extensive experience in writing science essays for students of all levels.

So why wait? Contact our science essay writing service today!

Frequently Asked Questions

What are some common mistakes to avoid when writing a science essay.

Some common mistakes to avoid include:

Plagiarizing content
Using incorrect or unreliable sources
Failing to clearly state your thesis
Using overly complex language

How can I make my science essay stand out?

To make your science essay stand out, consider choosing a unique or controversial topic. Using relevant and up-to-date sources, and present your information in a clear and concise manner. You can also consider using visuals such as graphs or charts to enhance your essay.

What should I do if I'm struggling to come up with a topic for my science essay?

If you're struggling to come up with a topic for your science essay, consider discussing potential topics with your instructor or classmates. You can also conduct research online or in academic journals to find inspiration.

How important is research when writing a science essay?

Research is an essential component of writing a science essay. Your essay should be grounded in accurate and reliable scientific information. That is why it's important to conduct thorough research using reputable sources.

Can I use personal anecdotes or experiences in my science essay?

While personal anecdotes or experiences can be engaging, they may not always be relevant to a science essay. It's important to focus on presenting factual information and scientific evidence to support your argument or position.

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Caleb S. has extensive experience in writing and holds a Masters from Oxford University. He takes great satisfaction in helping students exceed their academic goals. Caleb always puts the needs of his clients first and is dedicated to providing quality service.

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413 Science and Technology Essay Topics to Write About [2024]

Would you always go for Bill Nye the Science Guy instead of Power Rangers as a child? Were you ready to spend sleepless nights perfecting your science fair project? Or maybe you dream of a career in science?

Our specialists will write a custom essay specially for you!

The picture shows the definitions of science and technology.

Then this guide by Custom-Writing.org is perfect for you. Here, you’ll find the following:

lists of excellent science and technology topics;
essay prompts;
scientific essay outline;
bonus tips.
🔝 Top 10 Science & Technology Topics
🔬 Scope of Research
🤖 Modern Technology Topics
🧪 Science Essay Topics
🔭 Space Exploration Topics
💡 Other Topics
📝 Essay Prompt
✍️ Step-by-Step Guide

🔍 References

🔝 top 10 science and technology topics.

ICT use in healthcare
Consent in biobanking
Pros and cons of NFTs
Fintech and healthcare accessibility
Widening of the global digital skills gap
Ways to identify gaps in health research
Changes in Mid-Atlantic regional climate
Transforming public health data systems
Workings of the online extremist ecosystem
Ways of improving statistical computing practices

🔬 Science and Technology: Scope of Research

Now you can start looking for an essay idea in our topics list. But first, have a look at the following fields of research in science and technology that our topics cover:

Modern technology includes the newest advances in engineering, hardware, systems, and organization methods. You can write about robotics, computer science, and more.
Science is knowledge about the universe in the form of testable explanations. In your paper, you can cover different areas of science such as biology, physics, etc. For more ideas, check out our list of topics in science .
Space explorations began in the ancient world and eventually allowed people to build a spaceship, arrange the first space trip, and step on the Moon.
In a technology essay on space exploration , you may write about the most up-to-date technologies in the sphere of space traveling and exploration.
Space exploration essays can also be devoted to the period of the Cold War . One of its aspects was a space race between the United States and the USSR.
Finally, you can assess the importance of various space innovations . Many people tend to condemn spending vast sums of money on space exploration. You may give your viewpoint on this question in an essay. Check out our list of topics in astrophysics for more ideas.

🤖 Modern Technology Essay Topics

Increasingly powerful 3D computer chips
Technology and the rise of the leisure class
Luddism as the most radical opposition to the use of technology
Technological inventions that have a destructive power
How does nuclear technology affect the global economy?
Mobile video communication from any mountaintop
Using technology to reinvent identification documents
The history of the computer viruses and their current examples
Does technology provide for a better life, or is it a bane?
Did people reinvent texting to express the full range of emotions?
How did pop-up advertisements appear and evolve on the Internet?
The technology behind the most famous instances of hacking in history
The future privacy risks in the world fully connected to the Internet
What are the possible future developments in cloud storage ?
Dancing robots : why is it important to teach robots to dance?
Should there be censorship on the Internet?
What self-driving cars can and cannot do at present
Which features can increase the popularity of self-driving cars among people?
19 th -century discoveries versus recent technological developments
The positive and negative impacts of communication technology
The printing press , the telephone, and the Internet: their contribution to global communications
Philosophical debates about the present and future use of nuclear technology
The potential dangers of virtual reality replacing real-life experiences
Transhumanism and techno-progressivism and their positive views of technology
The history, benefits, and drawbacks of cloud technology
Voice-commanded robot wheelchair (that will bring you to any location stored in its memory)
Cameras that can determine your age just by looking at your face: how do they work?
Innovative technologies in Antarctica that are speeding up polar research
Technology and the development of daily living aids for chronic diseases. People who have chronic diseases always need to monitor their well-being. However, science has moved towards developing special devices that help people in their daily lives. For instance, you can write about stairlifts, wheelchairs, or other appliances.
The history and technological evolution of prosthetics. People have been using prosthetic limbs from ancient times. Now, these items are much more functional, and their innovation continues. Wood and metal have been replaced by novel materials such as carbon fiber. Robotics also allows controlling prosthetic limbs better.
Disability technology : how science invented hearing aids , text-to-speech programs, and more. Today, disabled people can get access to aids that enhance their living. For example, hearing aids were developed as far as 1898. But they became small only after World War II. Now they are enhanced by the technology of Bluetooth .
How has the clothing industry evolved with the development of new technology? In the past, all clothes were hand-made. After the sewing machine was introduced, people’s fashion also changed. Now, technology can create items of clothing that a human cannot produce. But many people still seek hand-made items and see the automatization of manufacturing process as a disadvantage.
Gardening for the 21st century: vertical gardening for tiny city spaces. As the world population grows, people have much less room for farming and recreational gardening. New concepts such as vertical gardening are innovative and environmentally conscious. They create small green spaces in urban areas and bring humans back to nature.
Hydroponic systems and other approaches to agriculture without soil. It can be hard to find enough place for soil planting in big crowded cities. Hydroponic gardening is a way to get fresh local vegetables that can be grown indoors. Such approaches, nonetheless, have their advantages and disadvantages.
The importance of sustainable farming for the environment. Food production is a vital part of people’s lives. Science has shown that agriculture contributes to pollution. Now, climate change concerns raise the question—how can humans grow food without damaging the environment? Sustainable principles may be the answer to this question.
Genetically modified foods: history, benefits and drawbacks, and common misconceptions. Many discussions surround the topic of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). GMOs are crops whose DNA was changed artificially. Some people believe that bioengineered fruits and vegetables pose risks to people’s health. Others say that genetic engineering improves harvest and food quality.
Can GMOs solve world hunger ? Food shortage is among the biggest problems in the world. Genetic modification may introduce crops that ripen faster, stay fresh longer, and yield a better harvest. However, these GMOs may not grow as well as natural plants. These issues are at the center of the debate around bioengineering.

🧪 Science Topics to Write About

Science Essay Topics for Middle School

How did humans learn to measure speed and velocity?
Everyday life examples of Newton’s 2 nd law of motion
Current differences in various measurements of distance
How and why are miles different from nautical miles?
The concept of time from antiquity to modern clocks
How were measurements of distance developed?
How gravity explains most of the natural phenomena on Earth
The history of Einstein’s theory of gravity and people who opposed it
The history of the 3 different systems of measuring temperature
Which temperature unit is easier to use in daily life: Fahrenheit or Celsius?
How can Newton’s laws of motion be explained by using household objects?
Experimental design : how to improve the results of an experiment
Is safety important in scientific experimentation, or does it get in the way of discovery?
How the Earth was shaped: tectonic plates’ movement. A long time ago, the continents used to be shaped differently. Their shape depended on the direction of tectonic plates. It is believed that they once formed Pangaea—a supercontinent that broke into many pieces and created the modern continents.
Can humans create new continents and change the existing ones? Humans contribute to shaping the planet in many ways. Agriculture and the search for resources change the terrain, while urban development leads to climate change. Also, various islands are constructed by people from natural and artificial materials.
What is the air that we breathe made out of? The air in the Earth’s atmosphere is unique. It allows nature to thrive and live. Air contains more than just various gases. It also holds water and particles that affect pollution, climate, and nature’s health.
The layers of the atmosphere : why mountain air is different. The Earth is surrounded by an atmosphere with layers. Each of them has a different composition and pressure level. That is why people say that the air on the top of a mountain feels different. This variety affects many aspects of the natural world.
How the Earth is shaped today: volcanoes , earthquakes, and tsunamis. Different natural phenomena contribute to changing the shape of the planet. For example, volcanic eruptions make lava spill onto land and water. Over time, this lava hardens and turns into rock. These events can create whole new landforms or destroy existing ones.
Which animals can live in the outer layers of the atmosphere? Almost all living beings on Earth require oxygen to survive. However, some of them may need less oxygen than others. Interestingly, a small group of creatures needs almost no air. Various microorganisms can even be found as high as the troposphere.
The dangers of oxygen. Everybody knows that oxygen is a source of life on Earth . But it is also a part of many dangerous chemical reactions. For example, breathing in pure oxygen is harmful for the body.
The internal layers of Earth: their chemical composition and state. Earth’s inner structure is as layered as its atmosphere. Each component has unique properties and a different physical state. The movement of one layer can result in volcanic eruptions and earthquakes .
What are the purpose and special status of navigational stars? Celestial navigation means finding one’s location using stars. It is an ancient practice that is still used today. Some stars, however, play a more important role than others. They serve as marks for easy navigation. The most well-known navigational star is the Polaris, but there are many more.
The history of weather forecasting in ancient cultures. Today, people can look at a weather forecast for weeks ahead. In ancient times, different cultures searched for the best ways of predicting the weather . Some interesting sources of information were the stars, the color of the sky, the lunar phases, and animal behavior.

Science Essay Topics for High School Students

Printing food: will you be able to download a pizza?
Why are there so many programming languages ?
Can computers create meaningful and original art?
The place of creative professions in an AI-powered future
Is distance learning effective, or does it hinder studying?
Are there any alternatives to plastic that benefit the environment?
Can everyone stay inside forever with the help of technology?
The common mistakes that AI continues to make to this day
Enhancing the quality of school education with virtual reality
The effect of social media on building relationships and making friends
The research of artificially produced foods and its environmental impact
Which devices do students and teachers need to introduce into the classroom ?
The rise of distance learning : the best methods of studying remotely
Is translation software equally developed for all languages of the world?
How people in small communities can find each other with social media
The impact of unrecyclable materials on oceans. Pollution is on the minds of many scientists today. Ocean animals are often injured or killed by plastic debris . Coral reefs and vegetation also struggle with materials that cannot be recycled. You may suggest ways of cleaning the ocean and making it a better environment for its flora and fauna.
The use of big data in predicting people’s everyday choices. Big data refers to collecting enormous amounts of information. The data is taken from open online sources. It is then analyzed for different industries to use. How can companies use big data to predict what people need?
How does marketing use Internet-of-Things? Marketing specialists are always searching for new technologies to explore. They want to surprise their clients and make them interested in their company’s product. The Internet-of-Things connects devices and saves valuable data. Advertisements may use this interconnectedness to their advantage.
The differences between traditional and digital art . Many of today’s artists are skilled in using software to create art. They use digital painting programs to produce unique works. But how does digital art differ from traditional methods? What negative and positive sides does it have?
Why do search engines show different results for the same search term? When entering a keyword into Google , Bing, or other search engines, one can get an array of different responses. This essay can explore different companies’ strategies to provide the best answers to their users’ queries.
What are the disadvantages of clean energy sources ? With the issue of climate change on the rise, many scientists suggest using eco-friendly energy sources . Such options have many benefits for the world. However, they also pose some risks.
The history of global nuclear energy development. Nuclear energy is a controversial topic among scientists. On the one hand, it is an alternative to fossil fuel use. On the other, the devastating effects of nuclear plant catastrophes expose many risks of this option. This energy source is an excellent topic for an exploratory or argumentative science essay.
Benefits and drawbacks of wind and solar power for everyday use. Comparisons between solar and wind power are at the center of many debates about clean energy. Both options are considered environmentally friendly, but they are very different. A compare-and-contrast essay on this topic is sure to provide many points of discussion.
Is it possible for people to produce more freshwater than there currently is? The freshwater supply is limited, and science searches for new ways to produce it. Some organizations collect rainwater and make it safe for consumption. Others try to invent more effective seawater filters. The goal of this search is to support the growing water demand.
Can science prolong our lives or even let us live forever? Many people think about mortality and try to prolong their lives. Some researchers may believe that there are ways to make people live longer by slowing down aging. A scientific essay can explore people’s search for life extension strategies.

🔭 Space Exploration Essay Topics: Science and Technology

Science and Technology Topics in Space Studies

What is the role of NASA in space research?
How relevant is the problem of space debris?
Describe the dynamics of space flights
What is the role of dogs in space travel ?
History and evolution of space research
What is the purpose of planetary science ?
The first man to travel into space
Top 10 interesting facts about space
Explain the concept of wormholes
Ecological problems of space exploration
Exploration and effects of dark matter
Discuss the process of human adaptation to space conditions
What have we learned from space research over the last decade?
How do you understand and define spacetime?
How does the James Webb Space Telescope work?
What are some of the most prominent contributors to space research?
Discuss possibilities of manned trips to other planets
The evidence that proves the existence of black holes
What is significant about the Solar System?
What are gravitational waves , and how can we measure them?
Describe the first 50 years of the space age
Compare and contrast different space exploration techniques
Discuss Space Exploration Day, its origin, and relevance
The effect of space weather on the planet Earth
Current trends and news about space exploration
Who are the most famous American astronauts and researchers?
What are the benefits of space research for society?
The use of standard candles in measuring distance in space
What are the economic benefits of space exploration?
What are the space programs of major countries ?
The history of non-human animals in spacecraft testing. Before the first human was sent into space, many animals were used to test spacecraft. Some of them successfully reached their goals and returned home. Countries such as the US and USSR sent various animals into space, ranging from dogs to chimpanzees.
What is the connection between a planet and its moons ? Many planets, including the Earth, have one or several moons. In total, there are more than 200 moons in the Solar System . These natural satellites orbit their planets and influence their weather. Although Earth has only one natural satellite, the Moon , it plays a significant role in its climate.
The biological effects of space travel and its long-term outcomes. Astronauts who spend time in space report changes in their behavior. For example, they get accustomed to the lack of gravity on the spaceship. Their health is also affected—even a short trip leads to “space adaptation syndrome.”
What are the prospects of exploring space beyond the Solar System? Currently, human-led expeditions aim for nearby space segments. However, robotic spacecraft and powerful telescopes help people see beyond the Solar System. Voyagers 1 and 2 are the only NASA’s spacecraft that can cross interstellar limits. They still have enough power to collect more data.
Gravity on Earth and in the Solar System. The role of gravity on Earth is vital for every system and occurrence. A gravitational pull that keeps planets in their orbits, but gravity can do much more—it creates stars, moves matter, and heats planetary cores.
How far have the scientists reached in their exploration of space? People’s view of the universe has expanded dramatically since the first theories about space. Now, it appears endless, and people use the best technology to see its remotest corners. The Solar System is no longer the limit of exploration, and many vital discoveries contributed to this knowledge.
The history of exoplanet research. Extrasolar planets (or exoplanets) move through space outside the Solar System. The first evidence of their existence appeared as early as the 1910s. However, it was confirmed scientifically only in the 1980s. Since then, researchers have discovered more than 4000 exoplanets.
Why is Mars the primary goal of many missions? Mars is the center of space exploration news. Since 1933, NASA has led the Mars Exploration Program (MEP) to investigate the planet’s resources. It also has a solid surface that allows exploration robots to roam Mars in search of life.
The international legacy of space exploration. During the Cold War , space exploration was a part of the US and the USSR competition. Since then, astronauts from many countries have participated in missions. Space programs have a national purpose, but cooperation between countries leads to better results.

Technology Essay Topics about Space Exploration

History of space telescopes
How is a sub-orbital rocket constructed?
Describe any type of modern spacecraft
How does a rocket engine work?
Discuss the relevance of space weapons
How does an artificial satellite work?
The Cassini mission and its legacy
The cultural impact of Curiosity rover
What are safety measures on spacecrafts?
What are the modern targets of space exploration?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of uncrewed spacecraft?
Can space technology help to combat the avian influenza virus ?
How long will it take for a spaceship to get to a nearby planet?
Prospects for the development of space technologies
Who are the pioneers of rocket and space technology?
Spacecraft classification according to their missions
What happens at the International Space Station ?
Can space technology solve the energy crisis ?
Project Orion: origin, challenges, and its impact
The journeys of NASA’s robotic spacecraft around and beyond Earth’s atmosphere. NASA’s history of space exploration includes many exciting expeditions. Human-led missions were grand and are remembered in history. However, unmanned probes have brought lots of information about space to NASA. They were able to collect samples for investigation and photograph remote planets.
Why is gravity important in space explorations? Everyone knows that astronauts live in space with no gravity . Weightlessness is an issue that affects the human body. Some space objects have gravity, but it is different from Earth’s. Understanding this aspect of space exploration is vital for designing future missions.
Elon Musk’s dream of building a rocket. The whole world follows the news of how scientists at Space X tried to reinvent spacecraft. They failed many times, but only to succeed and partner with NASA. Explore the timeline of their innovations in your essay.
What is the role of experimentation in space travel improvement? Space exploration is a complicated field where a slight miscalculation can lead to dangerous results. Many space ships and probes have failed in decades of testing. That is why experimentation is a core part of exploration. Without failure, success cannot be achieved.
How did the safety of spacecraft evolve over the years? Human spaceflights pose many dangers to the ship’s crew. People cannot survive in outer space, so the spacecraft must be safe from radiation and hostile environments. Moreover, astronauts who go into outer space or step on the surface of other planets have to be equipped to handle the harsh conditions.
The history of communication in space. Communication between astronauts and Earth is crucial for all space missions. It is also a remedy for space travelers’ isolation from their families and loved ones. A special Space Network was developed to connect the researchers on Earth with the astronauts.
The successes and failures of “space gardens.” Aboard the International Space Station , astronauts have entire gardens for various vegetables and flowers. However, the process of finding how to grow these plants was long. Space researchers had to solve problems with gravity, water delivery, fertilizer intake, and much more.
Which technologies allowed people to mimic their daily activities in space? Even in space, people have to eat, sleep, and keep up with their hygiene. However, the lack of gravity turns these simple daily tasks into a challenge. Much of the space-related research was dedicated to creating freeze-dried food, no-rinse shampoo, and other interesting inventions to resolve this issue.
The differences and similarities between types of spacecraft. Robotic spacecraft have unique characteristics that correspond with their missions. For example, flyby spacecraft explores the Solar System without landing. Some probes are designed to land on a planet and send data back to Earth . Others are made to penetrate the surface of a comet to measure its properties.
How did crewless spacecraft evolve? The creation of uncrewed spacecraft has changed with the world’s technological advancement . At first, spacecraft only left the Earth’s atmosphere to observe space. Robots and rovers were eventually designed to land on other planets . These machines need to survive harsh environments to collect data.

Space Race Essay: Scientific Topics

Cold War , space research, and diplomacy
What were the consequences of the space race?
Was the space race a result of the Cold War ?
The failures and successes of the US in the space race
Soviet vs. American rocket development
Compare and contrast Sputnik and Explorer satellites
How were space discoveries affected by the Cold War
Timeline of space investigation during the Cold War
How did the space race affect other spheres of scientific development?
The state of US and USSR’s space programs after the end of the Cold War
Why was the Moon chosen as the destination for both nations during the space race?
The role of US/Soviet spacecraft cooperation in reducing Cold War tensions
Planned trips to other planets of the Solar System during the space race
What are the positive and negative consequences of the space race for the countries?
How did the competition between the US and the USSR start? In the early 20 th century, the tensions between the United States and the USSR were combat-based. However, the arms race after World War II transformed it into a space race. Both nations wanted to be the first in achieving space exploration milestones.
Was the creation of NASA a consequence of the Cold War? NASA was established in 1958. Its earlier projects show that the space race influenced the organization. For instance, the operation Man in Space Soonest (MISS) name reveals the competitive nature of early space exploration.
The influence of the USSR’s space exploration achievements on American politics . The US was the first country to put a man on the Moon. Nevertheless, the USSR made several important discoveries as well. This fact undoubtedly affected American politics during and after the Cold War. It inspired political ideas rooted in scientific superiority and academic achievement.
What did the Apollo missions achieve? The Apollo program lasted from 1968 until 1972, including six successful missions. Some spacecraft were launched to orbit the Moon and photograph its surface. During the Apollo 11 mission, two astronauts landed and walked on the Moon .

The picture shows a fact about the Moon landings.

Did the space race contribute to other tensions between the US and USSR ? The competition surrounding space exploration led to many domestic and foreign political changes. Both countries set ambitious goals and cultivated a sense of pride in their achievements. It may be argued that the space race was a continuation of a long tradition of seeking leadership in technology .
The first woman in space and the history of female astronauts. The story of the first man in space is well-known to most people. However, the USSR also sent the first woman, Valentina Tereshkova, into space in 1963. After that, no flights included women up until the 1980s. Nowadays, female astronauts come from many countries, but men on spacecraft crews still outnumber them.
The role of Germany in the advancement of rocket technology in World War II . The space race usually mentions two key players—the US and the USSR. However, Germany also affected this competition during and after World War II. Missiles created in Nazi Germany showed that sub-orbital spaceflight was possible. Soviet and American rocket engineers used their military knowledge and transferred it into spacecraft design.
The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. In 1972, the US and USSR leaders decided to push for cooperation rather than competition in the space race. As a result, the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) began its development. It was the first international mission; in 1975, two spacecraft docked in space to symbolize unity.
How did the first men in space contribute to space exploration? Both the US and the USSR were able to send people to space. In 1961, Yuri Gagarin was the first human to fly in Earth’s orbit. In 1969, Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong landed on the Moon. Both events significantly contributed to the countries’ national development and interest in space exploration.

Science and Technology Essay Ideas in Space Innovations

Why should we continue space exploration ?
How much money is spent on space research today?
What are the future perspectives of space investigation?
What are the major challenges in geodesy?
The main types of space telescopes
Is colonization of the Solar System possible?
Should more money be invested in spacecraft innovations?
What space innovations do you think will be invented in the future?
Do you think humanity can survive an asteroid impact?
Compare and contrast the colonization of outer space planets in 2 science fiction novels
What can the previous crashes of spacecraft teach engineers? Many of the space missions failed across the globe. Crewless probes, drones , and spacecraft with a crew can fail at any stage of the flight. However, previous unsuccessful efforts are very useful for scientists.
The potential for recreational space travel. Millions of people dream of going into space, but the astronaut profession is not for everyone. Recreational travel is a chance for tourists to experience space. It is a question of whether it will be possible.
Key participants in space exploration innovations in the 21st century. In the last century, the US and USSR were the key countries in space exploration. Now, many nations contribute to innovations and develop new technologies. For example, the International Space Station (ISS) program includes Japan, Canada, Germany, and other countries.
Elon Musk’s reusable rockets. Currently, most spacecraft cannot be reused for space missions. Many factors lead to aircraft degradation, making it dangerous for second use. One of the goals of Space X, created by Elon Musk , is to develop fully-reusable spacecraft.
The ideas of space colonization in movies: are any of them realistic? Films such as The Martian , Interstellar , and Alien introduce exciting ideas about space travel. Although they are fictional, they may depict certain devices or scenarios that will be real in the future.
What are the reasons behind people’s renewed interest in space travel? The end of the Cold War also marked diminished interest in space exploration. For some years, people didn’t pay much attention to it. However, now it appears that the passion for exploration has been sparked again. Many countries are currently working on their own spacecraft, and people see Mars as the new destination to conquer.
Space drones and other crewless spacecraft for interplanetary exploration. Scientists were able to create various spacecraft to go beyond the limits of the Solar System. One of the latest ideas is to make interplanetary drones that will leave the Earth and gather information in a new way.
Does the Moon present any potential for travel and colonization? Historically, the Moon landings are considered to be outstanding achievements. Now, the Moon is again the center of discussions. You can explore interesting concepts for colonizing the Moon.
Technological advancements in creating safe and comfortable spacesuits for different environments. Space travel requires scientists to develop spacesuits that protect people from various harsh environments. For example, landing on Mars would require a suit that withstands great and rapid temperature changes.

💡 Science and Technology Essay Topics: Other Ideas

The new Face ID technology: is it a revolutionary invention?
What will technical schools look like in the future?
Is the human brain more productive than a computer?
The temperature on the surface of exoplanets
Thomas Edison’s contribution to technological advancements
How do sun rays affect people’s health?
Revolutionary technologies and famous inventions from Japan
Technologies that make driving safer
How will people study exact sciences in the future?
New technologies in modern architecture
Stephen Hawking’s black holes hypothesis
Is there a possibility that people’s manual labor might not be necessary for any manufacturing processes in the future?
Do new technologies influence people’s appearance ? How do they do it?
What would today’s world be like without cellphones and computers?
What could Leonardo da Vinci possibly invent in the 21 st century?
Will professions that don’t require the human factor remain in demand in several decades?
What impact do new technologies have on people’s beliefs and personal philosophies ?
New technologies and equipment that helps farmers during the wheat harvest
Will hover drones replace helicopters in the future?
What are the top 5 alternative energy sources?
What technologies should be implemented to stop pollution on Earth?
Social media’s  impact on the populations of different countries
If people colonize Mars , what means of communication between two planets might be fast enough to share information?
How can the problem of lack of Internet connection in some parts of the world be solved?
A scientific approach to the problem of alcoholism
NASA’s space projects that will be realized in the next decade
Spheres in which computer technologies cannot replace human workers
The history of computers: how was the first computer invented?
A scientific approach to global warming: the most efficient methods of the catastrophe prevention
Useful features in the new generation of computers and smartphones
Ernest Rutherford’s scientific career and achievements
The most technologically advanced country in the world
Technologies implemented for cleaning the oceans from garbage
Innovative methods of charging electronic devices
Scientific research in spaceships: are travels at light speed possible?
Modern automobiles and technologies that help drivers control their vehicles
The furthest object that humanity managed to observe with the help of a telescope
Is teleportation possible, or should people stop spending money on its development?
The most ridiculous and useless scientific experiments
The human brain and a  computer : differences and  similarities
Gravity, temperature, and living conditions on the Moon
What can be possibly found at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean? Will humanity ever reach its deepest point?
Technologies used in nursing for delivering appropriate medication to patients in hospital settings
Scientific research on the topic of protecting nature and the environment: ecologic technologies and policies
Does the popular minimalist movement contribute to new technologies in any way?
The tallest plants on Earth and where they grow
Innovative technologies in  producing and reserving electricity  all over the world
New technologies that prevent ships from falling over during storms
Apple’s approach to the safety of their clients’ personal data
How will the Solar System’s planets’ orbits change in the next century?
The universe: how big can it possibly be?
Nanotechnologies used in medicine to heal people with AIDS and cancer
Earth’s collision with an asteroid in approximately 600 years: actual threat or a hoax?
Is it ever going to be possible for humanity to travel outside the limits of our galaxy?
Will humans terraform Mars instead of saving the Earth from an ecological catastrophe?
Use of nanotechnologies in reducing the amount of garbage on the planet
New technologies in sports and how will they influence people’s health
Modern bicycles with reduced risk of accidents on the roads
The safest means of transport in the world
Virtual reality  and its use in art
Can disabled people live a full life with the help of virtual reality?
The best way to travel across the universe and galaxies
Robots and their use in the mining industry
Is there a possibility of human clones’ production?
The most impressive innovations that people expect scientists to develop in the next century
Nanotechnologies in biology: Is it possible that people might install microchips in their heads to record every memory and valuable data?
Is it necessary to support human brain activities with the help of technology?
Social media vs. television : will people stop watching TV altogether?
New technologies in education: what new methods of teaching and studying might be helpful in colleges and universities?
How does the world of electronic devices influence people’s relationships with one another?
A new trend in Japan : marriages with virtual characters
The effectiveness of physical exercises supported by new technologies
How long does it take scientists to develop a vaccine against a virus that emerged unexpectedly?
The diffusion of the Ebola virus and various methods of its prevention in healthy people
Benefits of the 3D printing technology in healthcare
In what ways did computers change people’s lives?
Products that make people’s night rests healthier and their daily activities more productive
The  environmental pollution’s impact on people’s health: toxic gases, dirty water, and GMO foods
New technologies that help pilots control and land the aircrafts
The role of drones in the modern world: how can people use this technology to save finances and prevent traffic jams?
Vehicles of the future: how will people travel in several decades?
What technologies should scientists develop for people to survive on Mars ?
New technologies’ impact on people’s health, lifestyle, and values
The technology of controlling computers and mobile phones using only brain activity
New technologies that balance people’s nervous systems and prevent stresses
Nanotechnologies in ophthalmology : helping children with visual impairments
People’s mental health and how modern devices influence it
New technologies in sustainability: recycling methods
China’s rapid development : technologies that the country uses for its economic system’s growth
Ways of producing oxygen on Mars in the future

Technologies that filter water and make it suitable for consumption
Apps and programs for effective remote work
Oil drilling technologies and their impact on the environment
How will the Internet change in 100 years, and what technology might replace the World Wide Web in the future?
Apps and programs that help students in accomplishing and organizing scientific research
The advantages of using the cloning technologies in household cares
Undesirable outcomes of people’s dependency on their electronic devices: computers, mobile phones, and gaming consoles
New technologies in language learning: innovative methods to expand one’s vocabulary
New technologies used for transplanting vital organs
The role of video games in people’s lives
The possible harm that robots might cause to humanity
Is it possible to travel through time, and what technologies might help develop a time machine ?
How ecological fuel that might replace  natural gas , petrol, and diesel
Perpetual motion machine: attempts of different scientists to create an engine with endless resources of energy
Technologies that Americans use daily
Scientific inventions or decisions that might save the world from an ecological catastrophe
How far can people travel from Earth in outer space ?
Automobiles’ aerodynamic qualities and how they have changed since the 1950s
How do technologies change people’s mentalities and cultures?
What is the purpose of inventing new warfare technologies if some countries have enough power to destroy our planet?
The impact of new technologies on military establishment and relationships among countries
Does the Internet make people more intelligent, or is it the other way round?
Technologies restricted by law in the territory of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Do Internet search engines such as Google , Ask, and Bing make people less attentive to what they learn?
If new software requires more memory space on computers, how many terabytes will an average user need to work online in 20 years?
How can robots help humanity to increase people’s daily productivity?
New Apple devices that can change people’s lives
Alternative ways of finding and sharing necessary information in the future
Will robots coexist with people in 100 years?
Will translation software ever be able to replace professional interpreters?
How can robots and other programmed machines provide medical treatment to hospital patients?
New technologies in the taxi business
Is technological progress a good thing, or should we deliberately slow it down?
What technologies cause harm to the environment, Earth’s population, and the oceans?
Technologies in the tattoo business: the most effective methods of putting colored pigments under the skin
Does the US government use any technologies that allow them to wiretap people’s private calls? Is it ethical?
What technologies should be implemented to create wireless access to the Internet worldwide?
Do values of contemporary people focus on new technologies more than on everything else?
What technologies should be implemented to reduce the possibility of overpopulation on Earth?
Are  electric cars  more cost-effective and productive than vehicles that run on gasoline, diesel, and natural gas?
Do Face ID and Touch ID technologies protect people’s data from hackers?
Can any technology reduce the time required for night rests?
How intelligent are dolphins and whales ?
Newly emerged research areas and branches of science
The role of synthetic biology in medicine
Bionics: the main principles and purposes of the new science
Nutrigenomics: food values and other factors that influence people’s health
The main principles and objectives of the memetics study
Neuroeconomics: the ability of the human brain to make wise decisions
Sonocytology: the study of the sounds and impulses that the human cells make
Technologies that help people socialize and rehabilitate after long-term
How can zero gravity in outer space be used for people’s benefit?
Which countries are known for their achievements in the sphere of chemistry ?
Leading countries in the sphere of technology.
How long will it take Earth to restore all its resources and energy consumed by humanity?
Machine learning in restaurant and hotel businesses: Improved methods of cooperating with clients
The ethics of implanting microchips in animals
AI in online shopping : is it cost-efficient regarding both time and money?
New technologies that reduce various health risks in polluted areas
Innovative methods of completing medical operations are more accurate and reduce the possibilities of unfortunate outcomes
Process automation aimed at cleaning eggs and removing bacteria from the natural products’ surfaces
How can the implantation of microchips in the human brain help paralyzed individuals?
Autopilot installed in heavy trucks
Payment systems that require people’s eye or face scans: is this technology safer than ordinary passwords ?
Camera options that allow people to film in the 360-degree mode
Solar batteries and their significance in the modern age
Smart computers that don’t require a person’s intervention to complete tasks or collect information
Robotic chefs: the device’s functions and other options that make cooking easier
The technology of modular phones: why did the idea of creating a phone that consists of multiple blocks fail?
VR technology that might allow people to feel and touch virtual objects
Water recycling technology that filters the water people use for showering
Advanced fishing technologies: sensors, drones, and artificial intelligence
Gyroscope and various devices based on its working principle
New technologies in web design
Newton circle and its spheres of use
Scientific facts that prove the existence of other life forms in the outer space
Active volcanoes that can erupt at any moment: preventative technologies and safety measures
Technologies that make people healthy and fit without effort: are they possible?
Augmented reality use in the cosmetics business
Potential branches of science that might lead to the creation of new occupations in the future
The most valuable resource on Earth and technological methods of its extraction
Internet-of-Things: how is it used in agriculture ?
Synthetic foods: do they contain any nutritional components?
What technologies can help people reduce the cost of utilities ?
Entertainment: how will VR technologies influence people’s hobbies in the future?
How long will it take people to travel between Earth and Mars?
The temperature on Mars: is it possible for humans to survive on the Red Planet without additional heating devices?
What will people eat on Mars, and how will they get their food?
Professions that humanity might need on Mars during colonization
Messages sent by society in outer space: will they ever be answered?
If there are other forms of life in different galaxies, how will humans understand and contact them?
Satellites on our planet’s orbit: what do these devices do, and why are they important for people?
Is it possible for a human being to stay in a deep freeze for an extended period?
What do cosmonauts research and observe in the orbit of Earth?
The main problems of modern science: what issues are scientists trying to solve?
How dangerous can new technologies be for our environment?
How do different professions change and improve due to technological development ?
Ethical aspects of genetic engineering for humans
Egyptian pyramids : technologies that ancient Egyptians used to build their pharaohs’ graves
Contemporary achievements in genetics
How have helicopters developed since the 1950s?
Controversial issues of stem cell research
German technologies in road building: how is it possible to build a high-quality road for decades?
Wireless technologies that maternity hospitals use
What is antimatter, and how can it be used in the medical field?
How has  technology changed our lives compared to people living a century ago?
The technology you cannot live without
What are  the advantages  and disadvantages of genetic engineering?
Experiments on humans: can they be justified for the sake of science development?
Can alternative energy technologies provide humanity with sustainable energy resources?
What technologies can limit the adverse human impact on the environment ?
Smart devices that can help you reduce your carbon footprint
Is there a connection between human activity and natural disasters ?
Military technology advancement: a way to safety or a global threat?
Robot army: a scene from a movie or our near future?
Science and technology for personal safety
Advances in science and technology for  cybersecurity
Development of technologies for safe online purchases

📝 Science and Technology Essay Prompts

Writing science and technology essays might be a challenging task. Our essay prompts are here to inspire you. Keep reading to make your essay writing even more effortless.

Just in 1 hour! We will write you a plagiarism-free paper in hardly more than 1 hour

Science in Everyday Life Essay Prompt

Every day we are surrounded by marvelous inventions that can be described in your paper:

Anything made of plastic. Today numerous industries rely on the production of plastic, from packaging and electronics to aerospace and industrial engineering.
Anything charged with electricity. The work of people like Alessandro Volta or Andre-Marie Ampere lies at the foundation of the electrical industry.
Any food item in front of you. Science has revolutionized our approach to food cultivation and raised agricultural productivity to a new level.
Any modern medicine. At the end of the 18th century, scientist Edward Jenner established that vaccination works. And in the 19th century, the germ theory of disease emerged, which saved millions of lives over two hundred years.

Technology in the Future Essay Prompt

If you choose to write a paper about technology in the future, you can consider describing the following technologies:

Vision-improving technology . Artificial cornea or iris can provide vision to people with impairments.
Small living robots . These robots can deliver medicine to different body parts or collect microplastic from the oceans.
Internet everywhere . Companies such as Google or Facebook use helium balloons, drones, microsatellites, and other technology to provide the Internet to inaccessible areas.
Dairy products made in a lab . Biotech companies are searching for a way to make dairy products more available and less damaging to the environment. There are already some lab-made dairy products available in the US.

Interest in Science Essay Prompt

If you wish to tell about your interest in science or make your reader interested in it, take a look at these ideas:

Factors that influence one’s attitude towards science. You can analyze reasons for students’ interest or indifference towards science.
Parents’ role in children’s attitude towards science. Discuss how parents, their social status, or education level affect their children’s interests.
How does one’s faith affect their perception of science? Some religious beliefs don’t support scientific ideas about life and the universe.

Importance of Science Essay Prompt

Science is essential for our society, environment, and many other parts of our lives. In your essay about the importance of science, you can include the following points:

Science is solving the mysteries of our universe. One of the main goals of science is to gain knowledge about the world. It helps us understand different phenomena and find solutions to numerous problems.
How science benefits society . Science is also used to improve our life quality. Education and knowledge allow us to make our lives easier and more enjoyable.
The way science helps solve global challenges . Health, agriculture, and other spheres rely on science. Governments also use science to combat issues, such as climate change.

✍️ How to Write a Scientific Essay

To achieve academic prowess in science and technology studies, you will need to get good at writing scientific essays. Here are the general principles of essay writing:

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Essay on Science and Technology Outline

The structure of a science and technology essay remains the same as basically any other essay type. It includes the following points:

The picture shows the structure of a science and technology essay.

Science & Technology Essay Introduction

In your introduction, you should make your reader interested in your topic. Start with a hook, and don’t forget to include some background information. You can consult our article about writing a good introduction for more info.

An introduction of a science and technology essay about the disadvantages of space exploration can look like that:

Space exploration’s contribution to environmental science is impossible to deny. However, it might also be damaging to the environment itself. Space exploration produces hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide that contribute to global warming.

Thesis Statement about Technology & Science

Close your introduction with a thesis to state the main point of your essay. Make sure to support your point with evidence throughout the text.

Get an originally-written paper according to your instructions!

There should be ways to make space exploration less damaging to the environment since the pollution caused by it is getting worse every year.

Science and Technology Essay Body

The body paragraphs are the central part of your essay. There you show your investigation results and support them with solid arguments. Don’t forget to open each of the paragraphs with a topic sentence that can let your reader know the main idea of the passage (you can learn more from this article about topic sentences by Rochester Institute of Technology.)

Aluminum oxide particles produced during rocket launches absorb the radiation and contribute to global warming. NASA uses fuel that consists of aluminum powder and ammonium perchlorate in their solid booster rockets. They form aluminum oxide when combined. As a result, these rocket launches are damaging to the environment and are one of the causes of climate change and global warming.

Science and Technology Essay Conclusion

The conclusion closes your essay by restating your thesis statement and making your reader want to dive further into your topic. Keep in mind that just saying that “more research on the subject is required” is not what the conclusion should be about. Make sure to include plenty of details in addition to summarizing the articles.

To sum up, although space exploration allows us to know more about our universe and makes our life easier, it also negatively affects the environment. Less damaging ways are needed in order for us to continue gaining knowledge and improving our life quality without hurting our planet.

Choosing Topics Related to Science and Technology

The field of science and technology is so broad that it is not very easy to decide on good science and technology topics right away. That is why we will explain the main issues to pay attention to while picking out a topic for your scientific essay:

It must be interesting for you as a writer;
It should be of current importance for readers;
It has to shed light on some scientific innovations.

If you consider these three points, you’ll have an excellent opportunity to succeed in writing your essays on science and technology.

If you feel lost and unsure what is a worthy topic, try thinking about something down-to-earth and present in our daily lives. For more tips on choosing good topics, check out some brainstorming techniques in our Guide to Academic Writing or use our topic generator .

Scientific Essay: Bonus Tips

Be sure you correctly understand the chosen problem.
Formulate your sentences well.
Use linking phrases within paragraphs and the text as a whole.
Ensure that your text is cohesive and logical.
Write in a language that would be clear even to an audience of non-professionals.
Mind the tone and wording of your technology essay.
Be careful not to make mistakes in spelling, grammar, style, and format.
Sound formal but not moralizing.
Foresee possible questions from your readers and answer them beforehand.
Call your readers to action and push them toward an adequate response.

Although essays might be one of the most common writing assignments, our free tips are here to make your studies even more enjoyable! We hope the information presented here will help you create an excellent scientific essay. Let us know what you think about our guide in the comments below!

The Impact of Science and Technology on Sustainable Future

March 15, 2023

5 min read | Schneider Electric

This audio was created using Microsoft Azure Speech Services

The United Nations defines sustainable development to mean “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Thus, sustainability requires us to protect both natural resources and human health while using our available resources efficiently. The International Energy Agency estimates that more than half of global greenhouse gas emissions come from buildings alone; therefore, it is imperative that we invest in new technologies which improve energy efficiency while eliminating our dependence on fossil fuels.

The goal of sustainability is to ensure that human activities do not undermine the capacity of ecosystems to meet people’s needs, now and in the future. That’s why we need new technologies and scientific knowledge to help us achieve our goals for sustainable development . Achieving a sustainable future will require innovation of new energy sources, materials, and infrastructure, as well as changes in how we produce food, travel, and build homes. In this blog, we will look at the impact of science and technology for a sustainable future.

A Reflection on What Science and Technology Can Do for The Planet

In the last two hundred years, science and technology have helped us to understand our planet better. They have enabled us to discover new ways of living, improve our quality of life and protect the planet. Science and technology can play an important role in building a sustainable future.

Science and technology for a sustainable future help us understand our environment and our impact on it, which is essential for making smart decisions about how to use our resources. It can also help us find solutions to problems, such as climate change and pollution, and improve the quality of life for all people. The sustainable future that we envision will need to be driven by new materials and advanced energy sources. The development of these technologies is necessary to meet the growing demand for a better quality of life.

Innovation in science and technology is needed to:

To reduce pollution
To reduce energy consumption
To reduce waste production and increase recycling capacity
To enhance forest growth and reforestation

Technological Changes Will Be Needed to Drive Sustainability

Technology plays a fundamental role in driving sustainable development. The diversity of technologies and their multiple uses are key drivers of economic growth, employment creation, and social inclusion. At the same time, technological changes can unlock new opportunities for achieving environmental sustainability by changing production processes and product designs, changing consumption patterns, or improving resource efficiency – all needed to achieve a sustainable future.

Science and technology for a sustainable future are likely to be one of the most important factors in determining whether humanity will succeed at tackling some of its greatest challenges: managing climate change; ensuring access to clean water; eliminating poverty; meeting health needs worldwide while protecting biodiversity; developing alternatives renewable energy sources etc.

Some Examples of Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

1. sustainable energy.

Sustainable energy is the use of sources of energy that can be consumed without causing significant damage to the environment. There are several different types of sustainable energy, including solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric and biomass. Renewable energy is a better choice than fossil fuels because it does not produce carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases when it is used. The development and large-scale use of sustainable energy is a great example of sustainable technology.

2. Biotechnology

Biotechnology refers to the process of replacing polluting materials with sustainable alternatives. Therefore, this form of technology helps us achieve sustainability. For example, biotechnology has been used to produce genetically modified crops that require less water and fertiliser, which reduces the amount of pollution they produce. It’s also possible to use biotechnology in developing new ways of managing waste, improving clean energy production, and capturing CO2 emissions from industrial processes.

3. Smart Mobility

When it comes to sustainable transport, smart mobility is the new frontier. The need for smart mobility is driven by four factors: population growth, urbanisation, and pollution. These factors have led to an urgent need for better transportation solutions that can help us address our environmental challenges while improving the quality of life in the world’s growing cities. Smart mobility solutions will play a significant role in reducing traffic congestion and improving air quality in urban areas.

4. Sustainable Infrastructure

Sustainable infrastructure is the foundation for economic growth and social well-being. It includes all physical assets that provide services to the community, such as transportation systems, energy production facilities, water treatment plants, and wastewater treatment facilities. These physical assets are made up of functions supported by various technologies, such as electric power transmission lines or carbon capture equipment at power plants.

Sustainable Innovation with Schneider Electric

The future of our planet is at stake, and science and technology for a sustainable future are the only answers to our problems. We have reached a point where we can no longer rely on nature or traditional methods to provide us with energy, food, shelter, or materials. Instead, we need innovative technologies that allow us to manage our resources while reducing pollution and greenhouse gases sustainably. Science and technology for a sustainable future offer hope for a better tomorrow by allowing us to create sustainable solutions in every sector of society, from agriculture, transportation, and infrastructure development all the way up to smart cities.

At Schneider Electric, we are advocates of innovation in the field of sustainability. Ecostruxture, our IoT-enabled system, is one such innovation. Connecting nearly every single aspect of your business. Allowing you to act on real-time data and business logic. Allowing you to act on real-time data and business logic. Our EcoStruxure Platform enables intelligent interoperability, an integrated foundation for smart operations, and facilities for cloud-connected digital services.

Tags: biotechnology , science and technology , Sustainability , sustainable development , sustainable energy , sustainable infrastructure

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EDITORIAL article

This article is part of the research topic.

Climate Science, Solutions and Services for Net Zero, Climate-Resilient Food Systems

Editorial: Climate Science, Solutions and Services for Net Zero, Climate-Resilient Food Systems Provisionally Accepted

1 Hadley Centre, Met Office, United Kingdom
2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
3 Global Sustainability Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, United Kingdom
4 Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University and Research, Netherlands
5 School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
6 The James Hutton Institute, United Kingdom

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Food systems are both a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions (Costa et al., 2022) and strongly impacted by climate and weather (Falloon et al., 2022). Solutions to deliver net zero food systems therefore need to take climate impacts, adaptation, and resilience into account to ensure they are appropriate in a changing climate and do not conflict with adaptation goals. Food system adaptation options must also consider potential trade-offs, consequences, and synergies with net zero and other objectives such as the Sustainable Development Goals. Solutions for net zero, climate resilient food systems therefore require systematic, interdisciplinary approaches across academia, governments, business, NGOs, and the public. This Research Topic showcases a collection of studies covering cutting edge science and thought leadership towards the goal of net zero, climate-resilient food systems.Several papers use case study events or assess current and future practical climate adaptation and net zero practices in farming and food systems businesses. An exploration of farmers' perception of climate adaptation strategies in the rice-growing zone of Punjab, Pakistan (Khan et al., 2022) revealed significant perceived climate changes, while the extent of adaptation was strongly linked to education and access to climate information and credit services. The principal factors determining adaptation decisions included farmers' age, primary occupation, income, landholding, access to irrigation, credit, climate information, and agricultural extension services; hence improving the alterable factors amongst these should improve resilience of the rice farming system. Sarker et al. (2022) assess the benefits of conservation tillage and residue management to soil health and crop productivity in a Bangladeshi rice-maize cropping system. Compared to conventional tillage, the overall improvement in soil conditions gradually increased crop productivity, and improved farm profitability compared to conventionally tilled rice and maize crops. Conservation agriculture could therefore be an appropriate practice for sustaining soil fertility and crop yield under rice-maize systems in light-textured soils in Bangladesh.Kumar Jha et al. (2023) report results from experimental studies in the rice-wheat system of Bihar, India that evaluate the feasibility of early rice transplanting combined with a community irrigation approach. These practices increased rice yield and water productivity, compared to late-sown crops, while timely wheat harvesting allowed cultivation of an additional summer crop. Overall, this approach to managing climatic risks and variability increased the productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system. Sakrabani (2024) analyses the opportunities and challenges for organo-mineral fertilisers (OMFs) in enabling food security and meeting net zero goals, identifying policy interventions that balance environmental protection and meeting food security. Short-term priorities include development of guidelines, energy incentives for drying feedstocks and renewable energy; in the medium-term, evidence gathering from long-term field trials, funding to support innovation, and regional policy harmonisation; and in the long-term feedstock certification and joined-up waste-fertilizer policy. 2023) use the record-breaking United Kingdom heatwave of 2022 as a case study to explore the impacts on the poultry and wheat sectors, and to identify potential adaptation options for a climate-resilient, net-zero food system. Both negative and positive heatwave impacts were felt across the food system, from greater energy costs for cold storage, retail refrigeration failure, and livestock heat stress but also increased wheat yields. A range of adaptation measures are proposed for both poultry and wheat. 2023) present a novel methodology for developing a sustainable business model (SBM) in the food, beverage, and tobacco sector, using data from 252 businesses that reported to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). Their analysis identified, prioritized and mapped a range of environmental sustainability themes and 150 green practices that could contribute to emission reduction targets, resulting in a net-zero value proposition to customers. The remaining papers tackle key challenges at the broader policy level. Gelardi et al. ( 2023) review the evidence for agricultural soils to contribute to net zero goals, examine existing support strategies and emerging markets, and recommend ways to synthesize approaches into a cohesive policy portfolio for the US to deliver effective and equitable outcomes. 2023) apply a multi-level participatory scenario approach combined with modelling and decision support tools to develop scenarios in support of future food security policy in Bangladesh. Their future scenarios show that diverse pathways are possible, but with very different food security and low-carbon development outcomes. Andrews et al. (2023) draw on agroecological principles to propose a framework for aligning foodsystems policy to provide multiple benefits. Their six-part framework can underpin public health, environmental sustainability, economic stability, social cohesion, and national security and sovereignty. The seven tactical implementation principles they propose can help integrate community-scale efforts to establish food systems and ensure food systems policy effectiveness. To advance solutions and services that support the goal of climate-resilient, net-zero food systems and better food security outcomes, several key themes emerge from the papers presented here, noting that the challenges highlighted below should not dissuade action (Gelardi et al., 2023):1. Broad and diverse stakeholder engagement across the agri-food supply-chain and beyond in solution co-design and development (Asif et al., 2023;Gelardi et al., 2023), including youth and poor rural communities (Moghayer et al., 2023). 2. Effective integration and joint prioritization of climate adaptation and mitigation options, alongside consideration of their trade-offs, consequences and co-benefits and interactions. This should include social, economic and environmental dimensions and pressures for land (Davie et al., 2023;Gelardi et al., 2023;Kumar Jha et al., 2023), and balancing short and long-term priorities (Moghayer et al., 2023). 3. Addressing barriers to adoption and structural issues (Davie et al., 2023;Gelardi et al., 2023;Khan et al., 2022) in climate adaptation and net-zero. 4. Integrated policy that supports effective environmental stewardship and is underpinned by well-functioning governance systems and political will (Andrews et al., 2023;Moghayer et al., 2023;Sakrabani, 2024). 5. Enabling shifts in consumer behaviour (Moghayer et al., 2023). 6. Implementation of practice-and place-specific programs of change (Gelardi et al., 2023)

Keywords: food systems, Climate resilience, Climate Change, net zero, Solutions, Climate services, Weather and climate, climate impacts

Received: 12 Apr 2024; Accepted: 16 Apr 2024.

Copyright: © 2024 Falloon, Jones, Van Berkum, Kepinski and Rivington. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Dr. Pete Falloon, Met Office, Hadley Centre, Exeter, EX1 3PB, Devon, United Kingdom

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So you’ve found research fraud. Now what?

Harvard dishonesty researcher Francesca Gino faked her research. But she still has a lot to teach us.

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When it is alleged that a scientist has manipulated data behind their published papers, there’s an important but miserable project ahead: looking through the rest of their published work to see if any of that is fabricated as well.

After dishonesty researcher Francesca Gino was placed on leave at Harvard Business School last fall following allegations that four of her papers contained manipulated data , the people who’d co-authored other papers with her scrambled to start double-checking their published works.

Gino was a prolific researcher, and with 138 papers now called into question and more than 143 people who had co-authored with her, it proved a challenge to find who handled what data — so six co-authors began to work through each paper to systematically make public how the data was collected and who had custody of it. Their work was organized as the Many Co-Authors Project .

The group was undeterred by Gino suing all of her accusers last summer, as well as by her condemnation of the project as unfair (“it inadvertently creates an opportunity for others to pin their own flawed studies or data anomalies on me,” she wrote ). But their work provides a window into what kinds of manipulations and errors might make it past peer review until they come under heightened scrutiny — and raises in its own way a broader problem with our current research system.

Based on the group’s work, it looks plausible that the data manipulation for which Gino is under fire is not contained to the four papers that have already been retracted. For example, in this 2019 paper, many participants were disqualified for not paying attention to the instructions — but the participants who were disqualified were overwhelmingly ones whose results were contrary to the hypothesis. (Likely because of the litigation surrounding the charges against Gino, the authors are careful not to say outright that what they’ve seen is a surefire sign of fraud.)

But papers like the 2019 one — where the data is available — are the exception, not the rule. For most of the papers, no one has access to the data, which leaves no way to determine whether manipulation occurred.

In some cases, co-authors are wary of participating in the effort to find other sketchy studies, worried that their name will be tarnished by association if they find a fraudulent paper. With systematic fraud, transparency is the only way through. Without a serious reckoning, the discovery of data manipulation doesn’t undo the harm it caused to our understanding of the world. Even after a paper is retracted, it doesn’t mean that other research that relied on those findings becomes amended. Instead, new studies are built atop flawed research.

That’s a problem for scientific inquiry.

We need to do something more systematic about fraud

There’s something simultaneously heartwarming and exasperating about stories of researchers across the globe coming together to check whether their published research was actually faked.

Why is basic information such as “which co-author collected the data?” and “who has access to the raw data?” not included as part of the process of publishing papers? Why is the data itself not available by default, which allows for finding mistakes as well as fraud? And after many researchers have been accused of systematic fraud, why is there still no process for systematically looking for problems in research?

This is one of Gino’s complaints about the Many Co-Authors Project. “Like all scholars, I am interested in the truth. But auditing only my papers actively ignores a deeper reflection for the field,” she wrote . “Why is it that the focus of these efforts is solely on me?”

The focus is on her for a good reason , but I do think that the Many Co-Authors Project is a symptom of a broken system. Even once a researcher is suspected of fraud, no institution is responsible for reviewing the work they’ve published and how it might affect the literature.

Richard Van Noorden reported in Nature last year about what happens when a researcher is well-known to have fabricated data: “A more recent example is that of Yoshihiro Sato, a Japanese bone-health researcher. Sato, who died in 2016, fabricated data in dozens of trials of drugs or supplements that might prevent bone fracture. He has 113 retracted papers, according to a list compiled by the website Retraction Watch.”

So what happened to other work that relied on Sato’s? For the most part, the retractions haven’t propagated; work that relied on Sato’s is still up: “His work has had a wide impact: researchers found that 27 of Sato’s retracted RCTs had been cited by 88 systematic reviews and clinical guidelines, some of which had informed Japan’s recommended treatments for osteoporosis. Some of the findings in about half of these reviews would have changed had Sato’s trials been excluded.”

Journals do not consider themselves responsible for following up when they retract papers to see if other papers that cite those papers should be affected, or to check if other papers published by the same author have similar problems. Harvard doesn’t consider itself to have this responsibility. Co-authors may or may not consider themselves to have this responsibility.

It’s as if we treat every case of fraud in isolation, instead of acknowledging that science builds on other science and that fraud rots those foundations.

Some easy principles for reform

I’ve written before that we should do a lot more about scientific fraud in general. But it seems like a particularly low bar to say that we should do more to, when a person is demonstrated to have manipulated data, check the rest of their work and get it retracted if needed. Even this low bar, though, is only being met due to the unpaid and unrewarded work of people who happened to notice the problem — and some of them have been sued for it.

Here’s what could happen instead:

Data about which co-author conducted the research and who has access to the raw data should be included as a matter of course as part of the paper submission process. This information is crucial to evaluating any problems with a paper, and it would be easy for journals to simply ask for it for every paper. Then you wouldn’t need a project like the Many Co-Authors Project — the data they’re attempting to collect would be available to everyone.

Nonprofits, the government, or concerned citizens could fund an institution that followed up on evidence of data manipulation to make sure that manipulated results no longer poison the literature they’re a part of, especially in cases like medical research where peoples’ lives are at stake.

And the law could protect people who do this essential research by making it faster to dismiss lawsuits over legitimate scientific criticism. Gino sued her critics, which is likely contributing to the slowness of reevaluations of her other work. But she was only able to do that because she lived in Massachusetts — in some states, so-called anti-SLAPP provisions help get quick dismissal of a lawsuit that suppresses protected speech. Part of the saga of Francesca Gino is that Massachusetts has a very weak anti-SLAPP law, and so all of the work to correct the scientific record takes place under the looming threat of such a lawsuit. In a state with better anti-SLAPP protections, she’d have to make the case for her research to her colleagues instead of silencing her critics.

It is very much possible to do better when it comes to scientific fraud. The irony is that Gino’s research and the controversy surrounding it may well still end up having a long-lasting legacy in teaching us about dishonesty and how to combat it.

A version of this story originally appeared in the Future Perfect newsletter. Sign up here!

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Methodology
Open access
Published: 25 April 2024

The research trends and future prospects of nanomaterials in breast cancer

Yue Li 1 , 3 ,
Xiaoqing Li 1 , 2 ,
Aoqun Li 1 , 2 ,
Jingyan Zhu 1 , 2 ,
Zhenhua Lin 1 , 2 &
Yang Yang 1 , 2

Cancer Nanotechnology volume 15 , Article number: 24 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths among women globally and the most deadly illness for them. New advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of strategies intended to target breast cancer cells more precisely while causing the least amount of damage to healthy cells. We retrieved articles about nanomaterials for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database between 2008 and 2023. Our research aims to assess publications on the use of nanomaterials for breast cancer treatment and diagnosis to predict future research directions.

A total of 457 papers on nanomaterials in breast cancer were discovered from various nations, with China being the primary source and the United States having the highest H index. The number of papers in this discipline is increasing on an annual basis. The Egyptian Knowledge Bank is an important research center in this sector. The International Journal of Nanomedicine has the most papers, and Kesharwani P is the most frequently referenced author. The most quoted article was written by Miele, Evelina of India in 2009. Topics such as drug delivery may be emerging areas of research.

Our findings predict that the use of nanomaterials in medication delivery will become a significant research area in the future, and provide valuable references for scholars investigating the role of nanotechnology in breast cancer.

Introduction

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor among women, with the highest incidence rate (Thomas et al. 2024 ; Siegel et al. 2023 ). According to the GLOBACON database, there were 22,968,840 new cases and 666,103 deaths of breast cancer between 2022 and 2024 (8th February). Early diagnosis of breast cancer is challenging due to the limited sensitivity of existing methods in detecting small lesions (Ha et al. 2018 ). Various therapeutic modalities have been used to treat breast cancer, including the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy to inhibit tumor progression and recurrence. However, the low therapeutic efficacy of these drugs is due to their poor target and affinity (Liu et al. 2023 ; Zhang et al. 2022 ). Therefore, new and effective methods for diagnosing and treating breast cancer are needed.

Nanoparticles can interact with a variety of organelles and biomolecules and range in size from 1 to 100 nm (Nikalje 2015 ). These properties make them suitable for various applications, from chemical reactions to biomedicine (Mujahid et al. 2022 ). Quantum dots (QDs) and gold nanoparticles are used at the molecular level for cancer diagnosis (Kher and Kumar 2022 ). Molecular diagnostic techniques based on nanoparticles can be used for biomarker discovery and rapid tumor diagnosis (Yan et al. 2019 ). The rapid growth of tumors results in the epidermal cell gap of intra-tumor blood vessels being larger than that of normal blood vessels, and the lack of a lymphatic system within the tumor makes it easy for nanoparticles to “leak” into the tumor from the gap in the tumor blood vessels and accumulate in the tumor. Some investigations have shown that nanomaterials can be targeted against the endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels, releasing anti-angiogenic medicines, successfully suppressing tumor blood vessel growth and reducing the oxygen supply. (Chakraborty et al. 2019 ). The high surface-to-volume ratio of magnetic nanoparticles allows them to assemble with biomolecules or residues, which can enhance the specificity of chemical drug complexes in targeted therapy (Moloudi et al. 2023 ; Londhe et al. 2023 ). In addition, nanotechnology-enhanced photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy are emerging as exciting cancer therapeutic methods with significant potential for improving patient outcomes (Jia et al. 2023 ). The addition of nanomaterials enhances the responsive release, depth of tissue penetration and precise targeting of phototherapy, enabling precise treatment of specific cancer tissues and cells through photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy and combination therapy (Mosleh-Shirazi et al. 2022 ). Some studies have indicated that immune checkpoint blockade therapy does not become noticeably more effective when drugs are delivered using nanoparticles. On the other hand, when paired with chemotherapy and other treatments, nanoparticles can enhance anti-cancer immune responses as well as improve medication transport and usage efficiency. However, no bibliometric analysis has been published on the use of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

Hence, this study aims to analyze the use of nanoparticles in breast cancer therapy through quantitative methods. Scientometric analyses aid academics in comprehending the effectiveness of nanomaterials in treating breast cancer, familiarising themselves with published research results, and understanding collaborations and links between countries, institutions, and authors. Additionally, we objectively reveal the current status and future directions of nanotechnology in breast cancer; review current research hotspots; and anticipate research trends and future prospects in this field.

Browse and search

Web of Science is a crucial database for accessing global academic information (Pei et al. 2022 ). It can rapidly identify high-impact papers, reveal research directions that domestic and foreign authorities focus on, and expose the trend of subject development (Wang and Maniruzzaman 2022 ). A search was conducted in the WOSCC database for literature related to the use of nanomaterials in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2023. The search formula used was as follows: TS = (“nanostructured materials” OR “nanomaterials” OR “nanotechnology”) AND TS = (“breast” OR “breast cancer”) AND TS = (“treatment” OR “diagnosis” OR “cure” OR “therapy”).

Screening procedures

The inclusion criteria are as follows: (1) the full text of the available papers focused on the diagnosis and treatment of nanomaterials in breast cancer; (2) the papers were written in English; (3) only articles and reviews were permitted; (4) the papers were sourced from the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) and the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) databases; and (5) the timeframe was from 2008 to 2023. The study’s inclusion criteria were as follows: The following criteria were excluded: (1) This paper will focus on nanomaterials that are not related to breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. (2) This study will consider all types of publications, including reports, theses, and conference abstracts.

Data analytics

The publications and citations were exported as plain text for bibliometric analysis and visualization. VOSviewer (version 1.6.19) and CiteSpace (version 6.2) were used to create visualizations. Line graphs were generated using GraphPad Prism (version 9.5.1) to display the number of publications, citations, and h-index per year. To analyze the most prolific/collaborative countries, institutions, authors, co-cited journals, and co-occurring keywords, VOSviewer was used.

CiteSpace can be used to construct keyword timeline charts and keyword bursts. The visualization chart displays dots representing countries, institutions, authors, or journals, which are clustered into different groups based on their collaboration (Liu et al. 2022 ). The size of the dots corresponds to the number of publications. The thickness of the lines connecting the nodes represents the link strength (LS) and reflects the strength of collaboration between them (Xia et al. 2022 ). The Total Link Strength (TLS) metric measures the level of collaboration between nodes (Jin et al. 2023 ). We improved the keyword analysis by excluding irrelevant keywords and merging those with similar meanings to provide a better perspective. The graph generated by CiteSpace shows significant and reasonable clustering, with a modularity value greater than 0.3 and an average silhouette value greater than 0.7.

Selection and characterization of literature

A search for keywords related to breast cancer and nanomaterials in the Web of Science database retrieved a total of 463 papers. In the first stage of selection, 6 articles were excluded due to type restriction. Next, we screened 457 publications published during the decade from 2008 to 2023 to do the study (Fig. 1 ). The results show an overall increasing trend in the number of annual publications (Fig. 2 A), indicating an increased interest in the field of breast cancer and its treatment and nanomaterials. The number of publications peaked in 2022 with 72 publications, which accounted for 16.74% of the total publications (Fig. 2 B). The year with the highest number of citations was 2020, with a total of 1269 citations (Fig. 2 C). The number of publications has steadily increased from 2008 to 2024. The annual H-index increased from 2 in 2008 to 20 in 2020 (Fig. 2 D).

Flowchart of the literature screening proces

Publication trends in breast cancer and nanomaterials research. A . The number of the publications; B .The number of cumulative publications; 15-year publication rate with an exponential trend line, 2008 to 2023. C . The total citations of the publications; D . The H‑index values of the publications

Country/region and institutional analysis of publications

VOSviewer analysis shows that a total of 59 countries/regions have cooperated in this area (Fig. 3 A, B ). India had the most robust international cooperation network (TLS = 84) and cooperated most closely with Saudi Arabia (TLS = 65). The country with the highest centrality is Iran (0.53), followed by USA (0.34) and India (0.32). The USA (5.9) has the highest burst strength next to Spain (2.85) and South Korea (2.42). Next, we analyzed the top 10 productive countries/regions in terms of number of publications, total citations, and H-index. China published the most papers (109, 22.61%), followed by India (85, 18.53%) and USA (79, 40.14%). In addition, the USA has the highest number of citations (3171) and the highest H-index (30).

Diagram of the Nanomaterials and Breast Cancer Collaboration Network. A-B . The coauthorship network map of countries; C-D . The coauthorship network map of authors; E . The coauthorship network map of institutions; F . The cocitation network map of journals

The institutional collaboration network diagram is shown in Fig. 3 E, which contains 99 institutions. Jamia Hamdard has the strongest total connectivity strength (TLS = 51). Statistically, the institution with the highest centrality is the Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) (0.14) followed by Islamiv Azda University (IAU) (0.07). Table 1 shows the top 10 most productive institutions. The highest number of published papers was from EKB (20), next to IAU (16). EKB had the highest total number of citations (393) and the highest h-index (10).

Analyzing the authors of publications

The network of inter-authors and collaborative relationships is shown in Fig. 3 C, D . In this study, we examined the top ten contributors in terms of posting volume. Kesharwani P (TLS = 60) works most closely with other authors. The highest number of posts is Kesharwani P (11, 25.09%), followed by Chorilli M (7, 5.71%). Kesharwani P has not only the highest number of citations (276), but also has the highest H-index (9).

Analysis of the publication journal

For this study, we selected the top ten most productive journals from the communication network diagram (Fig. 3 F, Table 2 ). The most partnerships with other journals are the Biomaterials (TLS = 108,995). The top three journals with the most published research in the field are the International Journal of Nanomedicine , the Journal of Controlled Release , and the Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology . The most cited is the International Journal of Nanomedicine , which has the highest H-index. Furthermore, the Impact Factor (IF) of journal is a crucial parameter for assessing its worth and that of its published works. Journal of Controlled Release has the highest IF (10.8) and JCR category (Q1).

Analysis of the most cited articles

The nanomaterials analyzed in the most cited publications of each year during the study period are shown in Fig. 4 (Karathanasis et al. 2008 ; Eghtedari et al. 2009 ; Chen et al. 2010 ; Deng et al. 2011 ; Dreaden et al. 2012 ; You et al. 2013 ; Lee et al. 2014 ; Gurunathan et al. 2015 ; Kumar et al. 2017 ; Mu et al. 2017 ; Zhang et al. 2018 ; Gao et al. 2019 ; Wang et al. 2020 ; Dubey et al. 2021 ; Fatima et al. 2022 ; Ashrafizadeh et al. 2023 ). Gold nanoparticles were commonly used in these studies. Table 3 shows the top 10 most cited articles as of 18 November 2023, along with the information associated with them, which we will examine in the next section. Four of the ten studies are from the USA, two are from India, and the remaining four are from Singapore, China, South Korea, and Italy. The study titled “Albumin-bound formulation of paclitaxel (Abraxane ® ABI-007) in the treatment of breast cancer” by Miele E, published in the International Journal of Nanomedicine in Italy in 2009, which was cited 652 times, making it the most cited publication in the field. (Miele et al. 2009 ).

The timeline of nanomaterials and breast cancer research

For the study of keywords and research hotspots

In a paper, keywords can help us get the topic and theme of the research more accurately and quickly (Tang et al. 2023 ). The division of all keywords into six clusters in Fig. 5 A. As shown in Fig. 5 B, terms in purple indicate that their average publication year is in 2018 and earlier, while terms in bright yellow indicate that their average publication year is after 2021. “quantum dots”, “resistance” and “therapeutics” were the main focus in the early days. Keywords such as “immunotherapy”, “nanomaterials” and “anticancer activity” will not start to attract widespread attention until after 2021. The largest clusters are in red and include keywords like “diagnosis” and “metastasis” in breast cancer. The second cluster is in purple and contains keywords such as “nanotechnology”, “nanoparticles” and “cells”. The third cluster is in yellow and includes keywords such as “drug delivery”, “in vitro” and “co-delivery”. The fourth cluster, in blue, contains keywords like “doxorubicin”, “apoptosis” and “gold nanoparticles”. The fifth cluster in pink contains the keywords “delivery” and “immunotherapy”.

Keyword analysis of research hotspots. A-B . The network A and overlay B of keyword co-occurring; C . The timeline map of keyword co-occurring; D . The Top 25 keywords with the strongest citation bursts

In addition, we have used CiteSpace to analyze the similarities and differences in the keywords over time. Until 2014, the main areas of research were breast cancer, metastasis, antitumor therapy, anti-tumour agents and chemotherapy. Breast cancer, photodynamic therapy, resistance and gold nanoparticles continue to be topics of high interest in 2023. The strength of the keyword bursts is another important indicator of the frontiers and hotspots of the study over time. The top ten keywords with the highest outbreak values are iron oxide nanoparticles (5.47), nanotechnology (3.62), quantum dots (3.5), metastatic breast cancer (3.44), transmission electron microscopy (3.2), reactive oxygen species (3.11), scanning electron microscopy (3,04), metastasis (3.04), chemotherapy (2.85), gold nanoparticles (2.84).

In recent years, there has been a surge in the bibliometric analysis of articles across various fields (Tang et al. 2023 ). Tools such as CiteSpace and the VOSviewer enable raw data visualization, offering comprehensive and intuitive data representation (Zhou et al. 2020 ). Our findings demonstrate an overall increased trend in the number of annual publications in the discipline. 2020 was the most significant year in the field, with the most citations and the highest H-index.

China leads in the number of publications per nation with 109 publications, accounting for 25.35% of the total. It also has the highest number of international partnerships, publications, and citations, as well as the highest h-index. China has a large population base and a large number of researchers and institutions in related fields, resulting in higher literature production. In particular, the efficacy of nanomedicines in breast cancer has been a hot topic of research in recent years. The International Journal of Nanomedicine , Journal of Controlled Release , and Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology are widely regarded as the most influential publications in this field. International Journal of Nanomedicine has the highest number of published papers, the highest h-index, the highest number of citations and the highest average number of citations of the papers, while Biomaterials has the highest JCR category and IF.

Subsequently, we found that one of the most cited papers used nanocarriers to improve the solubility of paclitaxel in water to increase the solubility and stability of the drug, thereby enhancing its efficacy against breast cancer. Furthermore, we have mapped the mechanism of nanomedicine therapy for breast cancer based on this article (Fig. 6 ). The study points to the development of so-called “third generation” nanocarriers and is based on a multi-stage strategy that addressing all the possible therapies in a more specific manner. The article states that human serum albumin stabilizes the drug particle at an average size of 130 nm (Stinchcombe 2007 ). This prevents any risk of capillary obstruction and eliminates the need for any particular infusion systems or steroid/antihistamine premedication before the infusion (Okuyama et al. 2021 ). Preclinical studies have shown that Abraxane® ABI-007 has higher tumor cell penetration and anti-tumor activity compared to equivalent doses of standard paclitaxel (Miele et al. 2009 ). The most highly cited article published in 2023 focuses on the therapeutic effects of Superparamagnetic Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) on breast cancer (Dongsar et al. 2023 ). Controlled drug release from SPIONs can also aid in overcoming non-specific targeting and reducing the need for large therapeutic doses. This is because drug-loaded SPIONs can specifically target certain cells, tissues, or organs, minimizing damage to healthy tissues and improving therapeutic efficacy. (Fakayode et al. 2018 ). Hoekman et al. demonstrated that liposomes have a stable and robust closed membrane that can carry hydrophilic small molecule drugs, as well as protein, RNA, and DNA drugs within aqueous chambers. This membrane protects the drugs from plasma scavenging and degrading enzymes, prolonging their retention time in the circulation of the body (Xinchen et al. 2023 ). Overall, by increasing treatment efficacy and lowering harmful side effects, nanocarriers can be a useful drug delivery method.

Mechanistic map of nanochemical combination therapy in breast cancer (represented by the combination of paclitaxel and nanomaterials)

Moreover, keyword analysis has reviewed the development of nanomaterials in breast cancer. Before 2018, the main focus of research was still on the mechanisms of treatment resistance in people with breast cancer. Loading curcumin into solid lipid nanoparticles promotes the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio but reduces the expression of the cell cycle proteins CyclinD1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), which in turn improves the therapeutic outcome of breast cancer (Mitra and Dash 2018 ). It shows that research on nanomaterials and breast cancer was at a more macroscopic and superficial stage. In the medium term (2018–2021), the research focus gradually expands to the level of magnetic nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles, which have important applications in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Magnetic nanoparticles can be used in magnetic resonance imaging to help doctors diagnose tumors more accurately (Boosz et al. 2021 ). On the other hand, gold nanoparticles as the drug carriers can be used to deliver drugs precisely to the tumor site, improving therapeutic effects and reducing side effects (Javan Nikkhah and Thompson 2021 ). From here, the significance of nanomaterials in detecting and treating breast cancer will become clearer. Nanomaterials will play an important role in the immunotherapy of breast cancer between 2021 and 2024. They can act as carriers for immunomodulators or anticancer drugs, which contribute to increasing the concentration of the drug locally and reducing damage to healthy tissue (Vincenzo et al. 2023 ). Furthermore, nanomaterials can be designed the specific immunogenic properties that activate the immune system to identify and attack breast cancer cells. Tailored Nano-immunotherapy is expected to enhance therapeutic efficacy and decrease adverse effects in patients with breast cancer.

While there is no denying the importance that nanomaterials play in the detection and management of breast cancer, we think that there are still certain limitations to them. The selectivity and specificity of nanomaterials might have negative effects on cells other than cancer. The usefulness of nanomaterials in therapy and diagnosis may be impacted by their unknown biodistribution and metabolic pathways in vivo (Park et al. 2017 ). At the same time, not all nanomaterials can be effectively translated into clinical applications, and the process of translating nanomaterials into clinical applications involves extensive clinical trials that demand time and money (Shirwaiker et al. 2013 ). Additionally, there is still some literature that was not included, such as grey literature and relevant literature that was not included in the WoSCC database. Some recently published articles may receive more citations in the future, which may have led to the exclusion of some high-quality studies from this analysis. And the number of citations does not fully reflect the importance of an article, as some important articles may have few citations and self-citations may introduce bias (Brown et al. 2021 ).

The findings indicate that the number of publications on this subject increased significantly starting in 2015, with China and the USA exhibiting the highest productivity levels. In the treatment of breast cancer, nanomedicines have demonstrated improved drug uptake and retention, resulting in more effective targeting of the tumor tissue and reduced systemic toxicity. The treatment of metastatic breast cancer may benefit greatly from the use of multifunctional nanotherapeutic medications. Nanotechnology holds the significant potential in improving drug transport, releasing, and targeting, which could lead to higher treatment efficacy and fewer side effects. Targeting nanomaterial-based drugs could have a beneficial effect on breast cancer patients and could be a milestone in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article and additional data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

Web of science core collection

Quantum dots

Social science citation index

Science citation index expanded

Link strength

The total link strength

Egyptian knowledge bank

Islamiv Azda University

Albumin-bound formulation of paclitaxel

Superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4

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Acknowledgements

We thank Professor Zhenhua Lin [Key Laboratory of Pathobiology (Yanbian University), State Ethnic Affairs Commission] for revising this manuscript.

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82160552), the National Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province (YDZJ202201ZYTS245).

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LY and LXQ performed the literature search and collected the data. LY performed the statistical analysis and wrote the manuscript, and prepared Figs. 1 , 2 , 3 . LAQ and ZJY prepared Figs. 4 , 5 . LZH revised the manuscript. LY and YY designed the study and conceived and revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the final manuscript.

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